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Dynamic

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11 views

Dynamic

Uploaded by

hersano.michelle.valmoria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to Dynamics
 Definition: Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that studies the
effects of forces and torques on the motion of rigid bodies. It
focuses on understanding how and why objects move.
 Rigid Body: A rigid body is an idealized object that maintains its
shape and size regardless of the forces acting on it. For analysis, we
assume no deformation occurs.
2. Key Concepts
 Newton’s Laws of Motion:
o First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform
motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
o Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration aaa of an object is
directly proportional to the net force FFF acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass mmm: F=maF = maF=ma
o Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
 Kinematics: The study of the motion of objects without considering
the forces causing the motion. Key variables include displacement,
velocity, acceleration, and time.
3. Equations of Motion
For rigid bodies in planar motion, we use the following kinematic
equations (assuming constant acceleration):
1. v=u+atv = u + atv=u+at
2. s=ut+12at2s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2s=ut+21at2
3. v2=u2+2asv^2 = u^2 + 2asv2=u2+2as
Where:
 uuu = initial velocity
 vvv = final velocity
 aaa = acceleration
 sss = displacement
 ttt = time
4. Forces and Moments
 External Forces: Forces acting on the body from outside, including
gravitational, applied, and frictional forces.
 Internal Forces: Forces acting between different parts of the body,
which do not affect the overall motion of the rigid body.
 Net Force and Acceleration: The net force acting on a rigid body
determines its acceleration:
Fnet=maF_{net} = maFnet=ma
 Moment (Torque): The rotational effect of a force about a point,
given by:

M=F⋅dM = F \cdot dM=F⋅d


where ddd is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the
force to the pivot point.
5. Rotational Motion
 Angular Kinematics: Describes the motion of rigid bodies in rotation,
characterized by angular displacement θ\thetaθ, angular velocity ω\
omegaω, and angular acceleration α\alphaα.
 Relationships:
o ω=dθdt\omega = \frac{d\theta}{dt}ω=dtdθ

o α=dωdt\alpha = \frac{d\omega}{dt}α=dtdω

 Moment of Inertia (I): The rotational analog of mass, representing


the distribution of mass relative to the axis of rotation:
I=∑miri2I = \sum m_i r_i^2I=∑miri2
for a system of particles, where rir_iri is the distance from the axis of
rotation.
 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation: The net torque acting on a rigid
body causes an angular acceleration:
τnet=Iα\tau_{net} = I \alphaτnet=Iα
6. Energy in Dynamics
 Kinetic Energy:
o Translational kinetic energy:

KEtrans=12mv2KE_{trans} = \frac{1}{2} mv^2KEtrans=21mv2


o Rotational kinetic energy:

KErot=12Iω2KE_{rot} = \frac{1}{2} I \omega^2KErot=21Iω2


 Work-Energy Principle: The work done by net forces on an object
equals the change in its kinetic energy:
Wnet=ΔKEW_{net} = \Delta KEWnet=ΔKE
7. Example Problem

Problem: A 10 kg block slides down a frictionless incline of angle θ=30∘\


theta = 30^\circθ=30∘. Determine the acceleration of the block.
Solution:
1. Identify Forces: The gravitational force acting down the incline is
Fg=mgsin⁡(θ)F_g = mg \sin(\theta)Fg=mgsin(θ).

2. Calculate: Fg=10 kg×9.81 m/s2×sin⁡(30∘)=10×9.81×0.5=49.05 NF_g =


10 \, \text{kg} \times 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 \times \sin(30^\circ) =
10 \times 9.81 \times 0.5 = 49.05 \, \
text{N}Fg=10kg×9.81m/s2×sin(30∘)=10×9.81×0.5=49.05N

3. Use Newton’s Second Law: Fnet=ma ⟹ 49.05 N=10 kg⋅aF_{net} =


ma \implies 49.05 \, \text{N} = 10 \, \text{kg} \cdot aFnet
=ma⟹49.05N=10kg⋅a
4. Solve for aaa: a=49.0510=4.905 m/s2a = \frac{49.05}{10} = 4.905 \,
\text{m/s}^2a=1049.05=4.905m/s2
8. Conclusion
Understanding the dynamics of rigid bodies is essential for analyzing
motion, designing mechanical systems, and solving engineering problems.
Mastery of concepts like forces, moments, energy, and equations of
motion is crucial for practical applications.
If you have specific questions or would like to explore particular topics in
more depth, feel free to ask!

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