By configuring AWS WAF on the ALB in a VPC, you can apply access control rules based

on the geographic location of the incoming requests. AWS WAF allows you to create
rules that include conditions based on the IP addresses' country of origin. You can
specify the desired country and deny access to requests originating from any other
country by leveraging AWS WAF's Geo Match feature. Option A and option B focus on
network-level access control and do not provide country-specific filtering capabilities.
Option D is not the ideal solution for restricting access based on country. Network ACLs
primarily control traffic at the subnet level based on IP addresses and port numbers,
but they do not have built-in capabilities for country-based filtering.

C! CloudFront’s field-level encryption further encrypts sensitive data in an HTTPS form

using field-specific encryption keys (which you supply) before a POST request is
forwarded to your origin. This ensures that sensitive data can only be decrypted and
viewed by certain components or services in your application stack.
https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2017/12/introducing-field-level-
encryption-on-amazon-cloudfront/

Option A (creating an Auto Scaling group across two Regions) introduces additional
complexity and potential replication challenges, which may not be necessary for
achieving high availability within a single Region. Option C (creating an Auto Scaling
template for another Region) suggests multi-region redundancy, which may not be the
most straightforward solution for achieving high availability without modifying the
application. Option D (changing the ALB to a round-robin configuration) does not
provide the desired high availability. Round-robin configuration alone does not ensure
fault tolerance and does not leverage multiple Availability Zones for resilience. Hence,
modifying the Auto Scaling group to use three instances across each of two Availability
Zones is the appropriate choice to provide high availability for the multi-tier
application.

Option A (configuring provisioned concurrency and creating a global database) does

not directly address the high connection utilization issue on the database, and creating
a global database may introduce additional complexity without immediate benefit to
solving the timeout errors. Option C (creating a read replica in a different AWS Region)
introduces additional data replication and management complexity, which may not be
necessary to address the timeout errors. Option D (migrating to Amazon DynamoDB)
involves a significant change in the data storage technology and requires modifying
the application to use DynamoDB instead of Aurora PostgreSQL. This may not be the
most suitable solution when the goal is to make minimal changes to the application.
Therefore, using Amazon RDS Proxy and modifying the Lambda function to use the
RDS Proxy endpoint is the recommended solution to prevent timeout errors and
reduce the impact on the database during peak loads.
Let's compare VPC endpoints and internet gateways:

1. **VPC Endpoint**:
- A VPC endpoint allows communication between instances in your VPC and
supported AWS services without requiring internet gateway, NAT devices, VPN
connections, or Direct Connect connections.
- It provides a private and secure connection to AWS services from within your
VPC, without the need to route traffic over the internet.
- There are two types of VPC endpoints: Interface Endpoints and Gateway
Endpoints. Interface Endpoints use Elastic Network Interfaces (ENIs) to connect
to the AWS service, while Gateway Endpoints are used for S3 and DynamoDB
and are powered by route tables.
- VPC endpoints are ideal for scenarios where you need to access AWS services
privately from within your VPC, without exposing traffic to the public internet.

2. **Internet Gateway**:
- An internet gateway is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available
VPC component that allows communication between instances in your VPC and
the internet.
- It enables outbound internet traffic from instances in your VPC to access
resources on the internet, and it also allows inbound traffic from the internet to
instances in your VPC if the necessary security group rules are configured.
- Internet gateways are typically used when your instances need to
communicate with resources outside of the AWS network, such as accessing
public websites, downloading software updates, or interacting with external APIs.

**Comparison**:

- **Traffic Routing**:
- VPC Endpoint: Traffic between your VPC and the AWS service travels through
the AWS network privately without traversing the public internet.
- Internet Gateway: Traffic between your VPC and the internet travels through
the public internet.

- **Security**:
- VPC Endpoint: Provides a more secure way to access AWS services as traffic
remains within the AWS network and is not exposed to the public internet.
 - Internet Gateway: Traffic is exposed to the public internet, which may pose
security risks if not properly secured with appropriate security group rules and
network ACLs.

- **Use Cases**:
- VPC Endpoint: Ideal for accessing AWS services privately from within your VPC,
without exposing traffic to the public internet.
- Internet Gateway: Used when instances in your VPC need to communicate
with resources outside of the AWS network, such as accessing public websites or
external APIs.

In summary, VPC endpoints provide a private and secure way to access AWS
services from within your VPC, while internet gateways facilitate communication
between instances in your VPC and the public internet. The choice between them
depends on your specific use case and security requirements.

A. Using Amazon ElastiCache for Redis would require modifying the application
code and is not specifically designed to enhance DynamoDB performance. C.
Replicating data with DynamoDB global tables would require additional
configuration and operational overhead. D. Using Amazon ElastiCache for
Memcached with Auto Discovery enabled would also require application code
modifications and is not specifically designed for improving DynamoDB
performance. In contrast, option B, using Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX),
is the recommended solution as it is purpose-built for enhancing DynamoDB
performance without the need for application reconfiguration. DAX provides a
managed caching layer that significantly reduces read latency and offloads
traffic from DynamoDB tables.

We can configure CloudFront to require HTTPS from clients (enhanced security)