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OSI MODEL
• OSI model was developed by the International

OSI Model Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984

• OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller

and manageable tasks. Each layer is assigned a
particular task.

• Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to

each layer can be performed independently

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CHARACTERISTICS OF OSI MODEL FUNCTIONS OF THE OSI LAYERS

• The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application related issues,
and they are implemented only in the software.

• The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues. The data
link layer and the physical layer are implemented in hardware and software

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NETWORK LAYER
o It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks the location of • Functions of Network Layer
devices on the network. o Internetworking: An internetworking is the main responsibility of the network layer. It provides a

o It determines the best path to move data from source to the logical connection between different devices.

destination based on the network conditions, the priority of service, o Addressing: A Network layer adds the source and destination address to the header of the
and other factors. frame. Addressing is used to identify the device on the internet.

o The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding the packets. o Routing: Routing is the major component of the network layer, and it determines the best optimal

o Routers are the layer 3 devices, they are specified in this layer and used path out of the multiple paths from source to the destination.

to provide the routing services within an internetwork. o Packetizing: A Network Layer receives the packets from the upper layer and converts them into
The protocols used to route the network traffic are known as Network layer packets. This process is known as Packetizing. It is achieved by internet protocol (IP).
protocols. Examples of protocols are IP and Ipv6

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TRANSPORT LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER

• The Transport layer is a Layer 4 ensures that messages are • The two protocols used in this layer are:
transmitted in the order
• Transmission Control Protocol
• The main responsibility of the transport layer is to transfer
o It is a standard protocol that allows the systems to communicate over the internet.
the data completely
o It establishes and maintains a connection between hosts.
• It receives the data from the upper layer and converts
o When data is sent over the TCP connection, then the TCP protocol divides the data into smaller
them into smaller units known as segments.
units known as segments. Each segment travels over the internet using multiple routes, and they
• This layer can be termed as an end-to-end layer as it arrive in different orders at the destination. The transmission control protocol reorders the
provides a point-to-point connection between source and packets in the correct order at the receiving end.
destination to deliver the data reliably

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TRANSPORT LAYER
• Functions of Transport Layer:

• Service-point addressing: Computers run several programs simultaneously due to this reason, the transmission of data from source to
o User Datagram Protocol the destination not only from one computer to another computer but also from one process to another process. The transport layer adds

o User Datagram Protocol is a transport layer protocol. the header that contains the address known as a service-point address or port address. the responsibility of the transport layer is to
transmit the message to the correct process.
o It is an unreliable transport protocol as in this case receiver does not send any
• Segmentation and reassembly: When the transport layer receives the message from the upper layer, it divides the message into
acknowledgment when the packet is received, the sender does not wait for any multiple segments, and each segment is assigned with a sequence number that uniquely identifies each segment. When the message has
arrived at the destination, then the transport layer reassembles the message based on their sequence numbers
acknowledgment. Therefore, this makes a protocol unreliable.
• Connection control: Transport layer provides two services Connection-oriented service and connectionless service. A connectionless
service treats each segment as an individual packet, and they all travel in different routes to reach the destination. A connection-oriented
service makes a connection with the transport layer at the destination machine before delivering the packets. In connection-oriented
service, all the packets travel in the single route.

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SESSION LAYER

o Flow control: The transport layer also responsible for flow control but it is performed end-to-end rather than o It is a layer 3 in the OSI model.
across a single link. o The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and synchronizes the interaction between communicating
o Error control: The transport layer is also responsible for Error control. Error control is performed end-to-end devices.
rather than across the single link. The sender transport layer ensures that the message reach at the destination
without any error.

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PRESENTATION LAYER

•Functions of Session layer: o A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between
o Dialog control: Session layer acts as a dialog controller that creates a dialog between two processes or we can the two systems.
say that it allows the communication between two processes which can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. o It acts as a data translator for a network.
o Synchronization: Session layer adds some checkpoints when transmitting the data in a sequence. If some error o This layer is a part of the operating system that converts the data from one presentation format to another
occurs in the middle of the transmission of data, then the transmission will take place again from the format.
checkpoint. This process is known as Synchronization and recovery. o The Presentation layer is also known as the syntax layer.

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APPLICATION LAYER

•Functions of Presentation layer: o An application layer serves as a window for users and application processes to access network service.
o Translation: The processes in two systems exchange the information in the form of character strings, numbers o It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc.
and so on. Different computers use different encoding methods, the presentation layer handles the o An application layer is not an application, but it performs the application layer functions.
interoperability between the different encoding methods. It converts the data from sender-dependent format into o This layer provides the network services to the end-users.
a common format and changes the common format into receiver-dependent format at the receiving end.
o Encryption: Encryption is needed to maintain privacy. Encryption is a process of converting the sender-
transmitted information into another form and sends the resulting message over the network.
o Compression: Data compression is a process of compressing the data, i.e., it reduces the number of bits to be
transmitted. Data compression is very important in multimedia such as text, audio, video.

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•Functions of Application layer: o The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.
o File transfer, access, and management (FTAM): An application layer allows a user to access the files in a o The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.
remote computer, to retrieve the files from a computer and to manage the files in a remote computer. o The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer
o Mail services: An application layer provides the facility for email forwarding and storage. and physical layer.
o Directory services: An application provides the distributed database sources and is used to provide that global • The first four layers provide physical standards
information about various objects. • TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each of them provides specific
functionality

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NETWORK ACCESS LAYER

o A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.

o A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link layer defined in the OSI
reference model.
o It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.
o This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between two devices on the same
network.
o The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram into frames transmitted by
the network and mapping of IP addresses into physical addresses.
o The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25, frame relay.

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• IP Protocol: IP protocol is used in this layer, and it is the most significant part of the entire TCP/IP
INTERNET LAYER
suite

Following are the responsibilities of this protocol:

o An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.
o IP Addressing: This protocol implements logical host addresses known as IP addresses. The IP
o An internet layer is also known as the network layer.
addresses are used by the internet and higher layers to identify the device and to provide
o The main responsibility of the internet layer is to send the packets from any internetwork routing.

network, and they arrive at the destination irrespective of the route they take. o Host-to-host communication: It determines the path through which the data is to be transmitted.
o Data Encapsulation and Formatting: An IP protocol accepts the data from the transport layer
protocol. An IP protocol ensures that the data is sent and received securely, it encapsulates the data
into message known as IP datagram.

• Fragmentation and Reassembly: The limit imposed on the size of the IP datagram by data link layer
protocol is known as Maximum Transmission unit (MTU).

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INTERNET LAYER INTERNET LAYER

• Routing: When IP datagram is sent over the same local network such as LAN, MAN, WAN,
it is known as direct delivery
• ICMP Protocol
• ARP Protocol • ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
o ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. o It is a mechanism used by the hosts or routers to send notifications regarding datagram problems

o ARP is a network layer protocol which is used to find the physical address from the IP back to the sender.
• A datagram travels from router-to-router until it reaches its destination
address.
• An ICMP protocol mainly uses two terms:
o The two terms are mainly associated with the ARP Protocol:
• ICMP Test: is used to test whether the destination is reachable or not
o ARP request: When a sender wants to know the physical address of the device, it broadcasts the ARP request to the network.
• ICMP Reply: ICMP Reply is used to check whether the destination device is responding or not.
• ARP reply: Every device attached to the network will accept the ARP request and process the request, but only recipient recognize the
IP address and sends back its physical address in the form of ARP reply

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INTERNET LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER

• The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control, and correction of data which is being sent over
• The core responsibility of the ICMP protocol is to report the problems, not correct the network
• The two protocols used in the transport layer are User Datagram protocol and Transmission control protocol
them

• ICMP can send the messages only to the source, but not to the intermediate routers
because the IP datagram carries the addresses of the source and destination but not of
the router that it is passed to.

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APPLICATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
o An application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model.
o It is responsible for handling high-level protocols, issues of representation. o TELNET: It is an abbreviation for Terminal Network. It establishes the connection
o This layer allows the user to interact with the application.
between the local computer and remote computer in such a way that the local
Following are the main protocols used in the application layer:
• HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. This protocol allows us to access the data over the
terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.
world wide web
• SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a framework used for managing the • FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a standard internet protocol used
devices on the internet by using the TCP/IP protocol suite.
for transmitting the files from one computer to another computer
o SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. The TCP/IP protocol that supports the e-mail is
known as a simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol is used to send the data to another e-mail address.
• DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address is used to identify the connection of a host to the
internet uniquely

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