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Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

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16 views

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Uploaded by

abellaa447
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs)

 Used to describe situations in which intellectual disability and other


disabilities are present.
 Usually manifest at birth and negatively involved in the trajectory of
children’s or person’s physical, intellectual, and/or emotional development.
Most of these circumstances disturbed various body parts or systems.
 Formerly known as Intellectual Disability (ID) or as Mental Retardation
(MR)
Intellectual Disability (ID)
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment of mental
capacity. Children with this kind of disability struggle to learn and adapt with
their environment since their mental capacity do not match with their
chronological age.
Mental Retardation (MR)
The word retarded was lifted a Latin word retardare meaning delay, slow
or hinder. This makes the definition of mental retardation as mental delay. Back
then, the term mental retardation does not give any shame, it became a
replacement to terms such as idiot, imbecile, moron, mongoloid or mongolism.
During 1960s, the term started to acquire a disgraceful and derogatory
effect because this is being used as an insult.
At present, the term intellectual disability or mentally challenge are used
because it is more respectful that the term retarded.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder list 3 Main
Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability
1. Impairment of intellectual functioning. Intellectual functioning also known
as Intellectual quotient (IQ). This refers to the ability of the person to learn
reason, solve problems and make decisions. The intelligence is measured
by an IQ test. The average IQ is 100 and if the person scores 70 or below
then he is considered as intellectually disabled.
2. Impairment in adaptive skills. The adaptive skills are life skills needed by a
person to function in his daily life.
3 Categories of Adaptive Skills
i) Conceptual skills that include reading, writing, counting, time, money
communication skills.
ii) Social skills or intrapersonal skills which include following social
customs and obeying laws.
iii) Practical life skills which includes self-care, home living, and use of
community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, leisure,
health and safety. (Reynolds. T. et al. 2015)
Adaptive skills are assessed using a standardized test. The score of the
individual is compared to the average score of the general population.
There is a problem in adaptive functioning if the score is below 97.5% of
the population. The onset is 0-18 years of age.
3. Classification of Intellectual Disability. In the training module on mental
retardation for teachers of Aida Damian (1996), intellectual disability was
classified according to the degree of mental retardation and educational
category.
a. Mild Mental Retardation
 IQ level 50-55 to approximately 70
 Acquired academic skills until the last part of elementary years
 Support oneself totally or particularly at an adult level to some
degree of economic help
b. Moderate Mental Retardation
 IQ level 35-40 to 50-55
 Can be trained in self-help skills such as dressing, feeding,
toileting, social adjustment at home and to neighborhood and to
some degree of economic usefulness
c. Severe Mental Retardation
 IQ level 20-25 to 35-40
 Master the basic self-help skills and some communication skills
d. Profound Mental Retardation
 IQ level below 20 or 25
 Results in severe limitation in self-care and communication

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