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PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF
PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS
Page left intentionally blank
PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF
PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS
Fourth Edition

Laurence W. McKeen

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford

Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2003, 1995 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions
policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods
they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a
professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

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ISBN: 978-0-323-50859-9

For information on all William Andrew publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/

Publisher: Matthew Deans

Acquisition Editor: Simon Holt
Editorial Project Manager: Sabrina Webber
Production Project Manager: Jason Mitchell
Designer: Greg Harris

Typeset by Thomson Digital

 Contents

Foreword................................................................................................................................................................ xi
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................ xiii

1 Introduction to Permeation of Plastics and Elastomers................................................................................1

1.1 History..........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Transport of Gases and Vapors Through Solid Materials...........................................................................2
1.2.1 Effusion.............................................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Solution-Diffusion and Pore-Flow Models.......................................................................................3
1.3 Multiple Layered Films................................................................................................................................8
1.4 Permeation of Coatings................................................................................................................................9
1.5 Permeation and Vapor Transmission Testing............................................................................................10
1.5.1 Units of Measurement.....................................................................................................................10
1.5.2 Gas Permeation Test Cells..............................................................................................................12
1.5.3 Vapor Permeation Cup Testing.......................................................................................................14
1.5.4 Standard Tests for Permeation and Vapor Transmission................................................................14
1.5.5 Permeation Testing of Coatings......................................................................................................15
References.........................................................................................................................................................19

2 Introduction to Plastics and Polymers..........................................................................................................21

2.1 Polymerization.........................................................................................................................................21
2.1.1 Addition Polymerization...............................................................................................................21
2.1.2 Condensation Polymerization.......................................................................................................21
2.2 Copolymers.............................................................................................................................................21
2.3 Linear, Branched, and Cross-linked Polymers........................................................................................23
2.4 Polarity....................................................................................................................................................23
2.5 Unsaturation............................................................................................................................................24
2.6 Steric Hindrance......................................................................................................................................25
2.7 Isomers....................................................................................................................................................25
2.7.1 Structural Isomers.........................................................................................................................25
2.7.2 Geometric Isomers........................................................................................................................26
2.7.3 Stereosiomers—Syndiotactic, Isotactic, Atactic...........................................................................26
2.8 Inter and Intramolecular Attractions in Polymers...................................................................................27
2.8.1 Hydrogen Bonding........................................................................................................................27
2.8.2 Van der Waals Forces...................................................................................................................27
2.8.3 Chain Entanglement......................................................................................................................28
2.9 General Classifications............................................................................................................................28
2.9.1 Molecular Weight.........................................................................................................................28
2.9.2 Thermosets Versus Thermoplastics..............................................................................................29
2.9.3 Crystalline Versus Amorphous.....................................................................................................30
2.9.4 Orientation....................................................................................................................................31
2.10 Polymer Compositions............................................................................................................................31
2.10.1 Additives.....................................................................................................................................32
2.11 Polymer Nomenclature............................................................................................................................38

v
vi Contents

2.12 Summary.................................................................................................................................................39
References.........................................................................................................................................................39

3 Production of Films, Containers, and Membranes......................................................................................41

3.1 Extrusion.................................................................................................................................................41
3.2 Blown Film..............................................................................................................................................42
3.3 Calendering.............................................................................................................................................43
3.4 Casting Film Lines..................................................................................................................................44
3.5 Postfilm Formation Processing................................................................................................................44
3.6 Web Coating............................................................................................................................................47
3.6.1 Gravure Coating............................................................................................................................47
3.6.2 Reverse Roll Coating....................................................................................................................47
3.6.3 Knife on Roll Coating...................................................................................................................47
3.6.4 Metering Rod (Meyer Rod) Coating.............................................................................................47
3.6.5 Slot Die (Slot, Extrusion) Coating................................................................................................49
3.6.6 Immersion (Dip) Coating..............................................................................................................49
3.6.7 Vacuum Deposition......................................................................................................................49
3.6.8 Web Coating Process Summary...................................................................................................50
3.7 Lamination...............................................................................................................................................51
3.7.1 Hot Roll/Belt Lamination.............................................................................................................51
3.7.2 Flame Lamination.........................................................................................................................51
3.7.3 Orientation....................................................................................................................................52
3.7.4 Machine Direction Orientation.....................................................................................................53
3.7.5 Biaxial Orientation........................................................................................................................53
3.7.6 Blown Film Orientation................................................................................................................53
3.8 Skiving.....................................................................................................................................................53
3.9 Membrane Production.............................................................................................................................54
3.10 Molding of Containers.............................................................................................................................55
3.10.1 Blow Molding.............................................................................................................................56
3.10.2 Extrusion Blow Molding.............................................................................................................56
3.10.3 Injection Blow Molding..............................................................................................................57
3.10.4 Stretch Blow Molding.................................................................................................................57
3.10.5 Rotational Molding/Rotomolding...............................................................................................58
3.11 Fluorination.............................................................................................................................................59
3.11.1 Permeation Testing of Fluorinated Containers...........................................................................59
3.12 Coatings...................................................................................................................................................59
3.13 Summary.................................................................................................................................................60
References.........................................................................................................................................................60

4 Markets and Applications for Films, Containers, and Membranes...........................................................61

4.1 Barrier Films in Packaging........................................................................................................................61
4.1.1 Water Vapor....................................................................................................................................61
4.1.2 Atmospheric Gases..........................................................................................................................61
4.1.3 Odors and Flavors...........................................................................................................................61
4.1.4 Markets and Applications of Barrier Films.....................................................................................62
4.1.5 EVAL™ EVOH Based Multiple Layered Films and Their Applications.......................................67
4.1.6 Some Illustrated Applications of Multiple Layered Films..............................................................69
4.2 Containers..................................................................................................................................................72
Contents vii

4.3 Automotive Fuel Tanks and Hoses............................................................................................................72

4.4 Coatings.....................................................................................................................................................73
4.5 Gloves........................................................................................................................................................73
4.6 Membranes.................................................................................................................................................74
4.6.1 Plate and Frame Modules................................................................................................................74
4.6.2 Hollow Fiber Modules.....................................................................................................................75
4.6.3 Tubular Membrane Modules...........................................................................................................77
4.6.4 Spiral-Wound Modules...................................................................................................................78
4.7 Commercial Membrane Separation Processes...........................................................................................79
4.7.1 Dialysis............................................................................................................................................79
4.7.2 Reverse Osmosis.............................................................................................................................80
4.7.3 Pervaporation...................................................................................................................................81
4.7.4 Gas Separation.................................................................................................................................81
References.........................................................................................................................................................82

5 Styrenic Plastics...............................................................................................................................................83
5.1 Polystyrene.................................................................................................................................................83
5.2 Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate..................................................................................................................86
5.3 Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer..............................................................................................................86
5.4 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer.............................................................................................88
5.5 Styrenic Block Copolymers (SBC)............................................................................................................90
References.........................................................................................................................................................93

6 Polyester Plastics.............................................................................................................................................95
6.1 Polycarbonate.............................................................................................................................................95
6.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate.......................................................................................................................96
6.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate........................................................................................................................98
6.4 Liquid Crystalline Polymers....................................................................................................................105
6.5 Polycyclohexylene-Dimethylene Terephthalate......................................................................................111
6.6 Polyethylene Naphthalate........................................................................................................................112
6.7 Copolyesters.............................................................................................................................................112
References.......................................................................................................................................................113

7 Polyimides......................................................................................................................................................115
7.1 Polyetherimide.........................................................................................................................................115
7.2 Polyamide-Imide......................................................................................................................................115
7.3 Polyimide.................................................................................................................................................121
7.4 Thermoplastic Polyimide.........................................................................................................................126
References.......................................................................................................................................................126

8 Polyamides (Nylons)......................................................................................................................................129
8.1 Polyamide 6...........................................................................................................................................129
8.2 Polyamide 11 (PA 11)...........................................................................................................................131
8.3 Polyamide 12.........................................................................................................................................135
8.4 Polyamide 46 (PA 46)...........................................................................................................................138
8.5 Polyamide 66.........................................................................................................................................140
8.6 Polyamide 66/610 (PA 66/610).............................................................................................................142
8.7 Polyamide 6/12 (PA 6/12).....................................................................................................................142
viii Contents

8.8 Polyamide 666 (PA 666 or 6/66)...........................................................................................................143

8.9 Polyamide 6/69 (PA 6/69).....................................................................................................................145
8.10 Amorphous Polyamide (Nylon)............................................................................................................146
8.11 PAA—Polyarylamide............................................................................................................................153
8.12 PPA—Polyphthalamide/High Performance Polyamide........................................................................153
References.......................................................................................................................................................155

9 Polyolefins, Polyvinyls, and Acrylics...........................................................................................................157

9.1 Polyethylene..........................................................................................................................................157
9.1.1 Unclassified Polyethylene...........................................................................................................158
9.1.2 Ultra low Density Polyethylene..................................................................................................158
9.1.3 Linear Low Density Polyethylene..............................................................................................158
9.1.4 Low Density Polyethylene..........................................................................................................159
9.1.5 Medium Density Polyethylene....................................................................................................159
9.1.6 High Density Polyethylene.........................................................................................................159
9.2 Polypropylene........................................................................................................................................159
9.3 Polybutadiene........................................................................................................................................174
9.4 Polymethyl Pentene...............................................................................................................................176
9.5 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer.......................................................................................................................177
9.6 Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer.....................................................................................................178
9.7 Ethylene–Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer.....................................................................................................180
9.8 Polyvinyl Butyral..................................................................................................................................181
9.9 Polyvinyl Chloride................................................................................................................................181
9.10 Polyvinyl Alcohol..................................................................................................................................195
9.11 Polyvinylidene Chloride........................................................................................................................197
9.12 Polyacrylics...........................................................................................................................................197
9.13 Acrylonitrile–Methyl Acrylate Copolymer...........................................................................................197
9.14 Ionomers................................................................................................................................................204
9.14.1 Ionomer—Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer..........................................................................204
9.14.2 Ionomer—Perfluorosulfonic Acid............................................................................................204
References.......................................................................................................................................................206

10 Elastomers and Rubbers.............................................................................................................................209

10.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers...........................................................................................209
10.2 Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers...................................................................................................212
10.3 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers.............................................................................................215
10.4 Thermoplastic Polyether Block Polyamide Elastomers....................................................................216
10.5 Styrenic Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers.....................................................................222
10.6 Ethylene Acrylic Elastomers.............................................................................................................222
10.7 Bromobutyl Rubber...........................................................................................................................224
10.8 Butyl Rubber.....................................................................................................................................226
10.9 Chlorobutyl Rubber (Polychloroprene).............................................................................................228
10.10 Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers.............................................................................................................230
10.11 Epichlorohydrin Rubber....................................................................................................................230
10.12 Fluoroelastomers...............................................................................................................................232
10.13 Natural Rubber..................................................................................................................................234
10.14 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer..................................................................................................239
10.15 Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber................................................................................................................240
Contents ix

10.16 Polysiloxane/Silicone Rubber...........................................................................................................242

References.....................................................................................................................................................246

11 Fluoropolymers............................................................................................................................................249
11.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene.....................................................................................................................249
11.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene........................................................................................................256
11.3 Perfluoroalkoxy.................................................................................................................................257
11.3.1 PFA.......................................................................................................................................262
11.3.2 MFA......................................................................................................................................262
11.4 Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene Terpolymer...................................................262
11.5 Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer (THV™).................267
11.6 Amorphous Fluoropolymer—Teflon AF®.........................................................................................268
11.7 Polyvinyl Fluoride.............................................................................................................................268
11.8 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene...............................................................................................................270
11.9 Polyvinylidene Fluoride....................................................................................................................271
11.10 Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer.........................................................................................274
11.11 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer...................................................................................278
11.12 Summary...........................................................................................................................................286
References.....................................................................................................................................................286

12 High Temperature/High Performance Polymers.....................................................................................289

12.1 Polyaryletherketones...........................................................................................................................289
12.2 Polyphenylene Sulfide.........................................................................................................................289
12.3 Polysulfone..........................................................................................................................................292
12.4 Polyethersulfone..................................................................................................................................293
12.5 Polybenzimidazole..............................................................................................................................294
12.6 Parylene [poly(p-xylylene)].................................................................................................................298
12.7 Polyoxymethylene (POM or Acetal Homopolymer)/Polyoxymethylene Copolymer
(POM-Co or Acetal Copolymer).........................................................................................................299
References.....................................................................................................................................................303

13 Environmentally Friendly Polymers.........................................................................................................305

13.1 Cellophane™.......................................................................................................................................305
13.2 Nitrocellulose......................................................................................................................................309
13.3 Cellulose Acetate.................................................................................................................................310
13.4 Ethyl Cellulose....................................................................................................................................311
13.5 Polycaprolactone.................................................................................................................................311
13.6 Poly(Lactic Acid)................................................................................................................................312
13.7 Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate......................................................................................................................316
13.8 Polyglycolic Acid................................................................................................................................316
References.....................................................................................................................................................323

14 Mutilayered Films.......................................................................................................................................325
14.1 Metalized Films...................................................................................................................................325
14.2 Silicon Oxide Coating Technology.....................................................................................................326
14.3 Cocontinuous Lamellar Structures......................................................................................................326
14.4 Permeation of Multilayered Films.......................................................................................................326
References.....................................................................................................................................................335
x Contents

Appendix I: Conversion Factors..........................................................................................................................337

Appendix II: Reference Fuel Compositions........................................................................................................339
Appendix III: Gloves...........................................................................................................................................341
Index....................................................................................................................................................................347
 Foreword

This book is an update and extension to the third an applications and uses list followed by the data.
edition of the same title. The third edition was pub- Tabular data are generally first unless they are
lished in 2011. There has been a lot of consolidation, directly related to graphical data. Graphical data
which of course means discontinued products. Data follows. The data have been verified and references
and plastic families have been added and the busi- updated where appropriate. A list of conversion
ness names have been updated. factors for gas permeation and vapor transmission
Plastics of mostly similar polymer types are measures is also included. Appendix III covers
grouped into 10 chapters. A brief explanation of the the important application of gloves. Appendix II
chemistry of the polymers used in plastics are dis- presents standard fuels used in testing plastic for
cussed at the start of each plastic section. There are autofuel systems applications, an important use as
also four introductory chapters. the industry moves away from metal to plastics to
The initial chapter focuses on permeation, what it save weight.
is, how it occurs, is measured, and data presented. Numerous references are included. Some data
The second chapter covers polymer chemistry and from the earlier edition have been removed or
plastics composition and how it relates to perme- replaced with updated data. Removed data include
ation. The third chapter focuses on the production of discontinued products. Product names and manufac-
films, containers, and membranes. The fourth chapter turers have been updated.
focuses on the uses of barrier films and membranes. I am especially appreciative of the confidence,
Membranes were largely ignored in the first two edi- support, and patience of my friend Sina Ebnesajjad.
tions, but the function of membranes is critically I would not have been provided the opportunity to
affected by their permeation properties. work on the third edition had it not been for the sup-
Chapters 5–14 are a databank that serve as an eval- port of Matthew Deans, Senior Publisher at Elsevier.
uation of permeation performance of plastics. Each of I also wish to acknowledge Bill Bennett, Marketing
these chapters start with a brief outline of the chemis- Manager—Americas Region of Ansell Limited and
try of the polymer in that section. There are hundreds Joe Yachanin of Force 12 Design, Ltd. for their work
of uniform graphs and tables for more than 60 generic on the permeation of gloves index.
families of plastics contained in these chapters.
The data in each chapter are generally organized Laurence W. McKeen
with chemistry, a manufacturer and trade name list, 2016

xi
Page left intentionally blank
 Acknowledgments

This book is the third update to an “authorless” many outstanding chemistry teachers at Rensselaer
work by the same title. It was published in 1991. Of Polytechnic Institute provided the best and most
course it was not really “authorless.” This was one of thorough undergraduate chemistry education in the
the first books published by the cofounder of William country. RPI continues to do so in nearly all the
Andrew Publishing, William Woishnis. Bill Woishnis fields of science and engineering. Finally, my major
and his staff assembled this book and it was originally professor at the University of Wisconsin, Professor
offered in loose leaf and binder form. His support James W. Taylor was a great educator and ultimately
and feedback on the content are greatly appreciated. developed my teaching abilities.
A number of teachers have greatly impacted my I am especially appreciative of the confidence,
education and deserve special thanks. Ms. Anna support, and patience of my friend Sina Ebnesajjad.
Kruse was my high school chemistry teacher (Lyman He was also the primary proof-reader of the manu-
Hall High School, Wallingford, CT) who was not script. I would not have been provided the opportu-
only a great educator but also motivated this par- nity to do this work had it not been for the support of
ticular young student to study chemistry beyond Martin Scrivener, Publisher of William Andrew.
the classroom. That included writing articles for My family has been particularly supportive
an educational chemistry magazine while in high through the long hours of writing and research
school and after school projects, ones that eventu- from my home office. My wife, Linda, has been
ally led to the 1969 International Science Fair. The behind this work 100%.

xiii
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Another random document with
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 Mikko (halveksivasti). Vai on toinenkin renki.

Esko. Joo, kaksi meitä on renkiä jo ennestään, ja kolmatta ei

luullakseni tarvita. Täytyy kysellä rengin paikkaa muualta.

Mikko. Perkele! Luuletko minun rengin paikkaa haeskelevan?

Esko. Herra ihme! Piiaksiko vieras sitten aikoo ruveta?

Mikko. Suus kiinni! Minun nimeni on Mikko Möykky.

Esko. Soo! Vai Mikko, sepä hauskaa. Minun nimeni on Esko.

Mikko (painokkaasti). Mikko Möykky.

Esko. Hoo! Vai Möykky. Minun täysi nimeni on Esko Pässinpää.

Mikko. Kyllä olet pässinpään näköinenkin.

Esko. Olenko, sittenhän olemme ihmeesti samannäköiset.

Mikko. Tukitko suusi, hävytön! Minä olen Mikko Möykky, nimeni

pitäisi olla tuttu jokaiselle.

Esko. Ja minä olen Esko Eskonpoika Pässinpää, Tervamäen

alingosta, Pahkaperä-Jussin seitsemäs poika. (Kumartaa.) Emmekö
oikein paiskaa kättä? (Ojentaa kätensä.)

Mikko (kopeasti). Minä en ole renkien tuttu. Missä isäntä on?

Esko. Mitäs vieras nyt isännällä? Olisiko asiaa?

Mikko (kiivaasti). Minä en sinulle rupea asioitani selvittämään.

 Esko. No, no, vieraan ei pidä suuttua. Isäntä sanoi, ettei häntä saa
tulla häiritsemään, ellei ole välttämätöntä asiaa.

Mikko. Mutta minulla on välttämätöntä asiaa. Minä olen Raskin

tuleva vävy ja tahdon tavata isäntää itseänsä.

Esko (on säikähtävinään). Herra toki, vai tuleva vävy! Miksi ette
tuota heti sanonut? (Juoksee hätäillen paikasta toiseen.) Tuota…
minä… seuratkaa minua. Isäntä käski viedä teidät pihakamariin, jos
sattuisitte tulemaan taloon sillä aikaa, kun hän on poissa.

Mikko. Hyvä on, nouda hänet kotiin. (Esko avaa oven ja kumartaa
Mikolle. Poistuvat.)

Esko (tulee tanssien takaisin). Nyt sitten alkaa turnajaiset. (Matkii

Mikon liikkeitä ja puhetapaa.) "Minä olen Mikko Möykky! Minä olen
Raskin tuleva vävy!" Uskopas, Mikko, ei pidä nuolaista ennenkuin
tipahtaa. Tuommoinen ylpeä mahtailijako saisi Raskin kauniin ja
hyväluontoisen Ellin vaimonaan kiusattavakseen? E-heei! (Vakavana.)
Niin, Elli on hyvä tyttö. Melkein tekisi mieleni itse hänelle makeilla ja
sitten kosia, jolloin hän varmasti olisikin minun, olisipa niinkin.
(Entiseen tapaansa.) Ei! Hittojako poikamies akalla tekee, saakoon
Antti Ellinsä. Antti käy miehestä hänkin, ja hänet minä autan vävyksi
tähän taloon, niin totta kuin nimeni on Esko — Esko Pässinpää se
taisi äsken olla. Juu, pojat, sanoi Sumperi, kun saippuaa haukkasi,
sen minä teen. (Poistuu.)

Elli (tulee sisään). Nythän talo tyhjältä näyttää, ei ristinsielua

täälläkään. Olin kuulevinani täällä äsken puheen sorinaa, mutta
lienen erehtynyt. Olisi muuten sentään ollut hauska nähdä, minkä
näköinen mies tuo Mikko on näköjään. Eivätkö ne ole hassuja nuo
vanhain tuumat. Isä ei tunne Mikkoa enempää kuin minäkään, tuskin
on koskaan miestä nähnyt, ja kumminkin hän lupaa minut Mikolle
vaimoksi, hah, hah, hah.

Esko (tulee Raskin ja Antin seuraamana sisään). Niin, mitä nyt

teemme?

Raski. Ei arveluakaan, asiaan käsiksi ja mies nuoriin.

Antti. Eikö sentään olisi parempi lähettää tieto nimismiehelle ja

jättää vangitseminen hänen tehtäväkseen?

Raski. Ei, me emme viivyttele minuuttiakaan. Elli, sinä haet

kappaleen nuoraa käsiä varten, ja Antti tuo köyden, jolla kytkemme
jalat. (Antti poistuu.)

Elli (säikähtäneenä). Mitä on tekeillä? Kenen käsiä varten minun

pitää nuoraa hakea?

Raski. Meillä on mustalainen talossa, Lapuan kellojen varas, ja me

nipistämme hänet kiinni. Etsi käsille kappale nuoraa, kuten sanoin.

Esko (rehentelee). Joutui lempo kerrankin miesten kouriin.

Elli. Huh! Minua niin peloittaa. Missä hän on?

Raski. Esko on narrannut hänet pihakamariin, ja sieltä saa hän

marssia suoraan linnaan. Esko, minne heitit sen sanomalehden?
Katson vielä tuntomerkit.

Esko. Tuonne sen pistin seinän naulaan. (Ottaa lehden naulasta

seinältä ja antaa Raskille.) Tuossa on, isäntä, ja katsokaa nyt tarkoin
tuntomerkit, että muistatte.
 Elli (Eskolle). Et usko, Esko, miten minua peloittaa; tekisi mieli
juosta karkuun.

Esko. Joutavia pelkäät, pian on mies nuorissa, ja silloin hän on

voimaton.

Raski (on käännellyt sanomalehteä käsissään). Kas, tuossa se on.

(Lukee änkkäillen.) "Pu-heena oleva mustalainen…mustalainen on
nuo-ärrä-ii nuori…" Ei, niin jo lyö präntin harmaaksi silmissäni, ettei
tuosta luvusta tahdo tulla mitään. Esko, lueppas sinä tuo juttu,
sinulta se sujuu luku nokkelammin.

Esko (lukee). "Puheena oleva mustalainen on nuori, solakka mies,

arpi oikean silmän päällä, ei näytä näköjään paljoakaan
mustalaiselta."

Raski. Kas niin, kyllä nyt muistan: nuori, solakka mies, arpi oikean
silmän päällä, ei näytä näköjään paljoakaan mustalaiselta. Kyllä nyt
tiedän, ettemme väärää miestä kiinni ota.

Antti (tulee sisään köysi kädessä). Tässä olisi köysi:

Elli (on löytänyt nuorankappaleen). Ja tässä nuorankappale, mutta

älkää, hyvät miehet, kohdelko miesparkaa tarpeettoman ankarasti.

Raski. Armo pois! Mustalaisen nahka ei turhia aristele.

Esko (virnistelee silloin tällöin toisilta salaa). Oikein, isäntä.

Annappa, että hän joutuu näiden kämmenien väliin. Mutta miten
otamme hänet kiinni? Ryntäämmekö joukolla pihakamariin ja
pistämme hänet siellä köysiin, vai miten?
 Raski. Eikä helkkarissa! Kuulisi rymyn ja livistäisi ikkunasta
karkuun. Nyt täytyy menetellä viisaasti. Annahan, kun tuumaan.
(Miettii.) Ahaa, jo tiedän. Esko, sinä kun olet hänen kanssaan tuttu jo
ennestään, menet pihakamariin ja houkuttelet hänet jollakin
tekosyyllä tänne tupaan. Me toiset sillä aikaa piiloudumme täällä
tuvassa, ja teidän astuttuanne tänne sisään minä annan merkin,
jolloin syöksymme yhtaikaa hänen niskaansa ja rutistamme allemme
kuin rukkasen. Kun minä huudan: So, pojat! ja lyön tällä tavalla
jalkaa lattiaan (lyö jalkaa lattiaan), silloin hypätkää miehen niskaan
kuin rajuilma.

Esko. Sen me teemme, isäntä.

Antti. Mutta oletteko varma, että hän on sama Lapuan kellojen

varas, ettemme viatonta miestä vangitse?

Raski. Sama lurjus hän on. Seisoin äsken navetan takana, kun hän
ajoi pihaan, ja silloin jo itsekseni ajattelin, ettei tuo mies kulje oikeilla
retkillä. Ja voinhan, tuota, vielä tarkemmin silmätä miestä ennenkuin
ryntäysmerkin annan, ettei käsiimme joudu väärä mies. Esko, sinä
saat lähteä (Esko poistuu), ja te toiset hakekaa piilopaikka itsellenne.

Elli (piilottaa itsensä sängyn eteisen taakse). Tekisi mieleni juosta

täältä pakoon.

Antti. Älä joutavia pelkää. Minä tulen sinulle turvaksi. (Menee

eteisen taakse Ellin vierelle.)

Raski (piilottaa itsensä jonnekin näyttämön katsomonpuoliselle

reunalle yleisön näkyviin. Hänellä on sanomalehti kädessä ja
köysivyyhti käsivarren mutkassa.) Pitäkää varanne, että olette
valmiina heti kun annan ryntäysmerkin.
 Esko (tulee sisään Mikko edellään). Vai olette te käynyt Lapualla.
(Raski, piilossa, vilkaisee sanomalehteen ja nyökyttelee päätään.)

Mikko (kävelee mahtavana lattialla). Näyttää kuin tämä talo olisi

kokonaan kylmillä.

Raski. Ahaa! Vai tekisi mieli rosvoamaan! (Huudahtaa.) So, pojat!

(Polkaisee jalkaa, syöksyy piilostaan Mikkoon käsiksi; Esko ja Antti
tekevät samaten.)

Mikko (taistelee vastaan). Mitä kirottua väkeä te olette?

Hellitättekö?

Raski. Emme hellitä! Koivet nuoriin!

Esko. Älä pelkää, emme me pane nuoraa kaulaasi, saappaasi vain

lujemmin sääriisi kiinnitämme, etteivät tielle putoa.

Raski (sitoo Mikon kädet ja jalat). Nyt kestää hiuka tempoillakin.

Mikko (on koko kohtauksen ajan melunnut). Te hävyttömät roistot,

siantappajat, otatteko köydet irti?

Antti. Emme ota. Sinun täytyy, mies, olla hiljaa, tai muuten
suljemme sinut toiseen huoneeseen.

Raski. Kannamme hänet pesutupaan, sen seinät kyllä kestävät

ääntä.

Esko. Teemme sen, viemme hänet pesutupaan. (Kantavat Mikon

ulos.)

Elli. Kauhea mies, kun melusi ja taisteli vastaan! Mutta miksi

minussa on epäilys, ettei kaikki ole oikein? Olin äsken huomaavinani,
että Esko salaa silloin tällöin nauroi, ja se on aina varma merkki siitä,
että jokin asia on hullusti tai että hänellä on silloin tekeillä jotakin
koirankuria. Mitähän se lienee? Vai olisiko hän nauranut isäni
äskeiselle innostukselle? Mahdotonta ei ole sekään. Olkoon miten
tahansa, mutta selvän otan joka tapauksessa hänen kujeistaan, jos
niitä on tekeillä.

Raski (tulee Eskon ja Antin seuraamana sisään). Melutkoon nyt

siksi, kun siitä kyllänsä saa. Lemmon ripeä mies oli vastaan
pinnistämään, puolusti itseään kuin mies.

Esko. Niin teki. Mutta en vain minä olisi uskonut isäntääkään,

vanhaa miestä, tuommoiseksi karhuksi. Ei siinä paljoa painanut
mustalaisen vastaan tappeleminen eikä potkiminen — nöyrtyä täytyi,
kun isäntä kerran kiinni kahmaisi.

Raski (hymyillen). Kyllähän, tuota, sitä minunkin kämmenissäni

vielä hiukan on pontta.

Esko. On tosiaan, se täytyy myöntää.

Elli. Pesutupaanko te hänet veitte?

Antti (Ellille). Niin. (Kääntyen Raskiin ja Eskoon.) Mutta mitä nyt

teemme, emmehän voi häntä kauan vangittunakaan pitää? Olisiko
lähetettävä sana nimismiehelle?

Elli. Antti rakas, ethän vain häntä liian kireälle köyttänyt?

Antti (Ellille). Emme, ole huoletta.

Raski. Sana kai tästä on lähetettävä, että tulevat hänet täältä pois
noutamaan. Eikö Esko lähtisi viemään sanaa nimismiehelle?
 Esko. Kyllä, isäntä, minä lähden.

Mikko (syöksyy vapaana sisään). Te rakkarit, kyllä minä teidät

opetan! Semmoinen mies on Möykky-Mikko, ettei häntä ilmaiseksi
koirana ja narrina kohdella. Tämmöiseen taloon olisin tullut vävyksi,
phyi! Raski saa ijankaikkisesti pitää tyttärensä minun puolestani.
(Syöksyy ulos.)

Raski (seisoo samaten kuin toisetkin pitkän ajan Mikon poistuttua

hölmistyneenä paikallaan. Kynsii harmistuneena korvallistaan.)
Tuhannen — tuhannen — tuhatta! Oliko tuo Möykky-Mikko?
(Eskolle.) Luulen, että olemme tehneet pikku tuhmuuden.

Esko (tuhman näköisenä). Niin luulen, isäntä, minäkin. (Raskin

tavoin.) Tuhannen — tuhannen tuhatta!

Elli (seisoo rinnakkain Antin kanssa, kumpikin koettaa salata

voitokasta hymyään). Ja kenessä on syy tähän ikävään
erehdykseen?

Raski. Niin, kenessä syy? Minä kyllä katsoin, että sanomalehdessä

mainitut tuntomerkit sopivat mieheen, mutta — aa! nyt huomaan,
sanomalehdessähän sanottiin, että sillä Lapuan kellojen varkaalla on
arpi oikean silmän päällä, eikö niin, Esko?

Esko. Juuri niin, isäntä, se oli justiinsa niin.

Raski. Ja minä onneton en muistanut sitä katsoakaan, en

kuolemakseni. Katsoin vain, että oli nuori solakka mies eikä
mustalaisen näköinen.

Esko. Kah! Siinäpä se, siis kokonaan sanomalehden syy. Miksi eivät
paremmin huomauttaneet tuosta arvesta? No, viis tuosta, — me,
isäntä, emme tuommoisista joutavista pikkuasioista surua kanna.
Mikko taisi tulla hiukan loukatuksi, mutta tulkoon, tuommoisen
suupaltin ei ole suurta väliä.

Raski. Oikein sanottu, minuakin viatonta ihmistä haukkui, juuri

kuin ei sitä joskus vahinkoa tulisi kenelle tahansa.

Esko. Niin, ja kehtasi vielä Elliäkin häväistä.

Raski. Häpäisikö Elliäkin? Ryökäle, minua jo suututtaa.

Esko. Isännällä on täysi syy suuttuakin. Mutta, isäntä, jos minä

olisin teidän sijassanne, tekisin pikku kepposen ja kostaisin Mikolle.

Raski. Mitä tarkoitat?

Esko. Mikko halusi Elliä vaimokseen, mutta teidän sijassanne

antaisinkin Ellin Antille ja pitäisin kihlajaiset vielä tänä samana
päivänä. Mikko kun saisi tuon kuulla, niin tiedättekö, miten se häntä
sapettaisi?

Raski (miettivänä). Niin, tuota… ja taisinhan minä jotakin

sinnepäin luvatakin.

Antti (on Eskon ja Raskin puhellessa vilkkaasti supattanut Ellin

kanssa. Astuu Ellin kanssa Raskin eteen.) Isäntä, minulla ei ole
muuta rikkautta kuin rehellinen sydän ja vankat kourat. Mutta
tietäen, että te osaatte antaa niille oikean arvonsa miehessä,
uudistan pyyntöni: suostukaa meidän liittoomme, antakaa Elli
minulle vaimoksi.

Raski. Tuota… se tahtoo sanoa… minä suostun. Rakastakaa toinen

toistanne ja tehkää elämänne onnelliseksi.
 Antti. Kiitos, isäntä!

Elli. Sydämellinen kiitos, isä hyvä!

Esko. Aamen! Ja ken ei ennestään tiedä, mitä eräs vanha

sanantapa sanoo, niin tässä sen kuulette: kotikissalla on aina
etuoikeus oman talon hiiriin.
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