EC1205- Circuit Analysis Department of ECE 2022-2023

C113 - CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

COURSE OUTCOMES
C113.1 Develop the capacity to analyze electrical circuits, apply the circuit theorems in
real time.
C113.2 To impart knowledge on solving circuits using network theorems.
C113.3 To introduce the phenomenon of resonance in coupled circuits.
C113.4 To educate on obtaining the transient response of circuits.
C113.5 To model any device using two port networks.

MAPPING BETWEEN CO AND PO, PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO PO PO PS PS PS PS

EC1205 10 11 12 O1 O2 O3 O4

C113.1 3 3 3 3 - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 3 3 - 1
C113.2 3 3 3 3 - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 3 3 - 1
C113.3 3 3 3 3 - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 3 3 - 1
C113.4 3 3 3 3 - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 3 3 - 1
C113.5 3 3 3 3 - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 3 3 - 1

RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH COs

UNIT I: BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS AND NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Knowledge CO
Sl. No. Course Content
Level Statement
1 P,U ,An Introduction to Electric circuit – Ohm’s Law C113.1
2 U ,An Kirchhoff’s laws – Current law and Voltage law C113.1
3 U ,An, Ap Problems based on Kirchhoff’s Laws C113.1
4 U ,An, Ap Mesh current method of analysis for D.C circuits C113.1
5 U ,An Node voltage method of analysis for D.C circuits C113.1
6 U ,An, Ap Problems on mesh and nodal analysis using D.C C113.1
7 U ,An, Ap Problems on AC analysis for mesh method C113.1
8 U ,An, Ap Problems on AC analysis for nodal method C113.1
U ,An Network terminology – Basic definitions Tree ,Co-tree, C113.1
9
Cut-set and Tie-set
U ,An ,Ap Procedure for writing Incidence and reduced incidence C113.1
10
matrice
11 U ,An, Ap Problems on Twig voltages and Cut set schedules C113.1
12 U ,An Concepts on Duality and dual networks C113.1

UNIT II: NETWORK THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS

Sl. No. Knowledge Course Content CO
Level Statement
Series parallel combination of resistance, Inductance C113.2
1 U
and Capacitances.
Introduction to Network Theorems- concept of
2 U
Superposition theorem

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3 U, Ap Problems on Superposition theorem C113.2

4 U, An,,Ap Problems on Thevenin’s theorem C113.2

5 U, An ,Ap Problems on Norton’s theorem, C113.2

6 U ,An ,Ap Problems on Reciprocity theorem C113.2

7 U ,An ,Ap Problems on Millman’s theorem C113.2

Problems on Maximum power transfer theorem and its C113.2

8 U ,An ,Ap
applications
Problems on Network reduction techniques – Source C113.2
9 U, An ,Ap
transformation
C113.2
10 U, An ,Ap Problems based on Voltage and Current division rules

11 U , An Derivation for star delta conversion C113.2

12 U, An,Ap Problems on star delta conversion technique C113.2

UNIT III: RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS

Knowledge CO
Sl. No. Course Content
Level Statement
P,U ,An Derivation for series Resonance circuits – frequency,Q- C113.3
1 factor,Bandwidth,Voltage across R,L and C. Current
and Impedance relation and Selectivity.
2 P,U ,An , Ap Problems based on series resonance circuit C113.3
U ,An Derivation for Parallel Resonance circuits – C113.3
3 frequency,Q-factor,Bandwidth,Voltage across R,L and
C. Current and Impedance relation and Selectivity
P,U ,An , Ap Problems based on parallel resonance circuit with C113.3
4
different parallel circuits
P,U ,An , Ap Introduction to Coupled circuits, concepts of self and C113.3
5 mutual Inductance. Types with respect to series and
parallel coupled circuits.
U, An , Ap Dot rule for analysing aiding and opposing of incoming C113.3
6
and outgoing currents in coupled circuits
7 U, An , Ap Problems based on self and mutual inductance C113.3
8 U ,An , Ap Problems on series aiding and opposing networks. C113.3
U ,An Analysis for single tuned circuits with cut off C113.3
9
frequency
U ,An Analysis for doubled tuned circuit with cut off C113.3
10
frequency
11 U ,An , Ap Problems on single tuned circuits C113.3
12 U ,An , Ap Problems on double tuned circuits C113.3

UNIT IV: TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

Knowledge CO
Sl. No. Course Content
Level Statement
1 U Introduction to transient circuits C113.4
U ,An Derivation for Natural and forced response of RL C113.4
2
transient circuit

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U ,An ,Ap Problems in RL transient response excitation by Step C113.4
3
Signal, Impulse Signal and exponential sources
U ,An Derivation for Natural and forced response of RC C113.4
4
transient circuit
U ,An , Problems in RC transient response with excitation by C113.4
5
Step Signal, Impulse Signal and exponential sources
U ,An RLC transient circuits analysis and problems with C113.4
6 respect to over damped, Under damped and critically
damped response.
7 U ,An ,Ap Problems in RLC circuit transient circuits C113.4
U ,An Complete analysis on RL,RC circuit with sinusoidal C113.4
8
excitation
9 U ,An ,Ap Problems using sinusoidal excitation of RL circuits C113.4
10 U ,An ,Ap Problems using sinusoidal excitation of RC circuits C113.4
11 U ,An ,Ap Problems using sinusoidal excitation for RLS circuit C113.4
U Application of transient analysis using D.C and A.C C113.4
12
analysis

UNIT V: TWO PORT NETWORKS

Knowledge CO
Sl. No. Course Content
Level Statement
1 U ,An Introduction to two-port networks C113.5
U ,An ,Ap Derivation for Open circuited Z – Parameter, Condition C113.5
2
for symmetry and reciprocity
3 U ,An ,Ap Problems on open circuited Z - Parameter C113.5
U ,An Derivation for Short circuited Y – Parameter Condition C113.5
4
for symmetry and reciprocity
5 U ,An ,Ap Problems on Short circuited Y - Parameter C113.5
U ,An Derivation for h parameter Condition for symmetry and C113.5
6
reciprocity
7 U ,An ,Ap Problems on h parameters or hybrid parameter C113.5
U ,An Derivation for ABCD parameter Condition for C113.5
8
symmetry and reciprocity
U ,An ,Ap Problems on ABCD parameter or Transmission C113.5
9
parameter
10 U, An, Ap Concepts of T and π network analysis C113.5
11 U, An , Ap Problems on T and π networks C113.5
12 U, An, Ap Inter connection of T and π networks. C113.5

P- Prerequisite, Ap – Apply; An – Analyze; U – Understand, E- Evaluate, C-Create

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UNIT I BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Ohm’s Law – Kirchhoff’s laws – Mesh current and node voltage method of analysis for D.C
and A.C.circuits - Network terminology - Graph of a network - Incidence and reduced
incidence matrices – Trees –Cut sets - Fundamental cut sets - Cut set matrix – Tie sets - Link
currents and Tie set schedules -Twig voltages and Cut set schedules, Duality and dual
networks
UNIT-I / PART-A
1 State Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law states that the current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential between two ends of a conductor. i.e. V α I, V=IR.
2 State the Limitation of Ohm’s law. (JUNE 2013,NOV 2016)
❖ Ohm’s law doesn’t apply to all non-metallic conductors
❖ Doesn’t apply to nonlinear devices like Zener diode, Voltage regulator, tubes
etc.
❖ It is not applicable for the metallic conductors which changes with temperature
3 Define i) charge ii) electric current iii) power iv) network & v) circuit.
Charge: Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs(C).
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
A direct current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time.
An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidal with time
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts
(w).
P- Power in watts (w)
W- Energy in joules (J)
t - Time in seconds (S)
P=V I , V - Voltage in volts (V) , I - current in amperes (A).
Network: The inter connection of two or more simple circuit elements forms an
electrical network.
Circuit: If the network contains at least one closed path, it is an electric circuit.
4 State Kirchoff’s Current law. (NOV 2015)
KCL (Kirchoff’s Current Law) states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero
(or)The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the algebraic sum of
the currents leaving the node.

5 Write down the expression of equivalent resistance for ‘n’ - number of resistors in
parallel connection.
For ‘n’ resistors connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance is given by,
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ......... +
Req R1 R2 R3 Rn

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6 Define: Node (OR) Junction
A point at which two or more elements are joints together is called node. While a point
where three or more branches meet together is called a junction.

7 State Kirchoff’sVoltage law. (NOV 2013)(MAY 2018)(NOV 2019)(May 2022)

KVL (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law) states that the algebraic sum of voltages around a
closed path is zero. (or) Algebraic sum of Sum of voltage drop around a closed path is
equal to Algebraic sum of Voltage rise around the closed path.

8 The total charge entering a terminal is given by q=5t sin 4πt, mC. Calculate the
current at t=0.5 seconds.

9 Define power and energy. Give the expression for electrical power and energy.
Power is the rate of doing work and its unit is Watt. The unit of electric power is
defined in terms of the joule per second. One joule per second is the work done when
one coulomb of electricity is moved through a potential difference of one volt in one
second.
Energy is the product of power and time.

The unit of power is Watt or Joule/Sec.

, The unit of Energy is Joule .

10 The equivalent resistance of four resistors joined in parallel is 30 Ohms. The
current flowing through them are 0.5,0.4,0.6 and 0.1.Find the value of each
resistor..(NOV 2016)
Let R1,R2,R3,R4 be the four resistance connected in parallel and currents 0.5,0.4,0.6 ,0.1
flows through them respectively.
Total current in the four parallel branch is 0.5+0.4+0.6+0.1=1.6A
Total voltage across the parallel combination of four resistance is 30(1.6) = 48V.

,
11 How much energy does a 100W electric bulb consume in two hours?

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12 Summarize the basic mesh analysis procedure. (DEC 2012) ( May 2022)
❖ Determine if the circuit is a planar circuit.
❖ Count the number of meshes.
❖ Label each of mesh currents.
❖ Write a KVL equation around each mesh.
❖ Organize the equations.
❖ Solve the system of equations for the mesh currents
13 Distinguish between a Loop & Mesh of a circuit. (DEC 2010)(JUNE 2013)(JUNE
2016)
The closed path of a network is called a Loop.An elementary form of a loop which cannot be
further divided is called a mesh. In other words Mesh is closed path does not contain an other
loop within it.
14 Apply KVL and find the current in the circuit.

By applying KVL,

15 How are the following affected by change of frequency?a)Resistance b)Inductive

reactance (DEC2010)
Resistance will not be affected by change of frequency. Inductive reactance will
increase by increasing frequency and vice versa.
16 Define RMS voltage. (JUNE 2014).
The RMS value of an AC is defined as the equivalent steady value of the DC which can
produce the equal amount of heat, when flow through the given circuit for an equal
time.

RMS value of an AC voltage, =0.707Vm

17 An electrical appliance consumes 2KWh in 30 mins at 120V. What is the current
drawn by the appliance? (NOV 2014)
Energy, W = EIt ,I= = = 20A
18 Calculate the equivalent resistance between the terminals “a” and “b” in Fig(NOV
2014)

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Right side

19 Write briefly about resistance in a circuit. (JUNE 2015)

The electrical resistance of a circuit component or device is defined as the ratio of the
voltage applied to the electric current which flows through it: If the resistance is
constant over a considerable range of voltage, then Ohm's law, I = V/R, can be used to
predict the behavior of the material. The resistance is measured in units of ohms (Ω).
20 Obtain the current in each branch of the network shown below using Kirchoff’s
Current Law. (JUNE 2015)

❖
21 The resistance of two wires is 25 Ω when connected in series and 6 Ω when
connected in parallel. Calculate the resistance of each wire. (JUNE 2016)

22 Define planar and Non-Planar graphs.

A graph is said to be planar if it can be drawn on a plane surface such that no two
branches cross each other. A graph containing cross over is called as non-planar.

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23 Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown in fig. (NOV 2015)

24 Define electric network.

An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical
components (e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, transistors) or a
model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage
sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances).
25 Define Graph of a network.
Network graph is simply called as graph. It consists of a set of nodes connected by
branches. In graphs, a node is a common point of two or more branches. ... That means,
the line segments in the graph represent the branches corresponding to either passive
elements or voltage sources of electric circuit.
26 What is meant by Tree of a network and Twig of a network?
The tree of a network connects all the nodes of the network but contains no closed path.
Each branch of tree is called as a twig.
27 List out the properties of a tree.
❖ It contains all the nodes of the graph.
❖ A graph having ‘n’ nodes will have (n-1) branches in its tree
❖ Tree does not have any closed path.
❖ There may be many trees for a given graph
28 What is a Tie set.
Consider a tree of a connected graph.Tie-set is a unique set with respect to this tree
containing one chord and all of the tree branches contained in the free path formed
between two vertices of the chord.
29 List out the advantages of Tie-set matrix.
a) From the tie-set matrix, we can frame the voltage loop equations for each loop
b) Tie-set matrix gives the branches currents in terms of loop currents or link currents.
30 What is a cut-set?
Cut-set is the set of elements which if removed divides the graph in to two sub graphs
and the graph becomes unconnected.
31 For a ‘n’ node network, how many are the chords?
If ‘b’ is the number of branches in a network and n, the number of nodes, then number
of chords= b-n+1
32 What are the terms associated with network graph?
The terms associated with network graphs are branches, link, node, loop, tree, co-tree,
tie-set, cut-set.

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33 Define Dual Networks?
If the mesh equations of one network have the same form as the nodal equations of
another network, then the two networks are called as dual network. The property of
duality is a mutual property.
34 State the dual elements for resistance and Inductance.
The dual of resistance is conductance. The dual of inductance is capacitance.
35 Find R in the given circuit.(April-2017)

36 Write the formula to find the equivalent resistance offered by N number of

arbitrary valued resistors connected in series.(May-2019)
For ‘n’ resistors connected in series, the equivalent resistance is given by,

37 A 3A Current source has internal resistance 2 Ω .Find the voltage experienced by a

load of 3 Ω while connected to the source.(May-2019)
We know that internal resistance is connected in parallel for the current source that is 2
Ω, in addition to that 3 Ω is connected in parallel.

38 Obtain the incidence matrix of the graph shown in figure 1? (NOV 19)

Incidence matrix gives the relation between nodes and branches of a graph.
If the branch is leaving away from the node allocate +1
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If the branch entering towards the node allocate -1
If the branch is not related to the node allocate 0
Here in the given oriented graph it consist 4 nodes and 5 branches.

A=

39 Three resistors of value 2Ω , 3Ω and 5Ω are connected in series across a 20V DC

supply. Find the current through the circuit.( May 2021 )
Total equivalent resistance in the given circuit is 2+3+5=10Ω
Current through the circuit is V/R = 20/10= 2A

40 Find the incident matrix of the following directed graph. ( May 2021 )

Incidence matrix gives the relation between nodes and branches of a graph.
If the branch is leaving away from the node allocate +1
If the branch entering towards the node allocate -1
If the branch is not related to the node allocate 0
Here in the given oriented graph it consist 4 nodes and 6 branches

Incident Matrix:

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UNIT-I / PART-B
1 Find V1 and V2 using Nodal analysis for the circuit given below.
− j5 

1 2
j10

 − j10  j5   0.5 90 0 , A
1 O0 , A

2 (i) Determine the current IL in the circuit shown in figure below:(JUNE 2016)

(ii)Calculate the voltage across A and B in the circuit shown in figure.(JUNE 2016)

3 i)For the circuit shown in figure below, determine the value of V2 such that the current
through (3+j4) Ω impedance is zero. (DEC 2012)

(ii) By applying nodal analysis for the circuit shown in Fig, determine the power output
of the source and the power in each resistor of the circuit.(JUNE 2013)

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4 (i) State and explain Kirchoff’s laws. (JUNE 2013)

(ii) Using mesh analysis, determine the current through 1Ω resistor in the given circuit.

5 (i) Three loads A,B and C are connected in parallel to a 240V source. Load A takes
6KW,Load B takes 60A and Load C has a resistance of 8Ω. Calculate (i) (1) and
(2)the total current (3) the total power, and (4) equivalent resistance.(JUNE 2016)

(ii) For the circuit shown in figure below, determine the total current IT, phase angle and
power factor.(JUNE 2016)

6 i) Determine the current in the 5Ω resistor in the network shown in fig below.

(ii) Determine the current in all the resistors of the circuit shown in fig below.

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7 For the circuit shown in the below figure, (JUNE 2014)
❖ Determine the currents in all the branches
❖ Calculate the power and power factor of the source
❖ Show that power delivered by the source is equal to the power consumed by the
2Ω resistor.

8 (i) Using nodal analysis, find the node voltages and the currents through all the resistors
for the circuit shown in fig. (NOV 2014)

(ii) Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’ for the network
shown in figure.

9 For the circuit shown in figure find the (i) currents in different branches, (ii) current
supplied by the battery, (iii) potential difference between the terminals A & B. (NOV
2014)

10 i) Use branch currents in the network shown below to find the current supplied by the
60V source. Solve the circuit by mesh current method.(JUNE 2015)
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(ii) Solve the network given below by the node voltage method. (JUNE 2015)

11 i) Determine the magnitude and direction of the current in the 2v battery in the circuit
shown in below figure.(Nov 2015)

(ii)Determine the power dissipation in the 4 Ω resistor of the given circuit shown in
below figure.

12 Using nodal analysis, find the voltage VX for the circuit shown in below figure.
(Nov 2015)

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13 (a)Calculate the node voltage of given circuit. (NOV 2016)

(b) Determine the current Io for the given circuit when Vs=12V

14 i) Using mesh analysis for the given circuit, find the current I2 and drop across 1Ω
resistor.

ii) Find the equivalent capacitance C between terminals A and B for the given figure.
(NOV 2016)

15 i) Determine the potential difference between points A and B given in the figure.(April
2017)

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ii) Using mesh analysis, find the current Io in the circuit shown

16 . i) Determine vx and ix in the given figure.(April 2017)

ii) Write the mesh equation and nodal equation for the network in the given figure by
inspection method.

17 Determine the Tie set matrix of the following graph. Also find the branch current and
voltage equation of the given graph.

18 i) For the network shown, set up the Tie-set matrix and obtain KVL equation. (May-
2018)

ii) Find the expression for the time domain currents I2 and i1 for the given circuit shown
(May-2018)

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19 i) Find the three nodal voltages for the circuit shown. (May-2018)

ii) Obtain the cut set matrix for the following circuit shown (May-2018)

20 Using the technique of mesh analysis, evaluate the three unknown mesh current shown
in figure. (May-2018) (May 2022)

21 Determine the cut-set matrix and the current branch equation of the given graph.

22 Obtain the equivalent resistance experienced y the source and power delivered by
source shown in figure. (May-2019)

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23 Find node voltages in the circuit shown in figure and find the power delivered by
independent current source. (May-2019)

24 i) Using mesh current method determine the current supplied by the 60V source of the
network shown in figure. 5 (NOV -2019)

(i)For the circuit shown in figure 6, Determine the power dissipated in each resistor of
the circuit. (NOV-2019)

25 i)A reduced incidence matrix of a graph given by

A=

obtain possible number of trees. (NOV-2019)

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ii) Show the cut-sets for the graph shown in figure 7 and develop the fundamental cut-
set matrix.(NOV-2019)

26 Implement the Cut-set and Tie matrix of the following oriented graph. (May 2022)

27 Determine the unknown Mesh currents of the following circuit using mesh analysis.
(May-2022)

UNIT II NETWORK THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS

Network theorems -Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem,
Reciprocity theorem, Millman’s theorem, and Maximum power transfer theorem ,application
of Network theorems- Network reduction: voltage and current division, source transformation
– star delta conversion.
UNIT-II / PART-A
1 Define Lumped circuits.
The circuits in which the elements are separated physically like resistors, capacitors and
inductors.

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2 State division of current rule for a two branch parallel network.(JUNE 2013,NOV
2013)

Where two resistors are connected in parallel and therefore have the same voltage across
them. From
Ohm’s law

3 State division of voltage rule for a circuit with three resistors in series.(JUNE 2103)

When The two or more resistors are in series, since the same current i flows in
both of them. Applying Ohm’s law to each of the resistors, we
obtain
By applying KVL around the closed path we obtain

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.
4 Write down the formulae for converting Star(Y) to Delta.

5 Write down the formulae for converting Delta to Star(Y).

6 Define Node and super node.

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
A super node is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source
connected between two non-reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel
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with it. A super mesh occurs when a current source is contained between two essential
meshes. The circuit is first treated as if the current source is not there.This will be an
equation where the current source is equal to one of the mesh currents minus the other.
7 Define mesh and super mesh.
The mesh is property of planar circuit and is undefined for non planar circuit.
We define mesh as a loop that does not contain any other loops within it. Mesh is a
closed path.
❖ A super mesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent) current
source in between.
8 State Superposition theorem.
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element
in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that
element due to each independent
source acting alone.
9 State Thevenin'stheorem .
Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh,
where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or
equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.

10 What is the limitation of superposition theorem?

Superposition theorem is based on linearity. For this reason, it is not applicable to the
effect on power due to each source, because the power absorbed by a resistor depends
on the square of the voltage or current. If the power value is needed, the current through
(or voltage across) the element must be calculated first using superposition.
11 State reciprocity theorem. (NOV2016) (May 2022)
According to this theorem, In a linear, bilateral network if we apply some input to a
circuit which consists of resistors, inductors, capacitors and transformers, the ratio of
response in any element to the input is constant even when the position of input and
output are interchanged. This is called the Reciprocity theorem.
12 State Maximum power transfer theorem. (or) What is the condition for maximum
power transfer in DC and AC circuits(JUNE 2016) (April 2021)
According to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power transfer occurs when
RL = RTH, that is, when the load resistance is equal to the thevenin resistance.

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13 Write the objectives of star delta transformation?( NOV 2013)
The star delta transformation is useful in reducing the complexity of a circuit and
converts it into simpler equivalent form without altering the current and voltage levels at
its network terminals as in the original circuits.

14 State Norton's theorem. (May 2022)

Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where
IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.

15 Where and why maximum power transfer theorem is applied.

In a certain applications it is desirable to have a maximum power transfer from source to
load. The maximum power transfer to load is possible only if the source and load has
matched impedance. Eg: TV/Radio receiver
16 A 1V Voltage source has an internal resistance of 1Ω, Calculate the Maximum
power that can be delivered to any load.
Maximum power transferred to the load =
17 What is source transformation?
Source transformation is a procedure for transforming a voltage source in series with a
resistor to a current source in parallel with a resistor, or vice versa.

18 Determine the voltages V1 and V2 in the circuit shown in fig.

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19 What is the equivalent resistance across A – B in the network shown in figure?

3 6
RAB = 5 + = 7
3+6

20 List the applications of Thevenin’s theorem. (NOV 2015)

Thevenin’s theorem is useful for power system fault current calculation.
It is used in transmission line calculation.
21 Calculate the value of Norton’s current (IN )for the circuit shown in Fig. (NOV
2014)

If any resistor parallel to short circuit the equivalent also short circuited.

22 Two resistors of 4 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel. If the total current is 30A.
Find the current through each resistor shown in below fig. (NOV 2015)

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23 Write briefly about network reduction technique. (JUNE 2015)

In network analysis the number of components can be reduced to simplify the network.
This can be done by replacing the actual components with other notional components
that have the same effect. A particular technique might directly reduce the number of
components, for instance by combining impedances in series. On the other hand it might
merely change the form into one in which the components can be reduced in a later
operation.
24 Is reciprocity theorem applied to the circuit having resistors, capacitors and
diodes? Give your reason.
No. Reciprocity theorem is applicable only for linear circuits
25 A load of 5Ω each is to be converted in to an equivalent delta connected load, Find
the resistance to be used.(APRIL 2017)
Each resistance in the delta connected load should be 3R, i.e., 15Ω each.
26 A load is connected to a network of the terminals to which load is
connected,Rth=10Ω and Vth=40V.Calculate the maximum power supplied to the
load.(APRIL 2017)

27 Determine the value of current I0 of the given circuit.(NOV 2016)

A
28 Determine the current flow through the capacitor shown in figure (May-2018)

29 Draw equivalent delta circuit for the figure shown.(May-2018)

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The equivalent delta connected network will have 300Ω in each branch. (As per the
statement, if each resistance in stat connected network has R Ω , then its equivalent
delta will take the value 3R Ω.Here 3times 100Ω=300Ω.
30 Write Maximum power transfer theorem related to the circuits those contain
resistive and reactive components.(May-2019)
Maximum power transfer theorem related to the circuits those contain resistive
components is
Maximum power transfer theorem related to the circuits those contain reactive
components is

31 If a 10V voltage source has internal resistance 50 Ω,Find the maximum current
that can be supplied by the source?(May-2019)
We know that internal resistance is connected in series for the voltage source that is 50
Ω Maximum current that can be supplied by the source is
32 State Millman’s theorem. (NOV-2019)
The Millman’s Theorem states that – when a number of voltage sources (V1,
V2, V3……… Vn) are in parallel having internal resistance (R1, R2,
R3………….Rn) respectively, the arrangement can replace by a single
equivalent voltage source V in series with an equivalent series resistance R.
In other words; it determines the voltage across the parallel branches of the
circuit, which have more than one voltage sources, i.e., reduces the
complexity of the electrical circuit.
33 Determine the current flowing through 5 Ω resistor shown in figure 2 (N0V-2019)

34 Why is Superposition Theorem not applicable to directly calculate the power in

linear circuits? (April 2021)
Superposition theorem is based on linearity. For this reason, it is not applicable to the

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effect on power due to each source, because the power absorbed by a resistor depends
on the square of the voltage or current. If the power value is needed, the current through
(or voltage across) the element must be calculated first using superposition
UNIT-II / PART-B
1 (i)Obtain the expression of equivalent star resistance in terms of delta resistance.
(JUNE 2013)
(ii) Obtain the expression of equivalent delta resistance in terms of star resistance.
2 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the active network shown
below.(JUNE 2015)

3 In the circuit find I3 and verify the reciprocity theorem.

I2

I3

I1

4 (i) Using source transformation, replace the current source in the circuit shown below
by a voltage source and find the current delivered by the 50V voltage source.(DEC
2012)

(ii) Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab when all the resistance values are equal to 1Ω
for the circuit shown below.(DEC 2012).

5 (i)Explain the source transformation technique.

(ii)Use the superposition theorem to find the current through 4Ω resistor in the circuit
shown in Fig. (JUNE 2013)

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6 (i)Using star delta transformation, in the following wheat stone bridge circuit of fig find
(a) equivalent resistance between P and Q (b) the total current and (c) the current
through the 18Ω resistor.

(ii)Find the current through the 10Ω resistor in the following figure using Thevenin’s
theorem (NOV 2013)

7 (i)Calculate the current in the 4Ω resistor in the given figure using superposition
Theorem.
(JUNE 2014)

(ii) In the circuit shown below, find the value of R for maximum power transfer. Also
calculate the maximum power.

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8 Find the current I through the 20Ω resistor as shown in fig using Thevinin’s Theorem.
(NOV 2014)

9 Find the current through 5Ω resistor using superposition theorem, in the circuit
shown in figure. (NOV 2014)

10 Compute the current in the 23Ω resistor of the following figure shown below by
applying the superposition principle. (JUNE 2015)

11 Find the thevenin’s equivalent of the network shown in below figure. (NOV 2015)

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12 Determine the value of resistance that may be connected across A & B, so that
maximum power is transferred from the circuit to the resistance. Also, estimate the
maximum power transferred to the resistance shown in below figure. (NOV 2015)

13 Find the voltage across 5Ω resistor for the circuit shown in figure a) using source
transformation technique and verify the results using mesh analysis. (JUNE 2016)

14 Obtain the Norton’s model and find the maximum power that can be transferred to the
100Ω load resistance in the circuit shown in figure. (JUNE 2016)

15 i) Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab of the circuit given and also calculate the total
current. (NOV 2016).

ii) Find the value of RL for maximum power and calculate the maximum power.

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16 Apply superposition theorem to determine current I through 3Ω resistor for the given
circuit.(NOV 2016) (May 2022)

17 i)Apply source transformation technique to determine current io in the given figure.

ii) Find the power delivered by the 20V source using superposition theorem. April 2017

18 Apply Norton’s theorem to determine current Io for the given circuit.(April 2017)

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19 i) Determine the current through the load resistance 8Ω in the circuit shown using
Norton’s theorem. (May-2018)

ii) Find the value of ZL for the circuit shown for maximum power to transfer for
following conditions i) if ZL is pure resistance ii) ZL is complex impedance with both
real and imaginary elements are variable. Determine the maximum power in both cases.
(May-2018)

20 i) Apply superposition principal to the circuit shown and determine the current in 2Ω
resistance (May-2018)

ii) Using Millman’s theorem calculate the voltage between A and B for the given circuit
(May-2018)

21 i) Calculate the current in 4Ω resistance using superposition theorem. (May-2018)

ii) Find the value of R for the given circuit for maximum power transfer. Also find the
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maximum power.

22 Derive Norton and Thevenin equivalent circuit across terminals a-b (May 2019) (May
2022)

23 Find the optimum value of load impedance ZL to derive maximum average power from
the circuit shown in figure also find the maximum average power. (May 2019)

24 i) Verify Reciprocity Theorem in the circuit shown in figure 8.(NOV-2019)

ii) Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across terminals A B in figure 9.

(NOV-2019)

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25 i)Determine the value of the load resistance to receive maximum power from the
source.Also find the maximum power delivered to the load RL in the circuit shown in

figure 10.

ii)Calculate the current through 3Ω resistor in figure 11.Using Norton’s Theorem.

(NOV-2019)

26 (i)Find the equivalent resistance across the terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the following
electrical network. (April 2021)

(ii)Using Nodal Analysis, determine v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit given below.
(April 2021)

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27 Using Thevenin’s Theorem, find the current flowing through the load resistor RL in
circuit shown below, when R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 20Ω, Rg = 0.1Ω, Rp = 1Ω, and RL = 5Ω.
(April 2021)

28 State the Superposition Theorem and find the value of vx in the given circuit using the
same. (April 2021)

29 Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit across the points A and B for the circuit shown
below and calculate the power dissipated across the 5 Ω load resistor. Verify whether
the load resistor dissipates maximum power, if not suggest a suitable load resistor to
dissipate the maximum power across the load. (April-2021)

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UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS
Resonance - Series resonance - Parallel resonance - Variation of impedance with frequency –
Variation in current through and voltage across L and C with frequency – Bandwidth - Q
factor -Selectivity. Self-inductance - Mutual inductance - Dot rule - Coefficient of coupling -
Analysis of multilinking coupled circuits - Series, Parallel connection of coupled inductors -
Single tuned and double tuned coupled circuits

UNIT-III/ PART-A
1 Define Impedance.
Impedance is defined as the opposition of circuit to flow of alternating current. It is
denoted by Z and its unit is ohms
2 Define Resonance.
Resonance is defined as a phenomenon in which applied voltage and resulting current
are in-phase. In other words, an AC circuit is said to be in resonance if it exhibits unity
power factor condition, that means applied voltage and resulting current are in phase.
3 Define Q - factor or Figure of Merit, Q.(MAY 2014) (April 2021) (May 2022)
The quality factor, Q of a resonant circuit is the ratio of its resonant frequency to its
bandwidth.
The Q - factor of a circuit can also be defined as,
Maximum energy stored in the circuit
Q = 2 
Energy dissipated per cycle in the circuit
4 What are the resonant conditions?
(i)The total impedance Z is minimum and is equal to R. (ii) The circuit will be purely
resistive circuit.(iii) Power factor of the circuit is unity. iv) Circuit element, Imax= V/R.
v)Power at resonance, Pr=I2R
5 What is a parallel resonance?
The parallel circuit is said to be in resonance, when the power factor is unity. This is
true when the imaginary part of the total admittance is zero.
6 Show that in a series RLC circuit, f1f2 = fr2 where fr is the resonant frequency and
f1, f2 are the half power frequencies.
,

Hence,

7 What is the series resonance?

The inductive reactance increases as the frequency increases (XL=ωL) but the capacitive
reactance decreases with frequency (XC=1/ωc). Thus inductive and capacitive reactance
has opposite properties. So, for any LC combination there must be one frequency at
which XL=XC. This case of equal and opposite reactance is called series resonance.
8 Define Bandwidth, half power frequencies?(JUNE 2013)
The difference between the half power frequencies f1 and f2 at which power is half of its
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maximum is called bandwidth BW = f2-f1 in Hz
It can be observed that at two frequencies f1 and f2 the power is half of its maximum
value. These frequencies are called half power frequencies. Out of the two half power
frequencies, the frequency f2 is called upper cut-off frequency while the frequency f1
is called lower cut-off frequency.
9 What are coupled circuits?
The two circuits are said to be coupled circuits if all or part of the electrical energy
supplied to one circuit is transferred to the other circuit, without having any electrical
connection between them
10 Define Mutual Inductance, M.(JUNE 2015)
When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux
caused by current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in the
latter. This phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.

11 Write the total inductance of two coils connected in series aiding and opposing.
Series - aiding connection : Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
Series - opposing connection : Leq = L1 + L2 - 2M.

12 Two inductively coupled coils have self - inductances L1 = 50 mH and L2 = 200

mH.If the coefficient of coupling is 0.5 (i) find the value of mutual inductance
between the coils, and (ii) what is the maximum possible mutual inductance?

M = K L1 L2 = 0.5 (ii) M is max when K=M = L1 L2 = 50  10 −3  200  10 −3 =100

mH

13 Two inductively coupled coils have self - inductances L1 = 50 mH and L2 = 200

mH.If the coefficient of coupling is 0.5 (i) find the value of mutual inductance
between the coils, and (ii) what
is the maximum possible mutual inductance?
M = K L1 L2 = 0.5 (ii) M is max when K=M = L1 L2 = 50  10 −3  200  10 −3
=100 mH
14 Define Coefficient of coupling, K. (NOV 2015,JUNE 2016) (May 2022)
The fraction of the total flux produced by one coil linking a second coil is called the
Coefficient of coupling, K. Thus, K = Ф12 / Ф1 = Ф21/ Ф2 K= M/
Since Ф12< Ф1 or Ф21<Ф2, the value of K is always less than or equal to one..
15 Two coils connected in series have an equivalent inductance of 0.4H when
connected in aiding, and an equivalent inductance of 0.2H when the connection is
opposite. Calculate the mutual inductance of the coils.
Series aiding, Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M = 0.4 ---------------- (1)
Series opposing, Leq = L1 + L2 - 2M = 0.2 ----------------- (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), 4M = 0.2; M = 0.05 H

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16 State dot rule. (JUNE 2015)
The sign of the mutual induced voltage depends on direction of the winding of the coil.
For convenient, dot conventions are used for purpose of indicating direction of
winding.
Rules for dot convention
If a current enters a dot in one coil, then mutually induced voltage is positive at the
dotted end.
If a current leaves a dot in one coil, then mutually induced voltage is negative at the
dotted end
17 A coil of resistance 2Ω and an inductance 0.01H is connected in series with a
capacitor across 220V mains. Find the value of capacitance such that maximum
current flows in the circuit at a frequency of 190 Hz. Also find the maximum
current. (NOV 2014)
At resonance XL = XC, 2πfL =1/(2πfC), Capacitance, C = 70.16µF
At resonance Z = R, Maximum Current, I = V/R = 100A
18 Define self Inductance.
The property of the coil which opposes any change in current passing through it is
called self inductance of the coil. L = N/I
19 What are the applications of tuned circuit? (JUNE 2013)
Tuned circuits are used in communication systems, Radio receivers, in defence and etc.
20 In a series RLC circuit, if the value of L and C are 100 mH and 0.1 µF, find the
resonance frequency in Hz. (JUNE 2016)
= 15935 Hz

21 Define quality factor of a series resonant circuit. ( NOV 2014)

Quality factor is the ratio of resonant frequency to bandwidth.

Q0
22 Draw the frequency response of RLC series circuit.

23 Calculate the total inductance of the circuit, if the coefficient of coupling (k) between the
two coils is 0.6 as shown in fig. (NOV 2014)

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= = 0.023H

Leq= L1 + L2 + 2M = 0.126H
24 Write the Significance of Quality factor?(DEC 2013) (April 2021)

The relation between bandwidth and quality factor is Q=Resonant frequency/Bandwidth. This
indicates a higher value of Q results in a smaller bandwidth and hence greater the selectivity.
This indicates the resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and eliminates all other
frequency.
25 Define Selectivity.(NOV 2015)
Selectivity of a resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of bandwidth (BW) to the frequency at
resonance (fr) of the circuit
26 Draw the frequency response characteristics of parallel resonant circuit.(NOV 2016)

27 A coil of 20 Ohm resistance and inductance of 0.2H is connected in parallel with 100µF
capacitor. Calculate the frequency at which the circuit will act as non-inductive resistance
of R. Find also the value of R. (May-2018)

fr = 31.8Hz and to fin the Zres = = =100Ω

28 14. Determine the equivalent inductance of the circuit comprising two inductors in series
opposing mode. (NOV 2016)
L1 -M +L2 -M = V(t)
(L1 + L2 – 2M) = V(t) -----------(1)
Let Lb be the equivalent inductance of
the combination
Then Lb = V(t) -------------------(2)
Equating equation (1) and (2) we get
Lb = L1 +L2 -2M
29 Given the circuit,What is the equivalent inductance of the system shown
below,(April 2017)

Solution: It’s a series aiding circuit Leq = L1+L2+2M

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30 A series RLC load had R=1 KΩ,C=1 pF and L= 10mH find the Q factor of the
load?(May-2019)

31 Write the equations for Resonant frequency of series RLC and Parallel RLC
circuit. (April-2021)
For series RLC circuit, the resonant frequency is

For parallel RLC we have,

32 A series RLC load had R=1 KΩ,C=1 pF and L= 10mH find the Q factor of the
load?(May-2019)

33 15. Draw the self-inductance and mutual inductance of a coil.(2017)

34 Comment on the phase difference between voltage and current in a load at

resonance?(May-2019)
voltage and current in a load at resonance both are in phase i.e no phase difference and
power factor is unity.
UNIT-III / PART-B
1 Derive the relation between coefficient of coupling& the self inductance& mutual
inductance.(JUNE 2013)(JUNE 2015)

2 A series RLC circuits consist of R = 1000 ohm, L=100mH & C=10 x 10-12F, the applied
voltage across the circuit is 100V. Calculate, the resonant frequency of the circuit (b)
the Q-factor of the circuit at resonant frequency (c) At what angular velocities do the
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half power points occur? (d)Compute the BW of the circuit (e) the value of frequency at
which maximum voltage occurs across inductor (f)the value of frequency at which
maximum voltage occurs across capacitor.(JUNE 2013)

3 Impedance Z1 an Z2 are parallel and this combination is in series with an impedance Z3 ,

connected to a 100V 50Hz AC supply. Z1 = (5-jXc ) Ω, Z2 = (5+j0 ) Ω and Z3 = (25
+j25) Ω. Determine the value of capacitance such that total current of the circuit will be
in phase with the total voltage. Find the circuit current and power. (NOV 2014)

4 Determine the value of capacitance C in order that the circuit resonates at a frequency of
6366Hz.

5 Derive the resonance frequency ‘fr’ for the circuit shown below.(DEC 2012)

(ii)State the concept of bandwidth of a series RLC circuit.

(iii)A series RLC circuit consists of 50 Ω resistance, 0.2H inductance and 10μF
capacitance with the applied voltage of 20V. Determine the resonant frequency, the Q
factor, the lower and upper frequency limits and the bandwidth of the circuit.

6 (i)Two coupled coils have self inductances of L1 = 100 mH and L2 = 400 mH. The
coupling coefficient is 0. Find M. If N1 is 1000 turns, what is the value of N2? If a
current i1 = 2sin(500t) A through the coil-1, find the flux Ф1 and the mutually induced
voltage V2M.
(ii)A RLC series circuit has R=60 Ω, L=160mH and C=160μf. Find the resonant
frequency under resonant condition obtain the current, power and the voltage drops
across the various elements if the applied voltage is 300V. (DEC2012)

7 (i)Illustrate the amplification factor with respect to frequency and coefficient of

coupling of a single tuned circuit in detail. (NOV 2013)
(ii)A coil having an inductance of 100mH is magnetically coupled to another coil
having an inductance of 900mH. The coefficient of coupling between the coils is 0.4
Calculate the equivalent inductance if the two coils are connected in (1) series opposing
and (2) parallel opposing.

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8 Obtain a conductively coupled equivalent circuit for the magnetically coupled circuit
shown below. (DEC 2012,JUNE 2016)

(ii)Derive the expression for equivalent inductance of the parallel resonant circuit as
shown in figure. (JUNE 2016)

9 (i)For a magnetically coupled circuit , derive the expression for mutual inductance (M)
in terms of L1 and L
(ii) For the coupled circuit shown in fig, find the value of V2 so that current I1 =0.
(NOV 2014)

10 (i)Illustrate the amplification factor with respect to frequency and coefficient of

coupling of a single tuned circuit in detail.
(NOV 2013)
(ii)A coil having an inductance of 100mH is magnetically coupled to another coil
having an inductance of 900mH. The coefficient of coupling between the coils is 0.4
Calculate the equivalent inductance if the two coils are connected in (1) series opposing
and (2) parallel opposing.
11 (i)With neat illustration describe the parallel resonant circuit and the equivalent parallel
network for a series RL combination.Also find the Q-factor of a parallel resonant
circuit.(NOV 2014)
(ii)for the circuit below, determine the frequency at which circuit resonates. Also find
the quality factor, voltage across inductance and voltage across capacitance at resonance
(NOV 2015)

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12 For the circuit shown in the following figure, determine the voltage ratio V1/V2, which
will make the current I1 equal to zero.
(JUNE 2014)

13 Find the mutual reactance Xm in the coupled coils shown in below figure. (NOV 2015)

14 Determine the resonant frequency , bandwidth and quality factor of the coil for the
series resonant circuit considering R=10Ω,L=0.1 H and C=10µF. Derive the formula
used for bandwidth. (JUNE 2016)
15 For the series resonance circuit shown, find I,VR,VI and VC at resonance. Also if
resonance frequency is 5000Hz,determine bandwidth, Q factor, half power frequencies
and power dissipated in the circuit at resonance and the half power frequencies. Derive
the expression for resonant frequency. (NOV 2016)

16 (i) Obtain the conductively coupled equivalent for the given circuit and find the voltage
drop across 12Ω resistor. (NOV 2016)

ii) The number of turns in two coupled coils are 500 turns and 1500 turns
respectively.When 5A current flows in coil 1, the total flux in this coil is 0.6x10-3 wb.
Determine L1, L2, M and K.
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17 i)Derive the expression for resonant frequency and bandwidth for a series RLC resonant
circuit.(April 2017) (April 2021)
ii) In the parallel RLC circuit, given R=8KΩ , L=0.2mH and C=8µF. Calculate ω o ,
Q,half power frequencies and BW, Quality factor, Current through the Inductor at
resonance and average power at resonance and at half power frequencies. (May 2022)

18 i) Find the voltage drop across 12Ω resistor for the given circuit and also draw the
conductively coupled equivalent circuit.(April 2017)

ii) The number of turns in two coupled coils are 500 turns and 1500 turns respectively.
When 5A current flows in coil, the total flux in this coil is 0.6x10-3 wb and the flux
linking in second coil is 0.3x10-3 wb. Determine L1,L2,M amd K.

19 i) Determine the resonance frequency of LC parallel circuit shown in the figure. (May-
2018)

ii) A series RLC circuit with Q=250 resonance at 1.5MHz. Find its bandwidth and its
half power frequencies. (May-2018)

20 Derive the expression for equivalent inductance of the two coupled coils connected in
four different ways that is, series aiding , series opposing, parallel aiding and parallel
opposing. (May 2018) (May 2022)
21 Draw the circuit of series RLC and derive The formula for resonant frequency ,Half
power frequencies ,bandwidth and quality factor. (May-2019) (April 2021)
22 Consider a linear transformer with coil self inductances L1, L2 and mutual inductance M
between the coils. Derive equivalent T network, π network and express the respective
components with the transfer parameters. (May-2019)
23 Consider a parallel RLC circuit energized by a current source i(t) from time t=0.Assume
the components are initially relaxed.(May-2019)
(i) Discuss the voltage and current associated with the R,L and C at time t=0+ and t =
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if the source i(t) is a 5A DC source.
(ii) Derive formula for resonant frequency.Discuss the voltage and current associated
with the R,L and C for the following cases .The source i(t) is an AC source whilethe
frequency is lesser than/ equal to/greater than resonant frequency of the circuit.(May-
2019)
24 Consider a series RLC circuit with L=1 mH and C=1 µF.Assume the components are
initially relaxed.(May-2019)
(i) If the circuit is energised by a voltage source from t=0,discuss the voltage and
current associated with the R, L and C at time t=0+ and t= .
(ii) Derive the formula for resonant frequency.
(iii) Discuss the ranges for the resistor values to operate the circuit in overdamped,
underdamped
and critically damped modes
25 i)Prove fr2 = f1f2 where fr is resonant frequency , f1 and f2 are half power frequencies.
(NOV-2019)
ii)Determine the resonant frequency, half power frequencies and bandwidth of a series
RLC circuit having R=10Ω; L=0.5mH and C=10μF.(N0V-2019)
26 i) Derive the Expression for maximum amplification of a single tuned circuit.
(NOV-2019)
ii) For the circuit shown in figure 12,Write the inductance matrix.(NOV-2019)

27 i)Find the value of L at which the circuit resonates at a angular frequency of 1000
rad/sec in the circuit shown in figure 16.(NOV-2019)

ii)A voltage is applied to a series RLC circuit. At the resonant

frequency of the circuit, Maximum voltage across the capacitor is found to be 500 V.

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Moreover, the bandwidth is known to be 400 rad/sec and the impedance at resonance in
100 Ω. Find the resonant Frequency. Also Find the values of L and C of the circuit.
(NOV-2019)
28 Discuss in detail about Single-tuned and Double-tuned Coupled Circuits. (April-2021)
29 Two coils connected in series have an equivalent inductance of 10H. When the
connections of one coil are reversed, the effective inductance is 6H. If the co-efficient of
coupling is 0.6, calculate the self-inductance of each coil and mutual inductance.
(April-2021)
30 Determine the Unknown currents and unknown voltage of the following magnetically
coupled circuits. (May 2022)

UNIT IV TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

Natural response-Forced response - Transient response of RC, RL and RLC circuits to
excitation by Step Signal, Impulse Signal and exponential sources - Complete response of
RC, RL and RLC Circuits to sinusoidal excitation.
UNIT-IV / PART-A
1 Define the term time constant of a RL or RC circuit.(April 2017)
In a circuit in which the current is increasing to a final steady value, the time (T) taken
to reach 62% of the final value is called the time constant of the circuit.
2 Define time constant of a decaying circuit.
For a decaying circuit, the time constant is defined as the time required to reach 38% of
the initial value.
3 Write down the voltage equation of a series RLC transient circuit excited by a dc
source, V.
Applying KVL to the circuit, the voltage equation becomes,
di 1
dt C 
Ri + L + idt = V

4 Define transient response.

The response or the output of the circuit from the instant of switching to the attainment
of steady state is known as transient response.
5 Define transient state and transient time.( NOV 2013)
In a network containing energy storage elements, with change in excitation, the currents
and voltage change from one state to another state. The behavior of the voltage or
current when it is changed from one state to another state is called the transient state.
The time taken for the circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state is
called the transient time.

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6 Draw the current curve of a RL transient connected to a DC source.(April 2017)

7 Define damping ratio. Give the damping ratio of RLC series circuit.

Damping Ratio =

For RLC series circuit,  = R

2 L
C
8 Give the natural frequency  n and damped frequency β of a series RLC circuit.

1
Natural frequency  n = ;Damped frequency  =  n2 −  n2 2 =  n 1 −  2
LC

9 Write the condition for different cases of damping in a series RLC circuit.
If damping ratio,  = 1, it corresponds to critical damping;  >1, it corresponds to over
damping &  < 1, it corresponds to under damping.

10 Distinguish between natural and forced response.(JUNE 2014)

Natural Response Forced Response
It is determined by the internal energy stored It is determined by the application of
in the network external energy source
Voltage source and current sources are not Voltage and current sources are present
present.
11 Define Laplace transform.
The Laplace transform is an integral transformation of a function f (t) from the time
domain into the complex frequency domain, giving F (s).

12 Define the term Rise time (tr) & Delay time (td).
Rise time, tr: The time taken by the response waveform to rise from 10% to 90% of its
steady state value.
Fall time tf: The time taken by the response waveform to fall from 90% to 10% of
steady state value.
Delay time, td: time difference between input transition (50%) and 50% output level.

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13 A RLC circuit has R=10Ω, L=2H.What value of capacitance will make the circuit
critically damped? (JUNE 2013)(NOV2016)

14 Write the purpose of Laplace transformation in the circuit analysis. ( May 2022)
The Laplace transform method follows the same process: We use the Laplace
transformation to transform the circuit from the time domain to the frequency
domain,obtain the solution, and apply the inverse Laplace transform to the result to
transform it back to the time domain.
The Laplace transform is significant for a number of reasons. First, it can be applied to
a wider variety of inputs than phasor analysis. Second, it provides an easy way to solve
circuit problems involving initial conditions, because it allows us to work with
algebraic equations instead of differential equations. Third, the Laplace transform is
capable of providing us, in one single operation, the total response of the circuit
comprising both the natural and forced responses
15 What is time constant for RL circuit and RC circuit

16 Define an ideal transformer.

An ideal transformer is a transformer with no losses and having a core with infinite
permeability, which results in perfect coupling with no leakage flux.

17 Find the Time constant of RL circuit having

i)R = 10Ω and l = 0.1 mH (JUNE 2013)
ii)R=10ohms and L=20mH? (JUNE 2014)

18 Distinguish Steady State and Transient State. (NOV 2015)

Steady State Transient State

In a network containing energy storage
A circuit having constant sources is said to
elements, with change in excitation, the
be in steady state if the currents and
currents and voltage change from one state to
voltages do not change with time.
another state.
Thus, circuits with currents and voltages
The behaviour of the voltage or current when it
having constant amplitude and constant
is changed from one state to another state is
frequency sinusoidal functions are also
called the transient state.
considered to be in a steady state.
19 Define the frequency response of series RLC circuit. (JUNE 2015)
The response of a linear circuit for a sinusoidal excitation as a function of
angular frequency ω is known as frequency response of the circuit

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20 A 50µF capacitor is discharged through a 100KΩ resistor. If the capacitor is
initially charged to 400V, determine the initial energy. (NOV
2014)

21 Define Inductance?
When a time varying current passes through the circuits, varying flux is produced.
Because of this change in flux, a voltage is induced in the circuit proportional to time
rate of change of flux or current i.e. . Where L, the
constant of proportionally has to be called as self inductance of the circuits.
22 Define Capacitance.
A capacitor is a circuit element that, like the inductor, stores energy during periods of
time and returns the energy during others. In the capacitor, storage takes place in an
electric field unlike the inductance where storage is in a magnetic field
23 Define Natural response or source free response.(JUNE 2014)
The response of the circuit due to the stored energy in the circuit elements (independent
of sources) is called natural response.
24 Determine the Laplace transform of unit step function U(t) and sinusoidal function
Sin(ωt)(NOV2016)

Function f(t) Laplace F(S)

Sin(ωt)

25 The switch ‘S’ is shown in figure is thrown to position ‘A’ at t=0.At t=1 second, the
switch is thrown to position ‘B’. Find the voltage across the capacitor for t
=1sec.(May-2018)

26 Find the value of i(0) and di/dt for the circuit shown.(May-2018)

Initial current through the inductor is Zero, since it will not allow sudden flow of

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current through it.

27 What is the meaning of forced response?(May-2019)

Forced response is the system's response to an external stimulus with zero initial
conditions. In circuits, this would just be the response of the circuit to external voltage
and current source.

28 Let a parallel RL network is connected to a DC source find the voltage across

resistor at steady state?(May 2019)
Voltage across resistor is nothing but source voltage of given parallel RL circuit

29 Calculate the initial value of current passing through the circuit shown in figure 3
when the switch placed from position 1 to 2 at time t=0.(NOV-2019)

the initial value of current passing through the circuit in position 1 is

current passing through the circuit shown in figure 3 when the switch placed from
position 1 to 2 at time t=0 is 1A.

30 Determine the nature of damping in a RLC series circuit having R=2Ω; L=1 H and C=1
F. (NOV-2019)

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Critically Damped
31 Find the amplitude, phase, time period and frequency of the sinusoid signal
v(t) = 12cos(50t + 100 ) (April-2021)
Amplitude 12V , Frequency = f= ώ/2π =50/2π=7.957 Hz, Time=1/f = 0.1257 sec , Phase = 10o
32 In an electric circuit, the voltage across a capacitor does not change abruptly. Is this true? Justify
your answer. (April-2021)
The given statement is true. For a sudden change of voltage, we require dt=0 , then current, I is
equal to infinity, but practically this much current is not possible. Hence capacitor does not
allow sudden change of voltage.
34 Write the Laplace transform of e-2tCos3t.
L [e-2tCos3t ] = (S+2) / [(S+2)2 + 32 ]= (S+2) / [(S+2)2 + 9]
UNIT-IV / PART-B
1 (i)Derive an expression for transient current, voltage& the energy stored in inductor of a
RL transient circuit excited by a DC Source. Draw the neat sketch of each expression.
(May 2022)
(ii)Derive an expression for transient current, voltages &the energy stored in inductor of
a RC transient circuit excited by a DC source.

2 Derive the expression for the transient current flowing through a RLC series circuit to
step input voltage for all possible damping with necessary waveform.(NOV-2019)
3 (i)A DC voltage of 100V is applied in the given circuit and the switch K is open. The
switch K is closed at t=0. Find the complete expression for the current.

(ii)A series RLC circuit with R=300ohm, L=1H & c=100μf has a constant voltage of
50V applied to it at t=0. Find the maximum current value. Assume zero initial condition
4 A sinusoidally varying voltage of V=50sin10t is applied to a series RC circuit shown in
fig at time t=0. R=2ohm, and C=0.25F. Find the equation for the current in the circuit
assuming initial charge on capacitor be zero.(JUNE 2012)

5 (i)In the RC circuit shown in fig, the capacitor has an initial charge of Q0=100μc when
the switch is closed at t=0, find the time taken for the capacitor voltage to drop from 80
to 10 volts.
(ii)Solve for i and V as function of time in the circuit shown below, when the switch is
closed at time t = 0.

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6 A RL series circuit excited by a sinusoidal source e(t) = 10sin100t volts, by closing the
switch at t=0, take R=10 Ω and L = 0.1 H. Determine the current i(t) flowing through
the RL circuit.(JUNE 2014).

7 Derive the expression for the complete solution of the current response of RC series
circuit with the excitation of Briefly explain the significance of phase
angle in the solution. (DEC 2012)

8 (i)In the series RL circuit shown in fig the switch is closed on position 1 at t=0. At
t=1millisecond, the switch is moved to position Obtain the equation for current in both
intervals and draw the transient current curve.(NOV 2013)

(ii)In the fig find the current, Assume initial charge on the capacitor is zero.(NOV 2013)

9 In the circuit shown below, the switch is closed at t = 0. Determine the mesh currents
i1(t) and I2(t). (JUNE 2014)

10 A series RL circuit with R=10Ω and L=0.1H is supplied by an input voltage v(t)
10sin100t Volts applied at t=0 as shown. Determine the current i, voltage across
inductor.Derive the necessary expression and plot the respective curves.(April 2017)

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11 The switch in the circuit shown in fig is moved from position 1 to position 2 at t=0. Find
the expression for voltage across resistor and capacitor, energy in the capacitor for t>0.
(NOV 2014)

12 Explain the characterization of two port networks in terms of Z, Y and h parameters.

(JUNE 2015)

13 (ii) In the RL circuit shown in below figure, the switch is closed to position-1 at t=
0. After t = 100 ms, the switch is changed to position- Find i(t) and sketch
the transient. (NOV 2015)

14 A sinusoidal voltage of 10 sin 100t is connected in series with a switch and R= 10Ω &
L=0.1H. If the switch is closed at t=0, determine the transient current i(t).(JUNE 2016)
13.In the circuit shown in below figure. Determine the transient current after switch is
closed at time t=0, given that an initial charge of 100µC is stored in the capacitor.
Derive the necessary equations. (JUNE 2016)

15 In the circuit shown in below figure. Determine the transient current after switch is
closed at time t=0, given that an initial charge of 100µC is stored in the capacitor.
Derive the necessary equations. (JUNE 2016)

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16 A series RL circuit with R=50Ω and L=30 H has a constant voltage V=50 volts applied
at t=0. Determine the current i, voltage across inductor. Derive the necessary expression
and plot the respective curves. (NOV 2016)

17 (i)Steady state condition was established for the given circuit

a) when the switch ‘K” is closed at t=0 and then opened. Find i(t).

b) The circuit shown in figure (i) was initially in steady state with switch in position A
at t=0.The switch goes from ‘A’ to ‘B’ at t>0.Find an expression for voltage for
t>0.Initial current in the inductor L2=0

18 i)For the circuit shown determine i(t) for unit step function.

ii)Find the current in the circuit shown at any instant after opening the switch. The
current through the inductor was 1A just before opening the switch.

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18 Obtain the impulse response of RL series circuit and step response of RC series circuit.
(NOV-2019)

20 Elucidate the complete response of series RLC circuit with sinusoidal excitation.(April
2021)
21 Let the switch in the circuit shown in given figure maintain it’s position A for a long
time. At t=0, the switch moves to B. determine v(t) for t>0 and calculate its value at t=1
s and t=4 s
(May-2019)

22 Let the switch in the circuit shown in figure is opened at t=0.Find the voltage across
inductor for all values of ‘t’. (May-2019)

23 For the circuit shown below, Switch ‘S’ is kept at the position ‘1’ for a long time and
then it is brought to position ‘2’ at time, t=0. Find the current expression i(t) for t≥0 and
also calculate the time constants of the circuit before and after the switching phases.

24 In the RL circuit the switch is in position 1 long enough to establish the steady state
conditions and at t=0 is switched to position 2 find the resulting current.

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UNIT V TWO PORT NETWORKS

Two port networks, Z parameters, Y parameters, Transmission (ABCD) parameters, Hybrid
(H) Parameters, Interconnection of two port networks, Symmetrical properties of T and π
networks.
UNIT-V / PART-A
1 Give the condition for reciprocity and symmetrical condition for Hybrid
parameter.

2 Define a Port.
A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is known as a
port. Two-terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors)
result in one-port networks.

3 Define a Two port network.

A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate ports for input and
output. Thus, a two-port network has two terminal pairs acting as access points. As
shown in Fig. the current entering one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the
pair. Three-terminal devices such as transistors can be configured into two-port
networks.

4 Define Z-Parameter? Or Relate voltage and current in a two port network using Z
parameters.(May -2019)
A two-port network may be voltage-driven or current-driven . From either the terminal
voltages can be related to the terminal currents as or in matrix form as where the z terms
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are called the impedance parameters, or simply z parameters, and have units of ohms.
The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting I1 = 0(input port open-
circuited) or I2 = 0 (output port open-circuited).

5 Give the condition for reciprocity and symmetrical condition for Z parameter.
When z11 = z22, the two-port network is said to be symmetrical. This implies that the
network has mirror like symmetry about some center line; that is, a line can be found
that divides the network into two similar halves. When the two-port network is linear
and has no dependent sources,
the transfer impedances are equal (z12 = z21), and the two-port is said to be reciprocal.
This means that if the points of excitation and response are interchanged, the transfer
impedances remain the same.
6 Why h parameters are extensively used in transistor circuits?
In the design of transistor amplifier circuits, one must know the input impedance, output
impedance, voltage gain and current gain of the transistor used. In this regard, h
parameter suited to transistor circuit as these parameters can be most conveniently
measured.

7 Draw the general equivalent model of Z parameters.

8 Define Y parameters?
A two-port network may be voltage-driven or current-driven . From either the terminal
voltages can be related to the terminal currents as or in matrix form as where the Y
terms are called the admittance parameters, or simply Y parameters, and have units of
mhos. The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting V1 = 0(input port short-
circuited) or V2 = 0 (output port short -circuited).

9 Give the condition for reciprocity and symmetrical condition for Y parameter.
When Y11 = Y22, the two-port network is said to be symmetrical. This implies that the
network has mirror like symmetry about some center line; that is, a line can be found
that divides the network into two similar halves. When the two-port network is linear
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and has no dependent sources,the transfer admittances are equal (Y12 = Y21), and the
two-port is said to be reciprocal. This means that if the points of excitation and response
are interchanged, the transfer admittances remain the same.
10 Draw the general equivalent model of Y parameters.

11 Define H parameters?
Set of parameters is based on making V1 and I2 the dependent variables. The h terms
are known as the hybrid parameters (or, simply, h parameters) because they are a
hybrid combination of ratios. They are very useful for describing electronic devices
such as transistors.

12 Draw the general equivalent model of Hybrid parameters.

13 Define ABCD Parameter. (May-2018)

Transmission parameter or ABCD parameters are widely used in transmission line
theory and cascade network. Here the input variables V1 and I1 at sending end are
expressed in terms of the output variables V2 and I2 at the output or receiving end. It is
also called as general parameter or chain parameter. They are defined by a pair of
governing equation given by,

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Terminal variables used to define the ABCD parameters.

14 Give the condition for reciprocity and symmetrical condition for ABCD
parameter. (May 2022)
The condition for reciprocity for ABCD is (AD-BC) = 1
The condition for symmetry is A = D
15 Explain briefly about interconnection of two-port networks
When a two port networks are connected in cascade, the parameters of the
interconnected network can be conveniently expressed with the help of ABCD
parameter. In a similar way,the Z parameter can be used to describe the parameters of
series-connected two-port network and Y-parameter can be used to describe parameters
of parallel connected two-port network. This explains the interconnection of two-port
networks.
16 Give some applications of ABCD or Transmission Parameters
They are used in the design of telephone systems, microwave networks, and radars.
17 Express Z parameter in terms of h parameter.

18 Write the characteristic impedance of symmetrical T-section.

19 Write the characteristic impedance of symmetrical π-section.

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20 Let two port networks have same admittance parameters as given as .If
these networks are connected in parallel, find the admittance parameter of
resultant network.(May-2019)
If two networks are connected in parallel, admittance parameter of resultant network is
sum of individual admittance parameter.

21 State different types of Interconnection of Networks

A large, complex network may be divided into sub networks for the purposes of analysis
and design. The sub networks are modeled as two-port networks, interconnected to form
the original network. Different types of Interconnection of Networks are classified into
Series Interconnection
Parallel Interconnection
Cascade Interconnection
22 Which parameters are suitable for interconnection of network? (May 2022)
Two-port networks may be connected in series, in parallel, or in cascade. In the series
connection the z parameters are added, in the parallel connection the y parameters are
added, and in the cascade connection the transmission parameters are multiplied in the
correct order.
23 State symmetrical properties of π networks.(NOV-2019)
By the property of the symmetrical network, the input impedance of such network
terminated with Z0 at other port is equal to Z0.
24 Obtain the short circuit driving point admittance at port 1-1’ with port 2-2’short
circuited in the circuit shown in figure 4.(NOV-2019)

Y22=3/8moh,Y11=1/2moh

25 Write the Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters of a Two-Port Network. (April 2021)

A two-port network may be voltage-driven or current-driven . From either the terminal
voltages can be related to the terminal currents as or in matrix form as where the z terms
are called as the open circuit impedance parameters, or simply z parameters, and have
units of ohms. The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting I1 = 0(input port
open-circuited) or I2 = 0 (output port open-circuited).

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26 Brief the term “Reciprocal Network”. (April-2021)

In electrical networks, Reciprocal is a property of a circuit that relates voltages and
currents at two points. Examples of reciprocal networks include cables and standard
transmission lines, attenuators, and the common passive power splitters and couplers.
UNIT-V / PART-B
1 Explain the characterization of two port networks in terms of Z, Y and h parameters.
(JUNE 2015)
2 i)Determine the driving point impedance of the network shown in below figure.
(NOV 2015)

ii) Determine the h-parameters of the two port network shown in below figure.
(NOV 2015)

3 Determine impedance parameters, Admittance parameters and hybrid parameters of the

given two port network.

4 Determine Hybrid parameters and Transmission parameters of the given two port
network.

5 Determine admittance parameters and transmission parameters of the given two port
network.

6 Determine the admittance parameters of the following two port network. (May 2022)

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7 i)Determine the impedance (Z) parameter of the given two port network in the given
figure.(NOV-2016)

ii) Find the hybrid (h) parameter of the two-port network in the given figure.

8 Determine the impedance (Z) parameter and draw the T-equivalent circuit for the given
two-port network also derive the transmission (ABCD) parameter from Z-
parameter.(NOV-2016)

.
9 i)Find the Z parameter for the circuit shown.(May-2018)

ii) Determine the Y parameter for the circuit shown.

10 i)Find the ‘h’ parameter for the circuit shown. (May-2018)

ii)Two transmission lines with parameters A1B1C1D1 and A2B2C2D2 are connected in
series. Find overall parameters of the series connected system.
11 Define Z-parameters and Y- parameters and derive the equation to obtain one set of
parameters from other set. (May-2019)
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12 Define transmission parameters and write its significance also, find the transmission
parameter of resultant if two networks with transmission parameters TA and TB are
connected in series.(May-2019)
13 ii) Find the h parameters of the network shown in figure 13.(NOV-2019)

ii) The port currents of a two port network are given by

, . Find the equivalent π network. (NOV-
2019)
14 Two networks shown in figure 14(a) and 14(b) are connected in series. Obtain the Z
parameters of the combination. Also verify by direct correct calculation.(NOV-2019)

15 Two networks are shown in figure 15(a) and 15(b).Obtain the transmission parameters
of the resulting circuit when both the circuits are in cascade.(NOV-2019).

16 Obtain the ABCD Parameters of the following two-port network.(April-2021)

17 Find the H Parameters of the following two-port network. (April-2021)

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18 Derive the Impedance parameter of the following network shown

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