mwifaul:9

gixq pYfwgozI

tRyinMg pYkyj
1 gixq
pYfwgozI
 gixq is`Kx-Swsqr (Pedagogy)
gixq ivSw skUl is~iKAw iv~c mh~qvpUrn sQwn r~Kdw hY[m`uFly sqr 'qy gixq ie~k lwzmI ivSw
hY[hwlWik keI lokW dI rwie iv~c gixq ividAwrQI iv~c fr,icMqw Aqy qxwA pYdw krdw hY[jmwq
inrIKxW Anuswr, gixq AiDAwpn p~DqI ividAwrQIAW iv~c qxwA pYdw hox dw kwrn hY[ies srokwr nUM
sMboiDq krn dy sbMD iv~c,ies mifaUl iv~c pRwiemrI Aqy A~pr pRwiemrI p~Dr qy gixq iv`c kuSlqwvW
ivkisq krn leI isiKAwrQI AwDwirq (Learning Friendly) pYfwgOjI vrqx qy zor id~qw hY,jo mulWkx nUM
is~Kx nwl joVdI hY Aqy v~K-v~K XogqwvW vwly ividAwrQIAW nUM jmwq dy qxwA mukq mwhOl iv~c is~Kx
pRikirAw iv~c Swml krdI hY[

is~Kx dy audyS
ies mifaUl nUM pVH ky AiDAwpk is~Kx-isKwaux dIAW XojnwvW, ijs iv~c mulWkx vI Swml hY, bwry
jwxkwrI pRwpq krngy jo ik jmwq iv`c is~Kx iv~c ividAwrQI nUM Swml kr skdy hn[auh hyT ilKIAW
iehnW g~lW dy vI Xog ho jwxgy:

 Awpxy rwj dy pwTkRm nwl is~Kx auprMq nqIijAW iv~c id~qIAW geIAW XojnwvW Aqy kuSlqwvW dy
sbMD jwnx iv`c[

 FukvIAW pYfwgOjIkl ikirAwvW dI vrqoN krky ividAwrQI nUM jmwq p~Dr 'qy id~qy is~Kx auprMq
nqIijAW nUM pRwpq krn iv~c mdd krn dy[

 pYfwgOjIkl ikirAwvW dI mdd nwl mulWkx nUM is~Kx-isKwaux dI pRikirAw nwl joV ky
ividAwrQIAW iv~c ho rhI pRgqI nUM XkInI bnwaux dy[

gixq ivSy dI pRikrqI nUM smJxw

 gixq ny swfy ivcwrW nUM inrDwirq krn, stIk hox Aqy rozwnw jIvn iv~c sQwnk AvDwrnwvW nUM
vrqx iv`c mdd kIqI hY[swry sMswr iv~c gixq v~K-v~K KyqrW ijvyN: pRikirqk ivigAwn,
iejnIAirMg, mYfIkl Aqy smwijk ivigAwn iv~c ie~k zrUrI tUl dI qrHW vriqAw jWdw hY[gixq
nw kyvl rozwnw jIvn dy hwlwqW iv~c mdd krdw hY blik ieh qwrikk Xogqw, mwnisk Xogqw,
AmUrq icMqn Aqy klpnw SkqI dw vI ivkws krdw hY[ies leI gixq ivSw pwTkRm iv~c
mh~qvpUrn sQwn r~Kdw hY Aqy dsvIN q~k ie~k lwzmI ivSy dy rUp iv`c pVwieAw jWdw hY[

2
skUl is~iKAw iv~c gixq ivSy nwl sMbMiDq kuJ sm~isAwvW
 b`cw: jdoN mYN do pRwikRqk sMiKAwvW nUM Awps iv`c guxw krdw hW qW guxnPl dovyN sMiKAwvW qoN v`fw
huMdw hY pr jdoN mYN do iBMnW nUM Awps iv`c guxw krdw hW qW guxnPl Cotw huMdw hY[ mYN smJ nhIN
pwauNdw ik ikauN?

 izAwdwqr ividAwrQIAW iv~c gixq ivSy iv~c Pyl hox dy fr dI Bwvnw huMdI hY[ies leI b~cy
gixq ivSw Aqy iesdIAW gMBIr DwrnwvW nUM jldI C~f idMdy hn[

 ies leI ivmuK ividAwrQIAW leI pwTkRm bhuq inrwSwvwn is~D huMdI hY Aqy nwl hI pRiqBwSwlI
ividAwrQIAW leI ieh koeI cuxOqI pyS nhIN krdw[

 sm~isAwvW Aqy AiBAws Aqy mulWkx dy qrIky bhuq hI qknIkI Aqy duhrwey jWdy hn ijMnHW iv~c
gixq dIAW sMgxnw qy izAwdw zor id~qw jWdw hY[gixq dy keI KyqrW ijvyN ik sQwnk icMqn (
Spatial Thinking) dw swfw pwTkRm ivkws nhIN krdw[
 AiDAwpk iv~c Awqm ivSvws Aqy iqAwrI dI kmI hY Aqy auhnW nUM zrUrI mdd vI nhIN iml
pwauNdI[
(NCF-2005)

pRI-gqkfJwoh (;e{b s'A gfjbK) sqr qy ftfdnkoEhnW ftu ;zfynkswe ;wM ftef;s eoBkL^

 ;zfynk w[ZYbh ;wML torheoD, ;a/qDh pZXsk, eqwpZXsk ns/ jo/e s'A tZyo/ s'o s/ fttjko, fJj' fijh
;wM (e"wb) i' ;zfynk dh ;wM (number Sense) ns/ ;zfynk B{z ;wMD dh ;awsk (:'rsk) B{z
ftef;s eoD dk nkXko j[zdhnK jB.
 pZfunK s'A fJj T[whd ehsh iKdh j' fe, t;s{nK dh frDsh eoD s'A gfjbk ;zfynk^g{ot ;wM
(number sense) gqsh ;wsk (;wM) oyZd/ jD. fJe pZu/ B{z ;zfynk g{ot e"wbK B{z wip{s eoD bJh
(uzrh geV ftef;s eoD b"VhdK ;wK ns/ w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. pZfunK Bkb t;s{nk d/ torheoD
( fJe iK fJZe s'A tZX ft;a/;askJhnK d/ nkXko s/) w{os t;s{nK d/ eqw (nbr^nbr sohfenk Bkb
ns/ joe/ tZyo/^tZyo/ ;zuko Bkb ;zpfXs gq:'rh rsh^ftXhnk ehshnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB,
feT[Afe fJj e"wb (;wM) T[; pZu/ bJh fJe nkXko pDkT[Ad/ jB i' frDBK f;y fojk j?.

 g{ot gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ s[;hA nkg d/ pZu/ d/ ;a[o{nksh rfDs e[;absk ns/ :'rsktk Bz{ ftef;s eoD
ftu j/m fby/ sohfenk Bkb wdd eo ;ed/ j' fit/A fe, ;zfynk p'X eokT[D. (nZr/ ns/ fgS/ dh
frDsh ;Nhe o{g ftu eoD dh :'rsk ns/ p[fBnkdh ekoik d/ wkfXnw s'A ;zfynktK d/ ftu ;pzXK

3
 B{z t/yDk) ;zfynktK B{z do;kT[Dk, (;apdK ftu, fuZsoK Bkb, ;ze/sK ns/ t;s{nK dh tos'A eoe/ fit/A^
pbke, ezeo nkfd), ;EkBe p'X (nkfeqshnK, nkeko, EktK, ;fEshnK fd;ak ns/ nkT[D^ikD
(nkDkrwB) dk ftuko ;KMK eoD, 's/ wkg^ (nkgD/ sohfenK dh tos'A eod/ ns/ pknd ftu
fJekJhnK dk T[g:'r eoe/ bzpkJh, tiB ns/ ;w/A dk gsk brkT[Dk)L nB[wkB (nzdkiak bkT[Dk),
(fe;/ t;s{ dh ok;ah ik nkeko d/ pko/ ftu uzrk nB[wkB brkT[D dh :'rsk)L g?NoB (Bw{B/) (
;zfynktK, nkfeqshnK fuZsok dh ftt;EkL^ i' fe fJe soZe ;zrs sohe/ Bkb d[jokJ/ iKd/ jB ns/
;Zwfwnk^;wkXkB$j't/ (;wZf;nk d/ d[nko ;'uBk ns/ gfjukBDk fe fJe jh T[so gqkgs eoD d/
fJZe s'A tZX sohe/ j' ;ed/ jB.

 pZfunK dh T[go'es e[;absktk B{z ftef;s eoD ftu wdd eoD ftu ;jkfJsk$wZdd eoD bJh fJj
io{oh j? fe pZfunK B{z i' soip/ xo s'A fwbd/ jB, T[jBK dh tos' A, pBktNh gof;EfsnK B{z pDkT[D
dh pikJ/ fpjso sohe/ d/ j'D. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/, torheoD dh e[;absk bJh, pZfunK B{z w"ek d/Dk
ukjhdk j?.

 fJj' fij/ w"e/, fiBQK ftu t;s{nK, b'eK ns/ tZy^tZy ;wrohnK dk torheoD eo ;e/^ ;G s'A
gfjbk d' ;w{jK ftu ;g;aN o{g ftu ntb'eB eoD dh :'r ft;a/;asktk ;jwD/ oZyhnk ikD, fit/A
fe^ ozr ns/ nkeko ns/ pknd ftu T[jBK B{z eJh ;w{jK ftu tzv e/ E'Vh ifNb ft;/a;asktK B{z
torheoD eoD bJh fejk ikt/. fit/A nkeko, ;fEsh, nfGftfrnkB nkfd.

ieh sB swnUM ie~k mh~qvpUrn pRSn v~l lY jWdw hY ik skUl p~Dr 'qy gixq pVwaux dw kI audyS hY ?
kI AsIN ividAwrQIAW iv~c sMiKAwqmk XogqwvW ivkisq krky auhnW nUM rozgwrXog bwlg bxwauxw cwhuMdy
hW jW auhnW nUM socx vwly ivAkqI bxwauxw cwhuMdy hW jo ik lMby smyN q`k dyS dy smwijk Aqy AwriQk
ivkws iv~c Xogdwn pw skx[smwj iv~c ivkwsSIl Aqy sUJvwn nwgirkW dw ivkws krn sMbMDI gixq
ivSy nUM skUl p~Dr qy pVHwey jwx dI bhuq mh~qqw hY[

ies mifaUl iv~c AsIN keI Aijhy qrIikAW bwry ivcwr vtWdrw krWgy ijs nwl ividAwrQI gixq
bwry socxw SurU krdy hn Aqy AwpxI socx pRikirAwvW nUM smJx iv`c mdd kr skdy hn[sB qoN pihlW SurU
krIey ik gixq kI hY ? 'Mathematics' Sbd grIk BwSw dy Sbd, mYQmw ( 'Mathema') qoN bixAw
hY,ijsdw ArQ hY-'ivigAwn'[AwksPorf SbdkoS Anuswr,gixq nUM sQwn, sMiKAwvW Aqy mwqrwvW dw
ivigAwn dy rUp iv`c pirBwiSq kIqw igAw hY[mu`K qOr 'qy gixq mwp, pYtrn Aqy smrUpqw dy jWc dy

4
AiDAYn dw qrIkw hY[ieh qrIkw crcw kIqy jwx vwlIAW DwrnwvW dIAW pirBwSwvW dI bhuq hI iDAwn
pUrvk bxqr Aqy iksy qrk dw AwDwr bxn vwlIAW DwrnwvW dw sp~St rUp iv~c aulyK krdw hY[iehnW
pirBwSwvW Aqy DwrnwvW dy AwDwr 'qy qrk AwDwirq gixq qrIky vrq ky nqIjy k~Fy jWdy hn[

AwpxI BwSw [ audwhrn , gixqk ies ivSy dw igAwn swry bRihmMf iv~c hr
DwrnwvW dy pd, icMnH, sUqr Aqy isDWq jgHw Aqy hr smyN ie~ko ijhw rihMdw hY [

ies iv~c ingnwqmk Aqy Awgnwqimk qrk ieh ie~k stIk ivigAwn hY[iesdw
huMdy hn Aqy ies nwl AsIN iksy vI q~Q dw gixq dI pRikrqI igAwn hmySw sw&,qwrikk Aqy Xojnwb~D
ivAwpIkrn kr skdy hW[ huMdw hY jo ik AwswnI nwl smJ Aw jWdw
hY[

ieh AmUrq DwrnwvW nUM mUrq rUp iv~c bdldw hY[iesdw igAwn ivigAwn dy
AiDAYn Aqy ies dIAW hor SwKwvW iv~c lwgU kIqw jWdw hY[ AwauNdw hY[

gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ rfDsL fJe ;wki d/ o{g ftu, ;kB{z fJ; dh gq;z;k eoDh ukjhdh j? fe g{ot s"o s/ ;wki
bJh, gqkfJwoh ;e{b d/ nfXnkge dk ezw fezBk wZjstg{oD j?. gqkfJwoh ;e{b dk nfXnkge fJZe pj[s
tZvh fizw/tkoh fBGKT[Adk j? ns/ f;oca T[j jh coe d; ;edk j? fe ;e{b s'A pknd d/ tfonk, d"okB (ftu)
pZuk fet/A f;Zydk j?. gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ gVQkT[D bJh yk; soQK d/ w[jkos dh io{os j[zdh j?. fi; ftu
frnkB ns/ e[;absk d't/A ;kfwb j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK dh w[jkos fJZe bzp/ ;w/^ntXh ftu gqkgs ehsh ik
;edh j? ns/ fe;/ ezw pko/ ;'uD ns/ fe;/ f;ykT[D, dh gqfeqnk ftu ;[Xko fBoszo, e'f;a;k d/ Bkb jh gqkgs
ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gZXo s/ pZfunK dh ;'u w{os t;s{nk d/ nkb/^d[nkb/, gqw[Zy o{g ftu x[zwdh j?. i'
T[jBK d/ (gfofus) ikDekoh d/ x/o/ ftu w"i{d j?. fJ; soK ;ko/ f;ZykT[D gqfeqnktk Bz{ w{os t;s{nK d/
j/o^c/o pZfunk B{z T[bMkT[D s/ jh fXnkB e/Afdos eoDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; gZXo s/ f;ykT[Dk^;ak;so ftu tZy
tZy XkoBktK, e[;absktk ns/ :'rsktk Bkb fBgND d/ d"okB rshftXhnK d/ j/m fby/ eqw ;akfwb jB.
;e{bh rfDs dk do;aB

 ftfdnkoEh$pZu/ rfDs s'A voB dh pikJ/ fJ;dk nkBzd T[mkT[D.

 pZu/ wjZstg{oD rfDs f;ZyD, rfDs ftu ;{soK ns/ oZyh eoD tkbhnK rshftXhnK$gqfeqnktk s'A nZr/
th pj[s e[ZM j?.
 pZu/ rfDs B{z nfijk ft;ak wzBD fi; dhnk rZbK eo ;eD, fi; Bkb ;zuko j' ;edk j?, nkg; ftu
fi; s/ T[j uouk eo ;ed/ jB ns/ fi; s/ T[j Bkb^Bkb ezw eo ;ed/ jB.
 pZu/, d?fBe ihtB dhnK ;wZf;nktk T[mkT[D ns/ T[jBK B{z jZb eoD.
 pZZu/ nw{os dk gq:'rh$tos'A ;zpXK B{z ;wMD, ;zouBktk B{z d/y gkT[D ns/ t;s{nK dk ftt/uB eoD,
eEBK dh ;uKJh ik B[;ukJh B{z b? e/ soe eo ;eD.

5
 pZu/ rfDs dh w[V ;zouBk pDso B{z ;wMD^nzerfDs, phi rfDs, o/yk rfDs, fse"D fwsh ;e{bh rfDs
d/ ;ko/ w{b sZs nw{os dh gqDkbh, ;zxNB, ns/ s[bDk eoD d/ bJh gZXshnK w[jZJhnK eotkT[d/ jB.
nfXnkge, iwks d/ jo/e pZu/ d/ Bkb fJ; ft;atk; d/ nkXko s/ ezw eo/ fe jo/e pZuk rfDs f;y
;edk j?.NCF- 2A5
(e"wh gkmeqw dh o{g o/y 2015)

nB[Gt$siopk

rfDs ftu Bth XkoDk ;[ao{ eoD s'A gfjbk pZfunk B{z w{os t;s{nK, fyv"fDnK ns/ f;ZyD dh j'o
;wroh d/ i'V^s'V e/ f;ZyD d/ siopk d/Dk, T[jBK dh XkoDk gqsh o{uh tXkT[D bJh ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. fJ;
gZXo s/ sifofpnk dk iwks d/ ewo/ d/ nzdo ns/ iwks d/ pkjo dhnK rshftXhnK Bkb wip{s ;zpX j'Dk
ukjhdk j?. pZfunK B{z fdZs/ ikD tkb/ ezw y'ih ;?bh d/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB sK i' d?fBe ihtB d/ siofpnK d/ Bkb
f;ZyD dk ;pzX pDk ;eD. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ , ;zfynktK B{z i'VB bJh pZfunK B{z nkgD/ nkb/^d[nkb/ dhnK
t;s{nK d/ d' ;w{j fdZs/ iKd/ jB ns/ d't/A ;w{jK dh t;s{nK fwbkT[D s'A pknd fco s'A frDd/ jB. nkozG
ftu fJe jh soQK dhnK t;s{nK d/ ;w{j fit/A fe^ ;/ApK iK e'Jh cb fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j? sK fe ;/ApK B{z
nkg; ftu fJeZmk eoD s'A pknd T[jBK dh e[b ;zfynk frD ;e/.pZfunK B{z fJj' fij/ ;w{jK B{z nkg; ftu
fJeZmk eoD s'A pknd fJj ft;atk; jk;b eoD ns/ ;zfynktK d/ i'V gsk brkT[D s'A pknd, T[jBK B{z
;wZf;nk d;D dk w"eK fdZsk ikt/. i/eo ikDd/ j' fe 335+367=602 j? sK 234+369 fezBk j't/rk< s[jkB{z
fJ;dk T[Zso fet/A bZfGnk< j[D 5384ftu fe;/ fJe nze B{z pdb fdT[. ;zfynk tZXh iK xZN rJh< j[D pZu/
B{z e[ZM ;kXkoD r[Dk tkbhnK t;s{nK d/ tZy^tZy ;w{jK B{z fJeZmk eoD bJh ej', fit/A bVfenK d/ fJZe ;w{j
ns/ bVehnK d/ fJZe ;w{j B{z i'VBr/ sK ftfdnkoEhnK$pZfunK dk ;w{j pD ;edk j?. nkozG ftu ;zfynktk
dk i'V, fwb/ i[b/ ;w{j ftu ;kohnk t;s{nK B{z jZb eoD s'A gqkgs j[zdk j?.pknd ftu pZu/ ;kohnk t;s{nk
B{z d[pkok frBD d/ nkgD/ sohe/ ftef;s eo b?Ad/ jB.

Gk;akL

;ko/ pZfunk B{z ;akpfde o{g ftu T[jBK d/ sifofpnK, fNZgDhnK ns/ gfo^ ebgBktK dk toBD
eoD bJh T[fus w"e/ fdZs/ ikD. fJ; soQK dh uouk d/ d"okB pZu/ Gk;ak dh e[;bsk dk th ftek; eoDr/.
fit/A fe gq;aBk B{z fsnko eoDk, ft;a/ d/ Bkb ;pzfXs Bt/ ;apde';a ns/ ;apdktbh gqkgs eoD T[dkjoD bJh
id'A gzi f;skfonk d/ ;w{j B{z fszB f;skfonk d/ ;w{j Bkb i'fVnk ikdk j? sK nkfyo ftu gqkgs ;w{j ftu
f;skfonK dh e[Zb ;zfynk nZm j?.
fusoK Bkb gq;s{sh

6
pZfunK B{z fuZsok dh ftnkfynk eoD ns/ ;zrs ikDekoh y'iD ftu Gkr bT[. fJ; soQK d/ fuZsoK ftu fJe
;wZf;nk ns/ T[;dk jZb th fdykJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh,

Aqy bxwa

tZvhnK iwksK ftu fJ; Bkb pZfunK B{z rfDfse ftukok$jZbK B{z no/yh$fuZsokswe o{g ftu gq;s[s
eoD bJh f;ZyD ftu nk;kBh j't/rh.
gqshe$;ze/s
nzs ftu pZfunK B{z ;ze/sK dh tos'A eoe/ ikDekoh do;kT[D ns/ ftnkfynk eoD d/ w"e/ gqdkB ehs/
ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.
T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/

5 + 3 = 8

ftfdnkoEh B{z ;ze/sK d/ o{g ftu T[jBK d/ ntb'eB dk gqsh^fBfXsk eoD ns/ T[jBK B{z fJ;d/ Bkb
noE ;wMD bJh gq's;kfjs eo'. T[jBK B{z rfDfse ftnziB iK ;wheoD pDkT[D bJh w"fbe ezwK d/ ;ze/sK
d/ Bkb gqsheK B{z (;pzfXs) i'VB bJh gq's;kfjs eo'.

fJj pZfunk B{z T[jBK d/ ftukoK B{z ;Nhe ns/ ;g;aN sohe/ Bkb gq;s[s eoD ftu ;jkJh j't/rk.
T[jBK B{z gVQB ns/ fbyD Bkb ;pzfXs j'o r[Dk iK :'rsktK dk ftek;, ftukoK B{z d; ;eDk ns/ ;wZf;nktk
dk jZb fJZe sohe/ Bkb j't/rk.

rfDs d/ Bkb Gk;ak ns/ tksktoD nfXn?B dk J/eheoDL

;e{b dhnK w[ZYbhnK iwksK ftu Gkt iwks 1 ns/ iwks 2 ftu, pZu/ e/tb fJe iK d' Gk;aktK ns/
rfDs dk nfXn?B eod/ jB. gozs{ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ tksktoD B{z ;wMD bJh T[jBK dh io{os Gk;ak, ;zuko d/
uzr/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftu ns/ ;wZf;nk d/ jZb bJh rfDfse ftuko dh tos'A B{z fJjBK d' ftf;anK ftu jh
;w'fJnk frnk j?. yk; eoe/ id'A nkozFfGe rfDs dk f;ykT[D dh gqfeqnk uZb ojh j't/ sK nfXnkge B{z
rfDs, Gk;ak ns/ tkskoD d/ nfXn?B Bkb ;pzXs f;ZyD d/ gqshcb d/ Bkb^Bkb pZu/ d/ ;ot gZyh ftek;
bJh th fXnkB e/Adfos eoDk ukjhdk j? i' fe pZu/ d/ ;zdoG ns/ gqt/;a d/ T[dkjoDK d/ wkfXnkw s'A

7
J/eheoD sohe/ Bkb ftef;s ehs/ iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh, ;zfynktK pko/ rZb eoD ;w/A, fJj uouk eo'
fe ;zfynktK T[jBK d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ ftu feZE/ j[zdhnK jBL T[j nkgD/ d?fBe ihtB ftu'A ;zfynk ns/ ;ze/sk
dh tos'A ehs/ fpBK tZy^tZy ;fEshnK dk toBD fet/A eo ;ed/ jB< nkfd, iwksK ftu nk:'fis ehsk
ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK dh uouk s'A T[jBK B{z wfj;{; j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe rfDfse ;apdKtbh ns/ gqshe
fe;/ th Gk;ak d/ wip{s fjZ;/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ wkgK pko/ uouK eod/ ;w/A, tos'A ftu fbnKdhnK ikD
tkbhnK fJekJhnK o'ikBk fizdrh d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftef;s ehshnK iKdhnK jB ns/ fe;/ th Gk;ak d/ ;zuko
d/ bJh nkXko pDdh j?.

;e{b d/ bJh ;e{bh f;Zfynk T[jBK eJh gq;aBK d/ TZ[so dh gqfeqnK j? i' T[;d/ wB ftu T[md/ jB, id'A T[j
nkgD/ uko u[c/foU (tksktoD ftu) nB[Gt iK siop/ gqkgs eodk j?. pZu/ B{z T[;dh fJ; g{ot fifrnk;k
d/ Bkb ;e{b d/ nzdo ns/ pkjo, ftf;anK dhnK jdK s'A gko, nkBzdkfJe, f;yD d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

ngo gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ rfDsL

ngo gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ rfDs fJe tZvh u[D'sh j? ns/ fJ; B{z pZu/ d/ nB[Gt ns/ nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ B/V/ j'D
ns/ Bkb jh nw[os j'D dh d[joh G{fwek fBGkT[Dh j[zdh j?. ftfdnkoEh ne;o nkgD/ ftukoK d/ wkwb/ ftZu
fJeZb/ ezw eoB d/ ;wZoE BjhA j[zd/, T[jBK B{z noE bZGD bJh nkgD/ nB[Gt Bkb i[VhnK T[d kjoDK iK
wkvbK dh b'V j[zdh j?. fJj ;so ;kv/ ;kjwD/ pZfunK B{z ;dozGK dk gq:'r eoe/ T[jBK B[{z fJ; ftZu ;akwb
eoB dh u[D'sh g/;a eoBk ns/ go j"bh^j"bh T[jBK dh fJ; fBoGosk B{z d{o eodk j?. fit/A n;hA wkXfwe
;e{b ftZu nZr/ tXKr/, ftfdnkoEhnK s'A ;kvhnK nk;aktK th tZXdhnk jB.T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ gizthA d/
ftfdnkoEhnK B/ T[jBK ;zfynktK dh ebgBk ehsh fiBQK dh wdd Bkb rkDBk (gqkfeqfse ;zfynk) ehsh ik
;edh j? ns/ ebk; S/Ath d/ pZfunK d/ nZr/ foDkswe ;zfynktK ns/ g{oB ;zfynktK dk ftuko nkT[Adk j?.
pZu/ ;ZfynktK d/ nbZr^nbZr g?NoB (Bw{B/) d/yd/ jB ns/ j' ;edk j? T[jBK B/ fJ;dk ftnkgheoB th
ehsk j't/. ngo gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ pZu/ nze rfDs d/ ftnkgheoB d/ o{g ftZu phi rfDs f;ZyDk ;[ao{ eod/
jB. phi rfDs ;zfynktK B{z fuzBK$nZyoK Bkb fby e/ ftnkgheoB d/ gqwkDK B{z ;Ekfgs eoB bJh ;Nhe
sohe/ ftZu wdd eodk j?. i' fe ;zfynk d/ g?NoB d/ nDb'eB s'A pkd th d/y/ rJ/ jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk
fJ; gZXo s/ finkfwsh d/ nfXn?B dk T[d/;a d'^ftwkth (2D) nd/ 3 ftwkth (3D) nekok dk ft;ab/;aD eoBk
j? skfe feBkfonK, f;EoK ns/ ;sQKtk d/ nXko s/ T[BK d/ r[DK dk gsk brkfJnk ik ;e/.ftfdnkoEhnK B{z
r[Dk d/ ftnkgheoB s/ fB:w pBkT[D d/ ;woE j'Dk ukjhAdk j?. fit/A fe fJe pj[G[i d/ nzdob/ e"DK dk i'V
fJ; dhnK G[iktK dh ;Zfynk ftu'A 2 xNk e/ 180° Bkb r[Dk eoe/ gsk ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJe fsqG[I ns/
fJ;dk ;opzr;w fsqG[I fwbe/ fJe ;wkBso us[oG[I pdkT[AD/ jB. fJ; bJh fJe fsqe'D d/ y/socb dk
8
wkg ;wkBso us[oG[i d/ y/socb s'A nZXk j[zdk j?. pkd ftZu pZu/ s'A fJj T[whd ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j fJBQK
ftnkgheoBK bJh gqwkD ftef;s eo/ i' fe 10thA ns/ 12thA sZe ikoh ofjzdk j?.

f;ZyD gqfefonktKL

rfDs f;Zfynk B{z eJh ekoe gqGkfts eod/ jB. go f;ZyD ftZu nfXnkge pj[s wjZstg{oB G{fwek
fBGkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh io{oh j? n;hA fJj ;wMhJ/ fe rfDs dk gqGkt;akbh f;ykT[Dk fet/A j[zdk j? ns/
nfXnkge fJ; g?NoB B{z s'VD bJh eh eo ;ed/ jB.;wki ftZu fJj nkw XkoBk j? fe i/ rfDs dk
nfXnkge rfDs uzrh soQK ikDdk j? sK T[j rfDs gVQkT[D bJh ;G s'A tXhnk ftnesh j?. go rfDs
''f;ykT[D d/ pko/ ftZu ikDBk'':- fJ; pko/ eh fejk ikJ/. e/tb rfDs dk frnkB j'Dk jh fe;/ ftnesh B{z
rfDs f;ykT[D d/ ;woE BjhA pDkT[Adk. T[; B{z rfDs gVQkT[D d/ y/so dk Gog{o frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
rfDs ftu frnkD ns/ rfDs B{z Bkb^Bkb fet/A gVQkfJnk ik ;edk j?L^ fJ; B{z nkws"o s/ f;ZyD ;wZroh
frnkB (PCK) d/ o{g ftZu ikDhnK iKdk j? . rfDs B{z o{fu^g{oD pDkT[D bJh e[M yk; io{oh fefonktk j/m
fbyhnK jB :

 Gkrhdkoh
 i[Vkt
 ntb'eD
 gfoebgBk ns/ T[;dk ;fsnkgB
 ;wZf;nk yVh eoBk
 ;wZf;nk ;[bMkT[ADk
 fdq;a pBkT[Dk ns/ fJ; B[{z do;kT[ADk
 ;pzX pBkT[Dk
 ftnt;fEs soe
 rfDfse ;zuko

e'wh T[gbpDI ;ot/yD (NAS-2017), i' Learning Outcome nfXrw BshfinK s/ nXkfos ;h, ftu
iwksk 3,5 ns/ 8 bJh rfDs ftu e"wh ;so s/ ;jh gqsh feqnktk dk gqsh;as (n";sB) j/m fby/ nB[;ko
gkfJnk frnk.

iwks 3-64%
iwks 5-53%
iwks 8-42%

9
 eh n;hA okiK$e/Afdos gq;akf;as okiK dh n";s T[gbZpXh ns/ fibQ/ dh n";s T[gbZpXh d/ pko/ ftu
ikDd/ jk< fJ; dh tX/oh ikDekoh ;kB{z http:/www.n.certnic.in/programmn/NAS/SRC htm s/ TgbZpX
j?. rfDs ftu nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Learning Outcome B{z fpjso pDkT[D pko/ ftu fusB eoD dh b'V
j?.
iwkstko nfXrw Bshi/ (Classwise Learning Outcome)
jmwq 1
is`iKAwrQI leI

 vsqUAW nUM auhnW dy kuJ BOiqk inrIKxXog guxW ijvyN ik Skl, Awkwr Aqy ruVHxw (iPslxw) dy
AwDwr ’qy smUhW ivc vrgIkrn krnw[
 1 qoN 20 q`k dIAW sMiKAwvW dI vrqoN
 sQUl vsqUAW/ic`qrW Aqy icMnHW dI 20 q`k igxqI aucwrn krnw
 vsqUAW nUM 1 qoN 9 q`k dIAW sMiKAwvW dI vrqoN nwL igxnw[
 20 q`k dIAW sMiKAwvW dI qulnw krnw, audwhrn dy qOr ‘qy jmwq ivc lVky Aqy lVkIAW
dI igxqI krky qulnw krnI ik iks dI sMiKAw izAwdw hY[
 rozwnw jIvn ivc 1 qoN 20 q`k dIAW sMi-KAwvW dy joV Aqy GtwE dI vrqoN krnI
 sQUl vsqUAW dI vrqoN krky 9 q`k dy joVwqmk q`QW dw inrmwx krnw ijvyN ik 3+3 Bwv hY ik 3
qoN v`D Aqy nqIjw k`Fxw ik 3+3=6 huMdy hn[
 1 qoN 9 q`k sMiKAwvW dI GtwE sMbMDI Xogqw. audwhrn vjoN 1 b`cw 9 vsqUAW dy smUh ivcoN 3
vsqUAW nUM v`Krw krdw hY Aqy bwkI bcIAW vsqUAW nUM igxky nqIjw k`Fdw hY ik 9-3=6 huMdy hn[
 rozwnw jIvn ivc 9 q`k dI sMiKAw q`k joV Aqy GtwE sMbMDI Awaux vwlIAW sm`isAwvW nUM h`l
krnw[
 99 q`k sMiKAwvW nUM pCwxnw Aqy AMkW ivc ilKxw
 v`K-v`K Tos pdwrQW/ AwikRqIAW dIAW BOiqk ivSySqwvW nUM AwpxI BwSw ivc vrxn krnw ijvyN ik
gyNd ruVdI hY Aqy f`bw iPsldw hY[
 ZYr-mwnk iekweIAW auNgl, c`pw, ig`T, bWh (Forearm) Aqy kdmW dy pRXog nwL CotIAW dUrIAW
dw Anumwn lgwauxw Aqy mwpxw[
 sMiKAwvW Aqy AwikRqIAW dy nmuMinAw dw pRyKx krnw, vDwauxw Aqy rcnw krnI; audwhrn dy qOr
‘qy AwikRqIAW /vsqUAW /sMiKAwvw dI qrqIb ijvyN ik
 1,2,3,4,5………
 1,3,5,………
 2,4,6…………
 1,2,3,1,2,---,1---3---
 idRStIgq vsqUAW nUM iDAwn nwL dyK ky auhnW sMbMDI sDwrn jwxkwrI iek`Tw krnw, drj krnw
Aqy nqIijAW q`k phuMcxw (qsvIrW/ sMiKAwvW dI vrqoN krky) ijvyN ik iek bwZ dI qsvIr ivc
iek b`cw v`K-v`K iksmW dy Pu`l vyKdw hY Aqy ieh nqIjw k`Fdw hy ik iek Kws rMg dy Pu`LW dI
igxqI v`D hY[

10
  is&r dy sMklp dI smJ ivksq krnw[
jmwq dUjI –
is`iKAwrQI leI

 do AMkW vwlIAW sMiKAwvW dI vrqoN

o 99 q`k dI sMiKAw dy AMkW ƒ pVHnw Aqy ilKxw[
o ilKx smyN sQwn mu`lW dI vrqoN krnI Aqy do AMkW vwlIAW sMiKAwvW dI qulnw krnI[
o do AMkW dI CotI qoN CotI Aqy v`fI qoN v`fI sMiKAw ƒ sQwipq krnw (AMkW ƒ duhrwauNdy Aqy
nw duhrwauNdy hoey)
o ivvhwirk izMdgI nwL sMbD M q siQqIAW/ mOikAW iv`c do AMkW dIAW sMiKAwvW ƒ joVnw[
o ivvhwirk izMdgI nwL sbMDq siQqIAW/ mOikAW iv`c do AMkW dIAW sMiKAwvW ƒ Gtwauxw[
o 3-4 notW Aqy is`ikAW dI mdd nwL

 pRq`K id`K dy guxW dy ADwr qy mUl 2D (do pswrI) Aqy 3D (iqMn pswrI) AwikRqIAW dw vrxn
o mUl 3D AwikRqIAW ijvyN ik Gxwv, byln, SMkU Aqy goly ƒ auhnW dy nwm qoN pCwnxw[
o is``DI ryKw Aqy vkr ryKw iv`c AMqr smJxw[
o is`DI ryKw ƒ v`K-v`K qrIikAW nwL AMikq krnw (KVHvI, lytvIN, tyFI)[
 dUrI/ lMbweIAW dw srIey/ pY~nisl Awid nwL AMdwzw lgwauxw/ mwpxw Aqy gYr -imAwrI iekswr
iekweIAW ijvy k`p/ cmc/ bwltI Awid rwhI DwrkW dI sm`rQw ƒ smJxw[
 swDwrn q`kVI dI vrqoN rwhIN BwrIAW/ hlkIAW vsqW dI qulnw krnI[

 h&qy dy idnW Aqy swl dy mhIinAW dI pCwx krnw[

 id`qy hoey AvDI kwl ƒ GMitAw /idnW dy ADwr qy kRm Anuswr lVIb`D krnw ijvyN ik b`cw skUl,
Gr nwloN lMbw smW rihMdw hY?
 ie`kqr kIqy gey AMkiVAW qoN is`ty qy phMucxw, ijvyN ik smIr dy Gr vrqy jw rhy vwhnW dI igxqI
mohn dy Gr vrqy jw rhy vwhnW qoN v`D hY[
jmwq qIjI – gixq

isiKAwrQI

 3 AMkW dI sMiKAwvW vrqdy hoey

o sQwnk m`ul dI vrqoN krdy hoey 999 q`k dIAW sMiKAwvW ƒ pVHygw Aqy ilKygw[
o sQwnk m`ulW dy ADwr qy 999 q`.k dIAW sMiKAwvW dy mu`lW dI qulnw krnI[
o rozwnw jIvn dIAW sDwrn sm`isAwvW iv`c AwauNdIAW 3 AMkW dI sMiKAwvW dw h`l F`ukvyN
smUh bxw ky jw nw bxw ky joV Aqy AMqr pqw krnw ijs dw joVPL 999 qoN v`D nw hovy[
o 2,3,4,5 Aqy 10 dy guxwqmk guxW krdy hoey rozwnw ivvhwirk siQqIAW ƒ h`l krnw[

11
 o iksy siQqI/ sMdrB dw ivSlySx krdy hoey F`ukvIN sMiKAw ikirAw ƒ lwgU/ vrqoN krnw[
o Bwg/ vMf dI Dwrnw ƒ brwbr smUh/ ih`sy ivDI rwhIN smJwauxw Aqy lgwqwr GtwE ivDI
rwhIN pVqwl krnI audwhrn dy qOr ’qy 12/3 iv`c 3 dy ik-nyM smUh 12 bxwauNdy hn Aqy 12
iv`coN 3 ƒ lgwqwr Gtwaux qy 4 dy nqIjy qy phMucxw[

 smUh bxw ky jW ibnw bxwey mudrw dy Coty joVW ƒ joVnw jW Gtwauxw

 dr sUcI Aqy sDwrn ib`l iqAwr krny[

o moVn ivDI Aqy kwgz k`tx ivDI rwhI do-pswrI AwikRqIAW bxauxIAW Aqy auhnW dI pCwx
krnw[
o do pswrIN AwikRqIAW dI BujwvW, isKrW Aqy ivkrnW dy ADwr ’qy ivAwiKAw krnI[
audwhrn dy qOr ’qy ie`k ikqwb dI ijld dy Akwr iv`c cwr BujwvW, 4 isKr Aqy do
ivkrn hMudy hn[

o id`qy hoey Kyqr ƒ ie`k inSicq Akwr dI twiel nwL ibnW iksy AMqr qoN F`kxw[

 lMbweI Aqy dUrIAW dw mwxk iekweIAW ijvyN ik sNYtImItr jW mItr dI vrqoN krdy hoey AMdwzw
lgwauxw/mwpxw Aqy F`ukvW sMbMD sQwipq krnw[

 sDwrn q`kVI dI vrqoN krdy hoey vsqW ƒ gRwm Aqy iklogRwm vrgIAW mwxk iekweIAW iv`c qolnw[
 ZYr-imAwrI iekweIAW dI vrqoN krdy hoey DwrkW dI sm`rQw dI qulnw krnw[

 ivvhwirk izMdgI iv`c gRwm Aqy iklogRwm vwly mwpW ƒ joVnw Aqy Gtwauxw[
 kYlMfr qy iksy Kws qrIk Aqy idn ƒ pihcwnxw[
 dIvwr GVI/ g`ut GVI dI vrqoN krdy hoey smyN ƒ GMitAW dI iekweI q`k shI pVHnw[
 sDwrn AwikRqIAW Aqy sMiKAwvW iv`c nmMuny ƒ smJxw Aqy ivkisq krnw[
 AMkVw pRbMDn bwry smJ pRwpq krnw[
 AMkiVAW ƒ imlwn icMnH Aqy ic`qrW dy rUp iv`c AMikq krnw Aqy is`tw k`Fxw[
jmwq cOQI (gixq)
isiKAwrQI leI:
 rozwnw jIvn iv`c sMiKAwvW dI vrqoN[
o 2 Aqy 3 AMkW dI sMiKAwvW dI guxw[
o ie`k sMiKAw ƒ dUsrI sMiKAw nwL v`Kv`K qrIky nwl Bwg krnw ijvy: -ic`qrn (ibMdIAW
rwhI) rwhIN- smwn smUhW rwhIN- lgwqwr GtwE ivDI rwhIN- Bwg Aqy guxW dy AMqr-sMbMDW
rwhIN

12
 o Awm jIvn dIAW sDwrn siQqIAW jW AVcnw ƒ pYdw krnw Aqy h`l l`Bxy ijhVy ik pYsy,
lMbweI, pMuj Aqy smr`Qw nwL sMbMiDq hox ijs iv`c gixq dIAW mUl cwr DwrnwvW (joV,
GtwE, guxw, Bwg) dI vrqoN ho sky[
 iBMnW sbMDI AiDAYn-
o vsqUAW dy smUhW Aqy id`qy ic`qrW (kwgz moVn ivDI rwhI) iv`c A`Dy, ie`k-cOQweI, iqMn-
cOQweI Bwg dI pCwx krnw[
o iBMn ijvyN A`Dw, ie`k-cOQweI Aqy iqMncOQweI dI kRmvwr 1/2, 1/4, Aqy 3/4 icMnHW rwhIN
pySkwrI
o 1/2 Aqy 2/4 dI smwnqw ƒ drswauxw Aqy ies qrHW dIAW hor iBMnW iv`c vI drswauxw[
 ividAwrQI dy Awsy-pwsy dIAW AwikRqIAW dw igAwn muh`eIAW krvwauxw[
o c`kr dy kyNdr, ArD ivAws Aqy ivAws dI pCwx krvwauxw[
o tweIlW lgwaux leI vrqoN iv`c Aw skx vwlIAW AwikRqIAW dI pCwx krvwauxw[
o id`qy nY~t rwhIN Gx/ Gxwv ƒ ryKw AMikq krvwauxw[
o irPlYkSn/ Aks rwhIN smimqI dI Dwrnw ƒ pypr PolifMg, pypr kitMg, isAwhIF`k Awid
rwhIN idKwauxw[
o sDwrn Tos dy auprly, swhmxy, Awsy-pwsy dI id`K ƒ ryKw AMikq krnw[
 sDwrn ryKw gixiqk AwikRqIAW dy KyqrPL Aqy pirmwp dI pVcol krvwauxw (iqRBuj, Awieq,
vrg) qW jo ik id`qI AwikRqI iv`c ikMnIAW dUsrIAW AwikRqIAW Swiml ho skdIAW hn[ audwhrn
dy qOr ‘qy myjæ dI auprlI sqHw ’qy ikMnIAW pusqkW pUrIAW Aw skdIAW hn[
 mItr ƒ sYNtImItr iv`c bdlxw Aqy iesdy ault sYNtImItr ƒ mItr iv`c[
 vsqU dI lMbweI, do sQwnW ivckwrlI dUrI, v`K-v`K vsqUAW dw Bwr, qrl dw Awieqn Awid dw
Anumwn lgwauxw Aqy Asl mwpW rwhIN pVqwl krnw[
 rozwnw jIvn dIAW siQqIAW ijvyN lMbweI, dUrI, Bwr, Awieqn Aqy smyN nwL sMbMDq sm`isAwvW dw
h`l l`Bx leI AMk gixiqk mUl DwrnwvW dI vrqoN krnw[
 GVI dy smyN ƒ GMitAW Aqy imMtW iv`c pVHnw Aqy iesƒ a.m. Aqy p.m. iv`c drsw skxw[
 24 GMitAW vwlI smW GVI dw 12 GMitAW vwlI smW GVI nwL sMbMD sQwipq krnw[
 rozwnw jIvn nwL sMbMDq smW AMqrwl/ Agyqr-ipCyqr joV-GtwE ikirAwvW nwL gxnw krnw[
 guxw Aqy Bwg iv`c pYtrn ƒ pCwnxw (9 dy guxwkw q`k)
 smimqI dy ADwr dy pRyKx, pCwx Aqy AMk gixiqk nmUMinAW dw ivsQwr[
 ie`kTI kIqI sUcnw ƒ swrnIb`D Aqy gRwP rwhIN pySkwrI Aqy iehnW qoN pRwpq sUcnwvW ƒ AMikq
krnw[
jmwq pMjvIN (gixq)

isiKAwrQI leI:

13
 v`fIAW sMiKAwvW nwL AiDAYn
o aus dy AwLy-duAwLy vrqIAW jWdIAW 1000 qoN v`fIAW sMiKAwvW ƒ pVHnw Aqy ilKxw[
o AMkW dy sQwnk mu`l sMiKAw pRxwlI dI smJ dy ADwr qy 1000 qoN v`fIAW sMiKAw aupr mUl
AMk gixiqk DwrnwvW dI ikirAw krnw[
o ie`k sMiKAw ƒ dUsrI sMiKAw dy nwL imAwrI AYlgoirQm dI shwieqw nwL Bwg krnw[
o sMiKAwvW dy joV, AMqr, guxnPL Aqy BwgPL dw Anumwinq m`ul l`Bxw Aqy imAwrI
AYlgoirQm jW sMiKAw iv`c brYktW Aqy mUl gixiqk DwrnwvW vrgIAW ivDIAW rwhIN
pVqwl krnw[ (audwhrn dy qOr ‘qy 9450 ƒ 25 nwL Bwg krn leI, 9000 ƒ 25 nwL,
400 nUM 25 nwL Aqy 50 ƒ 25 nwL Bwg krky swry BwgPLW ƒ joVn auprMq auqr pRwpq
kIqw jw skdw hY)[
 iBMnW bwry smJ hwsl krnw
o ie`kTy kIqy smUh dy ih`sy dw AnuswrI AMk pqw krnw[
o id`qy iBMnW dy smwn/qul iBMnW ƒ l`Bxw Aqy pCwx krnI[
o id`qy iBMnW 1/2, 1/4, 1/5 ƒ dSmlv rUp iv`c pyS krnw Aqy ies dy ault; ijvyN ik lMbweI
dI iekweI iv`c vrqoN Aqy pYsy iv`c 10 rupey dw A`Dw 5 rupey hY[
o iBMnW ƒ dSmlvW iv`c bdlxw Aqy iesdy ault dSmlvW ƒ iqMn sMiKAw iv`c bdlxw[
 koxW Aqy AwikRqIAW dI Dwrnw dI pVcol
o koxW dw vrgIkrn-smkox, inaUn kox, AwiDk kox vjoN krn Aqy auhnW ƒ tryisMg Aqy
ic`qrn rwhIN pyS krnw[
o mOjUd/ qurMq vwqwvrn iv`c pswrI (2D) AwikRqIAW dI pCwn krnw, ijs dI GuMmx Aqy
Aks/ prCwxw prCwvW smimqI hovy ijvyN ik AMgryzI vrnmwLw Aqy AwikRqIAW[
o Gx, byln Aqy SMkU bxwauxy jo ik iehnW dy audyS dI pUrqI dy leI bxwey jwl qoN iqAwr
hox [
 lMbweI, Bwr Aqy Awieqn dy leI Awm qOr ‘qy vrqIAW jWdIAW v`KrIAW-v`KrIAW v`fIAW CotIAW
iek-weIAW dw AwpsI sbMD sQwipq krnw Aqy v`fI iekweI ƒ CotI iekweI Aqy CotI iekweI ƒ
v`fI iv`c qbdIl krnw[
 Tos AwikRqIAW dy Awieqn dw Anumwn pRclq iekweIAW iv`c lgwauxw ijvyN ik ie`k bwltI dw
GxPL lgBg 20 m`gW dy GxPL dy brwbr hY[
 gixq dIAW dy mUl cwr gixqk DwrnwvW dI vrqoN gixiqk sm`isAw pYsy, lMbweI,pMuj, Dwrn smr`Qw
Aqy smyN AMqrwl iv`c krnw[
 iqkoxI sMiKAwvW Aqy vrg sMiKAwvW dy nmMuinAW dy pCwx krnw[
 rozwnw jIvn nwL sMbMDq siQqIAW sbMDI AMkVy ie`kTy krnw, ies ƒ swrnIb`D krnw, CV gRwP
rwhIN pyS krnw Aqy mulWkx krnw[

14
iwks S/Ath

is`Kx nqIjy: isiKAwrQI

 v`fIAW sMiKAwvW nwL sMbMiDq sm`isAwvW ƒ Xog ikirAwvW (joV, Gtwau, guxw Aqy vMf) rwhIN h`l kr
skygw[
 sMiKAwvW dy ivSwl vrgIkrn ijvyN ijsq, tWk, sihABwj Awid ƒ pihcwxygw Aqy nmuUMinAW rwhIN ies
vrgIkrn dI kdr vDweygw[
 m.s.v. Aqy l.s.v. ƒ ie`k Kws siQqI iv`c lwgU krygw[
 sMpUrn sMiKAwvW nwL sMbMDq joV Aqy GtwE dy svwlW ƒ h`l krygw[
 iBMnW dI vrqoN krygw[ v`K-v`K hwlqW ijvyN pYsw, lMbweI, qwpmwn Awid ƒ drswaux leI dSmlv dI
vrqoN krygw[audwhrn vjoN 7.5 mItr k`pVw, 2 sQwnW ivckwr dUrI 112.5 iklomItr Awid[
 rozwnw jIvn dIAW sm`isAwvW, jo iBMnW/ dSmlvW nwL sMbMDq hox, ƒ h`l krygw[
 iksy id`qy hoey hwlwq ƒ v`K-v`K ikirAwvW rwhIN inXmb`D krn vwsqy cl dI vrqoN krygw[
 Anupwq dI vrqoN rwhIN iviBMn hwlqW iv`c rwSIAW dI qulnw krygw[ audwhrn vjoN iksy jmwq iv`c
kuVIAW Aqy muMifAW dI igxqI dw Anupwq 3:2 hY[
 iviBMn A`Kr sm`isAwvW ƒ h`l krn leI iekweI ivDI dI vrqoN krygw[ audwhrn jykr ie`k drjn
kwpIAW dw m`ul id`qw hovy qW 7 kwpIAW dw m`ul pqw krnw, ijs leI pihlW auh 1 kwpI dw m`ul pqw
krygw[
 ryKw gixqk ivcwrW ijvyN ryKw, ryKw-KMf, K`ulHy Aqy bMd ic`qr kox, iqkox, cqurBuj, c`kr Awid dI
ivAwiKAw Awpxy AwLy-duAwLy iv`c mOjUd audwhrnW dI shwieqw nwL krygw[
 koxW dI smJ hyTW id`qy rwhIN idKweygw[
- vwqwvrn iv`c koxW dIAW audwhrnW Koj ky[
- koxW dy mwp rwhIN auhnW dw vrgIkrn krnw[
- 45 , 90 Aqy 180 mwp dy hvwly rwhIN koxW dy mwp dw AMdwzw lgwauxw
 smimq ryKw dy igAwn dI smJ hyT id`qy rwhIN idKweygw
-do pwswrI smimq AwikRqIAW iv`c ie`k jW izAwdw smimq ryKwvW hox dI pCwx krygw[
-do pwswrI smimq Akwr bxweygw[
 v`K-v`K iqkoxW ƒ aunHW dy kox Aqy BujwvW dy ADwr qy iviBMn gru`pW/ iksmW iv`c vrgIikRq krygw[
 cqurBujW ƒ v`K-v`K gr`upW/ iksmW iv`c aunW dIAW BujwvW/ koxW dy ADwr qy vrgIikRq krygw[
 Awpxy AwLy-duAwLy ivcoN audwhrnW dI shwieqw nwL 3 pswrI vsqUAW ijvyN golw, Gx, Gxwv, vylx,
SMkU dI pCwx krygw[
 3 pwswrI vsqUAW dy iknwry, isKr Aqy pwisAW dI audwhrn dyvy Aqy ivAwiKAw kry[
 AwLy-duAwLy dIAW Awieqwkwr vsqUAW ijvyN jmwq kmry dw PrS, cwk f`by dI (s`qHw) dw Gyrw Aqy
KyqrPL pqw krygw[
 ip`Cly 6 mhIinAW dOrwn pirvwr iv`c v`K-v`K m`dW ’qy hoey Krc dI id`qI hoeI jwxkwrI[ ie`kqr kIqI
jwxkwrI ƒ swrnIb`D, ic`qr grwP Aqy CV-grwP rwhIN drswauxw Aqy ivAwiKAw krnI[

15
iwks ;ZsthA

is`Kx nqIjy: isiKAwrQI

 do sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dI guxw Aqy vMf krygw[
 iBMnW dI Bwg Aqy guxw dI ivAwiKAw krygw [
 audwhrx : guxw iv`c 'dw' dI ivAwiKAw krygw Aqy Bwg dI ivAwiKAw 'ikMny iml ky bxwauNdy hn' dy qOr
qy krygw[
 sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dy guxnPL Aqy vMf iBMnW dI vMf Aqy guxw dI ivAwiKAw krygw[
 iBMnW/dSmlvW dI guxw Aqy vMf leI AYlgoirQm dI vrqoN krygw[
 pirmyX sMiKAwvW nwL juVIAW rozwnw jIvn dIAW siQqIAW ƒ h`l krygw[
 v`fIAW sMiKAwvW nwL juVIAW guxw Aqy vMf ƒ srl rUp pRdriSq krn leI Gwq sMkyqn ivDI dI vrqoN
krygw[
 rozwnw jIvn nwL juVy hwlqW leI srl smIkrn sQwipq krnw Aqy aunHW ƒ h`l krnw[
 bIjgixqk ivAMjkW ƒ joVnw/ Gtwauxw
 smwn Anupwq iv`c mOjUd rwSIAW dw vKryvW krnw audwhrn: 15, 45, 40, 120 smwn Anupwq iv`c hn
ikauNik 15/45 Aqy 40/120 dw mqlb ieko hI hY[
 pRqISq ƒ iBMn Aqy dSmlv iv`c bdlxw jW ies qoN ault vrgIAW sm`isAwvW ƒ h`l krnw[
 lwB/hwnI pRqISq pqw krnw Aqy sDwrn ivAwj dy sMdrB iv`c dr pRqISq pqw krnw[
 koxW ƒ aunHW dy guxW dy ADwr ’qy ijvyN ryiKk, sMpUrk, pUrk, lwgvyN Aqy is^r snmuK Anuswr
vrgIkrn krnw Aqy ie`k kox dw mwp id`qy jwx qy dUjw kox pqw krnw[
 do ryKwvW ƒ ie`k kwtvIN ryKw dy k`ty jwx qy bxn vwly v`K-v`K koxW dy joiVAW dy guxW dI pVqwl
krnI[
 jdoN iqRBuj dy do kox id`qy hox qy qIjy kox dw mwp pqw krnw[
 iqkonW bwry id`qI jwxkwrI dy AwDwr ’qy iqkonW dI srbMgsmqw dI ivAwiKAw krnI ijvyN Bujw-Bujw-
Bujw, Bujw-koxBujw, kox-Bujw-kox, smkox-krx-Bujw
 pRkwr Aqy P`uty dI m`dd nwL, iksy ryKw dy bwhr id`qy hoey ibMdU qoN id`qI hoeI ryKw dy smWqr ryKw Aqy
iqRBuj dI rcnw krnI[
 vrg iekweI girf/grwPSIt dI m`dd nwL bMd AwikRqIAW dy KyqrPL dw Anumwn lgwauxw[
 Awieq Aqy vrg dy AMdrUnI Kyqr dy KyqrPL dw pqw lgwauxw[
 rozwnw jIvn dy sMdrB iv`c sDwrn AMkiVAW qoN m`Dmwn, m`iDkw Aqy bhulk vrgy iviBMn pRqIinDq mu`lW
dw pqw lgwauxw[
 Asl jIvn dy hwlqW ivcoN AinSicqqw ƒ pihcwnxw ijvyN ik jmwq iv`c ividAwrQIAW dI aucweI Aqy
ie`k is`ky ƒ auCwlx qy vwprn vwlI AinSicqqw[
 CV grwP dI shwieqw nwL AMkiVAW dw is`tw k`Fxw ijvyN ik srdIAW iv`c grmIAW nwloN ibjlI dI
v`D Kpq, ie`k tIm v`loN pihly do EvrW iv`c bxweIAW geIAW doVW[
iwks nZmthA

16
is`Kx nqIjy: isiKAwrQI
 pirmyX sMiKAwvW dy joV, Gtwau, guxw Aqy vMf ƒ nmuMinAW rwhIN svIikRqI dyvg
y w[
 do id`qIAW hoeIAW pirmyX sMiKAwvW ivckwr loV Anuswr sMBwvq pirmyX sMiKAwvW pqw krygw[
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 Aqy 11 dy BwjXogqw inXm ƒ is`D krygw

 v`K-v`K qrIikAW rwhIN sMiKAwvW dy vrg, vrgmUl, Gx Aqy GxmUl pqw krygw[
 pUrn AMk GwqI sMiKAwvW ƒ h`l krygw[
 clW dI m`dd rwhIN rozwnw jIvn dIAW siQqIAW Aqy buJwrqW ƒ h`l krygw[

 bIj gixqk ivAMjkW ƒ guxw krygw[ audwhrn: (2 x-5) (3 x2+7) dw ivsiqRq rUp imlygw[
 rozwnw jIvn nwL sMbMDq siQqI v`K bIj gixqk qqsmkW dI vrqoN krygw[
 lwB Aqy hwnI dI siQqI iv`c ktOqI, vYt Aqy imSrq ivAwj pqw krn leI pRqISq dy sMklp dI
vrqoN krygw[ audwhrx AMikq mu`l Aqy Asl ktOqI id`qy hox qy ktOqI pRqISq pqw krnw jW iksy lYx
dyx iv`c KrId mu`l Aqy lwB id`qy hox qy lwB pRqISq pqw krnw[
 is`Dy Aqy Ais`Dy smwn Anupwq qy AwDwirq svwlW ƒ h`l krygw[

 cqurBujwvW dy koxW ƒ kox joV gux rwhIN pqw krygw[

 smWqr cqurBuj dy guxW dI pVqwl krygw Aqy aunHW iv`c qrk sMgq sMbMD sQwpq krygw[
 3 pwswrI ic`qrW ƒ sm-ql aupr pRdriSq krygw ijvyN kwgz dI SIt, blYk borf Awid[

 nmuMinAW rwhIN ieXUlr inXm dI pVqwl krygw[

 pRkwr Aqy is`Dy iknwry dI shwieqw nwL v`K-v`K cqurBujW dI rcnw krygw[

 vrg girf/grw& SIt dI m`dd nwL smlMb cqurBuj Aqy hor bhuBujW vrgy AkwrW dy KyqrPL dw
Anumwn lgwvygw Aqy sUqrW rwhIN pVqwl krygw[

 bhuBuj dw KyqrPL pqw krygw[

 Gxwkwr Aqy vylxwkwr vsqUAW dy sqhI KyqrPL Aqy Awieqn dw pqw krygw[
 CV grw& Aqy pweI cwrt dI rcnw krygw Aqy ivAwiKAw krygw[

 pUrv vwprIAW GtnwvW jw mOjUdw AMkiVAW ijvyN vwr-vwr pwsy Aqy is`ky ƒ auCwlx qy imly AMkiVAW dy
AwDwr qy Biv`K iv`c vwprn vwlIAW GtnwvW dI Dwrnw bxwvygw[
pRwiemrI gZXo s/ rfDs iv`c w[bKeD

gqkfJwoh gZXo s/ rfDs f;Zfynk d/ w[bKeD ;w/A fXnkB fJ; rZb tZb j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe ftfdnkoEh
fet/A f;Zyd/ jB. w[ZbKeD fBwBfbys s/ nkXkfos j't/rkL^

17
 fJ; dh ;wM fe ftfdnkoEh rfDs fet/A f;Zyd/ jB<
 rfDs dIAW XkoBktK dk ftek; ns/ o'iakBk ihtB ftZu T[;dk gq:'r
 ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;wkfie ns/ ftneshrs r[DK dk ftek;
nkT[ j[D ftuko eohJ/ fe ft;fsqs s"o s/ rfDs ftZu fe;dk w[bKeD b'VhAdk j?? <
fJBQK y/soK B{z A`gy id`qy fuZso ftu do;kfJnk frnk hY:

kI mulWkx krnw hY?

rfDse soe
;zebg ns/ ekoiftXh

;wZf;nktK d/ jZb bJh rfDse

rfDse ;ztkd ftuko tNKdok frnkB dk gq:'r

;wkfie ns/
ftneshrs r[[D
rfDs gqsh oZtJhnk

n?bhw?ANoh gZXo s/ rfDs gVkT[D t/b/ fJj ;tkb nkw s"o s/ g[ZfSnk iKdk j? fe rfDs f;ZyD pRikirAw d/
;pzX ftu eh w[bKeD eoBk j?<

nkgD/ nkg B{z g[ZS' fe s[;hA eh y'i oj/ j'< ij`QoN sZe rfDs f;ZyD pRikirAw dk ;pzX j? i/ n;hA
;e{b rfDs B{z fJZe ft;fsqs gfog/y ftu d/yhJ/ sK fJj wzfBnk frnk j? fe ftfdnkoEh rfDs B{z e[ZM fJ;
soQK b?D fi; s/ T[j rZb pks eo ;eD ns/ fi; Bkb T[j ;zuko eo ;eD, ftuko tNKdok eo ;eD ns/
fi; T[Zgo fwb e/ ezw eo ;eD.

ftfdnkoEh dk w[bKeD j/m fbyhnK ;woZEktK d/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

eh T[j :'r jBL^

 rfDse sZEK, nzefVnK nkfd B{z fJeZso eoB ns/ soe d/D d/ ?
 rfDse ;zpzXK B{z soeg{oB Yzr Bkb smJx dy, bxqrW nUM dyKx dy ns/ q`QW dy sc/JUT prKx leI
qrk AwDwirq dlIl dyx dy?
 rfDs dhnK tZy tZy ;kyktK fit/A nze rfDs, phi rfDs, fiwkfJsh, nzeVk gqpzX, y/so fwsh nkfd dh
w{b pDso B{z ;wMD dy?
 sMKyp Aqy sDwrn DwrnwvW nwl nij~Tx Aqy pRbMDn sbMDI v`K-v`K ivDIAW qoN Awpxy Awp nUM jwxU
krvwaux dy ?

18
 ies pVwA iv`c is`KIAW geIAW gixq dIAW DwrnwvW nwl rozwnw jIvn dIAW sm`isAwvW nUM h`l krn
iv`c lgwaux dy ?
 gu`tW (gru`pW) iv`c kMm krn smyN ie`k dUsry dw sihXog krn Aqy shwieqw krn iv`c ?
skUl ADwirq mulWkx (School Baseed Assessment) sbMDI mifaUl iv`c drj v`K-v`K mulWkx tUlW
nMU idn pRqIidn is`Kx isKwaux dIAW ikirAwvW nwl qrksMgq Aqy smJdwrI nwl joV ky vriqAw jwxw
hY[AYlImYNtrI p`Dr qy is`Kx-isKwaux dI pRikirAw nUM is`Kx auprMq nqIjy ( Learning Outcomes)iv`c
id`qIAW geIAW loVINdIAW XogqwvW nUM pRwpq krn leI hyT kuJ audwhrnW id`qIAW geIAW hn :-
nmUnw -1
fJj rshftXh gqh ;e{b d/ nkyoh ;kb iK iwksk dh ;a[o{nks ftu nk:'fis ehsh ik ;edh j?.
Learning Outcome (nfXrw Bshi/$ f;ZyD T[gozs Bshi/)
1 s'A 9 t;s{nK tkb/ ;w{j d/ bJh ;zfynk d/ BktK dk T[g:'r eoDk
rshftXh dk T[d/;a

pZuk fJj eoD d/ ;woQ j't/rk.

 fdZs/ rJ/ ;w{j d/ nB{o{g ;zfynk dk BK dZ;D ftu
 1 s'A 10 sZe eqw ;zfynk d/ BK dZ;D ftu
vc
b'Vhdh ;wrZoh

T[go'es ;wroh T[gbpZX eotkJh ik ;edh j? i' eftsk$ejkDh, i' fdq;a f;oiD ftu ;jkJh j'D iK
g{oe j'D.
gqfeirAw
 nkws"o s/ pZu/ iwks ftu gqt/;a eoD s'A gfjbk ;zfynk d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ s"o
s/, T[jBK B/ ;[fDnk j[zdk j? fe tZv/ b'e ;akfJd nkgD/ d?fBe ihtB ftu ;zfynK d/ Bkb dh tos'A
eod/ jB. w?B{z fJe j'o fp;e[N dh b'V j?. w?B{z 5 o[gJ/ fdT[A, n;hA d' fdBK pknd dkdh d/ xo
iktkr/ nkfd.
 e[M pZu/ gfjb/ s'A jh ;zfynk d/ Bkw ikD ;ed/ jB.fJ; rshftXh dk T[d/;a pZfunK dh ;zfynk d/
Bkw iK frDsh d/ BktK s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk j? sK i' T[j fJe ;dzoG dh tos'A eo ;eD fi; Bkb pZuk
fJe ;fj;pzX pDk ;e/.
 ftfdnkEhnK B{z ;fynk d/ BKtk B{z eqw Bkb ;wMD ftu wdd eoD bJh iwks ftu S'Nh eftsktk
(fJZe iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh) rkD/, y/b iK ejkDhnK nkfd fi; ftu ;zfynk d/ Bkw ;akfwb
j?, :kd eotkJ/ ik ;ed/ j?.
 j/mk fJe eftsk fdZsh rJh j?,nfXnkge nkgDh ;EkBe Gk;ak ftu nfijhnK eJh eftsktk b? ;ed/
jB.

fJZe fJZe fJZe

fJZe S'Nk pZuk
fJZe o'Nh ykT[.

19
 T[jBK t;s{nK d/ fdykT[[ I '1dh ;zfynK ftu w"i{d j't/ fit/A BZe, nkek;a ftu ;{oi nkfd ns/
pZfunK B{z ;oho d/ T[jBK fjf;nk ns/ t;s{nk B{z S{jD iK ftykT[D bJh ej' i' ;zfynk 1 ftu w"i{d j't/.

d' d' d'

d' S'N/ pZu/
fuVhnK xo ikT[
T[jBK t;s{nK B{z fdykT[ i' 2 d/ ;w{j ftu w"i{d j'D fit/A nZyk, fJe ;kJheb ftu gjhJ/ nkfd ns/
pZfunk B{z ;oho d/ T[BK fjf;nK ns/ t;s{nK B{z S{jD iK fdykT[D bJh ej', i' 2 d/ ;w{j ftu wi{d j't.
/
fszB fszB fszB
fszB jo/ s's/ nkiakd T[Zv/
uko uko uko
uko G[Zy (fgZb/ fpZb/)
j'o ykDk ukj[zd/ jB.
gzi gzi gzi
gzi jB wZX{ w[ZyhnK
ik ojhnK SZs/ ftu
(eftsk ns/ t;s{nK d/ ;w{j B{z ;zfynk 9 se i'VBk ikoh oZy')
iwks ftu T[jBK ;kfonk pZfunK B{z w"ek gqdkB eo/, i' Gkr b?D ftu ;ze'u eod/ jB. tZy^tZy
:'rsktK tkb/ pZfunk B{z nkgDhnK :'rsktK nB[;ko T[dkjoD B{z eoD bJh fejk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

nmUnw -2
pRwiemrI skUlW dy ividAwrQI koxW sbMDI ijAwmqI sMklp nUM smJx iv`c muSklW dw swhmxw krdy
hn [auh muSklW dw swhmxw ikaN krdy hn? Awm qOr qy ividAwrQIAW nUM ieh muSkl AiDAwpk duAwrw
kox dy sMklp nUM smJwaux dy FMg kwrn AwauNdI hY[pwT-pusqk iv`c drj gixiqk SbdwvlI iv`c kox dI
pirBwSw dyx dI bjwey swnUM rozwnw jIvn dI audwhrnW dI vrqoN krnI cwhIdI hY[ijvNy ik:
 sVk dw cOrwhw, kYcIAW Aqy GVI dIAW sUeIAW Awid [
 myj dw auprlw konw , mwics dw konw Awid[
 h`Q Aqy bWh nUM moVnw[
 FlwxW , C`qW, phwVIAW dI Flwx, rylvy dy isgnl Awid[
 drvwzy nUM bMd krn Aqy Kolx qy Gumwv, vweIpr c`lx qy, C`q dy p`Ky c`lx qy hoey Gumwv Awid[
AijhIAW siQqIAW, koxW nUM qrqIb b`D qrIky nwl smJx leI bhuq swry mOky pRdwn krdIAW hn[koxW
dI Dwrnw dw AiDAYn krnw bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn hY ikauNik ieh v`K-v`K AwrBMk ryKw-gixqk
AwikRqIAW nUM smJx Aqyy iesdy nwl juVy iviSAW nUM smJx dw AwDwr hn [ies leI ieh audwhrxW koxW
dy sMklp Aqy ArQ nMU smJx, koxW dw smkox, inaUn kox Aqy AiDk kox iv~c vrgIkrn nUM smJx Aqy
ividAwrQIAW dw mulWkx krn leI ku~J gqIivDIAW suJwauNdIAW hn[
kuMjIgq Dwrnw : kox, koxW dw mwp, koxW dw vrgIkrn Aqy koxW dI qulnw [
is~Kx auprMq nqIjy :
 koxW dy igAwn sMbMDI pVcol krnw[
 koxW nUM smkox, AiDk kox Aqy inaUn kox iv`c vrgIikRq krnw[

20
 ies audyS nMU pUrw krn leI ividAwrQIAW nMU g`utW (gru`pW) iv`c vMf idMdy hW[ie`Qy muMfy kuVIAW dI igxqI
lgBg brwbr hoxI cwhIdI hY[g`rup nUM hyT ilKIAW ikirAwvW krn iv`c Swml kro:
ikirAw-1
 ividAwrQIAW nUM GVI dIAW sUeIAW nUM v`K-v`K simAW qy iDAwn nwl vyKx Aqy auhnW ivckwrlI dUrI nUM
ivsqwr nwl d`sx leI kho[

 ieh p`kw kr ilAw jwvy ik GVI dIAW sUeIAW,auhnW auprly AMk h`Q nwl Coh ky mihsUs kIqy jw skdy
hox[
 hux ividAwrQIAW nUM ikhw jwvy ik GVI dIAW sUeIAW ivckwr bx rhy kox dI iksm d`sx[kI
ividAwrQI ieho ijhIAW hor AwikRqIAW Aqy cIjW nUM pihcwx skdy hn, ijhnW iv`c kox bxdy hox Aqy
auhnW nUM mwpxw hovy[
 ieh ikirAw 12 ividAwrQIAW nUM ie`k c`kr iv`c ibTw ky vI kIqI jw skdI hY[ b`cy Awpxy h`Q iv`c
Awpxy AMk (1-12) dw kwrf vI pkV skdy hn qW jo kox dw AMdwzw l`g sky[
 kyNdr Kud qYA kIqw jw skdw hY[
 GVI dIAW sUeIAW bxwaux leI ividAwrQIAW dIAW do kqwrW bxweIAW jw skdIAW hn,jo kyNdr qoN
SurU hoky c`kr dy Gyry v`l jwx Aqy auhnW iv`c ie`k kox bxy[
 kyNdr Aqy Gyry qy bYYTw ividAwrQI lgwqr AwpxI siQqI Aqy Awpxy AMk vwlw kwrf d`sdw rhygw[
 kox nUM bdlx leI AsIN ie`k jW dovyN kqwrW nUM dubwrw bdl skdy hW[
 idivAWg (ivklWg) ividAwrQIAW nUM Gyry jW GVI dI sUeI dy ih`sy vjoN ilAw skdw hY[
ikirAw -2
isiKAwrQIAW nMu swhmxy peIAW vsqUAW nMU iDAwn nwl dyKx nMU kho ijvyN ik kYNcI, prkwr,
ifvweIfr Awid Aqy iehnW nMU KolH ky koxW bwry ivsQwr pUrvk krn d`sx leI kho [

21
 ikirAw -3
isiKAwrQI nMU kmry dy drvwzy dy Ku~lx Aqy bMd hox nMU iDAwn nwl dyKx Aqy
drvwzy dI hryk siQqI au~pr v~K –v~K ibMdUAW qy bxn vwly kox dI bxqr nMU
iDAwn nwl dyKx Aqy iPr ies bwry Awpxy SbdW iv~c vrnx krn leI
kho[b~icAW nMu mOkw id~qw jwvy ik auh ies nMu CUh ky dyKx Aqy iehnW ibMdUAW au~pr
bxn vwly koxW sMbMDI Awpxy ivcwr sWJy krn[

ikirAw-4

isiKAwrQIAW nMU kho ik auh f~by dy F~kx dy Ku~lx Aqy bMd

hox nMU cMgI qrHW dyKx Aqy auh Ku~lx Aqy bMd hox qy bxn vwly koxW nMU
Awpxy SbdW iv~c vrnx krn [ AiDAwpk ies qrHW dIAW audwhrnW
lYky ividAwrQIAW iv~c kox dI smJ pRqI sMklp pYdw kr skdw hY qW
jo ividAwrQIAW nMU koxW bwry pUrI jwxkwrI iml jwvy ik AijhI
AwikRqI jo do ikrnW nwl bxI hovy[ iehnW ikrnW nMU koxW dIAW BujwvW
Aqy sWJy AwrMBk ibMdU nMU isKr ikhw jWdw hY[
ies g~l qy jor dyxw cwhIdw hY ik isKr m~D iv~c huMdw hY Aqy BujwvW Awly-duAwly GuMmdIAW hn [

ikirAw -5
 is`iKAwrQIAW nMU l~kV/plwsitk/ JwVU dy qIlIAW Aqy rbV itaUb dy ku~J ie~ko ijhy tukVy k~tx leI
kho [
 auhnW nUM kho ik auh qIlIAW dy joiVAW nMU rbV dI itaUb nwl
joVn ijs qrHW ik ic~qr iv~c idKwieAw igAw hY [iehnW dI
bjwey ividAwrQI kYNcI jW ifvweIfr dw pRXog vI kr skdy
hn[
 is`iKAwrQIAW nMU auqSwihq kro ik auh auprokq qIlIAW dy joVy
dy Ku~lx Aqy bMd hox nMU iDAwn nwl dyKx [
 auh ieh smJx dy Xog ho jwxgy ik (i) Aqy (ii) jW (ii) Aqy (iii)
jW (iii) Aqy (iv) jW (iv) Aqy (v) jW (v) Aqy (vi) iehnW iv~coN
“ ikhVw v~fw hY” jW “ikhVw Cotw hY” Awid[ ArQwq
ijaumYtrIkl pdW iv~c ikhVw kox v~fw hY jW ikhVw kox Cotw
hY ?
 auhnW nMU qIlIAW dy joiVAW nMU iDAwn nwl dyKx leI kho [
auhnW nMU ieh inrxw lYxw muSikl hovygw ik (i) Aqy (ii) jW (ii)
Aqy (iv) jW (iv) Aqy (vi) iehnW iv~coN ikhVw v~fw hY Aqy ikhVw Cotw hY ?
 AijhIAW ikirAwvW is`iKAwrQIAW nMU v~K- v~K koxW dy mwp dI zrUrq smJx dy Xog bxwauxgIAW
 ies ikirAw iv~c idRStI doS vwly ividAwrQI vI Bwg lY skdy hn [

22
 ikirAw -6

 jumYtrI bwks iv~coN ie~k kox mwpk (pRotYktr) lE Aqy

is`iKAwrQIAW nMU idKwau [ kox mwpk dIAW ryKwvW Aqy sMiKAwvW
nMU sjwieAw jw skdw hY qW jo b~cy auhnW nMU AwpxIAW auNglW
Pyr ky pVH skx [ Awayu is`iKAwrQIAW nMU mihsUs krvweIey ik
Awm kox mwpk CUhx qy ArD c~krwkwr huMdI hY [
 is`iKAwrQIAW nMu ikhw jwvygw ik kox mwpk dy iknwirAW qy (00-
1800) Aqy (1800-00) dy do qrHW dy pYmwinAW nMU iDAwn nwl dyKx[

 jwxkwrI idau ik kox nMU ifgrI iv~c mwipAw jWdw hY (0 dy icMnH nwl
drswieAw jWdw hY[) Aqy ieh vI ik ie~k kox mwpk nwl koxW nMU mwipAw
jWdw hY [
 is`iKAwrQIAW nMU hyTW bxy v~KrI iksm dy koxW nMU mwpx jW bxwaux leI
ikhw jw skdw hY[ b~icAW nMU ku~J kox vI muh~eIAw krvwey jwx jo ik
plwsitk/ l~kV dIAW qIlIAW nMU joV ky bxw skdy hn [
 is`iKAwrQIAW nUM iehnW koxW nUM mwpx bwry Aqy iehnW koxW dI jrUrq nUM
mihsUs krvwax vwry pRotYktr dy dovy iksm dy pYmwinAW dI vrqoN
krn sMbMDI jwxU krvwaxw [

ikirAw-7

 ividAwrQIAW nUM AwpxIAW ikqwbW,kwpIAW , kmrw Awid dy hryk kony qy bxy kox dw inrIKx krnw
Aqy hryk siQqI ivc pRotYktr dI m~dd nwl kox mwpx leI pRqoswihq krnw [auhnw nUM Awpxy Awly-
duAwly qo ies sMbMDI hor vsqUAW nUM cuxn Aqy as bwry ivcwr krn nUM kihxw [
 auhnW nUM hryk kony dy kox nUM pRotYktr dI mdd nwl mwpx leI Aqy aus kox nUM ilKx leI vI
kihxw
 900 dy kox dy mwp qo smkox Sbd bwry jwxU krvwaxw[

ikirAw-8
 muMfy kuVIAW nUM imlw ik kuJ ividAwrQIAW nUM cwr jW pMj gru~pW vMifAw jw skdw hY
 hyT id`qy koxW dw sYt hryk gyup nUM id`qw jwvygw[(BWvy auhnW nUM iksy kwgj au~qy bxw ky jW k~t ky)

23
 hryk gru~p nUM pRotYktr nwl kox mwpx Aqy cwrt pypr qy ilKx leI auqSwihq krnw [
 auhnW nUM iehnW koxW nUM mwpx Aqy dyKx qy pqw lgwauxw ik ic~qr (1),( V I I ) Aqy (v) iv~c bxy kox
smkox hn[
 auhnW nUM ieh vI inrIKx krvwaxw ( jo ik kwgj nwl bxy pRotYktr rwhIN kIqw jw skdw hY jo ik
jmwq CyvIN dI NCERT dI gixq pusqk iv~c idKwieAw igAw hY) ik kox (III) Aqy cwr 90⁰ (smkox)
qo G~t (Coty ) Aqy 0⁰ qo v~D hn
 kox (ii) Aqy (vi) smkox qo v``fy Aqy 180⁰ qo Coty hn[
 smJwieAw jwvy ik kox (iii) Aqy (iv) nUM inaUn kox Aqy (ii) Aqy (vi) nUM AiDk kox ikhw jWdw hY[
 ividAwrQIAW qoN mYQ ik~t Aqy mYQ mYnUAl iv~`coN gqIivDIAW krvweIAW jwx jo pihlI qoN A`TvIN
jmwq q`k hn[
ieh gqIivDIAW Kws krky ivSyS loVW vwly ividAwrQIAW leI ivSyS qOr qy iqAwr kIqy gey Pu`ty
Aqy kox mwpk dI shwieqw nwl krvweIAW jwx[
mulWkx :- DwrnwvW Aqy sbMiDq isDWq

koxW dI qulnw krnw:

 ividAwrQI hyT ilKy koxW dy joiVAW dI qulnw kr skdy hn[

 kuJ ividAwrQI kih skdy hn ik kox A, kox B qoN v``fw hY ikaNik kox A dI Bujw kox B dI Bujw qoN v``fI
hY[ ies smyN AiDAwpk d``sygw ik koxW dI qulnw aunW dIAW BujwvW dy mwp Anuswr nhIN kIqI
jWdI[ienW dI qulnw dohW BujwvW dy ivckwrly Ku`lyH ih``sy qoN kIqI jWdI hY[
 TIk iesy qrHW ividAwrQI ie`k hor koxW dw joVw hyT id``qy Anuswr qulnw krn leI id`qw jw skdw hY:

24
 kuJ ividAwrQI kih skdy hn ik kox Q, kox P qoN v`fw hY ikauNik Q dI cwp, kox P dI cwp qoN v~`fI
hY[ie``Qy iPr AiDAwpk d`sygw ik do koxW dI qulnw krdy smNy swnUM cwp dI lMbweI nUM iDAwn iv~c nhI
r~Kxw [ ikaNik koxW dI qulnw dohW ikrnW dy ivckwr Ku~ly ih~sy qoN kIqI jWdI hY [
koxW nUM mwpxw
 auhnW nUM hyT ilKy iksmW dy koxW nUM mwpx leI kho:

 ku~J ividAwrQIAw ny 30⁰ kox nUM 150⁰ iliKAw [ iesy qrHW kuJ ividAwrQIAW ny 60⁰ nUM 120⁰ iliKAw
[ jykr ies qrHW hovy qW ividAwrQIAW nUM kox mwpk dw iknwrw pVn vwry d~sxw pvygw[
 ku~J ividAwrQIAW kox mwpx l`gy kox dI ie`k Bujw pRotYktr dI ( 0-180⁰ jW 180-0⁰ ) ryKw r`Kx dI
bjwey pRotYktr dy is`Dy isry nUM r`K lYNdy hn [jykr ies qrHW hovy qW ividAwrQIAW nUM pRotYktr nUM TIk
qrHW vrqxw d~isAw jwvy[

smkox
 ividAwrQIAW nUM hyT id~qy koxW iv~co smkox l~Bx leI kho:

25
 ku`J ividAwrQIAW ny isrP A kox cuixAw[ iehnW iv`coN A, F Aqy C smkox hn Aqy bwkI smkox nhIN
hn[ies qrHW ividAwrQI F Aqy C nUM smkox nhIN pihcwx sky[ iesdw kwrx ieh ho skdw hY ik kuJ
ividAwrQIAW nUM smkox dIAW kuJ Kws audwhrxW nUM pihcwnxw AOKw l``gdw hY[iesdw Bwv ieh hY ik aunHW
nUM hor koxW nUM pihcwnxw vI AOKw l``gdw hY[ies sm``isAw dy h``l leI AiDAwpk nUM Awpxy Awly-duAwly qoN
smkox Aqy hor koxW dIAW audwhrxW d``sxIAW cwhIdIAW hn[

A``pr pRwiemrI p``Dr:-

nmUnw -3
is``Kx auprMq nqIjy:-
 ies ikirAw rwhIN AsIN iBMnw dI pUrx sMiKAwvW Aqy hor iBMnw nwl Bwg bwry ivcwr vtWdrw krWgy:
ie`k pUrn sMiKAw nUM ie~k iBMn nwl Bwg krnw
AwE AsIN dyKdy hW ik AsIN ies siQqI dw h``l ikNvy l~Bdy hW?
cwklyt dIAW do it``kIAW (CVW) hn[auhnW nUM ½ ih``isAW iv``c vMifAw igAw[ie``k ividAwrQI nUM ie``k ih``sw
dyxw hY[ikMny ividAwrQIAW nUM ie``s qrHW dIAW it``kIAW pRwpq hoxgIAW? kwPI soc ivcwr ip``CON ividAwrQI
ies nqIjy qy phuMcy ik swnUM it``kIAW dy ku`l A``Dy ih``isAW bwry jwxkwrI cwhIdI hY[
iesleI 2  nUM pqw krnw hY[
ies qoN bwAd auhnW dyiKAw ik ies qrHW dIAW 4 it``kIAW hn mqlb ik 2  = 4 Aqy 4
ividAwrQIAW nUM AijhI ie``k ie``k it``kI imlygI[ kI hovygw jykr hryk it``kI dw 1/3 ih``sw hovy[auprokq
vwNg ivcwr krn qy au`qr 2  =6 imlygw[

ies qrHW 2  =8 imlygw[

iehnW nUM 2  = 4, 2  =6, 2  =8 kRmvwr ilKxgy[

ividAwrQIAW nUM pu`iCAw jw skdw hY ik 3  =?, 2  =? kI hovygw[

ividAwrQIAW nUM auprokq pYtrn nwl dyKx leI auqSwihq kIqw jw skdw hY Aqy AlgoirQm nUM
pqw krn leI ikhw jw skdw hY[
Swbidk sm~isAw: ie~k skUl dI s~qvIN jmwq iv~c 5 SYksn hn[ ie~k KyqrI tUr qy jwx leI hryk
ieMcwrj AiDAwpk nUM Awpxy Awpxy SYksn nUM 5/6 BwgW iv~c vMfn leI ikhw igAw [ jykr iek Bwg leI
ie~k b~s dI loV pYNdI hY qW KyqrI tUr leI ikMnIAW b~sW dI loV pvygI?
h~l: KyqrI tUr leI b~sW dI igxqI hryk SYksn dy BwgW dI igxqI brwbr hovygI jo ik hyT Anuswr hY
5 = 5x =6
KyqrI tUr leI b~sW dI igxqI 6 hovygI

26
nmUnw-4
is``Kx auprMq nqIjy:-
is`iKAwrQI do sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dI guxw krygw[
is`iKAwrQI spUMrn sMiKAwvW , auhnW dy joV Aqy GtwE vwry jwxkwrI r~Kdw hY[ hux guxw dy skMlp dI
SUruAwq krnI hY[

ies leI ividAwrQI nUM ies qrHW dIAW ikirAwvW krvwaxIAW hn ijs nwl ividAwrQI spUMrn
sMIKAwvW dI guxw dI pRikirAw nUM nUM smJ skx [
b~cy pYtrnW bwry jwxkwrI r~Kdy hn[ AsIN auhnW ikirAwvW bwry soc skdy hW jo pYtrn qyy ADwirq
hox Aqy jo ividAwrQI pihlW qoN jwxdy hox [ieh ividAwrQIAW nUM sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dI guxw is~Kx iv~c
mSrUP r~Kygw [AwE AsIN Dnwqmk sMpUrn sMiKAwvW Aqy irxwqmk sMpr U n sMiKAwvw dI guxw dI SurUAwq
krIey

fefonk^1

fJZe T[dkjoB bU 3)

pZu/ gqkfeqfse ;zfynktK dh r[Dk gqkfJwoh iwksK ftZu f;Zy u[Ze/ jB, T[; ;w/A ;zfynktK d/ i'V dh XkoBk
tosh rJh ;h. T[dkjoB d/ s"o s/ dk noE j? fe 3 B{z 2 tko i'VBk, Gkt H

nfXnkge pZfunK B{z i'V dh gqfeqnk d[jokT[D bJh efj ;edk j?, e[ZM j'o T[dkjoBK dh uouk th j' ;edh
j?L fit/AL^ nkfd.

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;zfynktK d/ i'V B{z gVQkT[D s'A pknd jh ies twipk nwl jwxU krvwieAw iKdk j?.

fJ;/ gqfeqnk dh tos'A eofdnK pZfunK B{z B{z jZb eoB bJh fejk ik ;edk j?. T[j ;zg{oB
;zfynktK d/ i'V pko/ ;[u/s jB.ividAwrQI ekch ftuko tNKdo/ s'A pknd fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[zuxgy fe

uouk d"okB fJj t/fynk ik ;edk j? fe ftfdnkoEh gqkfJwoh iwksK ftZu r[Dk eoB d/ sohe/ B{z fJ; Bkb
;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB :'r j' rJ/ jB. uouk fJ; s/ e/Adfos j' ;edh j? fe fJ; B{z fe; soQK ehsk iKdk j?.
fJ;/ soQK dhnK T[dkjoBK nwl ividAwrQIAW nUM ie`k XBkswe ns/ ie`k foDkswe ;zfynktK dh guxw bwry
vI ikDekoh fdZsh ik ;edh j?. fJ;B{z B{z j'o sohe/ Bkb eoB bJh fBwB fefonk dk ;[Mkn fdZsk j?.

27
 fefonk 2

B{z 2 tko i'VB d/ fJ; sohe/ B{z ;zfynk o/yk okjhA th do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?.
:

foDkswe fdPk tZb jo/e 3 d/ 2 tko Skb dk noE j? ns/ fJj ;kB{z sZe b? iKdh j?.

dk noE j't/rk foDkswe fdPk tZb 3 SkbK. fJ; s'A t/fynk ik ;edk j? fe n;hA
s/ gj[zud/ jK.

;zg{oB ;zfynktK d/ i'V dh fdykJh d/D tkbh g/Pekoh ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fXnkB B{z nkeofPs eo/rh ns/ T[j
Bk e/tb ;zg{oB ;zfynktK dh r[Dk gsk eoB ftZu Pkfwb j'Dr/ pbfe ;zfynktK d/ r[DBcb d/ fuzBQ
dh th ftnkfynk eo ;eDr/.

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJ; soe B{z nzfes eoB bJh T[sPkfjs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fJ; soQK d/ r[DBcb dhnK tZy^tZy T[dkjoBK bU. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fe;/ j'o fefonk ftZu th Pkfwb ehsk
ik ;edk j? sK i' T[j fJj' fijk Bshik gqkgs eoB bJh tZy^tZy sohfenK dh tos'A eo ;eD.

fefonk^3

fJe' fij/ Bshi/ s/ g[ZiD bJh g?NoB dh tos'A ehsh ik ;edh j?.

gqkgs eoB bJh, n;hA s'A P[o{ eod/ jK.

f;fynkoEh B{z gsk j? fe

fJZe uouk fJ; B{z d/yD bJh th ehsh ik ;edh j? fe r[DBcb gqkgs eoB bJh e[ZM g?NoB
ftef;s ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; sZE s/ gj[zfunk ik ;edk j? fe, gVkn (2) ftZu gVkn (3)

28
ftZu gVkn (4) ftZu , fJ; s'A ;ze/s fwbdk j? fe jo/e nrb/o/ gVkn ftZu r[DBcb
ftZu'A 2 xNkfJnk frnk j?.fJ; soe B{z nZr/ tXkT[D s/ ;kB{z fwbdk j?,

nzs ftZu ;kB{z fwbdk j?,

fJ; ftXh dh ftnkfynk ;w/A nfij/ r[DBcb dhnK j'o ;zfynktK dh uouk ehsh ik ;edh j?.

j[D n;hA (foDkswe ;zg{oB ;zfynk) (foDkswe ;zg{oB ;zfynk) dh ;fEsh b?Ad/ jK.fJj uouk ehsh ik
;edh j? fe i' sohek gfjbK tkbhnK gqfefonktK ftZu vriqAw igAw T[j fJZE/ th vriqAw ik ;edw hY[
nzs ftZu g?NoBK dh gqfeirnk ;'uh ik ;edh j?.

nkU r[DBcb bJhJ/,

fefonk^4

nkU Bkb P[o{ eohJ/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH(1) (fJ; pRikirAw s'A ftfdnkoEh gfjbK jh ikD{ jB)

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gqkgs r[DBcbK d/ g?NoBK B{z fXnkB Bkb d/yD bJh ej'. fJZE/ s[;hA fJj iKu eo ;ed/ j'
fe ftfdnkoEh foDkswe ns/ XBkswe ;zg{oB ;zfynktK d/ r[DBcb pko/ i' fe gfjbW tkbh pRikirAw ftZu
eo u[Ze/ jB, ;wM rJ/ jB ns/ eh T[j fJ;B{z fJZE/ tos gk oj/ jB iK BjhA.ies qoN AiDAwpk ieh vI dyK
skdy hn ik ividAwrQI guxnPl dy pYtrn nMU vyK skdy hn Aqy ies nUM A`gy vDw vI skdy hn [
ieh vI dyiKAw jw skdw hY ik pVwA (2) iv`c, -6 = (-9) +3
pVwA (3) iv~c, -3 = (-6)+3
pVwA (4) iv`c, 0 = (-3)+3.
pYtrn dy ies Avlokn qoN bwAd AsIN ies nMU A~gy vDwauNdy hW ijvyN ik

AMq iv~c swnMU imldw hY (-3) (-2) = 6

ies qrHW dIAW hor audwhrxW ividAwrQIAW nMU krn leI id~qIAW jw skdIAW hn [ ividAwrQIAW nMU vI
ies qrHW dIAW hor audwhrnW bxwaux Aqy sWJy krn leI auqSwihq krnw cwhIdw hY [

29
 ividAwrQIAW nMU sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dI iksmW bwry pu~iCAw jw skdw hY (ijvyN ieh irxwqmk hY jW
Dnwqmk)[ies nwl auh dovyN qrHW dIAW guxnPl dIAW auprokq ivDIAW bwry jwxU
hoxgy[ividAwrQIAW duAwrw kIqy gey inrIKx dw mulWkx kIqw jw skygw [ ies Dwrnw nMU A~gy qordy hoey
ividAwrQIAw nMU hyTW ilKy Anuswr pu~iCAw jw skdw hY:

hyT ilKy guxnPlW iv~c pRwpq sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dw icMnH kI hY:

(-1) (-1) ; (-1) (-1) (-1) ;
(-1) (-1) (-1) (-1) ; (-1) (-1) (-1) (-1) (-1);
(-2) (-3) (-5); ……………………………………
iesleI sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dy guxnPl sMbMDI jwxkwrI dyx auprMq ieh zrurI hY ik ividAwrQI ies
qrHW dI guxw kr skx [ ividAwrQIAW nMU do sMpUrn sMiKAWvW dI is~DI guxw dy AiBAws dI bjwey auhnW nMU
ie~k AijhI Kyf Kyfx leI dyxI cwhIdI hY ijs iv~c keI sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dI guxw dI zrUrq pYNdI hovy [

Kyf:

KyfW SMkw, KuSI ,inrwSw Aqy AnMd dI Bwvnw pYdw krdIAW hn[gixq nMU isKwaux iv~c KyfW dI vrqoN nwl
gixq pRqI suDry hoey rv~eIey, ividAwrQIAW iv~c sm~isAwvW nMU h~l krn leI pRyrnw Aqy shwieqw iv~c
vwDw huMdw hY [ gixq dI crcw jo gixq dIAW KyfW Kyfx vyly huMdI hY , gixq dI smJ dy ivkws v~l
AgvweI krdI hY [

kwgz dI ie~k v~fI SIt au~qy 19 lweInW Aqy 11 kwlm dy Kwny bxwey jwx ( s~p Aqy pOVI jW
SqrMj dI Kyf vWg) ijnHW qy -104 qoN +104 q~k sMiKAWvW ilKIAW jwx [

 nIly Aqy lwl rMg dy do-do pwsy ie~k QYly iv~c lE [ rMgdwr pwisAW iv~coN ie~k rMg au~qy ibMdUAW dI
igxqI Dnwqmk sMpr
U n AMkW Aqy dUsry rMg qy ibMdUAW dI igxqI irxwqmk sMpUrn AMkW nMU drsw skdI
hY [ ividAwrQIAW nMU ies sMbMDI &Yslw lYx dI Ku~lH id~qI jw skdI hY [ mOjUdw audwhrx iv~c mMn lE
ik lwl pwsy au~qy ibMdUAW dI igxqI Dnwqmk sMpr
U n AMkW nMU Aqy dUsrw rMg dy pwsy au~qy ibMdUAW dI
igxqI irxwqmk sMpUrn AMkW nM drswauNdI hY [
 SRyxI dy ividAwrQIAW nMU do gru~pW iv~c vMifAw jwvy [ gru~p dw Akwr ividAwrQIAW dI shwieqw nwl
inSicq kIqw jwvy[hryk gru~p dy ividAwrQI Kyf Kyfx [ mMn lE gru~p dw Akwr 4 hY[
 hryk ividAwrQI AwpxI AwpxI gItI ibMdU ‘O’ ’qy r~Kygw
 hryk ividAwrQI QYly iv~coN pwisAW nUM imlweygw / ihlweygw Aqy ibnHW dyKy QYly iv~coN do pwsy k~Fygw pwsy
ie~k hI rMg jW Al~g – Al~g rMg dy vI ho skdy hn [
 iKfwrI bwhr k~Fy pwisAW dy nMbrW nMU guxw krngy [
 jykr dovyN pwsy ie~k hI rMg dy hoxgy qW guxnPl Dnwqmk hovygw , nhIN qW guxnPl irxwqmk hovygw[
 jy guxnPl Dnwqmk hovygw qW gItI +104 v~l nMU vDygw Aqy jykr guxnPl irxwqmk hovygw qW -104
v~l nMU vDygw[

30
 ijhVw ividAwrQI pihlW +104 jW -104 qy phuMc jwvygw auh jyqU hovygw [
ieh Kyf Kyfdy smyN ividAwrQI keI vwr sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dI guxw krngy Aqy keI vwr dUsry gru~p
mYNbrW nMU ieh krdy dyKxgy[ies dy nwl hI ividAwrQI sMpUrn sMiKAwvW nwl sbMiDq q~QW nwl jwxU
hoxgy [
ie~k AiDAwpk dy qOr qy qusIN jwxU hovogy ik iks ividAwrQI nMU sMpUrn sMiKAwvW dy guxnPl sMbMDI
jwxkwrI hY [

nmUnw -5

f;ZyD Bshi/:
xDkeko t;s{nK dk ;sjh y/socb gsk eoBk
xDkeko t;s{nK dk nkfJsB gsk eoBk.

f;ZyD T[d/;aL

 fJ; fefonw d/ g{ok j'D T[gozs ftfdnkoEh xD ns/ xDkt pDkT[D d/ :'r j't/r/ ns/ T[jBK dk
;sQjh y/socb gsk eo ;eDr/.
 GxwB dw Awieqn pqw krn krn leI ie`k sUqr pRwpq krxgy[

fefonw^1

b'VhAdk smwn: rZsk, c[ZNk, eNo, ;?B' N/g, ;e?u g?B$g?Bf;b ;Pyd pygo, ukoN g/goL

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z uko^2 d/ rZo[gW ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?[ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z rZsk, c[ZNk, eNo, ;?b'
N/g, ;e?u g?B$ g?Bf;b ;c?d g/go, ukoN g/go nkfd d/x/ ukjhd/ jB. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJe ;aeb pDkT[D
bJh T[s;akfjs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fi; ftu 6 fJZe' fij/ a G[ik tkb/ tor j'D. fuZso^2 ftu fdykJ/
nB[;ko torK B{z o/yktK d/ T[Zs/ fJZk m'; bxwaun bJh i'V'.

ivcwr- vtWdrw $gqdo;aB

fJj rZbpks ehsh ik ;edh j? fe fej' fij/ m'; fuZso (2) ftu gqkgs j'J/ jB. fJj fJe xD j?.
ftfdnkoEh d; ;ed/ jB fe fJj feT[A xD j? fJj nfXnkge B{z fJj d/yD dk w"ek d/t/rk fe ftfdnkoEh
xD d/ r[DK pko/ ikDd/ jB.

31
 fefonk^2

ftuko tNkdoK

xDkt neko nfeqsh dhnK fezBhnK G[iktK j[zdhnk jB<

ftfdnkoEh fJ; soQK dhnK tZy tZy nkzfeqshnK fit/A opV,

pe;k, ewok nkfd B{z nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ B{z fXnkB Bkb d/y e/
ftuko eoe/ xDkt pko/ rZb eo ;ed/ jB ns/ T[Zgo g[ZS/ rJ/
gq;aB dk T[Zso d/ ;ed/ jB. fJ; soQK nfXnkge B{z gsk bZr/rk
fe ftfdnkoEh xDkt ;pzXh fezBk e[ ikDd/ jB.

j/mk fdZs/ xDkt fi; dhnK G[iktK a,b ns/ c jB, B{z fXnkB Bkb
d/y'.

ftfdnkoEh d' g;koh nkfeqshnK dk y/so cb gsk eoBk f;Zy

u[Ze/ jB. T[jBK B{z jo neko dh nkfeqsh d/ sb d/ neko pko/
g[ZfSnk ik ;edk j? .eh ;ko/ sb fJe' fij/ jB< fJjBK ftZu'A
fejV/ ;wkB ns/ fejV/ n;wkB jB.

T[j fszB gk;koh ft;a/ ftu rZb eo ;ed/ jB

fdZs/ rJ/ fuZsoK d/ ft;a/ ftu g{ok ;wK ;'u ftuko eo ;ed/ jB.ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gsk j'Dk ukjhdk
j? fe fJjBK ;ko/ sbK d/ y/so cbK dk i'V fezBk j't/rk.

;kjwD/ fgZS/ d/ sZb dk e[Zb y/socb fi; dhnK G[iktK a ns/ b jB = ab

;kjwD/ fgZS/ d/ sbK dk e[Zb y/socb = ab+ab =2ab

gk;/ d/ sbK d/ e[Zb y/socb fi; dhnK G[iktK a ns/ c jB = ac+ac=2ac

T[Zgob/ ns/ j/mb/ sbK dk e[Zb y/socb fi; dhnK G[iktK b ns/ c jB =
bc+bc=2bc

e[Zb ;sQk dk y/socb =2ab+2ac+2bc=2(ab+ ac +bc)

i/eo a=b=c j't/ sK e[Zb ;sQk dk y/socb =2a2+2a2+2a2=6a2

32
 fefonk^3

b'Vhdh ;wZrohL xDkt dk B?N, gbk;fNe$eb/p eNo, we/b, rZsk.

ftXhL fJZe xDkt dk B?N bT fi; dh bzpkJh L, u"VkJh b ns/ T[ukJh h j't/rw:

 j[D fJ; B[z w'V e/ y[Zbk xDkt pDkT[

 fJ; xDkt B{z eb/w d/ Bkb ik gbk;fNe Bkb Go' ns/ N?N B{z jNk bT[.
 xDkt fJZe rZs/ s/ oZy e/ bzpkJh nB[;ko uko pokpo gkrk ftZu e'N'.
 u'VkJh nB[;ko fJ;/ xDkt B{z uko pokpo Gkrk ftu e'N' (fuZso nB[;ko)
 fJ; soQK ft;a/ xDkt B{z fszB pokpo Gkr ftZu T[ukJh nB[ko e'N'.

ftuko^ tNkdok

 fJ; soQK xdkt fJekJh bzpkJh d/ pkopo xDk ftu tzfvnk iKdk j?.
 pD/ fJekJh xD dh ;zfynk 48 j? fi; ftu 4x4x3 xD fJekJhnK j? ArQwq lxbxh
 fJ; soQK ftfdnkoEhnK s'A tZy tZy wkgkd (wzB bU 2,4,4, ns/ 3,4,5 fjekfJnk ) s' xDkt pDkT[D
bJh fejk ik ;edk j? ns/ pko/ g[ZfSnk ik ;edk j?.
 fJj fefonk dh tos' eoe/ xDkt d/ nkfJsB pko/ i' fe lxbxh j? d/ pko/ dZf;nk ik ;edk j?. fJ;
ftuko tNkdo/ d"okB nfXnkge fJj gsk ;edk j/ fe fJ; soQK ftfdnkoeh, w{b ;{so pko/ ikDekoh
fe; soQk gqkgs eod/ jB.

33