CHAPTER > 19

Excretory Products
and their Elimination
NEET KEY NOTES
Å Excretion is defined as the process of eliminating waste Å Varieties of excretory organs are found in animal kingdom
products accumulated by metabolic activities or by excess which are as follows
ingestion.
Excretory organs Examples
Å The waste products constituting various types of
Protonephridia or flame cells Platyhelminthes (flatworms),
nitrogenous compounds such as NH3 , urea, uric acid, etc., rotifers, cephalochordates (e.g.
are eliminated by different organisms based on availability Amphioxus) and some annelids.
of water. Nephridia Earthworm and other annelids.
Å Depending upon the types of excretory material, organisms Malpighian tubules Insects, e.g. cockroach.
are classified as ammonotelic, ureotelic and uricotelic.
Antennal or green glands Crustaceans, e.g. prawns.
Å The various features and examples of the modes of excretion
are tabulated below
Human Excretory System
Mode of
excretion
Excreted material Examples It comprises of a pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and a
urethra.
Ammonotelism Ammonia is excreted by Bony fishes, aquatic
diffusion across body surface amphibians and
as NH 3+ ions. Organisms aquatic insects. Kidneys
require great amount of water Å These are reddish-brown, bean-shaped structures 10-12 cm
as ammonia is highly toxic. in length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3 cm in thickness and 120-170 g
Kidneys are not involved in in weight.
this.
Ureotelism Urea is excreted through Terrestrial animals, Renal column
kidneys which is produced by marine fishes. Medullary pyramid
the conversion of ammonia in
Calyx
liver. Urea is less toxic than
ammonia and is less soluble in
water. It can be retained in Renal artery
body in small amount to Cortex Renal vein
maintain osmolarity. Renal pelvis
Uricotelism Uric acid is excreted in the Reptiles, birds, land Renal capsule Ureter
form of pellet or paste with snails, insects.
minimum loss of water. Uric
acid crystals are non-toxic and
almost insoluble in water.
Longitudinal section (Diagrammatic) of Kidney
Å Hilum is a notch at the concave surface of the kidney Å Various parts of renal tubule are as follows
through which ureter, blood vessels and nerve enter.
Part of renal tubule Characteristics
Å Renal pelvis is a broad funnel-shaped space inner to the
Bowman’s capsule Initial part of renal tubule,
hilum. It bears projections called calyces. double-walled cup-like structure
Å Capsule is the outer tough layer of kidney, while the containing glomerulus.
inner part of kidney comprises of two zones, an outer Proximal Convoluted Tubule Highly coiled region immediate
cortex and an inner medulla. The medulla is further (PCT) after Bowman’s capsule.
divided into medullary pyramids which project into Henle’s loop Hairpin-shaped, possesses an
calyces. ascending and a descending limb.
Å Columns of Bertini are renal columns formed by Distal Convoluted Tubule Highly coiled tubular region after
extension of cortex in between medullary pyramids. (DCT) Henle’s loop.
Collecting duct Straight tube which opens into
Å Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of renal pelvis through medullary
kidney. It comprises of glomerulus and renal tubule. pyramids.
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole Å The cortical region of kidney contains Malpighian
corpuscles, PCT and DCT while the medulla contains
Glomerulus Henle’s loop.
,
Bowman s Å There are two types of nephrons present in the kidney, i.e.
capsule Proximal
cortical nephrons having shorter loop of Henle ( in
Convoluted
Tubule
majority) and juxtamedullary nephrons having longer loop
of Henle (present deep in the medulla).
Distal Å Peritubular capillaries are fine capillary network around
Convoluted renal tubule and they emerge from efferent arteriole.
Descending limb Tubule
Henle's loop

of loop of Henle Å Vasa recta is U-shaped minute vessel of peritubular

capillary which runs parallel to Henle’s loop. It is highly
reduced or absent in cortical nephrons.
Ascending limb
of loop of Henle
Urine Formation
Vasa recta Collecting duct It involves three main processes, i.e. ultrafiltration,
reabsorption and secretion. It takes place in different parts of
A diagrammatic representation of a nephron showing blood the nephron.
vessels, duct and tubule
1. Glomerular Filtration or Ultrafiltration
Å Afferent arterioles branch to form network of blood Å It is a non-selective process performed by glomerulus.
capillaries called glomerulus. Efferent arterioles carry the Å Blood filtration occurs through 3 specialised layers and
blood away from the glomerulus.
epithelial cells called podocytes of Bowman’s capsule.
Å Malpighian body or renal corpuscle constitutes Å These three specialised layers are
glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
n
Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels
n
Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
Efferent arteriole
Afferent
n
Basement membrane between endothelium and
arteriole epithelium.
Bowman’s capsule
Å The filtration slits formed by podocytes allow all the
constituents of plasma to pass through it except proteins.
Glomerulus
This process is called ultrafiltration.
Å On an average, 1100-1200 mL of blood is filtered by the
kidneys per minute which constitute roughly 1/5th of the
blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a
minute.
Proximal convoluted
tubule
Å The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute
Malpighian body (renal corpuscle) is called Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). GFR in a
 healthy person is approximately 125mL/minute, i.e. 180 litres In these tubules, flow of filtrate in two limbs is in opposite
per day. direction, i.e. in counter-current pattern.
Å Juxta Glomerular Apparatus (JGA), a specialised portion of Å High osmolarity toward inner medullary interstitium
the nephrons, plays a significant role in the regulation of (from 300 m Osmol/L in cortex to 1200 m Osmol/L in
GFR. Fall in GFR activates JG cells to release renin which medulla) is maintained by counter-current mechanism
stimulates glomerular blood flow and brings GFR back to and proximity between Henle’s loop and vasa recta.
normal. NaCl and urea help to generate gradient across these
tubules.
2. Selective Reabsorption Å In the ascending limb of Henle’s loop, NaCl is lost
99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the tubular epithelial cells through diffusion and Na + and Cl − ions by active
Å

in different segments of nephron by active or passive transport. These are exchanged with the descending
mechanisms. This process is called reabsorption. limb of vasa recta.
Å Na + , glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed actively, while Å NaCl is returned to the interstitium by ascending
nitrogenous waste and water are reabsorbed passively. portion of vasa recta. Similarly, small amount of urea
3. Tubular Secretion enters the thin segment of ascending limb which is
transported back to the interstitium by collecting
K+ , H+ and NH+4 ions are secreted from filtrate by tubules to tubule.
maintain the ionic balance and pH of body fluids. This is known
as tubular secretion.
Å The above described transport of substances facilitated
by the special arrangement of Henle’s loop and vasa
Functions of Renal Tubule recta is called the counter-current mechanism.
Å Counter-current mechanism helps in an easy passage of
The functions of various parts of tubules are tabulated below
H 2 O from collecting duct so as to produce concentrated
Parts of Renal Tubule Characteristics/Functions urine.
Proximal Convoluted ˜
Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium for
Tubule (PCT) increased reabsorption. Regulation of Kidney
˜
Reabsorbs essential nutrients, 70-80% of
electrolytes, H2O and HCO−3 ions.
Function
˜
Selectively secretes H + , NH 3+ , K + ions and Kidney functions are regulated by hypothalamus, JGA
thus maintains pH and ionic balance of body and heart.
fluids.
Henle’s loop 1. Hypothalamic Control
˜
Descending limb ˜
Permeable to water, impermeable to Regulation of kidneys can be controlled by hypothalamus.
electrolytes, contains concentrated filtrate. It can be understood by following flowchart
˜
Ascending limb ˜
Impermeable to H 2O, allows transport of Excessive loss of fluid from body
electrolytes actively or passively, thus
maintains high osmolarity of medullary
interstitial fluid, contains diluted filtrate. Osmoreceptors of body get activated
Distal Convoluted ˜
Conditional reabsorption of Na + and H2O,
Tubule (DCT) Stimulates hypothalamus
Negative feedback

HCO−3 .
˜
Selective secretion of H + , K + , NH3 to
Release of ADH or vasopressin from posterior
maintain pH and ionic balance in blood.
pituitary
Collecting duct ˜
Reabsorbs H2O maximally and small PATH I PATH II
amount of urea, thus produces concentrated
urine. H2O reabsorption from distal parts of
˜
Secretes H + and K + ions. renal tubules + Diuresis prevented
Constriction of
Volume of body blood vessels
Mechanism of Concentration of fluids gets
the Filtrate normalised Increased blood pressure
Å Concentration of the filtrate (urine) occurs due to the
counter-current mechanism operating in two limbs of Increased Glomerular
Henle’s loop and vasa recta. blood flow and GFR
2. JGA Control Å Skin eliminates certain wastes with sweat, such as
NaCl, some urea, lactic acid, etc. Sebaceous glands in skin
Å It is also called Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System eliminate substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes
(RAAS). through sebum.
Å Renin-Angiotensin controls the kidney function in the
following ways Disorders of Excretory System
Fall in GFR Some disorders of excretory system are as follows
Å Uremia It is the presence of an excessive amount of urea in
Activate JG cells to release Increased GFR and BP the blood.
Renin n
It results from the decreased excretion of urea in the
kidney tubules due to the bacterial infection or some
Angiotensinogen (in blood) mechanical obstruction.
Reabsorption of Na+ n
Urea poisons the cells at high concentration. The high
and H2O from distal concentration of non-protein nitrogen like urea,
Angiotensin-I
part of tubules uric acid, creatinine exists in blood due to the kidney
failure.
Angiotensin-II Activates Aldosterone Å Renal failure It is the partial or total inability of kidneys to
adrenal cortex released carry out excretory function.
n
It is caused by tubular injury, bacterial toxins,
3. Heart Control inflammation, etc.
In response to increased blood pressure, Atrial Natriuretic n
It is also called as kidney failure.
Factor (ANF) is released by heart which causes vasodilation
Å Renal stones or Renal calculi These are also called as
and decreased BP. It opposes RAAS.
kidney stones. Excessive hormonal imbalance, uric acid
formation, milk intake, dehydration, metabolic
Micturition disturbances, etc., lead to the formation of renal stones or
Å It is the process of release of urine and it is accompanied renal calculi.
by micturition reflex as shown below Å Glomerulonephritis constitutes of inflammation of
Urine stored in urinary bladder glomeruli.
Å Ketonuria Presence of ketone bodies in urine.
Stretching of urinary bladder Micturition
Å Glycosuria Presence of glucose in urine.

Artificial Kidney
Motor
Voluntary signal to CNS Contraction of Å Artificial kidney called haemodialyser is a machine that is
signal used to filtre the blood of a damaged kidney. This process
smooth muscles
and relaxation of is called haemodialysis.
urethral sphincter Å Haemodialysis is the separation of small molecules from
large molecules in a solution by interposing a
Å On an average, the volume of urine and the amount of semipermeable membrane between the solution and
urea excreted by an adult human per day is 1 to 1.5 litres water.
and 25-30 gm, respectively.
Å In this, blood of the patient is pumped from one of the
arteries into the cellophane tube after cooling it to 0°C and
Role of Other Organs in Excretion mixing with an anticoagulant (heparin).
Å Lungs, liver and skin also help in excretion in addition to Å Pores of the cellophane tube allow urea, uric acid,
kidneys. creatinine, excess salts, etc., to diffuse from the blood into
Å Lungs remove about 18 L of CO2 and major quantities of the surrounding solution. Thus, blood is purified and then
water vapour everyday. pumped into a vein of the patient.
Å Liver secretes bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded Å Plasma proteins remain in the blood as the pores of the
steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs, which pass out cellophane are too small to permit the passage of large
along with digestive juice (bile). molecules.
446 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Human Excretory System

1 The process of excretion involves 8 Why terrestrial organisms excrete lesser toxic
(a) removal of useful substances from the body nitrogenous waste?
(b) removal of metabolic wastes from the body (a) For conservation of water
(c) removal of the substances which have never been used (b) For maintaining osmolarity
by the body (c) To facilitate simple diffusion
(d) removal of byproducts formed during useful activities (d) It is easy to excrete less toxic substances
in the body 9 In ureotelic animals, ammonia produced by
2 Animals accumulate wastes like urea, uric acid, metabolism is converted into urea in
+ + − (a) kidney (b) liver (c) spleen (d) lungs
CO 2 , H 2O ions like Na , K , Cl , phosphate,
sulphate, etc., by 10 In marine fishes and terrestrial amphibians,
(a) metabolic activities nitrogenous waste is filtered and excreted through
(b) excess ingestion (a) gills (b) flame cells
(c) excretion (c) kidneys (d) glomerulus
(d) Both (a) and (b) 11 The nitrogenous waste is excreted in the form of
nitrogenous pellet in
3 Order of toxicity among ammonia, urea and uric acid
(a) fishes (b) sponges
(from lower to higher) is
(c) reptiles (d) None of these
(a) uric acid < urea < ammonia
(b) uric acid < ammonia < urea 12 Which of the following is uricotelic? JIPMER 2019
(c) urea < uric acid < ammonia (a) Insects (b) Birds (c) Lizards (d) All of these
(d) ammonia < urea < uric acid 13 Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of
4 Among ammonia, uric acid and urea; which one (a) insects (b) mammals
needs the least amount of water to excrete? (c) birds (d) reptiles
(a) Ammonia (b) Uric acid 14 Which of the following structures help in the removal
(c) Urea (d) Both (b) and (c) of nitrogenous waste as well as concerned with
5 Among ammonia, uric acid and urea, which one is the osmoregulation?
most soluble? (a) Protonephridia (b) Nephridia
(a) Ammonia (b) Uric acid (c) Malpighian tubules (d) All of these
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Urea 15 The excretory organ in crustaceans like prawns is
6 Which of the following organisms is/are ammonotelic? (a) antennal glands (b) nephridia
(a) Aquatic amphibians (c) flame cells (d) Malpighian tubules
(b) Bony fishes 16 Part of the kidney through which the ureter, blood
(c) Mammals vessels and nerves enter into it is
(d) Both (a) and (b) (a) renal cortex (b) renal medulla
7 Aquatic animals excrete ammonia. Which of the (c) hilum (d) urethra
following statements does not support this fact? 17 Inner to the hilum of the kidney, there is a broad
(a) Ammonia is easily soluble in water funnel-shaped space bearing calyces. It is
(b) Ammonia is released from the body through kidneys (a) renal pelvis (b) medulla
(c) Ammonia is highly toxic and needs to be eliminated as (c) cortex (d) adrenal gland
and when formed 18 The medullary pyramids project into the
(d) Ammonia gets converted into less toxic form called (a) calyx (b) cortex
urea and uric acid (c) renal pelvis (d) None of these
19 The cortical part that extends between medullary 25 The tufts of capillaries which form the glomerulus
pyramids as renal columns are called and those which carry the blood away from
(a) columns of renal glomerulus, respectively are
(b) columns of Martini (a) vasa recta and renal vein
(c) columns of Bertini (b) vasa recta and afferent arteriole
(d) columns of kidney (c) afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
20 Figure shows human urinary system with structures (d) efferent arterioles and hepatic vein
labelled A-D. Select option, which correctly identifies 26 What is the function of Bowman’s capsule and
them and gives their characteristics and/of functions? glomerulus? AIIMS 2019
(NEET 2013) (a) Filtration of blood
A (b) Reabsorption of ions from blood
B (c) Reabsorption of hormones from blood
C
Kidney
(d) Reabsorption of water from blood
27 Malpighian body is
D (a) alternative name of Bowman’s capsule
(b) PCT + DCT + Collecting tube
(c) Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
(d) functional unit of kidney
Urinary bladder
28 Study the given structure of a nephron and match A,
B, C, D, E, F and G with correct option.
(a) A–Adrenal gland–located at the anterior part of kidney,
secretes catecholamines, which stimulate glycogen A
E
breakdown
(b) B–Pelvis-broad funnel–shaped space inner to hilum,
Bowman’s
directly connected to loop of Henle B
capsule
(c) C–Medulla–inner zone of kidney and contains complete
nephrons
(d) D–Cortex–outer part of kidney and does not contain any D
part of nephrons
Descending
21 Identify A-D in the given diagram of LS of kidney limb
and choose the correct option. C
(a) A–Calyx, B–Cortex, C–Renal Ascending
column, D–Ureter C A limb
(b) A–Calyx, B–Cortex, C–Renal
F
column, D–Urethra G
(c) A–Urethra, B–Cortex, C–Renal
column, D–Calyx D (a) A–Afferent arteriole, B–Proximal convoluted tubule,
B C–Henle's loop, D–Distal convoluted tubule,
(d) A–Urethra, B–Calyx, C–Renal
column, D–Cortex E–Efferent arteriole, F– Collecting duct, G–Vasa recta
(b) A–Efferent arteriole, B–PCT, C–Henle's loop, D–DCT,
22 Structural and functional unit of E–Peritubular capillaries, F– Collecting duct, G–Vasa
the kidney is recta
(a) medulla (b) nephridia (c) A–Afferent arteriole, B–Peritubular capillaries,
(c) nephron (d) hilum C–Henle's loop, D–DCT, E–PCT, F–Collecting duct,
23 The human kidney has about G–Vasa recta
(a) one million nephrons (d) A–Afferent arteriole, B–Henle's loop, C– Collecting
(b) two thousand nephrons duct, D–PCT, E–DCT, F–Peritubular capillaries,
(c) three thousand nephrons G–Vasa recta
(d) ten billion nephrons 29 Which among the following kidney structures form a
24 Each nephron has two parts, which are highly coiled network of tubules?
(a) Bowman's capsule and PCT (a) PCT and DCT
(b) glomerulus and renal tubule (b) Loop of Henle
(c) glomerulus and Bowman's capsule (c) Loop of Henle and collecting duct
(d) Bowman’s capsule and renal tubule (d) Collecting duct
30 The structures from which the collecting duct receives 36 Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in the
the filtrate and the structure into which it pours the (a) medullary nephrons (b) cortical nephrons
filtrates, respectively are (c) juxta-medullary nephrons (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) PCT and urinary bladder 37 Identify A-D in the diagram of Malpighian body
(b) DCT and renal pelvis (renal corpuscle) and choose the correct option for
(c) Henle’s loop and Bowman’s capsule A, B, C and D. A
(d) Glomerulus and efferent arteriole
(a) A–Afferent arteriole, B–Efferent
B
31 The majority of nephrons in which , the loop of Henle arteriole, C–Bowman's capsule,
found is too short and extend very little into the medulla D–Proximal convoluted tubule C
are (b) A–Efferent arteriole, B–Afferent
(a) cortical nephrons (b) medullary nephrons arteriole, C–Bowman's capsule,
(c) juxta-medullary nephrons (d) peritubular nephrons D–Distal convoluted tubule
32 Which of the following is a part of medullary (c) A–Afferent arteriole, B–Efferent
pyramid? arteriole, C–Bowman's capsule, D
D–Distal convoluted tubule
(a) Proximal convoluted tubule
(b) Distal convoluted tubule (d) A–Efferent arteriole, B–Afferent arteriole,
C–Bowman's capsule, D–Distal convoluted tubule
(c) Malpighian corpuscle
(d) Loop of Henle 38 Arrange the following parts of the nephron in a
33 In juxtamedullary nephrons, sequential manner and select the correct option
(a) vasa recta is prominent
accordingly.
(b) loop of Henle is long I. Glomerulus.
(c) loop of Henle runs deep into the medulla II. Ascending Henle’s loop.
(d) All of the above III. Descending Henle’s loop.
34 The peritubular capillaries around the renal tubule IV. Proximal convoluted tubule.
emerge from V. Collecting duct.
(a) vasa recta (b) afferent arteriole VI. Distal convoluted tubule.
(c) efferent arteriole (d) hepatic vein Choose the correct option.
35 The U-shaped minute vessel that runs parallel to the (a) I → II → III → IV → V → VI
Henle's loop is (b) I → IV → III → II → VI → V
(a) collecting duct (b) vasa recta (c) I → II → IV → III → V → VI
(c) glomerulus (d) None of these (d) VI → III → II → I → VI → V

TOPIC 2 ~ Urine Formation and Functions of Tubules

39 The correct order of processes that occur in urine 42 Choose the incorrect option for the layers present
formation. between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
(a) Glomerular filtration → Tubular secretion (a) Epithelium is the layer of glomerular blood vessels
→ Reabsorption (b) Basement membrane is present between the
(b) Tubular secretion → Glomerular filtration → endothelium and epithelium
Reabsorption (c) Endothelium is the layer of Bowman’s capsule
(c) Glomerular filtration → Reabsorption → Tubular (d) Both (a) and (c)
secretion
(d) Tubular secretion → Reabsorption → Glomerular 43 Podocytes are
filtration (a) endothelial cells of the glomerulus
40 The amount of blood that is filtered by the kidneys (b) endothelial cells of the Bowman’s capsule
per minute is (c) epithelial cells of the Bowman’s capsule
(a) 500 mL (b) 1100-1200 mL (d) epithelial cells of the glomerulus
(c) 125 mL (d) 1000 mL 44 Ultrafiltrate formed by the glomerulus contains all the
41 Number of layers involved in the filtration of blood constituents of the blood plasma except
through glomerular capillary is (a) protein (b) minerals
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4 (c) urea (d) All of these
45 GFR in a healthy individual is 53 The part of nephron involved in active reabsorption of
(a) 125 mL/min sodium is NEET 2016
(b) 150 L/day (a) distal convoluted tubule
(c) 125 mL/sec (b) proximal convoluted tubule
(d) 135 L/day (c) Bowman's capsule
(d) descending limb of Henle’s loop
46 Juxta Glomerular Apparatus (JGA) which regulates
the glomerular filtration rate is formed at the point of 54 Reabsorption is minimum in which part of nephron?
contact of (a) PCT
(a) DCT and PCT (b) DCT
(b) DCT and efferent arteriole (c) Collecting duct
(c) DCT and afferent arteriole (d) Ascending limbs of Henle’s loop
(d) loop of Henle and DCT 55 Henle’s loop of nephron plays a significant role in
47 A fall in the GFR activates the maintaining a high osmolarity in
(a) JG cells to release renin (a) interstitial fluid of hilum
(b) JG cells to release aldosterone (b) medullary interstitial fluid
(c) JG cells to release epinephrine (c) cortex interstitial fluid
(d) JG cells to release nor-epinephrine (d) All of the above
48 How much percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed in 56 The part of loop of Henle that is impermeable to
the renal tubules if volume of filtrate formed per day electrolytes is
is 180 L and urine released is 1.5 L? (a) descending limb (b) ascending limb
(a) 5% (b) 25% (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(c) 90% (d) 99% 57 Transport of electrolytes through ascending limb of
49 The human urine is usually acidic because loop of Henle takes place through
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (a) active transport (b) passive transport
(a) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for (c) diffusion (d) All of these
each sodium ion in peritubular capillaries 58 An organism which does not have loop of Henle will
(b) excreted plasma proteins are acidic excrete
(c) potassium and sodium exchange generates acidity (a) no urine (b) dilute urine
(d) hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the filtrate (c) concentrated urine (d) no change in urine
50 The maximum amount of electrolytes and water 59 Main function of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) of
(70-80%) from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in nephron is to maintain the
which part of the nephron? CBSE-AIPMT 2012 (a) pH in blood (b) Na-K balance of blood
(a) Ascending limb of loop of Henle (c) temperature of blood (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Distal convoluted tubule
60 Choose the mismatched part of nephron with its
(c) Proximal convoluted tubule
function.
(d) Descending limb of loop of Henle
(a) Bowman’s capsule–Glomerular filtration
51 Removal of proximal convoluted tubule from the (b) PCT–Reabsorption of Na + and K +
nephron will result in CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (c) DCT–Reabsorption of glucose
(a) more diluted urine (d) Loop of Henle–Urine concentration
(b) more concentrated urine
(c) no change in quality and quantity of urine 61 Collecting duct of nephron extends from the cortex of
(d) no urine formation kidney to
(a) capsule region (b) inner part of medulla
52 PCT helps in the maintenance of pH in the body (c) outer part of medulla (d) middle part of medulla
fluid by
62 The function of collecting duct is to
(a) selective secretion of H+ ions
(a) reabsorb water
(b) selective secretion of ammonia
(c) selective secretion of K + ions and absorption of HCO −3 (b) maintain osmolarity
ions (c) maintain pH and ionic balance
(d) All of the above (d) All of the above
450 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 3 ~ Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate

63 Out of the four parts given below, which part(s) play (a) DCT
significant role in forming concentrated urine in (b) PCT
human? (c) ascending limb of vasa recta
(a) Loop of Henle (b) Vasa recta (d) descending limb of vasa recta
(c) Bowman’s capsule (d) Both (a) and (b) 69 NaCl is returned to interstitium by
64 Vasa recta are minute vessel of peritubular capillaries (a) ascending limb of Henle’s loop
network, which is (b) descending limb of Henle’s loop
(a) also known as juxtaglomerular apparatus (c) ascending limb of vasa recta
(b) running parallel to loop of Henle (d) descending limb of vasa recta
(c) running parallel to PCT 70 The urea enters and exits the renal tubule through
(d) running parallel to DCT (a) PCT and DCT
(b) DCT and collecting duct
65 The counter-current mechanism operates in nephron (c) descending limb of Henle’s loop and DCT
(a) in ascending and descending limb of vasa recta (d) ascending limb of Henle’s loop and collecting duct
(b) in ascending limb of Henle’s loop 71 Counter-current mechanism helps to maintain a
(c) in descending limb of Henle’s loop concentration gradient. This gradient helps in
(d) within the loop of Henle and vasa recta (a) easy passage of water from medulla to collecting tubule
66 Osmolarity in the cortex and inner medulla and thereby concentrating urine
respectively are (b) easy passage of water from collecting tubule to
interstitial fluid and thereby concentrating urine
(a) 300 m Osmol L–1 , 1200 m Osmol L–1 (c) easy passage of water from medullary interstitial fluid
(b) 200 m Osmol L–1 , 1300 m Osmol L–1 to collecting tubule and thereby diluting urine
(c) 1200 m Osmol L–1 , 300 m Osmol L–1 (d) inhibition of passage of water between the
(d) None of the above collecting tubule and medulla and so isotonic urine
is formed
67 Medullary gradient is mainly developed due to
72 Which of the following factors is responsible for the
(a) NaCl and urea
formation of concentrated urine? NEET (National) 2019
(b) NaCl and glucose
(a) Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary
(c) glucose and urea interstitium in the kidneys
(d) ammonia and glucose (b) Secretion of erythropoietin by juxtaglomerular complex
68 NaCl transported by ascending limb of Henle's loop is (c) Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration
exchanged with (d) Low levels of antidiuretic hormone

TOPIC 4~ Regulation of Kidney Function

73 The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently 76 Reabsorption of water in DCT and PCT part of
monitored and regulated by the hormonal feedback nephron is the function of
mechanism involving (a) ANF (b) angiotensin (c) vasopressin (d) renin
(a) hypothalamus (b) JGA 77 Which of the following functions are performed by
(c) heart (d) All of these ADH?
74 Osmoregulation is the function of (a) Reabsorption of water from distal tubules
(a) oxytocin (b) ADH (b) Construction of blood vessels
(c) prolactin (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Increase the blood flow
(d) All of the above
75 Osmoreceptors activated in response to excessive loss
of fluid from body stimulate the release of 78 Regulation of GFR (Glomerulus Filtration Rate)
(a) ADH from neurohypophysis takes place by
(b) Renin from JG cells (a) renin-angiotensin mechanism
(c) ADH from adenohypophysis (b) juxtaglomerulus apparatus
(c) vasopressin
(d) ANF from anterior pituitary
(d) All of the above
79 In response to low GFR, renin is released by 84 ANF (Anti Natriuretic Factor) is released by
(a) hypothalamus (b) posterior lobe of pituitary (a) lung
(c) anterior lobe of pituitary (d) JG cells (b) kidney
80 Which of the following does not favour the (c) heart
formation of large quantities of dilute urine? (d) All of the above
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 85 A decrease in blood pressure/volume will not cause
(a) Alcohol (b) Caffeine the release of NEET 2017
(c) Renin (d) Atrial-natriuretic factor (a) renin
81 ‘Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin-I → (b) atrial-natriuretic factor
Angiotensin-II.’ (c) aldosterone
(d) ADH
The above conversions are catalysed by
(a) renin (b) ADH 86 ANF mechanism checks on
(c) vasopressin (d) ANF (a) oxytocin-renin mechanism
(b) counter-current mechanism
82 Angiotensin-II increases the glomerular blood
(c) renin-angiotensin mechanism
pressure and GFR as it is a/an
(d) oxytocin-angiotensin mechanism
(a) osmoregulator (b) vasoconstrictor
(c) vasodilator (d) None of these 87 Osmoreceptors in the body is activated by the
changes in
83 Which of the following causes an increase in sodium
I. blood volume.
reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?
II. body fluid volume.
CBSE-AIPMT 2014
III. ionic concentration.
(a) Increase in aldosterone levels
(b) Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels The option containing correct terms is
(c) Decrease in aldosterone levels (a) I and II (b) I and III
(d) Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels (c) III and II (d) All of these

TOPIC 5 ~ Micturition
88 The organ where urine is stored till a voluntary signal 91 An adult human excretes on an average
is given by CNS is (a) 2-3 litres of urine per day
(a) ureter (b) 1-1.5 litres of urine per day
(b) urinary bladder (c) 2-5 litres of urine per day
(c) urinary pouch (d) 4-5 litres of urine per day
(d) None of the above 92 Human urine is acidic due to the presence of
(a) glucose (b) urea
89 The process of release of urine is called
(c) ketone bodies (d) All of these
(a) micturition
(b) sweating 93 On an average, the amount of urea in gram excreted
(c) defecation out per day is
(d) perspiring (a) 25-30 gm (b) 50-55 gm (c) 1-5 gm (d) 12-15 gm

90 What happens in micturition reflex? 94 Indication of diabetes mellitus is/are

(a) Contraction of smooth muscles of bladder (a) the presence of glucose in urine
(b) Relaxation of the urethral sphincter (b) the presence of ketone bodies in urine
(c) Release of urine (c) the presence of amino acid in urine
(d) All of the above (d) Both (a) and (b)
452 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 6 ~ Role of Other Organs in Excretion and

Disorders of Excretory System
95 Other than kidney which other organs help in 99 Uremia is the accumulation of …A… in the blood
excretion? which can be removed through …B… .
(a) Lungs (b) Skin A B
(c) Liver (d) All of these (a) urea Haemolysis
96 Sweat produced by sweat glands is a watery fluid (b) uric acid Haemodialysis
which contains (c) urea Haemodialysis
(d) uric acid Haemolysis
(a) NaCl
(b) urea 100 Which one of the following are components of the
(c) lactic acid dialysing unit used to carry out haemodialysis in
(d) All of the above uremic patients?
I. Urea II. Heparin
97 Primary function of sweat in humans is III. Anti-heparin IV. Coiled cellophane tube
(a) excretion
V. Dialysing fluid
(b) cooling of skin
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) II, III, IV and V
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) III, IV, V and I (d) None of these
(d) removal of urea
101 Renal calculi is
98 Which among the following functions is performed (a) soluble mass of crystallised salts in kidney
by accessory excretory organs in human body? (b) soluble mass of protein in kidney
(a) Elimination of sterols, hydrocarbons, waxes through (c) insoluble mass of proteins in kidney
sebum by sebaceous glands (d) insoluble mass of crystallised salts in kidney
(b) Secretion of oil by sebaceous glands which provide oily 102 Glomerulonephritis is
protective covering of skin (a) transplantation of glomeruli of kidney
(c) Small amount of nitrogenous waste elimination through (b) the absence of glomeruli of kidney
saliva (c) inflammation of glomeruli of kidney
(d) All of the above (d) removal of glomeruli of kidney

NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason 104 Assertion (A) Malpighian tubules are excretory
organs in most of the insects.
■ Direction (Q. No. 103-114) In each of the following
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed Reason (R) These help in excretion of urea and
by corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the creatinine. AIIMS 2019
statements, mark the correct answer as 105 Assertion (A) Birds are uricotelic.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation Reason (R) They excrete nitrogenous waste as uric
of A acid.
(b) If both A and R are true and R is not the correct
explanation of A 106 Assertion (A) Protonephridia or Flame cells in
(c) If A is true, but R is false flatworms help in osmoregulation.
(d) If A is false, but R is true Reason (R) These are excretory organs.
103 Assertion (A) Some ureotelic organisms retain some 107 Assertion (A) Hilum is a part of human excretory
amount of urea in their kidney matrix. system.
Reason (R) By retaining some urea, ureotelic Reason (R) It is helpful in collection of urine.
organisms maintain desired osmolarity.
108 Assertion (A) Conditional reabsorption of Na + and (b) The descending limb of loop of Henle is completely
water takes place in Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). impermeable to NaCl salt
(c) Malpighian corpuscle is found in medulla region of
Reason (R) The DCT allows passive absorption of kidney
Na + and active absorption of Cl − along with water. (d) The colour of urine is pale yellow and is slightly base in
109 Assertion (A) Vasa recta is a minute vessel running nature
parallel to loop of Henle. 118 Find out the incorrect statement.
Reason (R) It plays a very important role in (a) Proximal convoluted tubule helps in K + and Na +
concentrating the urine. rebsorption
110 Assertion (A) RAAS gets activated in a person (b) Distal convoluted tubule helps in glucose
suffering from diarrhoea. reabsorption
(c) The Henle’s loop and vasa recta play a significant role
Reason (R) Both loss of water and electrolytes takes to produce concentrated urine
place in such a patient. (d) Bowman’s capsule encloses glomerulus
111 Assertion (A) The stretch receptors on the wall of 119 Identify the incorrect statement.
urinary bladder do not signal the CNS when the (a) The outer layer of the kidney is called hilum
urinary bladder fills with urine. (b) Cortex is divided into outer cortex and inner medulla
Reason (R) Micturition is a voluntary process. (c) Medulla is divided into medullary pyramids
112 Assertion (A) Haemodialysis is used to clean the (d) The cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids
which is called as columns of Bertini
excretory products generated from the blood.
Reason (R) Dialysing fluid has same composition as 120 Choose the correct statement.
(a) The juxtamedullary nephrons have reduced Henle’s loop
that of plasma except nitrogenous wastes.
(b) Vasa recta are well-developed in cortical nephron
113 Assertion (A) Dialytic fluid/solution is iso-osmotic to (c) The PCT and DCT are situated in the medulla of the
blood plasma. kidney
Reason (R) The fluid used during dialysis procedure (d) The ascending limb of Henle’s loop extends as the
contains urea, glucose and ions. DCT
114 Assertion (A) During urination, the back flow of 121 Choose the incorrect statement.
urine into the ureters is prevented. (a) Tubular cells secrete H+ , K + , ammonia to filtrate
Reason (R) Urethral sphincters relax during urination. (b) Tubular cells help to maintain the acid-base balance of
the body fluid
(c) Tubular cells help in ionic balance
II. Statement Based Questions (d) Tubular secretion is not insignificant step in urine
115 Identify the incorrect statement. formation
(a) Human kidney is metanephric
122 Which of the following statement is correct?
(b) Drinking vodka will cause more urination than drinking NEET 2017
the same volume of beer
(a) The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to
(c) Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve causes water
micturition
(b) The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to
(d) Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme but acts as hormone water
116 Which one of the following statement is correct with (c) The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to
respect to kidney function regulation? water
(a) When someone drinks lots of water, ADH release is (d) The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to
stopped electrolytes
(b) Exposure to cold temperature stimulates ADH release 123 Select the incorrect statement(s) regarding collecting
(c) An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates the duct.
formation of angiotensin-II (a) Collecting duct helps to produce concentrated urine by
(d) During summer, when body loses lot of water by reabsorbing water
evaporation, the release of ADH is suppressed (b) It does not allow the passage of urea across it
117 Which one of the following statement is correct? (c) It selectively secretes H + and K + ions into medullary
(a) Large amount of water from renal filtrate is reabsorbed interstitium
in DCT and a less amount is reabsorbed by PCT (d) All of the above
124 Which statement is correct regarding the 129 Identify the correct statements and choose the
haemodialysis procedure? appropriate option accordingly.
(a) The cellophane membrane allows passage of I. Bowman’s capsule is single-layered structure at the
nitrogenous waste based on concentration gradient end of Henle’s loop.
(b) Blood is drained from a convenient artery and pumped II. Vasa recta, peritubular capillaries and glomerulus, all
into dialysing unit containing heparin have blood.
(c) The dialysing unit has a coiled parafine tube III. Glomerular filtration rate is amount of filtrate formed
surrounded by dialysing fluid by the kidneys per minute.
(d) The composition of dialysing fluid is different from that IV. Vasa recta runs parallel to the Henle's loop in the
of plasma except nitrogenous waste juxtamedullary nephron.
125 Identify the correct statement(s). Choose the correct option.
(a) Kidney transplantation is the ultimate method in the (a) I, II and III (b) I, II and IV
correction of acute renal failures (c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV
(b) A functional kidney from a donor is used in the process 130 Consider the following statements.
(c) A donor can be related or not but matching is done to I. Filtration slits are minute spaces between the
minimise the chances of rejection by host’s immune podocytes of Bowman’s capsule.
system
II. All the constituents of plasma except proteins can pass
(d) All of the above
through filtration slits into the lumen of Bowman’s
126 Consider the following statements. capsule.
I. Flame cell is a specialised excretory organ in Planaria Select the correct option.
and Amphioxus. (a) I is true, II is false (b) Both I and II are true
II. Protonephridia in rotifers help to regulate ionic and (c) I is false, II is true (d) Both I and II are false
fluid volume, i.e. osmoregulation.
131 Choose the correct statements.
Select the correct option.
I. Renal artery transport blood to kidney.
(a) I is true, II is false
II. Loop of Henle concentrates urine.
(b) Both I and II are true
(c) I is false, II is true III. Ultrafiltration occurs by the cells of PCT and Henle’s
(d) Both I and II are false loop.
IV. Ultrafiltrate is blood plasma minus protein.
127 Consider the following statements and identify the
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
correct one. (c) I, II and IV (d) None of these
I. Human excretory system consists of paired kidneys
and ureters and single urinary bladder and urethra. 132 Consider the following statements.
II. Human excretory system does not help to eliminate I. Renin is released by the podocytes of Bowman’s
nitrogenous waste from the body. capsule.
III. Malpighian corpuscle and PCT are found in the II. Renin inhibits glomerular blood flow and thus,
medullary region of kidney. decreases GFR.
IV. Loop of Henle dips in the medulla of kidney. III. Glucose, Na + ions and amino acids are actively
Select the correct option. reabsorbed by the nephrons.
(a) I, II and IIII (b) Only III IV. Nephron reabsorbs nitrogenous waste through carrier
(c) I, II and IV (d) Only IV transport.
Select the option containing correct statements.
128 Consider the following statements about the human
(a) I, II and IV (b) II, III and IV
excretory system.
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II and III
I. Kidneys are reddish-brown and bean-shaped structure.
II. Kidneys are situated between the last thoracic and third 133 I. Reabsorption of water occurs actively in the initial
lumber vertebra. segment of nephron.
III. Each kidney of an adult human measures 10-12 cm in II. Tubular cells secrete H + , K + and NH 3 into the filtrate.
length, 5-7 cm in width, 2-3 cm thickness and average III. Tubular secretions help to maintain ionic and
weight 120-170 g. acid-base balance of body fluids.
Identify the correct statements. Choose the option with incorrect statement(s).
(a) I and II (b) II and III (a) Only I (b) III and IV
(c) III and I (d) All of these (c) Only VI (d) II and IV
134 Consider the following statements. IV. blood is mixed with antiheparin and passed into vein.
I. The filtrate is hypertonic in descending limb while Arrange the steps and choose the correct option.
hypotonic in ascending limb of Henle’s loop. (a) I → II → III → IV (b) IV → III → II → I
II. The descending limb is impermeable to electrolytes (c) I → III → II → IV (d) I → IV → II → III
while ascending limb is permeable to electrolyte. 139 Use of an artificial kidney during haemodialysis may
III. DCT secretes H+ , K + ions and NH3 into the filtrate result in NEET (National) 2019
during urine formation. I. nitrogenous waste build-up in the body.
IV. Ions like HCO−3 , Na + and water are reabsorbed by II. non-elimination of excess potassium ions.
DCT. III. reduced absorption of calcium ions from
Select the option containing correct statements. gastrointestinal tract.
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV IV. reduced RBC production.
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II , III and IV Which of the following options is the most
135 Which of the following are correct statement(s)? appropriate?
I. Angiotensin-II, being a powerful vasoconstrictor, (a) II and III are correct (b) III and IV are correct
increases glomerular pressure and thereby GFR. (c) I and IV are correct (d) I and IV are correct
II. Angiotensin-II activates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone. III. Matching Type Questions
III. Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of Na + and water 140 Match the following columns.
from the DCT and CT leading to an increase in blood
Column I Column II
pressure and GFR. (Nature of excretion) (Animals)
IV. ANF causes vasoconstriction. A. Ammonotelic 1. Aquatic invertebrates
Select correct combination. B. Ureotelic 2. Reptiles
(a) I, II and III (b) I, II and IV C. Uricotelic 3. Amphibians
(c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV
136 Various events occurring during micturition reflex are Codes
listed below. A B C A B C
(a) 2 3 1 (b) 1 2 3
I. Stretch receptors on the wall of urinary bladder send (c) 1 3 2 (d) 3 1 2
signal to the CNS.
II. The bladder fills with urine and becomes distended. 141 Match the following columns.
III. Causing the release of urine. Column I Column II
IV. CNS passes on motor messenger to initiate the (Excretory structure) (Examples)
contraction smooth muscles of bladder and A. Simple tubular forms 1. Earthworm
simultaneous relaxation of urethral sphincter. B. Complex tubular forms 2. Platyhelminthes and rotifers
Identify the correct order of their occurrence. C. Protonephridia or flame 3. Vertebrates
(a) II → I → IV → III (b) IV → III → II → I cells
(c) II → I → III → IV (d) III → II → I → IV D. Nephridia 4. Most invertebrates
137 Consider the following statements.
Codes
I. Liver secretes bilirubin, cholesterol, biliverdin and A B C D A B C D
vitamins. (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 1 2 4 3
II. Human liver is not capable of secreting steroid (c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 4 3 2 1
hormones.
142 Match the following columns.
Select the correct option.
(a) Both I and II are true (b) I is false, II is true Column I Column II
(Features) (Related part in nephron)
(c) Both I and II are false (d) I is true, II is false
A. Delivers blood to 1. Henle’s loop
138 During haemodialysis process, glomerulus
I. blood drained from a convenient artery and B. Carries urine to pelvis 2. Renal artery
anticoagulant is added (heparin). C. Collects filtrate from 3. Collecting duct
II. removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood. Bowman’s capsule
III. blood is passed through a coiled porous cellophane D. Extension of PCT 4. Proximal convoluted tubules
membrane of tube bathing in dialysis fluid.
 Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4 (a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1
143 Match the following parts of a nephron with their 146 Match the following columns. NEET 2018
function. NEET 2019 Column I Column II
Column I Column II A. Counter-current 1. Reabsorption of 70-80% of
(Parts of nephron) (Functions) electrolytes
A. Descending limb of 1. Reabsorption of salts only B. PCT 2. Maintains concentration gradient in
Henle’s loop medulla
C. DCT 3. Minimum reabsorption
B. Proximal convoluted 2. Reabsorption of water only
tubule D. Loop of Henle 4. conditional reabsorption of Na + and
H 2O
C. Ascending limb of 3. Conditional reabsorption of
Henle’s loop sodium ion and water Codes
D. Distal convoluted 4. Reabsorption of ion, water A B C D
tubule and organic nutrients (a) 3 2 4 1
(b) 2 1 3 4
Codes
(c) 3 4 1 2
A B C D A B C D (d) 2 1 4 3
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 2 4 1 3
147 Match the following columns.
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 4 1 3 2
Column I Column II
144 Match the items given in Column I with those in (Disorders) (Features)
Column II and select the correct option given below.
NEET 2018 A. Uremia 1. The presence of blood in urine
B. Dysuria 2. Painful urination
Column I Column II
(Function) (Part of excretory system) C. Pyuria 3. The presence of pus in urine
A. Ultrafiltration 1. Henle’s loop D. Hematuria 4. More urea in blood

B. Concentration of urine 2. Ureter Codes

C. Transport of urine 3. Urinary bladder A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 1 3 4 2
D. Storage of urine 4. Malpighian corpuscle
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 4 3 2 1
5. Proximal convoluted tubule 148 Match the following columns.
Codes Column I Column II
A B C D (Disorders) (Features)
(a) 5 4 1 2 A. Glomerulonephritis 1. Excess of protein level in urine.
(b) 4 1 2 3
B. Ketonuria 2. The presence of high ketone
(c) 4 5 2 3 bodies in urine.
(d) 5 4 1 3
C. Glycosuria 3. Inflammation of glomeruli
145 Match the items in Column I with those in Column II.
NEET 2019 D. Proteinuria 4. The presence of glucose in urine.

Column I Column II Codes

A. Podocytes 1. Crystallised oxalates A B C D
(a) 3 2 4 1
B. Protonephridia 2. Annelids
(b) 4 3 2 1
C. Nephridia 3. Amphioxus (c) 3 4 2 1
D. Renal calculi 4. Filtration slits (d) 3 2 1 4
CHAPTER 19 > Excretory Products and their Elimination 457

NCERT &NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT 153 Different types of excretory structures and animals
149 Match the following columns. are given below match them appropriately a mark the
correct answer from among these given below.
Column I Column II
Excretory structure Animals
A. Ammonotelism 1. Birds
A. Protonephridia 1. Prawn
B. Bowman’s capsule 2. Water reabsorption
B. Nephridia 2. Cockroach
C. Micturition 3. Bony fish
C. Malpighian tubules 3. Earthworm
D. Uricotelism 4. Urinary bladder
D. Green gland/ Antennal gland 4. Flatworms
E. ADH 5. Renal tubule
Codes
Codes
A B C D A B C D
A B C D E
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 4
(a) 3 5 4 1 2
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 2 3 4 1
(b) 1 2 3 5 4
(c) 3 4 2 5 1 154 Which of the following pairs is incorrect?
(d) 5 4 3 2 1 (a) Uricotelic – Birds
150 Which of the following statements is incorrect? (b) Ureotelic – Insects
(a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex (c) Ammonotelic – Tadpole
(b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine (d) Ureotelic – Elephant
hypotonic 155 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the (a) Birds and land snails are uricotelic animals
Bowman’s capsule (b) Mammals and frogs are ureotelic animals
(d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating (c) Aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic
the urine animals
151 Fill in the blanks. (d) Birds and reptiles are ureotelic
Ascending limb of Henle’s loop is …A… to water, 156 Filtration of the blood takes place at
whereas the descending limb is …B… to it. (a) PCT (b) DCT
Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules (c) Collecting ducts (d) Malpighian body
is facilitated by peptide hormone …C… . Dialysis 157 We can produce a concentrated/dilute urine. This is
fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma except facilitated by a special mechanism. Identify the
…D… . mechanism.
(a) A–impermeable, B–permeable, C–Antidiuretic (a) Reabsorption from PCT
Hormone (ADH), D–nitrogenous wastes (b) Reabsorption from collecting duct
(b) A–Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), B–impermeable, (c) Reabsorption/secretion in DCT
C–permeable, D–nitrogenous wastes (d) Counter-current mechanism in Henle’s loop/vasa recta
(c) A–impermeable, B–permeable, C–nitrogenous wastes, 158 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
D–Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
(a) The medullary zone of kidney is divided into a few
(d) A–nitrogenous wastes, B–Antidiuretic Hormone conical masses called medullary pyramids projecting
(ADH), C–permeable, D–impermeable into the calyces
(b) Inside the kidney, the cortical region extends in between
NCERT Exemplar the medullary pyramids as renal pelvis
(c) Glomerulus along with Bowman’s capsule is called the
152 The following substances are the excretory products
renal corpuscle
in animals. Choose the least toxic form among them
(d) Renal corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
(a) urea (b) uric acid and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) of the nephron
(c) ammonia (d) CO2 are situated in the cortical region of kidney
159 Match the following columns. Codes
Column I Column II
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 3 2 4 1
A. Proximal convoluted 1. Formation of concentrated
tubule urine
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1
B. Distal convoluted tubule 2. Filtration of blood 161 Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) ADH prevents conversion of angiotensionogen in blood
C. Henle's loop 3. Reabsorption of 70-80% of
electrolytes to angiotensin
D. Counter-current 4. Ionic balance
(b) Aldosterone facilitates water reabsorption
mechanism (c) ANF enhances sodium reabsorption
E. Renal corpuscle 5. Maintenance of concentration (d) Renin causes vasodilation
gradient in medulla 162 Dialysing unit (artificial kidney) contains a fluid
Codes which is almost same as plasma except that it has
A B C D E (a) high glucose (b) high urea
(a) 3 5 4 2 1 (c) no urea (d) high uric acid
(b) 3 4 1 5 2 163 A large quantity of one the follow is removed from
(c) 1 3 2 5 4
our body by lungs.
(d) 3 1 4 5 2
(a) CO2 (b) H2 O
160 Match the following columns. NEET 2018 (c) CO2 and H2 O (d) Ammonia
Column I 164 The pH of human urine is approximately
Column II
(Disorders of (a) 6.5 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 7.5
(Characteristic features)
excretory system)
165 The condition of accumulation of urea in the blood is
A. Glycosuria 1. Accumulation of uric acid in termed as
joints
(a) renal calculi (b) glomerulonephritis
B. Renal calculi 2. Inflammation in glomeruli (c) uremia (d) ketonuria
C. Glomerular 3. Mass of crystallised salts within 166 Which of the following is also known as antidiuretic
nephritis the kidney
hormone?
D. Gout 4. The presence of glucose in urine (a) Oxytocin (b) Vasopressin (c) Adrenaline (d) Calcitonin

Answers
‡ Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (d) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (d) 15 (a) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (a) 19 (c) 20 (a)
21 (a) 22 (c) 23 (a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 26 (a) 27 (c) 28 (a) 29 (a) 30 (b)
31 (a) 32 (d) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (b) 36 (b) 37 (a) 38 (b) 39 (c) 40 (b)
41 (b) 42 (d) 43 (c) 44 (a) 45 (a) 46 (c) 47 (a) 48 (d) 49 (d) 50 (c)
51 (a) 52 (d) 53 (b) 54 (d) 55 (b) 56 (a) 57 (d) 58 (b) 59 (d) 60 (c)
61 (b) 62 (d) 63 (d) 64 (b) 65 (d) 66 (a) 67 (a) 68 (d) 69 (c) 70 (d)
71 (b) 72 (a) 73 (d) 74 (b) 75 (a) 76 (c) 77 (d) 78 (d) 79 (d) 80 (c)
81 (a) 82 (b) 83 (a) 84 (c) 85 (b) 86 (c) 87 (d) 88 (b) 89 (a) 90 (d)
91 (b) 92 (b) 93 (a) 94 (d) 95 (d) 96 (d) 97 (c) 98 (d) 99 (c) 100 (b)
101 (d) 102 (c)
‡ NEET Special Types Questions
103 (a) 104 (c) 105 (a) 106 (b) 107 (c) 108 (c) 109 (a) 110 (a) 111 (d) 112 (b)
113 (d) 114 (b) 115 (d) 116 (a) 117 (b) 118 (b) 119 (a) 120 (d) 121 (d) 122 (a)
123 (b) 124 (b) 125 (d) 126 (c) 127 (c) 128 (d) 129 (d) 130 (b) 131 (c) 132 (d)
133 (a) 134 (d) 135 (a) 136 (a) 137 (d) 138 (c) 139 (b) 140 (c) 141 (d) 142 (c)
143 (b) 144 (b) 145 (c) 146 (d) 147 (c) 148 (a)
‡ NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions
149 (a) 150 (b) 151 (a) 152 (b) 153 (a) 154 (b) 155 (d) 156 (d) 157 (d) 158 (b)
159 (b) 160 (c) 161 (a) 162 (c) 163 (c) 164 (c) 165 (c) 166 (b)
CHAPTER 19 > Excretory Products and their Elimination 459

Answers & Explanations

1 (b) Excretion refers to the process of removal of 26 (a) The function of Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
metabolic wastes from the body of living organisms, is to perform filtration of blood through a mechanism
which get accumulated due to the various metabolic known as glomerular filtration or ultrafiltration.
activities and by other means such as excess ingestion. Reabsorption of ions, hormones and water does not take
4 (b) Uric acid is the least toxic among ammonia and urea, place in it.
thus needs very little amount of water for its excretion 32 (d) Loop of Henle is a part of medullary pyramid. The
from the body. Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the nephron are
7 (b) Option (b) is incorrect for ammonia excretion because situated in the cortical region of the kidney whereas the
kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal. loop of Henle dips into the medulla.
Ammonia is the excretory waste product of nearly all 33 (b) In some of the nehprons, the loop of Henle is very
aquatic animals like bony fishes, aquatic amphibians long and runs deep into the medulla. These nephrons are
and aquatic insects. It is excreted by diffusion across called juxtamedullary nephrons. Due to long Henle’s
body surface or through gill surface as ammonium ions loop, they have prominent vasa recta also.
(not by kidney). 40 (b) On an average, 1100-1200 mL of blood is filtered by
8 (a) Terrestrial organisms excrete lesser toxic the kidneys per minute which constitute roughly 1/5th
nitrogenous waste for conservation of water. This is due of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart
to the fact that terrestrial organisms are adapted to live in a minute.
in water deficient conditions and if water is eliminated 41 (b) There are 3 layers, i.e. epithelium, endothelium and
in abundant, the organism can die. basement membrane, involved in the filtration of blood
10 (c) In mammals, marine fishes and terrestrial through glomerular capillary.
amphibians, nitrogenous waste is urea, which is 42 (d) Options (a) and (b) are incorrect and can be
excreted through kidneys. Ammonia produced by corrected as
metabolism in them is converted into urea in the liver
and released into the blood which is then filtered and Epithelium is a layer of Bowman’s capsule.
excreted through kidneys. Endothelium is a layer of glomerular blood vessels.
11 (c) Reptiles excrete uric acid (nitrogenous waste) in the 43 (c) The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called
form of pellet or paste inorder to minimise loss of water. podocytes. These are arranged in an intricate manner so
These animals are called uricotelic animals. as to leave some minute spaces called filtration slits or
slit pores.
14 (d) Option (d) is correct as
44 (a) Protein is not present in ultrafiltrate. Blood is
Protonephridia, nephridia and Malpighian tubules all filtered so finely in glomerulus that almost all the
are the structures which help in the removal of constituents of the plasma, except the proteins, pass into
nitrogenous waste as well as concerned with the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule. This process is
osmoregulation (i.e. regulation ionic and fluid volume). called ultrafiltration and the filtrate is known as
These structures are found in platyhelminths, annelids ultrafilterate.
and insects, respectively.
45 (a) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in a healthy
16 (c) Hilum is a notch towards the centre of the inner individual is approximately 125 mL/minute, i.e. 180
concave surface of the kidney through which the ureters, litres per day. GFR is the amount of the filtrate formed
blood vessels and nerves enter into the kidneys. by the kidneys per minute.
18 (a) The medullary pyramids project into the calyces 46 (c) JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular
(sing. calyx). The kidney is divided into outer cortex modifications in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
and inner medulla. The medulla is divided into conical and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact.
masses called medullary pyramids. The kidneys have built in mechanisms for the regulation
20 (a) Option (a) is correctly identified and described. of glomerular filtration rate. One such efficient
Other options are incorrect and can be corrected as mechanism is carried out by Juxta Glomerular
l
Part B is pelvis, broad funnel-shape space inner to Apparatus (JGA).
hilum directly connected to ureter. 47 (a) Fall in Glomerular Blood Flow (GBF)/ Glomerular
l
Part-C is cortex, outer part of kidney and does not Blood Pressure (GBP)/ and low Glomerular Filtration
contain loop of Henle or if present, it is highly reduced. Rate (GFR) activates the Juxta Glomerular (JG) cells in
the kidneys to release renin which brings the GFR back
l
Part D is medulla, the inner zone of kidney and
to normal.
contains complete nephrons.
48 (d) A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed 70 (d) Small amounts of urea enter the thin segment of the
per day (180 L per day) with that of the urine released ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is transported
(1.5 L), suggests that nearly 99% of this filtrate has to back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.
be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. 72 (a) Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner
49 (d) Active secretion of H + ions into the filtrate occurs in medullary interstitium in the kidneys is the factor
the PCT, DCT and collecting duct of renal tubule. High responsible for the formation of concentrated urine
concentration of H + ions decreases the pH of filtrate because it provides concentration gradient necessary for
and thus, the urine becomes acidic. water reabsorption in the renal tubules.
50 (c) The maximum amount (70-80%) of water and 73 (d) The functioning of kidney is regulated by the
electrolytes from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in following
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) before reaching the l
Hypothalamus by ADH or vasopressin hormone.
loop of Henle. l
JGA by renin-angiotensin mechanism.
From the Bowman’s capsule, the glomerular filtrate l
Heart by ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor).
enters the PCT, which remains surrounded by a network
75 (a) Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes
of peritubular capillaries and is the seat of reabsorption.
in the blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic
51 (a) Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 70-80% of concentration. An excessive loss of fluid from the body
water and electrolytes. Hence, removal of PCT would can activate these receptors, which stimulate the
result in the formation of more diluted urine. hypothalamus to release ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)
55 (b) Henle’s loop of nephron plays a significant role in or vasopressin from neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of
maintaining a high osmolarity in medullary interstitial pituitary).
fluid. 80 (c) Renin is a hormone which takes part in
This occurs due to the mechanism of counter-current Renin-Angiotensin mechanism. This mechanism is
occurring here. activated to increase the blood pressure and
56 (a) The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable concentrating the urine (not diluting the urine).
to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. This Other options like alcohol, caffeine, Atrial-Natriuretic
concentrate the filtrate as it moves down. Factor (ANF) causes vasodilation thereby decreasing
58 (b) Organism which does not have loop of Henle will the blood pressure and diluting the urine.
excrete dilute urine, e.g. fishes. Since, loop of Henle is 81 (a) Renin converts the angiotensinogen in blood to
major part of nephron involved in reabsorption of water angiotensin-I and further to angiotensin-II. Renin is
to concentrate the urine. Thus, if loop of Henle is released by JG cells due to fall in GFR, inorder to
absent, dilute urine will be excreted. increase it.
60 (c) Option (c) contains the mismatched pair. It can be 82 (b) Angiotension-II, being a powerful vasoconstrictor,
corrected as increases the glomerular blood pressure and thereby
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) performs conditional GFR. Angiotensin-II also activates the adrenal cortex to
reabsorption of Na + and water. DCT is also capable of release aldosterone.
–
reabsorption of HCO 3 and selective secretion of 83 (a) Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na + and water
hydrogen and potassium ions and NH3 to maintain the from the distal parts of the tubule. Thus, an increase in
pH and Na-K balance in blood. aldosterone levels will cause an increase in sodium
Rest matches are correct. reabsorption in DCT.
63 (d) The ability to produce concentrated urine in humans 86 (c) Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is produced by atria
is a function of loop of Henle and vasa recta. The flow of heart during increased blood pressure/volume. It is
of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle's loop is in opposite responsible for causing vasodilation and thereby,
directions and thus forms a counter-current mechanism decreasing the blood pressure. A decrease in blood
(the process due to which the urine is made hypertonic). pressure/volume stimulates the hypothalamus to release
Vasa recta also play a significant role in counter-current ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) as well as JGA (Juxta
mechanism. Glomerular Apparatus) cells to release renin. Renin by
66 (a) An increasing osmolarity towards the inner renin-angiotensin mechanism activates the adrenal
medullary interstitium is maintained, from 300 m cortex to release aldosterone. Therefore, ANF
Osmol L–1 in cortex to 1200 m Osmol L–1 in the inner mechanism acts as a check on renin-angiotensin
medulla of kidney. mechanism.
69 (c) Option (c) is correct as 90 (d) Micturition is defined as the process of release of
urine. If the urine content of urinary bladder reaches
NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s
more than 300 mL micturition reflex activates CNS to
loop which is exchanged with the descending limb of
contract smooth muscles and relax the urethral sphincter
vasa recta. NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the
muscle that leads to the release of urine.
ascending portion of vasa recta.
 94 (d) The presence of glucose (glycosuria) and ketone Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy
bodies (ketonuria) in the urine are indicative of passage of water from the collecting tubule thereby
diabeties mellitus. Analysis of urine helps in clinical concentrating the filtrate (urine).
diagnosis of many metabolic disorders as well as 110 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
malfunctioning of the kidney. the correct explanation of Assertion.
95 (d) Other than the kidneys, lungs, liver and skin also The person suffering from diarrhoea losses water and
help in the elimination of excretory wastes. electrolytes excessively from the body which results in
Our lungs remove large amounts of CO 2 decreased blood pressure. This can be fatal for the
(approximately 200 mL/ minute) and also significant person. Thus, inorder to increase the blood pressure,
quantities of water every day. Liver, the largest glands Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) gets
in our body, secretes bile-containing substances like activated in the body. In this, renin is released from JG
bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid cells which work on angiotensinogen (protein) produced
hormones, vitamins and drugs. Most of these substances by liver.
ultimately pass out along with digestive wastes. This protein gets converted in angiotensin which causes
The sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin can water and NaCl reabsorption in the PCT. Also, it
eliminate certain substances through their secretions. stimulates adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone, which
works on the DCT for the same cause. This ultimately
101 (d) Renal calculi is the disorder of the excretory system
increases the blood pressure.
which is characterised by the presence of stones or
insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates, etc.) 111 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
within the kidneys. be corrected as
104 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and can be Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to
corrected as the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary
signals is given by the Central Nervous System (CNS).
Insects are the members of phylum–Arthropoda, in
This signal is initiated by the stretching of the urinary
which excretion takes place through Malpighian
bladder as it gets filled with urine.
tubules. But, insects excrete uric acid (not urea) as their
nitrogenous wastes in the form of pellet or paste which In response, the stretch receptors on the walls of the
minimise the loss of water. Thus, insects are called bladder send signals to the CNS. The CNS passes on
uricotelics. motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth
muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of
106 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is the urethral sphincter causing the release of urine, i.e.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. micturition. Thus, micturition is a voluntary process.
Protonephridia or Flame cells are the excretory
112 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
structures in Platyhelminthes (flatworms, e.g.
not the correct explanation of Asserion.
Planaria). These are also concerned with ionic and
fluid volume regulation, i.e. osmoregulation in these Haemodialysis is a process in which blood is purified
animals. artificially if the kidneys fail to do their designated
function. The dialysing fluid used in haemodialysis has
107 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be same composition as that of plasma but it does not
corrected as contain nitrogenous waste. Therefore, these wastes can
Hilum is a notch present on the concave surface of the freely pass from blood into dialysing fluid, thus,
kidneys through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves clearing blood.
enter into the kidneys. It is not concerned with collection
113 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
of urine. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder.
be corrected as
108 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and can be Fluid used in dialysis has similar composition to blood
corrected as plasma except for the presence of proteins and urea.
In DCT, conditional reabsorption of Na + and water Thus, it is not iso-osmotic.
occurs. Here, Na + is reabsorbed actively, while Cl − ions 114 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
are reabsorbed passively along with H 2 O. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
109 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is The correct explanation would be during urination, the
the correct explanation of Assertion. back flow of urine into the ureters is prevented by the
Vasa recta is a minute vessel network that runs parallel presence of a one way valve at the urethral-bladder
to the Henle’s loop forming a ‘U’-shaped structure. This junction.
structural arrangement helps in concentration of urine, Urethral sphincters control the exit of the urine in the
as these faciliate counter-current mechanism. The urinary bladder through the urethra. Thus, urethral
counter-current mechanism helps to maintain a sphincters relax during urination and constrict when not
concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium. urinating.
115 (d) The statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be 124 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct.
corrected as Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be corrected
Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme that aids digestion of as
milk protein. Renin acts as a hormone that converts l
The cellophane membrane allows passage of molecules
angiotensinogen to angiotensin. based on concentration gradient, but nitrogenous
Rest of the statements are correct. wastes are absent in dialysing fluid.
116 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct.
l
The dialysing unit has a cellophane tube.
Rest statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
l
The composition of dialysing fluid is similar to that of
l
Exposure to hot temperature stimulates the release of plasma, except the presence of nitrogenous waste, i.e.
ADH. urea.
l
A fall in glomerular blood flow stimulates the 126 (c) The statement II is true, but statement I is false and
formation of Angiotensin-II. it can be corrected as
l
During summer, when the body loses lot of water by Protonephridia or flame cells are excretory structure in
evaporation, the release of ADH is stimulated. platyhelminths, rotifers, etc. Protonephridia in rotifers
117 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct regarding help in both excretion and in maintaining fluid volume.
excretion. 127 (c) Statements I, II and IV are correct. The statement III
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be corrected is incorrect and can be corrected as
as The Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the
l
Conditional reabsorption of water takes place in DCT nephrons are situated in the cortex or cortical part of the
and large amount of water is reabsorbed in PCT. kidney whereas the loop of Henle dips into the
l
Malphigian corpuscle is found in the cortical region of medullary part of the kidney.
kidney. 129 (d) Statements II, III and IV are correct. Statement I is
l
The colour of urine is pale yellow and it is acidic in incorrect and can be corrected as
nature. Bowman’s capsule is a double-walled structure at the
118 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be beginning of renal tubule.
corrected as
131 (c) Statements I, II and IV are correct. Statement III is
Proximal convulated tubule helps in glucose
reabsorption. incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. Ultrafiltration takes place through tiny spaces amongst
the cells of capillary walls and filtration slits in between
119 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and it can be
the podocytes of Bowman’s capsule.
corrected as
132 (d) Statements I, II and III are correct. Statement IV is
The outer layer of the kidney is a tough capsule.
Rest of the statements are correct. incorrect and can be corrected as
Nephron reabsorbs nitrogenous waste through passive
120 (d) Statement in option (d) is correct.
transport.
Other statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
l
Juxtamedullary nephrons have long Henle’s loop. 133 (a) Only statement I is incorrect and can be corrected as
l
Vasa recta are absent or reduced in cortical nephrons. Reabsorption of water occurs passively in the initial
l
PCT and DCT are situated in the cortex of kidney. segment of nephron.
121 (d) Statement in option (d) contains incorrect statement 135 (a) Statements I, II and III are correct. Statement IV is
that can be corrected as incorrect and can be corrected as
Tubular secretion is an important process in urine ANF (Anti Natriuretic Factor) decreases the blood
formation as it helps in the maintenance of ionic and pressure by vasodilation and hence checks on
acid-base balance of the body fluids. renin-angiotensin mechanism.
Rest of the statements are correct. 137 (d) Statement I is true, but II is false and it can be
122 (a) Statement in option (a) is correct. The ascending
corrected as
limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water and the Human liver secretes bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol,
descending loop of Henle is permeable to water and degraged steroid hormone, vitamin and drugs.
impermeable to electrolytes. 138 (c) Option (c) depicts the correct sequence of events
123 (b) Statement in option (b) contains the incorrect taking place during hemodialysis.
statement which can be corrected as Haemodialysis refer to an artificial method of blood
Collecting duct allows the passage of small amount of filtration outside the body. During this, the blood
urea into medullary interstitium so as to maintain the drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a
osmolarity of body fluids. dialysing unit after adding anticoagulant like heparin.
The unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded
Rest of the statements are correct. by a fluid (dialysing fluid) having the same composition
 as that of plasma except the nitrogenous wastes. The porous 156 (d) Filtration of blood takes place in Malpighian
cellophane membrane of the tube allows the passage of body.
molecules based on concentration gradient. As nitrogenous Malpighian body comprises glomerulus and
wastes are absent in dialysing fluid, these substances freely Bowman’s capsule. Filtration of blood takes
move out, thereby clearing the blood. place in glomerulus region through glomerular
The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a vein filtration.
after adding antiheparin to it.
157 (d) Counter-current mechanism in Henle’s loop
139 (b) Statements III and IV are correct. Statements I and II are and vasa recta helps to maintain concentration
incorrect and can be corrected as gradient in the medullary interstitum. Presence of
Dialysis helps in the removal of nitrogenous waste and such interstitial gradient helps in easy passage of
potassium ions from the body. water from the collecting tubule. This results in
150 (b) The statement given in option (b) is incorrect and can be the concentration of the urine.
corrected as 158 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
ADH facilitates water reabsorption, making the urine corrected as
hyperosmotic. Inside the kidney, the cortical region extends in
Rest of the statements are correct. between the medullary pyramids as renal columns
154 (b) Option (b) contains the incorrect pair. It can be corrected called column of Bertini, not as renal pelvis.
as Rest of the statements are true.
Insects are uricotelic, i.e. they excrete uric acid. 161 (a) Option (a) depicts the incorrect statement. It
Rest of the pairs are correct. can be corrected as
155 (d) Option (d) contains incorrect statement that can be ANF prevents the conversion of angiotensinogen
corrected to angiotensin so as to oppose renin and thus,
Birds and reptiles are uricotelic (not ureotelic) as they promotes vasodilation and decreased GFR
excrete uric acid as nitrogenous waste in the form of pellet or (Glomerular Filtration Rate) . ADH like renin
paste with a minimum loss of water. promotes vasoconstriction and increases GFR.
Rest of the statements are correct. Rest of the statements are correct.