Chapter 30

Inductance

PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, 14th Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow
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 Learning Goals for Chapter 30
• A time-varying current in one coil can induce an
emf in a second, unconnected coil (mutual
inductance).
• A changing current in a coil also induces an emf in
that same coil. The relationship of current to emf
is described by the inductance (self-inductance).
• how to analyze circuits that include both a resistor
and an inductor (coil).
• why electrical oscillations occur in circuits that
include both an inductor and a capacitor.

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 Mutual inductance

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 Mutual inductance
• Consider two neighboring coils
of wire, as shown.
• If the current in coil 1 changes,
this induces an emf in coil 2,
and vice versa.

• The magnetic flux ΦB2 is

proportional to i1. We could
represent this proportionality in
the form of 𝑀 𝑖
21 1 M21 is proportionality constant or
Φ𝐵2 =
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𝑁2 mutual inductance of the two coils.
 Mutual inductance

𝑀21 𝑖1
Φ𝐵2 =
𝑁2

Then,

The corresponding constant M12 is always equal to M21, even

though in general the two coils are not identical and the flux
through them is not the same.
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Mutual inductance

• The mutual inductance M is:

• The SI unit of mutual inductance is called the henry (1 H), in

honor of the American physicist Joseph Henry.
1 H = 1 Wb/A = 1 V ∙ s/A = 1 Ω ∙ s = 1 J/A2
 Mutual inductance
• The base contains a coil
that is supplied with
alternating current from a
wall socket.
• Even though there is no
direct electrical contact
between the base and the
phone, this varying
current induces an emf in
a coil within the tphone
itself, recharging the
phone battery.

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 Mutual inductance

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 Self-inductance

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 Self-inductance

• Any circuit with a coil that carries

a varying current has a self-
induced emf.
• We define the self-inductance L of
the circuit as:

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 Inductors and lightning strikes
• If lightning strikes part of an electrical power transmission
system, it causes a sudden spike in voltage that can damage
the components of the system.
• To minimize these effects, large inductors are incorporated
into the transmission system.
• These use the principle
that an inductor opposes
and suppresses any rapid
changes in the current.

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 Inductors as circuit elements
• A circuit device that is designed
to have a particular inductance
is called an inductor, or a choke.
• Their purpose is to oppose any
variations in the current through
the circuit.
• The potential difference
between the terminals of the
inductor L is:

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 Finding Potential on Circuit Elements

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 Potential across a resistor
• The potential difference across a resistor depends on the
current.
• When you have a resistor with current i flowing from a to b,
the potential drops from a to b.

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 Potential across an inductor
with constant current
• The potential difference across an inductor depends on the
rate of change of the current.
• When you have an inductor with constant current i flowing
from a to b, there is no potential difference.

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 Potential across an inductor
with increasing current

• When you have an inductor with increasing current i flowing

from a to b, the potential drops from a to b.

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 Potential across an inductor
with decreasing current
• The potential difference across an inductor depends on the
rate of change of the current.
• When you have an inductor with decreasing current i flowing
from a to b, the potential increases from a to b.

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 Magnetic Field Energy

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 Magnetic field energy
• We can calculate the total energy input
U needed to establish a final current I
in an inductor with inductance L if the
initial current is zero.
• We assume that the inductor has zero
resistance, so no energy is dissipated
within the inductor.
• The rate P at which energy is being
delivered to the inductor (equal to the
instantaneous power supplied by the
external source) is

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 Magnetic field energy

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 Magnetic field energy
• A resistor is a device in
which energy is
irrecoverably dissipated.
• By contrast, energy stored in
a current-carrying inductor
can be recovered when the
current decreases to zero.

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 Magnetic energy density
• The energy in an inductor is actually stored in the magnetic
field of the coil, just as the energy of a capacitor is stored in
the electric field between its plates.
• In a vacuum, the energy per unit volume, or magnetic energy
density, is:

• When the magnetic field is located within a material with

(constant) magnetic permeability μ = Km μ0, we replace μ0 by
μ in the above equation:

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 Application: Automobile spark plug

Automobile spark plug =(buji:

ateşleme bobini)

http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/ignition.html
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 The R-L circuit

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 The R-L circuit
• An R-L circuit contains a
resistor and inductor and
possibly an emf source.
• Shown is a typical R-L circuit.

Step 1: Closing S1
Step 2: Opening S1 and closing S2

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 Step 1: Current growth in an R-L circuit
• The potential differences vab (across the
resistor) and vbc (across the inductor) are

• We apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule, starting

at the negative terminal and proceeding
counterclockwise around the loop: Remember Kirchhoff’s

• Solving this for di/dt, we find that the rate

of increase of current is

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 Step 1: Current growth in an R-L circuit

• If we rearrange the equation, the current

as a function of time:

• Then, we integrate both sides:

 Step 1: Current growth in an R-L circuit

• As figure (i-t graph) shows, the instantaneous

current i first rises rapidly, then increases more
slowly and approaches the final value I = Ɛ/R
asymptotically.
• At a time equal to L/R, the current has
risen to (1 – 1/e), or about 63%, of its
final value.
• The quantity L/R is therefore a measure of
how quickly the current builds toward its
final value; this quantity is called the time
constant for the circuit, denoted by :
 Step 1: Energy storage in the inductor
• The instantaneous rate at which the source
delivers energy to the circuit is
P = Ɛi
• The instantaneous rate at which energy is
dissipated in the resistor is
i2R
• The rate at which energy is stored in the
inductor is
ivbc = Li di/dt

• The power Ɛi supplied by the source, part

i2R is dissipated in the resistor and part
Li di/dt goes to store energy in the inductor.
 Step 2: Current decay in an R-L circuit
• Suppose there is an initial current
I0 running through the resistor and
inductor shown.
• At time t = 0 we are closing the
switch S2, bypassing the battery
(opening S1 ).
• The energy stored in the inductor
decreases at the same rate i2R at
which energy is dissipated in the
resistor.
𝑑𝑖
𝐿𝑖 = 𝑖 2 𝑅
𝑑𝑡

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 Step 2: Current decay in an R-L circuit

• Applying the Kirchhoff’s loop

rule, we can get the current i
varies with time:

• Where I0 is the initial current at

time t = 0 running through the
resistor and inductor.
• The time constant for the
exponential decay of the
current is τ = L/R.
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 The L-C circuit

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 The L-C circuit: Oscillation: Step 1 of 4
• An L-C circuit contains an inductor and a
capacitor: It is an oscillating circuit.
• First of four main steps of the oscillation
cycle.
• At the beginning The capacitor is fully
charged, the current is zero, and the circuit’s
energy is all stored in the electric field.
• The capacitor has potential difference Vm
and initial charge Qm = CVm on its left-hand
plate
• Then close the switch.

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 The L-C circuit: Oscillation: Step 2 of 4
• After closing the switch, the capacitor
discharges through the inductor. As the
capacitor discharges, the current increases.
• When the capacitor potential becomes
zero, the induced emf is also zero, and the
current has leveled off at its maximum
value Im.
• Shown is this situation: The capacitor has
completely discharged, the current is
maximal, and the circuit’s energy is all
stored in the magnetic field.

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 The L-C circuit: Oscillation: Step 3 of 4
• Although the capacitor was completely
discharged in step 2, the current persists, and
the capacitor begins to charge with polarity
opposite to that in the initial state.
• Eventually, the current and the magnetic field
reach zero, and the capacitor has been charged
in the sense opposite to its initial polarity.
• Shown is this situation: The capacitor is
fully charged, the current is zero, and the
circuit’s energy is all stored in the electric
field.

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 The L-C circuit: Oscillation: Step 4 of 4
• The process now repeats in the reverse
direction; a little later, the capacitor has
again discharged, and there is a current in
the inductor in the opposite direction.
• Shown is this situation: The capacitor
has completely discharged, the current is
maximal, and the circuit’s energy is all
stored in the magnetic field.
• Still later, the capacitor charge returns to
its original value, and the whole process
repeats (return to step 1).

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 The L-C circuit: Electrical oscillation

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 Electrical oscillations in an L-C circuit
• We can apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the L-C circuit.

• i = dq/dt and di/dt = d2q/dt2. Rewrite expression:

• Solving this equation (remember simple harmonic motion):

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 Electrical and mechanical oscillations:
analogies

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 The L-R-C circuit

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 The L-R-C series circuit
• Consider the circuit shown.
• The emf source charges the
capacitor initially.
• When the switch is moved to
the lower position, we have an
inductor with inductance L and
a resistor of resistance R
connected in series across the
terminals of a charged
capacitor, forming an L-R-C
series circuit.

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The L-R-C series circuit
• Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule.

• Replacing i with dq/dt and rearranging,

we get

• Solving:
 The L-R-C series circuit

• An L-R-C circuit exhibits damped harmonic motion if the

resistance is not too large.
• The charge as a function
of time is sinusoidal oscillation
with an exponentially decaying
amplitude, and angular frequency:

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 The L-R-C series circuit

• The practical applications of the

L-R-C series circuit emerge when
we include a sinusoidally varying
source of emf in the circuit. Such
a circuit is called an alternating-
current (ac) circuit. The analysis
of ac circuits is the principal topic
of the next chapter.

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 The L-R-C series circuit

As R increases, 𝜔′ becomes smaller and

smaller. When R2 = 4L/C, 𝜔′ becomes zero
and the system no longer oscillates.

For still larger values of R the system behaves

as in figure (c). In this case the circuit is
overdamped.
An underdamped L-R-C series circuit

𝜔′ 
Underdamped Undamped
frequency of frequency
L-R-C circuit L-C circuit
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 Example Problems

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 Mutual inductance

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 EMF due to mutual inductance

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 Calculating self-inductance

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 Calculating self-induced emf

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 Storing energy in an inductor

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Analyzing an R-L circuit
 Current decay in an R-L circuit

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 An oscillating circuit (E. 30.8)

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 An oscillating circuit (E. 30.8)

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 Energy in an oscillating circuit (E. 30.9)

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