CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as peanut, earthnut, is an important oilseed

legume which is being cultivated in over 100 countries The seeds of groundnut are rich in oil

(35-56%), protein (25-30%), carbohydrates (9.5-19%), minerals (phosphorus, calcium,

magnesium, potassium), and vitamins (E, K, B) Groundnut, a versatile crop used for food,

feed, paints, lubricants, and insecticides is an ideal crop for improving soil fertility because of

its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. (Abady et al., 2019). Groundnut kernels

are consumed in various forms, including roasted, boiled, and as an ingredient in numerous

culinary preparations. Furthermore, groundnut oil is widely utilized for cooking and

industrial purposes (Olubo et al., 2021).

To enhance the shelf life of groundnut, it is made to undergo several processing steps, with

roasting and peeling being the most crucial stages (Soyoye and Akingba, 2021). Roasting is a

process that improves the flavour, aroma, and texture of the groundnut, while peeling, the

process of removing the outer skin or husk, is essential for various applications, including

consumption, oil extraction, and further processing into products like peanut butter (Ebunilo

et al., 2016).

Traditionally, peeling roasted groundnuts has been a manual process, often performed by

women and children. (Nirmale et al., 2017). The method involves hand-picking or rubbing

the nuts to remove the husk, which can be time consuming, labour intensive and unhygienic

due to the use of bare hands to clean the nuts. Gana et al., (2018) saw and evaluated this

process of traditional peeling to have low productivity and high level of inconsistent peeling

efficiency.
Recognizing the limitations of manual peeling, researchers and engineers have focused on

developing mechanical groundnut dehulling machines to automate the process and improve

efficiency (Ogunwole, 2013). These machines aim to reduce human effort, enhance

productivity, ensure hygienic processing, minimize kernel breakage, and improve the overall

quality of the dehulled or peeled groundnuts (Olubo et al., 2021). These efforts contribute to

improving the efficiency and sustainability of groundnut processing, benefiting both small-

scale and commercial producers.

1.2 Problem Statement

Traditional groundnut peeling methods such as manual hand peeling, etc., are time-

consuming, labour-intensive, and inefficient for large-scale operations This process involves

rubbing the roasted groundnuts between the palms to remove the husk and blowing away the

chaff, posing potential health risks due to the involvement of hands and mouth [Olubo et al.,

2021]. The manual method's low output and tedious nature necessitate the development of an

efficient and cost-effective groundnut peeling machine to meet the growing demand for

processed.

Also, the traditional methods of peeling groundnut have also proved to not be useful for

large-scale operations due the fact that these methods can be inefficient and slow and can

only be used for small scale operations and household use. The process of traditionally

peeling groundnuts results in low productivity and inconsistent peeling efficiency which

makes it not ideal for large scale operations. (Gana et al., 2018)

Mechanizing the peeling process presents significant engineering challenges due to the wide

variation in groundnut seed size, shape, texture, color, and skin adhesion strength. The

physical and mechanical properties of groundnut seeds also vary considerably with maturity

time and harvest season, further complicating the design process (Eboigbe et al., 2019).
While several groundnut peeling machines have been developed, they are often expensive

and inaccessible to small-scale producers and farmers. Therefore, there is a need for a low-

cost, efficient, and portable groundnut peeling machine fabricated from locally sourced

materials to address the limitations of traditional methods and enhance groundnut processing

efficiency (Eboigbe et al., 2019).

1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.3.1 Aim

The aim of this project is to fabricate a low-cost, efficient, and portable groundnut peeling

machine from locally sourced materials that will reduce manual labour and improve

efficiency and also hygiene of the groundnut..

1.3.2 Objectives

 To fabricate a cost efficient groundnut peeling machine that will reduce manual

labour, save cost and improve the overall quality of the product.

 To provide the AutoCad design of the machine, the materials used in fabricating the

machine and the fabrication techniques used in a detailed report.

1.4 Justification of the Study

This study is justified due to the pressing need to address the limitations of traditional

groundnut peeling methods and enhance the efficiency of groundnut processing. Manual

peeling is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and poses potential health risks. Existing

mechanical solutions are often expensive and inaccessible to small-scale producers. So this

study, aims to reduce manual labour and save cost. And also enhance the quality and safety of

groundnut products.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the fabrication, and testing of a groundnut peeling machine. The

machine will be fabricated using locally sourced materials to ensure affordability and

accessibility. The study will also involve the performance evaluation of the machine, the

fabrication process and discussion on areas for future research and development.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Context and Overview of Groundnut Peeling

Groundnuts, a significant global food and oilseed crop, have a long history of cultivation and

consumption, dating back thousands of years. Their origins trace back to South America,

where they were domesticated and later spread to other parts of the world through trade and

exploration (Njoroge, 2018).

2.1.1 Traditional Methods of Peeling Groundnut

Traditionally, groundnut peeling has been a labour-intensive process involving manual

techniques. Farmers typically employ methods such as hand-shelling and simple mechanical

tools.

 Hand Shelling/Picking

This method often performed by women and children involves manually removing the shells

by applying pressure or friction. While effective, it is time-consuming and physically

demanding, often resulting in a high incidence of broken kernels (Kumar & Singh, 2020).

 Simple Mechanical Tools

Simple tools, such as wooden or metal rollers, stones, mortars and pestles, have been used to

facilitate peeling. These methods can enhance efficiency but still rely heavily on human

labour and may not be suitable for large-scale processing (Desai & Verma, 2019).

These methods listed above were time-consuming, inefficient, and often resulted in kernel

damage, reducing the overall yield and quality of the produce which demands for the need for
the development of mechanical groundnut peeling machines. In some cultures, groundnuts

were also peeled using a combination of soaking and manual rubbing (Nirmale et al., 2017).

2.1.2 The Need for Development of Mechanized Groundnut Peeling Machines

The need for increased efficiency and reduced labour led to the development of groundnut

peeling machines. Early machines primarily relied on abrasion mechanisms, utilizing rotating

disks or drums lined with abrasive materials to remove the skins (Eboigbe et al., 2019). Later

advancements incorporated impact and shear forces, improving peeling efficiency and

reducing kernel damage. For instance, Soyoye and Akingba (2021) developed a machine that

combined abrasion and impact mechanisms, achieving a peeling efficiency of 94.5%.

Despite these advancements, traditional manual peeling methods are still prevalent in many

parts of the world, particularly in developing countries and small-scale production systems.

This is due to factors such as the cost of machinery, lack of access to technology, and cultural

preferences. However, the demand for processed groundnut products and the need for

increased efficiency and hygiene have driven the development of more affordable and

accessible groundnut peeling machines (Ebunilo et al., 2016).

2.2 Types of Groundnut Peeling Machines

 Manually operated groundnut peeling machines

These machines are powered by human effort and are typically used for small-scale peeling

operations. They are simple to operate and maintain, and they are relatively inexpensive to

purchase. (Ogunwole, 2013)

 Electrically operated groundnut peeling machines:

These machines are powered by electricity and are suitable for both small- and large-scale

peeling operations. They are more efficient than manually operated machines and can handle
larger quantities of groundnuts. (Nirmale et al., 2017) However, they are also more expensive

to purchase and maintain.

In addition to these two main types, there are also some specialized groundnut peeling

machines, such as the screw conveyor peanut shelling machine (Mungase et al., 2016) and

the roasted groundnut blanching machine. (Akintade & Bratte, 2015) These machines are

designed for specific applications and may not be suitable for all types of groundnut peeling.

2.2.1 .Design and Fabrication of Existing Machines

Several designs for mechanical groundnut peeling machines have been proposed and

fabricated in recent years. For instance, Ogunwole (2013) developed a manually and

electrically operated roasted groundnut decorticating machine made from locally sourced

materials. This machine consists a hopper for unpeeled seeds and a decorticating unit

powered by an electric motor. Similarly, Nirmale et al. (2017) designed an electrically

operated groundnut peeling machine, focusing on optimizing the peeling process through the

use of rubber rollers that apply shearing action to remove the skins effectively.

The designs often emphasize the use of low-cost materials to make the machines accessible

for both home and commercial use. The incorporation of locally sourced components not

only reduces costs but also supports local economies (Ebunilo et al., 2016). For example, the

machine developed by Ebunilo et al. (2016) utilized locally fabricated parts, making it

affordable for small-scale farmers and processors.

2.2.2 Challenges in Designing Peeling Machines

Despite advancements in the design of mechanical peeling machines, several challenges

remain. One significant issue is the variation in groundnut size and shape, which can affect

peeling efficiency (Nirmale et al., 2017). Additionally, ensuring that the machines can handle

different types of groundnuts, such as Java and bold types, poses a design challenge. The
compressive strength and roasting method also influence the effectiveness of the peeling

process (Nirmale et al., 2017).

Another challenge is the need for machines that are not only efficient but also easy to operate

and maintain. Many existing designs require specialized knowledge for operation and repairs,

which can limit their adoption in rural areas (Ebunilo et al., 2016). Furthermore, achieving

optimal peeling efficiency while minimizing damage to the seeds is a critical design

consideration.

2.2.3 Performance Evaluation of Existing Machines

Performance evaluations of mechanical groundnut peeling machines have shown varying

degrees of efficiency. For example, the machine developed by Nirmale et al. (2017) achieved

a peeling efficiency of approximately 79.13%, while Ebunilo et al. (2016) reported an

efficiency of 78.46% from their machine. These evaluations typically measure the mass of

peeled, unpeeled, partially peeled, and broken seeds to calculate the overall efficiency and

effectiveness of the machines.

The results indicate that while mechanical peeling machines can significantly improve

peeling efficiency compared to traditional methods, there remains room for improvement,

particularly in handling larger batches and ensuring consistent performance across different

groundnut types (Ebunilo et al., 2016; Nirmale et al., 2017). Continuous testing and

refinement of machine designs are essential to optimize performance and meet market

demands.

2.3 Economic Analysis of Groundnut Peeling Machines

While the initial investment cost of a mechanized groundnut peeling machine may be higher

than that of manual shelling tools, the long-term economic benefits can outweigh the upfront

costs. The cost of production for a mechanized groundnut peeling machine can vary
depending on the design, materials used, and shelling capacity. However, in a study

conducted by Adetola et al. (2022), the cost of production for a mechanized groundnut

peeling machine was estimated to be around 330 USD. This cost-effective machine can be

particularly beneficial for small and medium-scale groundnut businesses, allowing them to

access efficient shelling technology without incurring significant financial burdens.

Furthermore, mechanized groundnut peeling machines can contribute to the overall

profitability of groundnut production by reducing labour costs and increasing the volume of

high-quality shelled groundnuts. In many regions, the cost of labour for manual shelling can

be substantial, especially during peak harvest seasons when labour shortages are common. By

automating the shelling process, farmers can reduce their reliance on manual labour, leading

to cost savings and increased profitability. Additionally, the higher shelling efficiency and

quality control offered by mechanized shelling can result in a larger volume of marketable

groundnuts, further boosting revenue generation.

2.3.1 Economic Benefits and Technical Efficiency of Mechanized Peeling Machines

One of the primary benefits of mechanized groundnut peeling machines is their ability to

shell large quantities of groundnuts in a shorter amount of time compared to manual methods.

This increased efficiency can lead to higher productivity, allowing farmers to process more

groundnuts and potentially increase their income. In a study conducted in Nigeria, researchers

found that the use of a mechanized groundnut peeling machine resulted in a significant

increase in shelling efficiency, reducing the time required for shelling by up to 72.91%

(Unguwanrimi et al., 2020). This time-saving benefit can free up labour for other farming

tasks, further enhancing overall farm productivity.

Moreover, mechanized groundnut peeling machines can reduce the risk of damage to the

groundnut kernels during the shelling process. In manual shelling, there is a higher chance of
breaking or crushing the kernels, which reduces their market value. With mechanized

shelling, the process is more controlled, minimizing the risk of damage and ensuring a higher

quality product. A study conducted at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-

Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Kenya demonstrated that the use of a mechanized sheller resulted

in a significant reduction in mechanical damage to the groundnuts compared to manual

shelling methods (Gitau et al., 2003). This quality control aspect of mechanized shelling can

lead to higher market prices for the groundnuts, increasing profitability for farmers.

2.3.2 The Advantages of Mechanized Groundnut Peeling Machines Compared to

Manual Peeling

 Increased peeling efficiency: Mechanized groundnut peeling machines are more

efficient than manual peeling, as they can peel more groundnuts in a shorter time. Studies

show that a single mechanized peeling machine can peel up to 210 kg of groundnuts per

hour, which is equivalent to the output of 10 to 15 people peeling manually. (Adetola et

al. 2022)

 Reduced labour costs: Although there is an initial cost in purchasing mechanized

peeling machines, they help in saving labour costs in the long run. (Jelliffe 2020)

 Improved quality of peeled groundnuts: Mechanized groundnut peeling machines produce

better quality peeled groundnuts than manual peeling, as they cause less damage to the

groundnuts. (Unguwanrimi et al. 2020)

 Reduced health risks: Manual groundnut peeling poses a health risk to the workers, as

they are exposed to dust and other allergens. Mechanized groundnut peeling machines

help in reducing these health risks. (Pattee and Young 1982)

 Reduced risk of contamination: Mechanized groundnut peeling machines help in

reducing the risk of contamination, as they are less likely to be contaminated by bacteria

or other microorganisms. (Kalu 2019)

Overall, the use of mechanized groundnut peeling machines has several advantages over

manual peeling machines. They are more efficient, produce better quality peeled groundnuts,

reduce health risks, and do not require much labour. As a result, the use of mechanized

groundnut peeling machines has helped in improving the productivity and profitability of

groundnut farming. (Pattee and Young 1982)

REFERENCES

Abady, S., Shimelis, H., Janila, P., & Mashilo, J. (2019). Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

improvement in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,

Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 69(6), 528–545.

Olubo, A.S., Stephen, J.T., Opadotun, O.O., Adebija, J.A., Adebayo, A., and Adeyemi, G.J.

(2021). Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost Roasted Groundnut Seed Dehuller.

Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 22(2), 15-22.

Soyoye, B.O. and Akingba, O.O. (2021). Development and Performance Evaluation of a

Roasted Groundnut Dehulling Machine. International Research Journal of

Engineering and Technology, 08(11), 667-675.

Ebunilo, P.O., Orhorhoro, E.K., Oviorunuraye, E.J., and Owunna, I.B. (2016). Design and

Development of Low-Cost Groundnut Decorticating Machine for Home and

Commercial Use in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Research

Publications, 6(5), 1-4.

Nirmale, V.M., Khade, D.P., Jamdagni, R.U., Nalwade, S.V., and Adadande, A.S. (2017).

Design and Development of Peanut Peeling Machine. INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN TECHNOLOGY, 7(4), 11-15.

Ogunwole, O.A. (2013). Design, Fabrication and Testing of A (Manually and Electrically

Operated) Roasted Groundnut Decorticating Machine. Food Science and Quality

Management.14: ISSN 2225 – 0557.

Eboigbe, C. I., Ozigagun, A., & Abdul, W. (2019). Design and Fabrication of a 1.4kg/hr Dry

Groundnut Peeling Machine. Advances in Engineering Design Technology, 1(1), 29–

39.
Desai, M. L., & Verma, S. R. (2019). Development of a Manual Groundnut Peeler.

International Journal of Agricultural Engineering.

Kumar, A. S., & Singh, R. (2020). Overview of Groundnut Peeling Technologies.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology.

Njoroge, S. M. C. (2018). Aflatoxin contamination in peanut: A review of occurrence and

mitigation strategies in Malawi and Zambia. Plant Disease, 102(12), 2394-2406.

Akintade, A. M., & Bratte, A. G. (2015). Development and performance evaluation of a

roasted groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) blanching machine. Journal of

Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 2(3), 271–276.

Mungase, P. G., Lokhande, A. D., Mashalkar, S. T., & Soman, S. A. (2016). Peanut sheller

using screw conveyor. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology,

Special Issue-4 (March 2016), E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161.

Adetola, O. A., Akinniyi, O. E., & Olukunle, E. A. (2022). Development and performance

evaluation of a groundnut shelling machine. International Journal of Engineering

Science and Application, 6(3), 85-94.

Gitau, A. N., Mboya, P., Njoroge, B. K., & Mburu, M. (2003). Optimizing the performance

of a manually operated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) decorticator. Open Journal of

Optimization, 2(1), 26-32.

Jelliffe, J. L. (2020). An economic analysis of smallholder groundnut production in selected

African countries (Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut).

Unguwanrimi, Y. A., Okaiyeto, S. A., Sada, A. M., Ogijo, S. I., Jonga, J. B., & Oji, N.

(2020). Development and performance evaluation of a manually operated groundnut

 roaster. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology & Environment, 16(4), 725-

732.

Kalu, B. A. 2019. “Design and Development of a Manually Operated Groundnut (Arachis

Hypogaea L.) Roaster.” Nigerian Journal of Technology 38 (2): 374–381.

Pattee, H. E., and C. T. Young. 1982. “Peanut Science and Technology.” American Peanut

Research and Education Society, Inc., Yoakum, Texas, USA.