SESSIONAL ON MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II (CE 2212)

Experiment Number Name of the Experiment

5 Direct Shear Test of Metal Specimens

6 Hardness Test of Metal Specimens

7 Impact Test of Metal Specimens

8 Test of Helical Spring

Course Teacher: Mir Abdul Kuddus

Associate Professor

Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) 1

 Reporting Format

I. Introduction (Definitions, Theoretical Background, Significance of Tests etc.)

II. Objectives
III. Apparatus/ Machine/ Tools
IV. Test sample/Specimen
V. Working Procedures
VI. Data Sheet
VII. Sample Calculations
VIII.Graph/Figure
IX. Results
X. Discussions on Results
XI. Conclusion
Assignment Questions 2
 Experiment No.: 05

Direct Shear Test of Metal Specimens

Shear Force, 𝑽 = σ 𝑷
3
 Area (A) on which
shear force acts

𝑃
Shear Stress, 𝜏 =
𝐴

4
 Single Shear and Double Shear

P/2 P/2

𝑷 𝑷
𝝉= 𝝉=
𝑨 𝟐𝑨
Single Shear Double Shear 5
Direct Shear Test of Metal Specimens

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 Apparatus and Test Setup

Universal Testing Machine

Johnson’s Shear Tool

Slide Calipers

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Test Setup
 Specimens

Brass Rod
Mild Steel (MS) Rod
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 DATA SHEET
Name of the Experiment: Direct Shear Test of Metal Specimens

Actual Single Shear Double Shear

Area
Diameter Strength Average Strength Average
(A) Force (F1) Force (F2)
Specimen Material (D) (F1/A) Strength (F2/2A) Strength
𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
mm 𝑚𝑚2 N 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 N 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
(MPa)

Mild Steel (MS)

(20 mm Dia.)

Brass
(20 mm Dia.)

Name of the Student:

Roll Number:
Group Number:
Year:
Term:
Date: 9
Sample Calculations:

For Single Shear:

Diameter (D) = 20 mm
𝜋𝐷 2 3.1416∗202
Area (A) = = = 314.16 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Force (F1) = 120 kN = 120*1000 = 120000 N

𝐹1 120000 𝑁
Shear Strength = = = 381.97 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 314.16 𝑚𝑚2

Similarly, For Double Shear:

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Results:
1. Single shear strength of Mild Steel specimen = ?
2. Double shear strength of Mild Steel specimen = ?

3. Single shear strength of Brass specimen = ?

4. Double shear strength of Brass specimen = ?

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Assignment:

3. Why Johnson’s shear tool used in direct shear test.

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 Experiment No.: 06
Hardness Test of Metal Specimens

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Relation between Rockwell Hardness Number and Brinell Hardness Number:

7300
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐵 = 35 − 100, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 = …………….. (7.5)
130−𝑅𝐵

20000
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐶 = 20 − 40, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 = …………………………(7.6)
100−𝑅𝐶

25000
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐶 ≥ 41, 𝐵𝐻𝑁 = …………………………………(7.7)
100−𝑅𝐶

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 Mild Steel

Brass

For Mild Steel (M.S), Tensile Strength (ksi) = 𝐵𝐻𝑁 𝑥 0.46

𝐵𝐻𝑁
For Brass, Tensile Strength (ksi) = − 2.0
2

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 ----------- (7.8)

----------- (7.9)

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 Hardness Test of Metal Specimens

2. Slide Calipers

- Plates of

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 Indenter

Metal Specimen

Specimen under test 29

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 DATA SHEET
Hardness Test of Metal Specimens

Tensile
Applied Tensile
Specimen Scale Indenter Mean Strength
Load R.H.N B.H.N Strength
Material Used Used R.H.N (ksi) from
(kg) (ksi)
Tension Test

1" 1
Dia.
16
Brass 100 B Steel Ball 2
3
1
Diamond
Mild Steel Cone 2
150 C
(M.S) (1200 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑥
angle) 3

1
Diamond
High
Cone 2
Carbon
150 C (1200 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑥
Steel
angle)
(H.C.S) 3
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Student Details:
Sample Calculations:
1. From RHN to BHN ( Using equation 7.5-7.7)

2. From BHN to Tensile Strength (Using Table 7.3)

Results:

Discussion:

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Assignment:

4.

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 Experiment No.: 7

IMPACT TEST OF METAL SPECIMENS

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 10 mm
Striking edge
40 mm
Specimen Impact
10 mm

22 mm

2 mm
Cross-section at
notch (both types)

Specimen
Striking edge

Izod Cantilever Beam 38

Impact Charpy Simple Beam
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 IMPACT TEST OF METAL SPECIMENS

Objectives:

1. To find the energy absorbed capacity of Metal specimen.

2. To compare energy absorbed in fracturing simply supported and cantilever
beam.
3. To compare Impact Toughness/Impact Strength of Metal specimen.

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Machine/Equipment/Apparatus:
1. Impact Testing Machine 2. Slide Calipers

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47 mm

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 = 33.181 kg-m

= 13.181 kg-m

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 DATA SHEET
Impact Test of Metal Specimen
Average of
X- Corrected
Material of Initial Energy Energy Impact
Type of Sectional Scale Energy
the Error Absorbed, E Absorbed, E Toughness Remarks
Specimen Area Used Absorbed, E-i
Specimen (i) (Kg.m) (Kg.m) (kg.m/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
(𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) (kg.m)

Mild Steel
Charpy
High
Simple
Position
Beam
Brass

Mild Steel
Izod Low
Cantilever Position
Beam
Brass

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 Scale Used:

1. High Position: 33.181 kg-m units of 0.1 kg-m

2. Low Position: 13.181 kg-m units of 0.1 kg-m

Sample Calculations:

Results:

Discussions:
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Assignments:

1. Give two examples, where the structure/member is to be designed to impact load.

2. Can you use the results of your impact test directly in the design? Give reasons in support of your
answer.

3. Doubling the length of a bar of a given diameter, double its resistance to axial impact: why?

4. What type of material is suitable for resisting impact? Explain Briefly.

5. What is necessary of making a notch of impact testing specimen?

6. What is the effect of sharpness of V-notch of the specimen on results?

7. Explain the effect of temperature on impact strength.

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 Experiment No.: 08

Test of Helical Spring

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Close coiled helical Spring

Open coiled helical55Spring

 Plate/Flat Spring

Bending Spring

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 V=P

T=PR

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Spring Stiffness:

𝐺𝑑 4
=
64𝑅3 𝑁

Figure:4

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Modulus of Rigidity/Shear Modulus

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 DATA SHEET

Test of Helical Spring

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑁 = ? , 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑 = ? 𝑚𝑚, 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = ? 𝑚𝑚, 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷
= ? 𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑅) = (𝐷 − 𝑑)/2 (𝑚𝑚), 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 (𝐿) = 2𝜋𝑟𝑁

Load Dial
Observation Calibrated Deflection
Reading, P
Number Load, P (N) 𝜹 (𝒎𝒎)
(kN)

1 6
2 12 Calibrated Load = 1.0609*Load Dial Reading -1.9608
3 18
4 24
5 30
6 36
Draw Load-Deflection Curve
7 42
8 48
9 54
10 60
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 DATA SHEET

Test of Helical Spring

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑁 = ? , 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑 = ? 𝑚𝑚, 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = ? 𝑚𝑚, 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷
= ? 𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑅) = (𝐷 − 𝑑)/2 (𝑚𝑚), 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 (𝐿) = 2𝜋𝑟𝑁

Maximum Direct Maximum Torsional Modulus

Area of Maximum Maximum Stiffness,
Type of Maximum Shear Stress, Shear Stress, Shear Stress, of Rigidity, Resilience,
Wire, A Load, Deflection 𝑵
Spring 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝝉𝑫𝑺 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝝉𝑻𝑺 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑲, 𝒎𝒎 𝑮 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑼 (𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎)
(𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑷 (𝑵) 𝜹 (𝒎𝒎)

Graph:

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Sample Calculations:

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Results:

Discussions:

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Assignments:

4. Does the diameter of the wire and the diameter of the helix need to be measured with the same
precision? Explain Why?
5. One turn of the helix is assumed to be exactly 2𝜋𝑅 in length. On what condition this assumption is
valid.
6. Is there any difference between the stiffness of a material and the stiffness of the spring?
7. Comment on the apparent difference in the theoretical and actual stiffnesses.
8. By sketch, show the distribution of torsional shearing stress and direct shearing stress in a
circular section.
9. Give two examples (with sketch) of structural members subjected to torsion.

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