CONTENTS

1. Self Introduction.
2. Family Introduction.
3. Vocabulary on family introduction.
4. Grammer family introduction.
5. Noun.
6. Pronoun.
7. Verb.
8. Tenses of Verbs.
9. Adjectives.
10. Adverbs.
11. Prepositions.
12. Conjunctions.
13. Interjections .
 NOUN
Definition of noun:
Nouns, also called naming words, would probably
be the very first part of speech you would have
learnt in your English grammar classes. Anything we
can touch, see, smell, taste, hear and hold can be
referred to as nouns.

What Is a Noun?
Nouns are a part of speech that comprise words that
are used to name people, places, animals, objects
and ideas. Almost every sentence will definitely
have a noun, and they perform different roles in a
sentence. Nouns can act as the subject, an indirect
object, a direct object, a subject complement and an
object complement. Nouns can also function
as adjectives and verbs.
Examples of Nouns:
• People – Rahul, Sheela, Man, Person, Tommy,
Women, Girl, The Prime Minister
• Places – Bangalore, India, Mexico, North Pole,
South Africa, The Nile River, Classroom,
Bedroom, Basketball Court, Cricket Ground,
Swimming Pool
• Animals/Birds/Aquatic Animals/Reptiles –
Lion, Zebra, Snake, Ostrich, Flamingo, Bear,
Cat, Fish, Shark
• Ideas – Evolution, Invention, Extinction,
Argument, Destruction
• Objects/Things – Bat, Cycle, Curtains, Paper,
Bag, Blackboard, Cupboard
 Collective Nouns:
A collective noun is a naming word that is used to
denote a group of objects, animals or people.
Examples:
• Collective nouns for groups of animals
• A pride of lions
• A flock of sheep
• A swarm of bees
• A herd of elephants
• Collective nouns for groups of people
• A band of musicians
• A board of directors
• A crew of sailors
• A company of actors
• Collective nouns for a number of things/objects
• A pair of shoes
• A chain of mountains
• A fleet of ships
• A bunch of grapes
What Is a Collective Noun?
A collective noun is a naming word used to refer to a
group or number of animals, people or things. One
thing you should remember when you use collective
nouns in sentences is to use the right form of
the verb.
Collective Noun Definition
The Collins Dictionary defines collective nouns as
“a noun such as ‘family’ or ‘team’ that refers to a
group of people or things”. According to the
Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a collective noun is
defined as “a noun such as ‘team’ or ‘flock’ that
refers to a group of people or things”.

Examples of Collective Nouns

Here are some examples of collective nouns.
Collective Nouns for Animals
• Collective noun for bees – Swarm
• Collective noun for fish – Shoal or School
• Collective noun for sheep – Herd
 • Collective noun for ships – Fleet
• Collective noun for birds – Flock
• Collective noun for lions – Pride
• Collective noun for wolves – Pack
• Collective noun for ants – Colony
Collective Nouns for People
• Collective noun for actors – Troupe, Company
or Cast
• Collective noun for soldiers – Army
• Collective noun for musicians – Band
• Collective noun for warriors – Troop
• Collective noun for directors – Board
• Collective noun for sailors – Crew
• Collective noun for singers – Choir
• Collective noun for dancers – Group
• Collective noun for thieves – Pack
• Collective noun for players – Team
• Collective noun for delegates – Delegation
Collective Nouns for Objects/Things
• Collective noun for cards – Deck/Pack
• Collective noun for cigarettes – Packet
• Collective noun for mountains – Range
• Collective noun for apples – Bushel
• Collective noun for bananas – Comb
• Collective noun for grapes – Bunch
• Collective noun for flowers – Bunch or Bouquet
Collective Noun Examples Used in Sentences
Have a look at the following sentences.
• Tommy was excited to see a herd of
elephants on the way to his native place.
• The bench of judges gave the verdict on the
case.
• The kid enjoyed seeing the flock of pigeons take
off all at once.
• The football team was congratulated by the
principal.
• The mob was getting crazier with time.
 • The event started with the band playing the
school anthem.
• The children learnt how to perform a magic trick
with a pack of cards pretty soon.
• The British army was defeated in World War II
•

Test Your Knowledge on Collective Nouns

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collective
nouns:
1. A ____________ of cows
2. A ____________ of robbers
3. A ____________ of musicians
4. A ____________ of kittens
5. A ____________ of puppies
6. A ____________ of cattle
7. A ____________ of rumours
8. A ____________ of clams
9. A ____________ of sharks
10. A ____________ of hamsters
Why don’t you check if you got it all right?
1. A herd of cows
2. A gang of robbers
3. A band of musicians
4. A kindle of kittens
5. A litter of puppies
6. A herd of cattle
7. A nest of rumours
8. A bed of clams
9. A shiver of sharks
10. A horde of hamsters
 PRONOUN
What Are Pronouns? Definitions and Examples
You use pronouns every day. In fact, even if you
don’t know what pronouns are, you use them—and
in this sentence alone, we’ve now used pronouns
four times.
Pronouns are words (or phrases) you substitute
for nouns when your reader or listener already
knows which noun you’re referring to. For example,
you might say, “I have a dog. She’s brown and
white.” There’s no need to clarify that you’re
describing your dog in the second sentence because
you already mentioned her in the first. By using the
pronoun she, you can avoid the annoying repetition
of the dog.
What is a pronoun?
In English grammar, pronouns are a type of generic
noun that can represent any other noun. Their job is
to make communication faster and more efficient
because you don’t have to repeat the same word over
and over again. Some pronoun examples include:
 • me
• us
• you
• themselves
• who
• that
Pronouns are one of the eight traditional parts of
speech, and they are also sometimes understood as
making up a small subcategory of nouns. The
distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that they
can be substituted for nouns. For instance, if you’re
telling a story about your sister Sarah, the story will
begin to sound repetitive if you keep saying or
writing Sarah over and over again:
Sarah has always loved fashion. Sarah announced
that Sarah wants to go to fashion school.
You could try to mix it up by sometimes referring to
Sarah as “my sister,” but then it sounds like you’re
referring to two different people:
Sarah has always loved fashion. My sister announced that
Sarah wants to go to fashion school.
Instead, you can use the pronoun she to refer to Sarah
after introducing her:
Sarah has always loved fashion. She announced
that she wants to go to fashion school.
Pronouns can replace both proper and common nouns.
Certain pronouns have specific rules about when they can
be used, such as the way it should never be used to refer
to a human being. We explain all of the different types
and their associated rules below. Notice that some
pronouns (such as which and whose) can function as more
than one type, depending on how they’re deployed in a
sentence.
 VERBS

Verb ‘To Be’ For Kids – Uses and Examples

In any sentence, verbs play a very important role in
communicating what is going on. It is the most essential
part of a sentence. Most sentences would be
grammatically incomplete without a verb, with some
exceptions like nominal sentences and some exclamatory
sentences.
The verb “to be” in English is a verb where the action
talked about is not a big one, but a rather common one.
The action is simply to be. It can have many contexts,
such as to be someone (I am Pooja), to be something
(This is a pen), to be feeling something (She is upset), to
be somewhere (They are in Kerala), to be in a certain state
(You are wet) and many more states.
Let us understand what the verb “to be” means, with
examples of its uses in all its different forms.
What Is The Verb “To Be”?
The meaning of the verb to be is simply to exist, or to be
in a certain state, or to possess certain traits. It is one of
the shortest verbs in English. It is the most important, yet
oddest, verb in the English language. It’s an irregular
verb, because it completely changes its form in each
tense, and in the singular and plural form of the first,
second and third person.
To be” verbs are: are, am, is, was, were, been and being.
They are used to describe or tell us the condition of
people, things, places and ideas. For example, they could
tell us the subject’s age, nationality, job or other traits.
Examples Of The Verb “To Be”
Read this paragraph:
“Hello! I am Shraddha. I am from Mumbai. I was a
writer. Now I am a teacher by profession. My
students are in Class 1. They are good at English
Grammar, especially Ravi. He is the class topper. Today,
there will be a surprise test. It is difficult, but I am sure
that all the students will score well. I will be proud of
them.”
In the above paragraph, you can notice several examples
of the use of the verb To Be. Notice that all sentences
have at least one form of the verb. Let us break it down
and understand this better:
Uses Of Verb “To Be”
The verb To Be has several uses, as it talks about
existence, states, traits and introduces many details about
a person, an object or even a feeling or state. Let us look
at some uses and examples of the verb To Be
1. For Names
When you want to tell someone your name, or introduce
someone, you make use of the To Be verb in the
appropriate form. Here are some examples.
Examples
1. I am Madhu.
2. You are Raju.
3. We are Mishras.
4. She is Shailaja.
5. They are the Hingoranis.
2. For Ages
When you want to tell someone your age, or how old you
are, you use the verb To Be. You can even use it in this
form to talk about how old, young or new an object or a
monument is.
Examples
1. I will be ten years old.
2. He is 6 years old.
3. This building is 100 years old.
4. My grandparents are very old.
3. For Feelings
When you want to express your feelings, you use the verb
To Be before naming the feeling.

Examples
1. We are happy.
2. They were sad.
3. He will be thrilled.
4. She has been worried.
4. For Nationalities
When you talk about where you are from, you will use the
word to be before your nationality in its adjective form, or
using the word “from” followed by the name of the
place.
Examples
1. We are from Thailand.
2. He is Indian.
3. This is an Italian dish.
5. For Professions
An important part of introducing yourself is saying what
profession you are engaged in. Here are some examples of
how you can use the verb to be:
Examples
1. You aren’t a painter.
2. She was a singer.
3. They are builders.
4. I am scientist.
5. You will be a photographer.
6. He is a doctor.
6. For Descriptions
To describe the state or traits of a particular person or
object, you must use the verb to be before the descriptive
word.
Examples
1. The bottle of water is cold.
2. They are wet.
3. It is dry.
4. She is tall.
5. He is kind.
6. The blanket is soft.
7. The toy is broken.

Different Forms Of The Verb “To Be”

In above examples, you must have taken a look at the
verb ‘to be’ in all tenses.
Present Tense: To Be
As with any verb, the present tense of the verb to be can
take several forms: the indicative or simple present, the
present perfect, and the present continuous. The tables
below show how to conjugate to be in these forms:
Singular Plural
I am We are
You are You are
He/She/It is They are
Here are some examples of the verb ‘to be’ in simple
present tense”
1. I am Savita.
2. You are brave.
3. They are our neighbours.
Negative Form in Simple Present Tense
The negative forms of “to be” are made by adding “not.”

Singular Plural
I am not We are not/ aren’t
You are not/ aren’t You are not/ aren’t
He/ she/ it is not/ isn’t They are not/ aren’t
Here are the present tense forms:
1. I am not happy., We are not happy.
2. You are not happy., You are not happy.
3. He/she/it is not happy., They are not happy.
Present Perfect: To Be
The verb to be in present perfect is formed by combining
has or have with the past participle for of be, ie been. It
indicates a completed action or one that has happened in
the present.
Singular Plural
I have been We have been
You have been You have been
He/She/It has been They have been

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense of

to be:
1. I have been unwell.
2. He has been to Australia twice.
3. They have been here since a long time.
Present Continuous: To Be
The present continuous, also known as the present
progressive, is generally used to express something
happening at the moment.
Singular Plural
I am being We are being
You are being You are being
He/She/It is being They are being
Here are some sentences with the present continuous
form of to be
1. You are being unfair.
2. He is being nice to you.
3. They are being very helpful to us.
Simple Past: To Be Past simple indicates that something
happened at a specific time in the past, as in: “Her house
was built in 1987.”
Singular Plural
I was We were
You were You were
He/She/It was They were
Here are some sentences with the simple past form of
to be
1. I was in a meeting.
2. It was a good day.
3. They were not at home.
Negative Form in Simple Past Tense
Here are the past tense forms:
Singular Plural
I was not/ wasn’t We were not/ weren’t
You were not/ weren’t You were not/ weren’t
He /she/ it was not/ wasn’t They were not/ weren’t

Here are some sentences with simple past tense:

1. I was not sad., We were not sad.
2. You were not sad., You were not sad.
3. He/she/it was not sad., They were not sad.
Past Perfect: To Be
The past perfect indicates actions or events that have been
completed or have happened in the past.
Singular Plural
I had been We had been
You had been You had been
He/She/It had been They had been
Let’s use the verb to be in the past perfect tense in
sentences:
1. I had been there many times.
2. You had been a hardworking student.
3. He had been the good guy all along.
Past Continuous: To Be
The past continuous is usually used to refer to events
happening at the same time that something important was
occurring.

Singular Plural
I was being We had been We were being
You were being You were being
He/She/It was being They were being
Here are examples of the past continuous forms of the
verb to be
1. I was being frank with you.
2. We were being completely honest.
3. She was being unjust.
“To Be” Verbs Questions
When you write an interrogative sentence with the verb
To Be, The sentence must start with the verb form,
followed by the subject. It is useful for enquiring about
someone or something, its state, its characteristics and
details. Here are a few questions that employ the verb “To
Be” as the main verb.
1. Was I here on time?
2. Are you an architect?
3. Will we be comfortable in the car?
4. Is he alright?
5. Has she been late for school everyday?
6. Are they being unreasonable?
Interesting Ways To Teach “To Verbs” To Kids
The most effective way of teaching the verb to be for
kindergarten children is by engaging them in fun. With
interesting activities the verb to be’ becomes easier to
understand.
1. Write an essay about “Myself”.
Ask your child to write 5 lines about themselves. They
will use sentences like “My name is___.” and “I am ___
years old” which use the verb to be. It will give them
practice of using the verb in various contexts. With this
activity you will enjoy teaching the verb to be in a fun
way.
2. To Be or NOT To Be!
The verb To Be can be confused with the auxiliary verb.
Give your child sentences and let them guess whether the
verb in the sentence is a primary verb or an auxiliary verb.
Eg. I am dancing (auxiliary verb)/ I am a dancer (primary
verb). Guide them to look for other verbs in the sentence.
If the “to be” verb goes along with it, it is an auxiliary
verb, also known as helping verb.
3. Play True Or False
This is a fun game to practice the use of the verb To Be
along with general knowledge. Keep some GK facts
ready, and write them down in simple present tense. You
can change the details in a few of these facts. Now, ask
your child to guess whether the statements are true or
false. Eg. Mumbai is the capital of India- (False). The Sun
is a star. (True). Keep the facts simple for teaching the
verb to be for kindergarten students.
Introduce your child to this list of to be verb forms,
examples of how to use them un sentences and conduct
the suggested activities for teaching verb ‘to be’ in a fun
way. This will ensure that whenever your child has to use
the verb to be in the future, they will be confident about
their knowledge of the grammatical rules that apply.
 PREPOSITION
Prepositions: Meaning, Definition, Uses and Examples
‘I have kept your book.’ Don’t you think you want to
know where your book is kept? Doesn’t the sentence look
incomplete? It is to denote the position of the objects in a
sentence that the prepositions are used in the English
language. This article discusses the meaning, definition
and uses of prepositions. There are also examples of
prepositions given to help you understand how they are
used in sentences and also an extensive list of
prepositions for your reference.
What Is a Preposition?
A preposition is a short word that is employed in
sentences to show the relationship nouns, pronouns
or phrases have with other parts within the respective
sentences. Prepositions are normally found positioned in
the latter part of the sentence, but before
a noun or pronoun.
Definition of a Preposition
A preposition is defined as “a word that connects a noun,
a noun phrase, or a pronoun to another word, esp. to
a verb, another noun, or an adjective”, according to the
Cambridge Dictionary. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary
says that a preposition is “a word or group of words, such
as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of, used before a noun
or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.”
The Collins Dictionary defines a preposition as “a word
such as ‘by’, ‘for’, ‘into’, or ‘with’ which usually has a
noun group as its object.” The Merriam Webster
Dictionary provides a slightly different definition.
According to it, a preposition is defined as “a function
word that typically combines with a noun phrase to form a
phrase which usually expresses a modification or
predication.”
Uses of Prepositions
Prepositions are seen to show some key characteristics
and perform some vital functions when used in sentences.
Let us look at the various uses of prepositions in English.
• They are used to show the direction of something.
• They can refer to the time of something happening.
• They can be used to denote the position or location of
an object in the sentence.
• They are also used to represent spatial relationships.
• Prepositional phrases, in particular, can be used to do
all of these when used in sentences.
Types of Prepositions
Based on the different uses and functions of prepositions,
they can be divided into four main types. They are as
follows:
• Prepositions of Time – used to show when
something is happening.
For example:
• We will be meeting on Friday.
• The supermarket will be closed from 9 p.m. to 9
a.m.
• Can you come after some time?
• We have been asked to work from
home until the end of May.
• The whole country was asked to stay
home during the pandemic to ensure safety and
well-being.
 Prepositions of Place – indicate the place or position
of something.
For example:
• I have kept the book I borrowed from you on the
table.
• Henry hid behind the door.
• The dog jumped over the fence.
• Can you place the red roses in between the white
daisies?
• He was waiting in front of the EB office.

Prepositions of Direction – used to denote the

direction in which something travels or moves.
For example:
• The girl ran toward her father the moment she
saw him.
• Jerry jumped into the river to help his sister.
• Veena passed the book to Priya.
• When will Salvia be returning from London?
• Neena lives across the street.
 Prepositions of Location – employed to denote the
location of a particular object.
For example:
• Kenny would be staying at his cousin’s place for
the weekend.
• Make sure you keep all the toys back in its place
after you play.
• I lay on the floor for a really long time.

Prepositions of Spatial Relationship – used to

denote an object’s movement away from the source
and towards a source.
For example:
• Navya sat leaning against the wall.
• The circus was stationed opposite the children’s
park.
• Lakshmi sat beneath the trees.
• Shankar sat beside the stairs.
• We spent the evening walking around the lake.
 Prepositional Phrase – a combination of a
preposition and a noun(the object it is affecting).
For example:
• See to it that you reach the venue on time.
• The medicines you asked for are out of stock.
• Why don’t we try taking classes outside for a
change.
• Make sure you fill in all the forms at once.
• Salmaan was able to finish it only with the help
of his friends.

Examples of Prepositions Used in Sentences

To know how exactly prepositions can be used in
sentences, check out the following sentences.
• I will be going to church in the morning.
• She placed the plates on the dining table.
• Baskar found the cat hiding under the bed.
• Will you be with Raimy or Mazeeka?
• I love sitting on the beach at night.
• Rachel met Phoebe by the lake.
 • Finn stood opposite Lisa.
• The grocery store is right in front of the bus stop.
• My brother climbed onto the roof.
• It feels great to sit beneath the trees and read.
Now that you know what prepositions are and how they
are used in sentences, try working out preposition
exercises, preposition of time exercises, preposition
exercises for class 10, preposition exercises for class
7 and preposition exercises for class 8.

List of Most Popular Prepositions for Everyday

Communication
Given below is an extensive list of prepositions that you
can make use of in your daily communication.

Examples of Prepositions

On At In Over

Around Through Opposite to In front of

Behind Beneath Beside Above

 Below Under Underneath Down

Up Out With Into

Onto Across After Before

Near Among Along Between

Toward Away From To

Next to By Until About

Commonly Confused Prepositions

With the huge number of prepositions in the English
language, it almost seems impossible to have no
confusion at all. Here is a list of prepositions that cause
confusion among the users of the language.
• In/On/At
These three prepositions can be used to depict both time
and position. Take a look at the table below to have a
better understanding of how it works.
Prepositions of Place

In On At

Can be used to show Can be used to Can be used

general locations like refer to more to refer to
neighbourhoods, cities, specific locations very specific
countries and places like streets, locations
with a boundary avenues, islands,
surfaces and large
vehicles

For example: I For example: Latha For example:

live in India. stays on the fourth You can find
We will be staying in a floor. us at the
hotel tonight. The book you are park.
looking for She
is on the rack. is at home
now.
Prepositions of Time

In On At

Can be used to Can be used to refer Can be used to

depict general to dates, days of the denote very specific
timings like week, days of the time, times of the
months, years, month and holidays day and holidays
centuries and with ‘day’ (for without ‘day’ (for
parts of days example – Republic example – Easter)
day)

For example: For example: There For example: We

Dan was is a national parade decided to meet at 4
born in 2000. every p.m.
Technological year on Republic I wished my
development day. brother at midnight.
in the field of All of us will be at
science and home on Christmas
medicine day.
reached its
zenith in the
21st century.
 • To/From
To and from are two other prepositions that create
confusion.

To From

Used to denote the end Used to denote the starting

location location

For example: We For example: Have you

went to Sri Lanka with my started from Bangalore?
family. I received a letter from my
I gave my coat to Sandra. father.

• By/With
The prepositions by and with have various meanings.
They sometimes appear to be confusing for a second
language learner of English

By With

Near or next to. In the company of

For example: Is the post For example: Glint went to
office by the bus stop? Chennai with his friends.
A given time or not later In addition to
than For example: would you like
For example: See that you to have tea with breakfast?
reach the exam hall by 8:30
a.m.

Denotes the doer of the By means of

action mentioned in a For example: I cut my
sentence birthday cake with a fruit
For example: The poem knife.
was written by my brother.
 ADJECTIVE

What Is an Adjective? | Definition, Types & Examples

An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun
or pronoun. Adjectives can be used to describe the
qualities of someone or something independently or in
comparison to something else.
Examples: Adjectives in a sentenceI like old houses.
The boy is tall and skinny.
Jane is smarter than her brother.
Try our grammar checker to check whether you’re using
adjectives and other parts of speech correctly in your
writing.
How are adjectives used in sentences?
Adjectives modify or describe nouns and pronouns. They
can be attributive (occurring before the noun)
or predicative (occurring after the noun). Predicative
adjectives typically follow a linking verb (such as forms
of the verb “to be”) that connects the subject of the
sentence to the adjective.
Examples: Attributive and predicative
adjectivesThe proud soldier is home.
The soldier is proud.
The dedicated employee starts early.
The employee is dedicated.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things.
They’re usually formed by adding the suffix “-er” (or “-r”
if the word ends in the letter “e”). For two-syllable words
that end in “y,” the “y” is replaced with “-ier.”
Comparative adjectives can also be formed by adding
“more” or “less” before an adjective that has not been
modified. The “more” form is typically used for words
with two or more syllables, while the “less” form is used
for all adjectives.
Examples: Comparative adjectives in a sentence Simon’s
essay is longer than Claire’s.
The room is cozier with the fire lit and less cozy without
it.
I have never met a more honourable person.
Superlative adjectives are used to indicate that
something has the most or least of a specific quality.
They’re typically preceded by the definite article “the”
and usually formed by adding the suffix “-est” (or “-st” if
the word ends in the letter “e”). For two-syllable words
that end in “y,” the “y” is replaced with “-iest.”
Superlative adjectives can also be formed by adding
“most” or “least” before an adjective that has not been
modified. The “most” form is typically used for words
with two or more syllables, while the “least” form is used
for all adjectives.
Examples: Superlative adjectives in a sentence Even
the greatest athletes need adequate rest.
All the courses were delicious, but the dessert was
the tastiest.
Alicia is the most charming person at the party, but her
partner is the least charming.
Absolute adjectives:
An absolute adjective is an adjective describing an
absolute state that cannot be compared. For example, the
word “dead” is often considered to be an absolute
adjective because it’s not possible to be “deader” than
someone else.
However, actual usage varies, and absolute adjectives are
often modified by words such as “almost.”
Coordinate adjectives:
Coordinate adjectives are two or more adjectives that
modify the same noun in a sentence. Coordinate
adjectives can be separated by commas or by the
conjunction “and.”
Examples: Coordinate adjectives in a sentenceThe plums
were cool and delicious.
Aaron wrote a heartbreaking, inspiring novel.
Adjectives vs. adverbs:
Adverbs can be used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs, whereas adjectives only modify nouns and
pronouns. When used to modify a verb, an adverb
describes how an action is being performed (e.g.,
Brandon runs slowly).
Adverbs are often formed from adjectives by adding the
suffix “-ly.” However, not all words ending in “-ly” are
adverbs (e.g., “ugly” is an adjective).
Adverbs can be formed from adjectives in numerous other
ways, depending on the ending.
Original ending Adverbial ending Example
-y -ily (replacing the “y”) easy; easily
-le -y (replacing the “e”) gentle; gently
-ic -ally tragic; tragically
Some words can be used as either an adjective or adverb
without being changed (e.g., “fast,” “late,” “early”).
Tipoff you are unsure whether a word is being used as an
adjective or an adverb, check the word that it’s modifying.
If it’s modifying a noun or a pronoun, it’s an adjective. If
it’s modifying a verb, adjective or adverb, it’s an adverb.
For example, in the sentence “the man left early,” the
word “early” is an adverb because it’s modifying the verb
“left.”
In the clause “an early dinner,” the word “early” is an
adjective because it’s describing the noun “dinner.”
Adjectives with linking verbs
Adjectives are often confused with adverbs when they are
used as complements for linking verbs (e.g., “the wife is
devoted”). In these instances, a common mistake is to use
an adverb in place of an adjective.
Use auxiliary verbs:
We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither to show
agreement with something that has been said without
having to repeat the same verb.

We use so + auxiliary verb + subject to agree to

affirmative sentences.
• A: ‘I love jazz.’ B: ‘So do I.’
• A: ‘I’ll try again.’ B: ‘So will I.’
• A: ‘Tom has already finished.’ B: ‘So has Gina.’
We use neither/nor + auxiliary verb + subject to agree to
negative sentences.
• A: ‘I’m not going to accept the invitation.’ B:
‘Neither am I.’
• A: ‘I can’t concentrate.’ B: ‘Nor can I.‘
• A: ‘I didn’t like the food’ B: ‘Neither did I.’
• I couldn’t find the solution, and neither could my
wife.
If there is an auxiliary verb in the previous sentence, we
use the same verb to agree. If there is no auxiliary verb in
the previous sentence, we use do or did.
To disagree
We use (Yes,/No,) + subject + auxiliary verb to show
disagreement. If the verb in the previous sentence or
clause is positive, we use a negative auxiliary, and vice
versa.
• A: ‘I’m not going to accept the invitation.’ B: ‘I
am.‘
• A: ‘I didn’t like the food’ B: ‘I did.’
• I couldn’t find the solution, but my wife could.
• A: ‘You will be here before midnight.’ B: ‘No,
I won’t.’
To avoid repetition
We use auxiliary verbs to avoid repeating the same verb
or verb phrase in a sentence.
If the first part contains an auxiliary verb, we use the
same verb in the second part.
• I don’t like going to spas, but my wife does.
• I thought I had lost my keys, but I hadn’t.
• Tom can play the guitar, and Tina can’t.
• She has never had to face such difficulties, but
I have.
If the first part doesn’t contain an auxiliary verb, we
use do or did in the second part.
 • She shares your opinion, but I don’t.
• Some wanted to go on with the plan, but
others didn’t.
In reply questions:
We use reply questions to show interest or surprise. In the
reply question, we use the same auxiliary verb as in the
previous sentence. If there is no auxiliary verb in the
previous sentence, we use do or did. If the verb in the
previous sentence is positive, the reply question is
positive, and if the verb in the previous sentence is
negative, the reply question is also negative
• A: ‘Sarah hasn’t passed the exam.’ B: ‘Hasn’t she?
I thought she would pass it.’
• A: ‘I won’t be able to be there.’ B: ‘Won’t you?
That’s a shame.’
• A: ‘I can find the answer without using a
calculator.’ B: ‘Can you? That’s amazing!’
• A: ‘She left without saying goodbye.’ B: ‘Did she?
That’s very rude.’
To show emphasis
When we want to add emphasis to a verb, we often stress
the auxiliary verb, if there is one, when we speak.
 • A: ‘Why aren’t you going to the party?’ B:
‘I am going to the party.’ (We stress am)
However, we can’t do this in present and past simple
affirmative sentences because we don’t use an auxiliary
verb in those sentences. What we do in those cases is
use do/does (present) or did (past) before the main verb.
• A: ‘Why didn’t you go to the party?’ B: ‘I did go to
the party.’
We normally show this emphasis when we want to
contradict what somebody says.
• A: ‘Sally doesn’t speak Spanish.’ B: ‘She does speak
Spanish. She lived in Spain for two years.’
• A: ‘You didn’t say sorry.’ B: ‘I did say sorry, but
he didn’t hear me.’
• A: ‘You don’t want to save our marriage.’ B:
‘I do want to save our marriage, but you don’t let me
try.’
In question tags:
We can use a question tag at the end of a sentence to ask
for confirmation or to check information that we think is
true. If the verb in the sentence is positive, we use a
negative auxiliary verb in the question tag. If the verb in
the sentence is negative, we use a positive auxiliary verb
in the question tag.
• He is from Liverpool, isn’t he?
• You have done this before, haven’t you?
In the question tag, we use the same subject that appears
in the sentence, but always in the form of a personal
pronoun: I, you, he, she, it, etc. We also use the same
auxiliary verb as the main verb in the sentence. If there is
no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use do or did in the
question tag.
• Lisa went by train, didn’t she?
• The shops are closed today, aren’t they?
• You don’t have a car, do you?
There are some cases when the question tag takes a
special form:
• I am a bad person, aren’t I? (I am ⇒ aren’t I?)
• Open the window, will you? (Requests ⇒ will you?)
 CONJUNCTIONS
What Are Conjunctions?
Conjunctions are used to combine two or
more objects, phrases or clauses. It can also be termed as
connectors as they are employed in sentences to make
connections. Conjunctions can normally be found in the
latter part of a sentence if they are used to connect
clauses. If conjunctions are used to connect objects or
phrases, they can appear in the beginning, middle or end
of the sentence according to the position of the objects or
phrases.
Definition of a Conjunction
A conjunction, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is
defined as “a word such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘while’, or
‘although’ that connects words, phrases, and clauses in a
sentence.” The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines a
conjunction as “an uninflected linguistic form that joins
together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.”
A conjunction is “word that joins words, phrases or
sentences, for example and, but or so”, according to the
Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. The Collins Dictionary
gives a slightly different definition. According to it, a
conjunction is “any word or group of words, other than
a relative pronoun, that connects words, phrases, or
clauses.”
Examples of Conjunctions
Have a look at the following sentences to understand how
conjunctions can be employed in sentences.
• Sruthi and I visited Gokarna last weekend.
• Do you have a rough notebook or at least a rough
sheet of paper?
• I did not go to work today because I was not keeping
well.
• She did not like the food, yet she ate it.
• I will be leaving tomorrow so I am trying to finish all
the pending assignments.
List of Most Commonly Used Conjunctions in Daily
Communication
Given below is a list of most commonly used
conjunctions that you can use in your daily
communication.

Examples of Conjunctions

And Or Nor

But Yet So

Because Still For

Not only…but also As When

While As soon as If

Unless In case In addition to

Whereas Though Although

Until Before After

Even if Rather than So that

Either…or As if Neither…or

Both…and Whether…or Or else

Check Your Understanding of Conjunctions

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate conjunctions
in the following sentences:
1. Deepak ________ Santhosh are best friends.
2. Make sure you work hard ______ you will not be able
to score good marks.
3. _______ Anna does not cook much, she loves baking.
4. Let me know ______ you will be able to make it to the
party.
5. I have to go home now ______ I really wish I could
stay for some more time.
6. I am not well _______ I decided to take a day off from
work.
7. _________ you work out regularly, you will not see
any results.
8. He had no money, _____he was prepared to help me
9. I could not find the place ___________ I lost the map.
10. ________ I was walking on the street, I found a
wounded dog.

Find out if you have answered it all correctly.

1. Deepak and Santhosh are best friends.
2. Make sure you work hard or you will not be able to
score good marks.
3. Although Anna does not cook much, she loves baking.
4. Let me know if you will be able to make it to the party.
5. I have to go home now but I really wish I could stay
for some more time.
6. I am not well, so I decided to take a day off from work.
7. Unless you work out regularly, you will not see any
results.
8. He had no money, yet he was prepared to help me.
9. I could not find the place since/because I lost the map.
10. While I was walking on the street, I found a wounded
dog.
 MODAL VERBS

What Are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs are helping verbs that are used along
with main verbs to represent the ability, possibility
and probability of a subject to do an action and
emphasise the necessity of an action.

Examples of Modal Verbs

Let us look at some examples of modal verbs used
as auxiliary verbs and their functions.
Modal Function
Verb

Can Used to denote the ability of the subject to

perform an action or to request permission to
perform an action

Could Used to denote the ability of the subject to

perform an action or an offer made by the subject
to perform an action

May Used to denote the probability of an action taking

place or to request permission to perform an
action

Might Used to denote the probability of an action taking

place or to make suggestions

Will Used to denote the surety of an action taking

place or the assurance of the subject to perform a
particular action
Would Used to show politeness when requesting or
asking if an action can be done by the subject.

Shall Used to denote the surety of an action taking

place or the assurance of the subject to perform a
particular action

Should Used to denote the necessity of an action to be

done by the subject

Must Used to denote the strong obligation or necessity

for the subject to do or not do an action

Ought to Used to denote the obligation of the subject to

perform a particular action

How to Use Modal Verbs in Sentences

Given below are a few examples of how modal verbs can
be used to indicate the possibility or probability of an
action taking place.
• It might rain in the evening.
• I think they will reach Coimbatore by 8 pm.
 • Can you pick up my brother from school on your
way home tomorrow?
• I could make some time to help you with your
assignments.
• Your friends may come to visit you next week.
• It would not be possible for you to complete all of it
by tomorrow evening.
Here are some examples of modal verbs being used to
show the necessity and obligation of the subject to
perform a particular set of actions.
• All students of this institution ought to abide by the
rules and instructions provided.
• All employees should follow the dress code strictly.
• You must get yourself checked before the situation
becomes worse.
• Your sister will have to apply for a leave request if
she wants to take a month’s leave.
Modal verbs can be used to make offers, suggestions and
requests. Check out the examples given below for know-
how.
• It would be better if you did it the other way.
• I could help you if you want.
 • Shall I bring you some water to drink?
• Could you please pass me the science record?
• Will you please take care of my son for an hour? I
have some grocery shopping to be done.

Test Your Knowledge of Modal Verbs

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verb in the
following sentences:
1. ________ you be able to bring your camera when you
come?
2. Priya __________ apologise for the confusion that was
caused yesterday because of her carelessness.
3. You _______ finish this first and then start with the
other one.
4. ________ I make some tea for you?
5. I ______ make sure to keep everything ready by the
time they reach the railway station.
6. You _______ see to it that the students are standing
according to their roll numbers.
7. ______ I come in?
8. She _______ find it interesting as she likes reading
adventure stories.
9. Do you have any idea how much all of this _______
cost?
10. ______ you please help me find my keys?

Ready to find out if you used the right modal verbs?

Let us check.
1. Would you be able to bring your camera when you
come?
2. Priya should/ought to apologise for the confusion that
was caused yesterday because of her carelessness.
3. You could finish this first and then start with the other
one.
4. Shall I make some tea for you?
5. I will make sure to keep everything ready by the time
they reach the railway station.
6. You must see to it that the students are standing
according to their roll numbers.
7. Can/Shall/May I come in?
8. She might find it interesting as she likes reading
adventure stories.
9. Do you have any idea how much all of this would cost?
10. Can/Would/Could/Will you please help me find my
keys?
 AUXILIARY VERB

What Is an Auxiliary Verb?

An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used as a helping
verb along with the main verb in a sentence to make it
more meaningful. It is used to alter the tense, mood or
voice of the sentence.
Definition of an Auxiliary Verb
An auxiliary verb is “a verb such as be, do,
and have used with main verbs to show tense, etc. and to
form questions, and negatives”, according to the Oxford
Learners’ Dictionary.
The Macmillan Dictionary defines auxiliary verbs as
“the verbs ‘be’, ‘do’, and ‘have’ in English, when they are
used with another verb to form tenses, questions, question
tags, and the passive. For example, in the sentences ‘I am
listening’, ‘Are you working?’, ‘You don’t like her, do
you?’ and ‘The bill has been paid’, ‘am’, ‘are’, ‘do’, and
‘has been’ are all auxiliaries.”
 According to the Cambridge Dictionary, an auxiliary
verb is “a verb that is used with another verb to form
tenses, negatives, and questions. In English, the auxiliary
verbs are ‘be’, ‘have’, and ‘do’.”
Examples of Auxiliary Verbs
Here is a list of auxiliary verbs that you can use along
with the other main verbs to perform the different
functions of an auxiliary.
• Am
• Is
• Are
• Was
• Were
• Have
• Has
• Had
• Will
• Would
• May
• Might
• Can
 • Could
• Shall
• Should
• Must
• Ought to
• Need
• Do
• Did
How to Use Auxiliary Verbs?
Auxiliary verbs can be used to perform different functions
in a sentence or a context. Auxiliary verbs act as helping
verbs to alter the tense, voice and mood of a sentence. Let
us look at how these verbs act to fulfil each of these
characteristics.
Auxiliary Verbs Used to Alter the Tense of the
Sentence
There are particularly a few auxiliary verbs that can be
used to change the tense of the action being performed by
the subject (noun or pronoun) in a context. All ‘to be’
forms of verbs, all forms of ‘have’, and forms of ‘will’ are
used to denote different tenses.
Points to Remember
 • When using the forms of ‘to be’, make sure you use
the gerund (verb+ing) form of the main verb as they
are used to indicate continuous action.
• When using forms of ‘have’, see to it that you use the
past participle forms of the main verbs along with the
different forms of ‘have’. There is one other thing
that you should keep in mind. When the auxiliary
verbs ‘have’ and ‘been’ are used together to represent
the perfect continuous tense, see to it that you use
the gerund (verb+ing) form of the main verb in that
particular sentence.
• When using the auxiliary verb ‘will’ to denote
the simple future tense, see to it that you use the root
verb as such along with ‘will’ and a gerund
(verb+ing) along with ‘will be’ to indicate the future
continuous tense. Make sure you employ the past
participle form of the main verb when it is used to
indicate the future perfect tense along with the
auxiliary verbs, ‘will’ and ‘have’.
Let us look at the following examples to learn how to use
them in sentences effectively.
Root Auxiliary Tense Examples
Verb Verb Form

To Am Present I am watching the match.

be Continuous
(Singular)

Is Present He is having his lunch.

Continuous
(Singular)

Are Present They are going to Dubai.

Continuous
(Plural)

Was Past Seetha was drinking water.

Continuous
(Singular)

Were Past The children were

Continuous playing pictionary.
(Plural)
Have Have Present They have come to India
Perfect after five years.

Has Present Tharun has finally found the

Perfect keys to his car.
(Third
person
pronoun –
‘He’, ‘She’
and ‘It’)

Had Past Neena and Vijay had

Perfect brought their pet along with
them when they came to
have dinner with us.

Have Present I have been waiting for my

been Perfect interview results since last
Continuous week.
 Has been Present Firoz has been working as a
Perfect doctor in Uttar Pradesh for a
Continuous year now.
(Third
person
pronoun –
‘He’, ‘She’
and ‘It’)

Had been Past Heera and Diana had been

Perfect waiting to visit the Museum
Continuous of Fine Arts from the day
they reached Bangalore.

Will Will Simple I assure you that I will

Future finish all my assignments by
Friday.

Will be Future She will be attending the

Continuous Parent-Teacher meeting next
week.
 Will have Future They will have
Perfect reached London by this
time tomorrow.

Auxiliary Verbs used to Alter the Voice of the Verb

All forms of ‘to be’, ‘have’ and ‘will’ can be used as
auxiliary verbs to represent the voice of the verb in a
sentence. Let us look at some examples of how these
auxiliary verbs can be used.
Root Auxiliary Examples
Verb Verb

To be Is Football is played by Garry.

Are Chocolates are liked by most

children.

Was Any sort of amendments to the

bill was refused by the judge.

Were The documents for the loan

proposal were being checked by the
banking officials.

Have Have been All the neighbours have been

invited to the birthday party by Raam
Kumar.

Has been He has been checked by the doctor.

Had been The workers had been sent to protest

against low wages by the company.
 Will Will be The bus will be boarded by me at
8:30 p.m. tonight.

Will have The solution to the problem will have

been delivered by the authorities, this
time tomorrow.

Auxiliary Verbs used to Express the Mood

The verb forms of the auxiliary verb ‘do’ are used to
express the mood of a sentence. It is mostly used
in imperative and interrogative sentences. Let us look at
some examples.
• Do your children enjoy watching educational films?
• Did she complete the work that was assigned to her?
• Do not forget to bring the Bluetooth speaker when
you come home tonight.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Modal auxiliary verbs can be used as helping verbs along
with other main verbs to emphasise on the possibility,
ability, necessity or probability of some action taking
place. Have a look at the examples given below to have a
clear idea of how it works.
Modal Examples
Auxiliary Verb

Can Can you do it?

Could I could find some time to finish it by

tomorrow.

May She may have liked your style.

Might Suresh might be able to help you with it.

Will Anu will solve the puzzle.

Would Would you like to have some pizza?

Should The children should keep themselves

active.

Must You must try the Dragon Chicken from

China Valley.
 Ought to You ought to abide by the rules set by the
organisation you are a part of.

Shall I shall be obliged to you for all your help.

Test Your Knowledge on Auxiliary Verbs and Their

Usage
Try out the following practice exercise to find out how far
you have understood the usage of auxiliary verbs in
sentences.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate auxiliary verb:
1. Leena ______ eating an apple.
2. _____ you finish the work I _____ given you
yesterday?
3. _________ you please pass the logbook?
4. You _________ follow the rules.
5. Your phone ___________ damaged.
6. I am sorry, I ________ make it to your wedding.
7. Derrick __________ submitted all the documents for
verification last week.
8. The Queen’s jewellery ______ stolen from the
museum.
9. Peter ______ asked to host the ceremony by his uncle.
10. Sam and Joe ______ attending the event.

Ready to find out if you got it all right? Check your

answers.
1. Leena is/was eating an apple.
2. Did you finish the work I had given you yesterday?
3. Could/Can you please pass the logbook?
4. You should/ought to follow the rules.
5. Your phone should be damaged.
6. I am sorry, I cannot make it to your wedding.
7. Derrick had submitted all the documents for
verification last week.
8. The Queen’s jewellery was/had been stolen from the
museum.
9. Peter was asked to host the ceremony by his uncle.
10. Sam and Joe will be attending the event.
 PREPOSITION
What is a preposition?
Prepositions are words that show direction, location, time,
and the spatial relationship between objects.
Prepositions are followed by an object in a sentence,
which can be a noun or a pronoun. Although there may be
other words between them, a prepositional phrase begins
with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun,
acting as the object.
When you learn parts of speech, prepositions may seem
daunting, but they’re really just connectors in a sentence,
connecting the preposition to an object of the preposition.
Here are some common examples of how prepositions
function in a sentence. The prepositions are in bold, and
the object of the preposition is underlined:
• Direction: “I sent a package to you.”
• Location: “He’s at the theater.”
• Time: “It should be done by suppertime.”
• Spatial relationship: “The ball was
placed before the hole.”
• Introducing an object: “We heard the
howling of wolves.”
Single-word prepositions

about like

above near

across of

after off

against on

along onto

among opposite

around out

as outside
at over

before past

behind round

below since

beneath than

beside through

between to

beyond towards

by under

despite underneath
down unlike

during until

except up

for upon

from via

in with

inside within

into Without
Complex prepositions

ahead of inside of

apart from instead of

as for near to

as well as on account of

because of on top of

due to out of

except for outside of

in addition to owing to

in front of such as
 in place of thanks to

in spite of up to

Types of English prepositions (lists with examples)

Given how many different types of prepositions there are
in English, it’s helpful to organize prepositions by
category, for example, prepositions of time or place.
Remember, however, that some prepositions are fairly
common words and can be used for several different
categories.
Prepositions of time
These prepositions are often used to express when
something happens at a specific point in time, near a point
in time, or over an extended period of time.
Prepositions of time

Preposition Example

after You can go after you’ve done your homework.

at I met my friend at 4pm.

before It’ll be done before lunch.

during I’ll be there sometime during the afternoon.

for He’ll be in New York for two weeks.

in They have dinner in the evening.

on I’m going there on Friday.

since I’ve been up since dawn.

 until I’ll wait until tomorrow.

Prepositions of place
2These prepositions can be used to refer to a place where
something or someone is located.

Prepositions of place

Preposition Examples

above The cereal is on the shelf above the bread.

against We have to row against the current.

along There are many stores along the main street.

around We all sat around the dinner table.

at He’s at the cafe.

behind The little dog followed behind me.

below We could see the city below us.

beside He sat beside her during the play.

between They put up a fence between the two houses.

by I’m by the lake.

in I’m in the house.

in front of There were two cars in front of me.

near The cat won’t go near the dog.

next to I left the box next to the door.

 on She’s on the platform.

over The bird flew over the pond.

under I checked under the bed.

Prepositions of movement
These prepositions are often used to show the movement
of an object from one place to another.

Prepositions of movement

Preposition Examples

across I swam across the lake.

along We walked along the shore.

from He just flew in from California.

 into I dove into the pool.

onto She jumped onto the bed.

over The fox jumped over the dog.

through I pushed through the crowd.

to He walked to the supermarket

toward He’s walking toward us.

Prepositions with verbs

Sometimes, prepositions follow verbs to create phrases
with different meanings. To learn these, it may be easier
to memorize the phrase and learn the prepositions.
Prepositions with verbs

Preposition Verb(s) Examples

about complain He complained about the

read delay.
They read about the
concert.

at arrive They arrived at the

look venue.
He looked at me.

from differ Her opinions

suffer might differ from his.
She’s
been suffering from a
bad cold.
for account That
search doesn’t account for the
differences in the
numbers.
I’m searching for my lost
dog.

in result Her efforts resulted in a

succeed big success for the
company.
She succeeded in winning
the argument.

of approve I don’t approve of that

smell choice.
The air smells of lilacs.

on concentrate It’s hard

depend to concentrate on my
homework when there’s
so much noise.
 I have to depend on him
for rides while my car is
in the shop.

to contribute I’m looking for a way

lead to contribute to my
community.
He led the
team to victory.

with disagree I disagree with your

argue opinion on that.
I don’t want
to argue with you.
Prepositions with adjectives
Similarly, prepositions sometimes follow adjectives to
create phrases with different meanings. Again, to learn
these, it may be easier to memorize the phrases in
addition to learning the prepositions themselves.

Prepositions with adjectives

Preposition Adjective Examples

about sorry They’re so sorry about that.

from different I’m a

little different from them.

for grateful She’s really grateful for your

help.

in disappointed He’s so disappointed in him.

in interested I’m interested in learning
more.

of aware I just became aware of that.

of capable I don’t think

I’m capable of lifting
something that heavy.

of proud I’m so proud of you.

to accustomed He was accustomed to the

temperature.

with familiar I’m familiar with that author.

Rules for Articles - Verbal Ability Section
This article will provide concepts and rules of articles
with examples in the English Language that hold
relevance not just for various competitive exams but in
day to day usage as well.
Aspirants of various Government exams are advised to go
through the articles (a, an, the) rules carefully as the
English language is a part of most of these examinations.
What is an Article?
An article is a word that combines with a noun/s and
helps to determine whether a noun in any sentence or
phrase is specific or general.

Example: After the long tiring day, the cup of tea

refreshed the mind and body.

In this sentence, the use of the article ‘the’ specifies the

day that was tiring and that one particular cup of tea that
refreshed the body and mind.
What are the Types of Articles in English Grammar?
There are two types of articles in English, Definite article
(The) and Indefinite article (A, An).
Definite Article examples:
1. He threw the ball in the well.
2. I saw the thieves stealing jewels.
3. Where are the notes I shared with you yesterday?
Indefinite Article Example:
1. She wore a pretty pink dress.
2. I saw tigers in a zoo.
3. He is not as good as an actor.
4. An apple a day builds immunity.
Let’s go ahead with the important rules of articles to use
them correctly in the English language section of the
exams or even while speaking in daily lives.
What are the Types of Articles in English Grammar?
There are two types of articles in English, Definite article
(The) and Indefinite article (A, An).
Definite Article examples:
1. He threw the ball in the well.
2. I saw the thieves stealing jewels.
3. Where are the notes I shared with you yesterday?
Indefinite Article Example:
 1. She wore a pretty pink dress.
2. I saw tigers in a zoo.
3. He is not as good as an actor.
4. An apple a day builds immunity.
Let’s go ahead with the important rules of articles to use
them correctly in the English language section of the
exams or even while speaking in daily lives.
For a better understanding of the formation of words in
English and to know the English words that are asked in
most of the competitive exams, visit the links provided
below:

Article Rule for Indefinite Article ‘A’ and ‘An’

Rule 1 – The article ‘a’ is used before a consonant word
or any vowel with a consonant sound.
Indefinite article examples:
A man is sitting on the chair.
She goes to a university in Delhi.
Similarly, the article ‘an’ is used before the words
beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the letter of a
consonant word with a vowel sound.
Indefinite article examples:
She is an innocent girl.
He is an honest man.
Rule 2 – A singular common noun always requires an
article ‘a’ or ‘an’, but a plural common noun does not
require any article or can have ‘the’ to particularise that
noun.
Examples:
I saw an elephant. (Refers to a random elephant)
I saw elephants in a zoo. (No article is required)
I have seen the elephant again. (Refers to the elephant
already seen)
I have seen the elephants again before leaving the zoo.
(Refers particularly to the elephants of the zoo which
were seen earlier.)
Rule 3 – A/An is used to make a Proper noun a common
noun. Proper nouns do not take articles but to make them
common nouns, a/an is used.
Example.
He thinks he is an Abraham Lincon. (not referring to the
actual person but someone like him)
She is an Indian. (India is a proper noun but ‘Indian’ is a
common noun)
Rule 4 – Indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used to refer to
numbers sometimes.
Examples:
The baby is playing with a doll (one doll)
I owe him a thousand bucks. (one thousand dollars)
He drove 120 kilometres in an hour (one hour)
 WH QUESTION
WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions
(question word questions).
We often refer to these words as WH words because they
include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

question function example

word sentence

what asking for information What is your

about something name?

asking for repetition or What? I can't

confirmation hear you.
You did what?

what...for asking for a reason, What did you do

asking why that for?

when asking about time When did he

leave?
where asking in or at what Where do they
place or position live?

which asking about choice Which colour do

you want?

who asking what or which Who opened the

person or people door?
(subject)

whom asking what or which Whom did you

person or people see?
(object)

whose asking about Whose are these

ownership keys?
Whose turn is
it?

why asking for reason, Why do you say

asking what...for that?

why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help

you?
how asking about manner How does this
work?

asking about condition How was your

or quality exam?

how + asking about extent or see examples

adj/adv degree below

how far distance How far is

Pattaya from
Bangkok?

how long length (time or space) How long will it

take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars

are there?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much

money do you
have?

how old age How old are

you?
how come asking for reason, How come I
(informal) asking why can't see her?
 INTERJECTIONS
What Are Interjections?
Interjection are a part of speech used to convey or express
sudden feelings and emotions. There are no particular
rules as to where interjections should be placed in a
sentence, but most often, they are seen to appear in the
beginning of a sentence. They are used to form
exclamatory sentences. In order to develop a clearer idea
of what interjections are exactly, take a look at how
different dictionaries define an interjection.
Definition of an Interjection
An interjection, according to the Oxford Learner’s
Dictionary, is defined as “a short sound, word
or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion.” The
Cambridge Dictionary defines an interjection as “a word
that is used to show a short sudden expression of
emotion.” According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
an interjection is defined as “a word or phrase used in
exclamation” and according to the Macmillan Dictionary,
an interjection is “a word or phrase used for expressing a
strong emotion such as surprise or anger.” The Collins
Dictionary defines an interjection as “a word or
expression which you use to express a strong feeling such
as surprise, pain, or horror.”
Examples of Interjections
Here are some examples of interjections to show you how
they can be used in sentences effectively.
• Hurray! We won the match.
• Ouch! That really hurt badly.
• Wow! That is a beautiful dress indeed.
• Oh my God! That was unexpected.
• Whoa! That guy is unbelievably huge.
List of Interjections for Everyday Communication
Now, here is a list of interjections that you can use in your
daily communication.

Examples of Interjections

Interjection Purpose Example

Alas To express Alas! That was so

sadness or pity unfortunate.
Ah To express Ah, the magic show at
realisation or the end was a total
surprise surprise!

Eh To enquire or ask Eh! I didn’t quite get it.

for something to Can you please repeat it?
be repeated

Dear To express pity or Oh dear! I feel really bad

surprise for what happened to
you.

Hey To express Hey! Look out for the

surprise or call for car.
attention

Hurray To express joy Hurray! We finally

cleared the test.

Oh To express pain or Oh! I have a really bad

surprise headache.
Ouch To express pain Ouch! You stepped on
my toes.

Phew To express relief, Phew! That was an

exhaustion, extremely long
disgust presentation.

Uh To express Uh! I don’t think I want

hesitation to be a part of this.

Well To introduce a Well, what you just did

remark was wonderful.

Wow To express your Wow! Your new bike is

admiration for amazing.
something

Yippee To express joy Yippee! Tomorrow is a

holiday.
How and When to Use Interjections?
When using interjections, there are some very important
punctuation rules that you should keep in mind. Given
below are the points you have to remember.
• When a short interjection is used in the beginning of
a sentence, it should be followed by a comma.
• When an interjection forms a sentence by itself, the
interjection can be followed by a full stop, a question
mark or an exclamation mark.
• When an interjection is used in the middle of a
sentence, the interjection has to be preceded and
followed by a comma.
• In a conversation, interjections are sometimes
allowed to stand alone.
• It is better if you do not use too many or any
interjections in a formal context.
Test Your Understanding of Interjections
Fill in the blanks with the most suitable interjection in the
following sentences.
(Ouch, yippee, bravo, alas, my God, well, uh, ah, wow, oh
no)
1. ______, that is new!
2. ______ That hurt me more than I thought it would.
3. ______ We got the tickets to the movie premier night.
4. ______ I don’t want to do it this way.
5. ______ You did a really great job with that piece of
furniture.
6. ______ now I understand what you were trying to say.
7. ______ That should have really upset you.
8. ______ I have not cleared the internal assessment.
9. ______ That was a really brave thing to do.
10. _______ The waiting list for the reservation seats is
too long; I don’t think we would get a seat.
Check out if you have filled in the blanks with the right
interjections from the answers given below.
1. Well, that is new!
2. Ouch! That hurt me more than I thought it would.
3. Yippee! We got the tickets to the movie premier night.
4. Uh, I don’t want to do it this way.
5. Wow! You did a really great job with that piece of
furniture.
6. Ah, now I understand what you were trying to say.
7. Oh no! That should have really upset you.
8. Alas! I have not cleared the internal assessment.
9. Bravo! That was a really brave thing to do.
10. My God! The waiting list for the reservation seats is
too long; I don’t think we would get a seat.
Complete the following sentences
using present simple
tense.Complete the sentences
using the present simple tense.
Use the hints in parentheses to
determine whether the sentences
are affirmative, negative, or
questions.

1. My friends (go)
camping every summer.
2. (you / like) swimming?
3. Katie (get up) at 6:00
am every day.
4. We always (use)
dictionary in class.
5. School (start) at 9:00
in the morning.
6. My parents (not live)
in Chicago.
7. Your aunt (not like)
pop music.
8. (Kara / study) French?
9. (he / play) basketball?
10. Lea and her
sister (watch) TV every
day after dinner.
11. Pamela never (play)
video games.
12. Dogs (not play) with
cats.
13. Claire (listen) to jazz 4. You___________ here to take our
music. places.
14. His daughter 5. We____________ old friends, you
always (take) their dog know.
out for a walk.
6. They_____________ all human,
15. I usually (go) to bed
you know.
around 10 o'clock.
16. What time (you / get 7. It __________the same in my case.
up) on weekdays? 8. He____________ as strong as I am.
17. (the movie / start) at
9_____________ you going to tell on
8 o’clock?
us?
18. Which bus (you /
take) to go to school? 10. But it_____________ the very
19. My son usually (visit) last.
his grandpa on the weekends. 11. She_______________ doing very
20. Your brother (eat) well now.
too much chocolate. 12. I don't know what
I_______________ to do.
13. 1_____________ thinking of the
time before.
14. Where__________________ you
to look for it?
15. Day_______________ day, and
night
Verb To Be (am/is/are)
16.I_______________ the last of my
1. You _________too young to line.
understand these things.
17. Perhaps it_______________
2. That is what I___________ here being with you.
for.
18. It__________________ on the
3. It____________ the only thing we right side of it.
can do.
19. She does not know that
we_______________ here.
20. The one ________________ 19-20. Anna was born
different from the other. in ________ Italy but she lives
in ______ U.S.A. now.
21-22.________bear we saw
yesterday is now in ______ zoo
exhibit somewhere outside the
town.
23. His favorite newspaper
is ________Guardian.
24-25. _________ Gatwick Airport is
Fill in the blanks with a, an,
in _________southern England.
the articles. Put x where no
26-28. ________ Duchess of York
article is necessary.
opened ______new hospital
in ________center of London.
1-2. ________ Tower of London
29-30. He went
is __________ popular tourist
on ________expensive holiday
attraction.
to __________Bahamas.
3-5. Newcastle is ___________town
31-32. ___________ Statue of
in ___________north
Liberty is in _________New York.
of _______England.
33-35. ________ National Park was
6-8.____________ Princess lives
opened ________last week
in _______ palace
by ______mayor.
in ___________London.
36-37. ________ expedition
9-10. Buckingham to ________South Pole needs a lot
Palace is where _______Queen of of careful planning.
England officially lives. 38-40. __________ Odeon cinema
11-12. She is in _________Appleton Street just
bought __________expensive past ____________library.
necklace at _______Harrods. 41-44. Last month I
13-14. They went saw ____________movie and then
for ________stroll went
around _________St James' Park. to ____________concert. _______
15-16. The supermarket is _____ movie was brilliant
in ____Kendell Street but ___________concert was
opposite ______ Lloyds Bank. boring.
17-18. _________ hotel where they 45-48. There are three cars parked
held their wedding reception was outside: _________ Mercedes, __
called _________ Grand Hotel.
________ Jaguar
and __________ Fiat. Mine
is ___________ Fiat.
49-50. ____________ Harrods is a
huge department store
near _________ Kensington
Gardens.
Some common sentence
used in railway station: Used in daily

conversation:
1. How’s it going? 20. I’ll see you soon.
2. Can I help you with
anything?
3. What’s up?
4. I’ll be right back.
5. Could you repeat
1. Join us for a
that, please?
celebration!
6. Excuse me, do you
2. Come celebrate with
have the time?
us!
7. I’m running late.
3. You’re invited to an
8. What do you think?
unforgettable event!
9. That sounds great!
4. We’d love to have
10. Let me know.
you join us!
11. I’m not sure about
5. Your presence is
that!
requested!
12. Have a nice day!
6. Let’s get together
13. I appreciate it.
for a wonderful time!
14. How was your day?
7. You’re thrown in
15. Take care.
the joy, and you’re
16. Get back to you.
invited!
17. That’s a good idea.
8. Come share in the
18. Can I ask you
party with us!
something?
9. We won’t take no
19. Don’t worry about
for an answer.
it.
10. Let’s celebrate this
moment together!
11. Mark your calendar
and join us!
12. Celebrate with us
on this special day!
13. We’re saving a spot
for you at our table.
14. Join us for an
evening of fun and
more!
15. Come make some
wonderful memories
with us.
16. We’d be honored to
have you there!
17. Please join us for an
unforgettable
celebration!
18. We would love to
celebrate with you!
19. It’s gather time! An
amazing party awaits.
20. Join us for a special
celebration!
UNIT - 1

FAMILY

VOCABULORY

FAMILY
JOINT FAMILY
NUCLEAR FAMILY
EXTENDED FAMILY
IMMEDIATE FAMILY
FAMILY MEMBER
RELATIVES
BLOOD RELATIVES
DISTANT RELATIVES
FATHER
MOTHER
PARENTS
BROTHER -ELDER/YOUNGER
SISTER
SIBLINGS
GRANDMOTHER
GRANDFATHER
GRANDPARENTS
MATERNAL ADULT
PATERNAL ADULTHOOD
ADOLESCENT
YOUNG-AGED
MIDDLE-AGED
ELDER ONES
SENIOR-CITIZENS
AFFECTIONATE
BOND
UNCLE ANCESTOR
ANUTY/ANUT BABYSITTER
COUSINS ADOPT
COUSIN BROTHER/SISTER BLOODLINE
NEPHEW-SON CHERISH - I CHERISH YOU,I
CHERISH MOMENTS I HAD IN
NIECE-DAUGHTER
MY SCHOOL.
SON
CLOSE-KNIT- WE ARE CLOSE
DAUGHTER KNITTED FRIENDS.
CHILDERN/CHILD/KID/KIDS MY FAMILY IS VERY CLOSE -
NEWBORN KNIT.

INFANT I HAVE A CLOSE-KNIT FRIENDS.

TODDLER 1-3 COLLABORATE- THE TEACHER

COLLORATED WITH STUDENTS
PRESCHOOLER/KID TO ORGANISE AN EVENT.
CHILD WE FRIENDS COLLABORATED
CHILDHOOD AND HELPED EACH OTHER FOR
THE EXAM PREPARATION.
TEEN/TEENAGER
COMPASSIONATE- MEENA MAM
IS COMPASSIONATE TOWARDS
THE STUDENTS
EMBRACE- THE KIDS EMBRACE
THE PUPPY

SYMPATHIZE-FEELING FOR
SOMEONE
EMPATHIZE-TRYING TO
UNNDERSTAND SOMEONE OR A
SITUATION NAME:

FOSTER-PROMOTE GROWTH Hello, everyone! My name is [Your

Name], but you can call me
FORGIVE- [Nickname if any].
GENEALOGY
GENEROUS NATIVE:
HERITAGE I hail from the charming town/city of
INFLUENCE -THE POWER TO [Your Hometown], nestled in the
EFFECT SOMEONE heart/part of [Your
State/Region/Country].
MENTOR-GUIDE
RESILIENCE TRYING TO
POSITIVE IN ALL SITUATIONS EDUCATION:
.RESILIENT PERSON Currently, I'm a vibrant student of
RESPECTFUL [Your Grade] at the esteemed [Your
School's Name].
RECONCILE
REUNITE
LIKES AND DISLIKES:
My interests are diverse! I absolutely
adore [List some things you enjoy,
such as specific subjects, hobbies,
activities, etc.], while I'm not describe your family members,
particularly keen on [List some things including parents, siblings, and any
you dislike, such as certain foods, pets].
chores, activities, etc.].

CLOSURE:
HOBBIES:
Thank you for lending me your ears
During my leisure hours, you'll often as I shared a glimpse into my world. I
find me immersed in [List your eagerly waiting for the opportunity to
hobbies, such as reading, playing forge lasting friendships and
musical instruments, exploring nature, unforgettable memories with each of
etc.]. you!

ACHIEVEMENT:
Among my proudest moments, I
cherish [Describe an achievement,
such as excelling in academics,
winning a debate, participating in
community service, etc.].

FAMILY:
My family comprises [Number]
wonderful individuals who fill my life
with love and joy. There's [Briefly
Greetings
A greeting is simply a method of stating hello to someone.There are greetings
which can be utilized in formal situations and also greetings which are used in a
more friendly, informal setting.
When we greet someone -
Hi! (or) Hello!
Good morning!
 Good afternoon!
Good evening!
When we meet someone for the first time -
It’s nice to meet you.
It's a pleasure to meet you.
It's good to see you..

NAME:
Hello, everyone! My name is [Your Name], and I'm thrilled to have the chance to
introduce myself to you.

ORIGIN:
I come from [Your Hometown], a vibrant city/town nestled in [Your
Country/Region]. It's a place filled with rich culture and friendly faces.

EDUCATION:
Currently, I'm a student at [Your School's Name], where I'm pursuing my education
with enthusiasm. I'm in [Your Grade], eager to learn and grow every day.

INTERESTS:
I have a wide range of interests! I'm passionate about [List some interests, such as
reading, writing, sports, music, etc.]i'm not much into(dislikes)I don't prefer. I find
joy in exploring new ideas and experiences.

HOBBIES:
In my free time, you'll often find me [Describe your hobbies, such as playing a
musical instrument, hiking, cooking, etc.]. These activities help me relax and
recharge.

ACHIEVEMENTS:
One of my proudest achievements is [Describe a significant accomplishment, such
as winning a competition, completing a challenging project, etc.]. It was a moment
that taught me the value of hard work and perseverance.

FAMILY:
My family is my rock. I have [Number] wonderful family members who support
and encourage me every step of the way. They are my source of strength and
inspiration.

CLOSURE:
Thank you for taking the time to get to know me a little better.

MEALS OF THE DAY BRUNCH

BREAKFAST 6-9AM ELEVENSES
LUNCH 1PM
TEA TIME 4 PM GET MYSELF READY
SUPPER 6-7PM MAKE MYSELF SOME TEA OR
COFFEE/HAVE TEA OR
DINNER 7-9PM
COFFEE/POUR MYSELF CUP OF
WAKE UP TEA OR COFFEE
TURN OFF MY ALARM TURN ON
GET UP/GET OUT OF THE BED/I LISTEN TO
ROLL OUT OF BED
PREPARE THE
OPEN/PULL BACK THE BREAKFAST/LUNCH/
CURTAINS/I OPEN THE
I HAVE MY BREAKFAST/I EAT
BLINDS/OPEN THE WINDOWS
MY BREAKFAST
MAKE MY BED/MAKE THE BED
I PACK BAG/MY STUFF
GO TO WASHROOM
PUT ON-TO WEAR
WASH MY FACE/SPLASH SOME
GO TO
WATER ON MY FACE /WASH UP
LEAVE THE HOUSE
BRUSH MY TEETH/ I FLOSS MY
TEETH DROP OFF
TAKE A SHOWER/HAVE A WALK /DRIVE TO THE
SHOWER SCHOOL/GO TO THE SKL BY BUS
GET FRESHENED /REFRESHED HAVE MY LUNCH AT
DRY MY HAIR GO FOR LUNCH
DRY MYSELF OFF
BRUSH MY HAIR/COMB MY
HAIR
GET DRESSES/PUT ON MY
CLOTHES

PUT ON MY MAKEUP
I GET HOME /COME BACK HOME
HAVE TEA TIME
SPEND TIME
WORK ON MY HOMEWORK
HELP IN HOUSEHOLD CHORES
HOUSE CLEANING
ORGANISE THE THINGS
DO THE DISHES/WASH THE DISHES
CLEAN UP
TAKE OUT GARBAGE
WATCH
SURF
FEED
RELAX
PUT ON
GET THE BED READY
ROLL OUT
ROLL IN
CLOSE BLINDS/CURTAINS/WINDOWS/DOOR
GO TO BED/GET TO BED
FALL ASLEEP
My school essay:
Exercise 1 – Fill in the blanks with the simple present tense form
of the verbs given in brackets
1. Wants
1. The Principal ____ to speak to Raj. (want)
2. Revolves
2. The Earth ____ around the Sun. (revolve)
3. Cries
3. The baby ___ all day. (cry)
4. Leaves
4. The flight ____ at 8
5. Smells
o’clock in the morning.
(leave) 6. Plays
7. Goes
5. What ____ so good? (smell)
8. Rains
6. Hema ___ badminton every evening. (play)
9. Takes
7. Tony ___ to guitar lessons every Sunday. (go) care
8. If it ___ today, we will get stuck. (rain) 10.Comes
9. The nurse ____ of my grandfather. (take care) 11.Get

10. There ___ the topper of our school. (come) 12.Leaves

11. I ___ up at 7:00 a.m. every day. (get) 13.Give

14.Cooks
12. Amy rarely ___ her room. (leave)
15.Chirp
13. Cows ___ us milk. (give)
16.Study
14. My granny ___ delicious lasagne. (cook)
17.Meets
15. The birds ___ all day long. (chirp)
18.Starts
16. The boys ___ hard to get good grades. (study) 19.Move
17. The teacher ____ the parents today. (meet) 20.Bark
18. The movie ____ within a few minutes. (start)
19. The fluffy clouds ___ around. (move)
20. The dogs ___ at night. (bark)
Exercise 2 – Identify the verbs and change them into
the simple present tense
Go through the given passage and change the tense of
the verbs into the simple present tense.
Sam’s mother got up at 6 o’clock in the morning. After
that, she got fresh and took a shower. Then she prepared
breakfast for all of them. She worked very hard to
sustain the family. Every day, she went down to the
market and sold fruits and vegetables. This way, she
earned money for the family and sent her children to
school.

Answers for Exercise 2

Sam’s mother gets up at 6 o’clock in the morning. After
that, she gets fresh and takes a shower. Then
she prepares breakfast for all of them. She works very
hard to sustain the family. Every day, she goes down to
the market and sells fruits and vegetables. This way,
she earns money for the family and sends her children
to school.