Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.

00)

PART A: General Information

Description of Course PHY 171
Course Title : Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and
Nanophysics
Type of Course : Non-departmental course
Offered to : Department of Chemical Engineering

Pre-requisite Course(s) : N/A

PART B: Course Details

1. Course Content (As approved by the Academic Council)
Structure of Matter:
Matter: Crystalline and non-crystalline solids, Single crystal and polycrystal solids, Unit
cell, Crystal systems, Coordination number, Crystal planes and directions, NaCl and CsCl structure,
Packing factor, Miller indices, Relation between interplanar spacing and Miller indices, Bragg's Law,
Methods of determination of interplanar spacing from diffraction patterns; Defects in solids: Point
defects, Line defects; Bonds in solids, Interatomic distances, Calculation of cohesive and bonding
energy; Introduction to band theory: Distinction between metal, semiconductor and insulator.

1
Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

Electricity and Magnetism:

Magnetism: Coulomb's Law, Electric field (E), Gauss's Law and its application, Electric
potential (V), Capacitors and capacitance, Capacitors with dielectrics, Dielectrics an atomic view,
Charging and discharging of a capacitor, Ohm's Law, Kirchoff's Law; Law; Magnetic field:
field: Magnetic
induction, Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, Torque on a current carrying loop, Hall
effect, Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's Law, Self-
Self-induction, Mutual induction;
induction;
Magnetic properties of matter;
matter; Hysteresis curve;
curve; Electromagnetic oscillation:
oscillation: L-C oscillations and its
analogy to simple harmonic motion.
motion.

Nanophysics:
Nanophysics: Postulates of Quantum Mechanics, Schrödinger equation, Uncertainty principle,
Expectation value, Particle in a zero potential, Calculation of energy. Concepts of nanomaterials,
Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, Applications of nanostructured materials,
Production, characterization and applications of thin film, Defects in thin films, Electron transport
and optical properties of thin films.

2
 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

2. Course Objectives
Objective 1: To develop logical and critical thinking with scientific knowledge of structure of
matter, electricity & magnetism and nanophysics required for the students of Chemical
Engineering.
Engineering.

Objective 2: To understand the different laws of Physics associated with structure of matter,
electricity & magnetism and nanophysics, and apply them to solve the real life
problems.
problems.
3. Knowledge required
Insert previous knowledge requirements: N/A

3
 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)
4. Course Outcomes (CO)
CO No. CO Statement Corres-
Corres- Domains Delivery Assessment Tool(s)
At the end of the course, a student should ponding and Method(s) and
be able to PO(s)* Taxonomy Activity(-
Activity(-ies)
level(s)**
CO1 Describe the basic laws of Physics related PO(a) C1 e.g., Lectures, e.g., Written exams; viva
to Structure of matter, Electricity & Homework voce; presentation;
Magnetism and Nanophysics to express assignment
different phenomena in the physical
world.
CO2 Explain the fundamental concepts and PO(a) C2 e.g., Lectures, e.g., Written exams; viva
theories of Structure of Matter, Electricity Homework voce; presentation;
& Magnetism and Nanophysics applicable assignment
for different physical conditions.
CO3 Apply the relevant laws of physics to solve PO(a) C3, C4 e.g., Lectures, e.g., Written exams; viva
various mathematical problems and Homework voce; presentation;
interpret the result and its consequences. assignment

PO (a): Engineering knowledge; PO(b): Problem analysis; PO (c): Design/development of solutions; PO(d): Investigation; PO(e) Modern tool
use; PO(f): Engineer and society; PO(g): Environment and sustainability; PO(h): Ethics; PO(i): Individual work and teamwork; PO(j):
Communication; PO(k): Project management and finance; PO(l): life-long learning
**Domains
Domains
C-Cognitive:
Cognitive C1: Knowledge;
Knowledge C2: Comprehension;
Comprehension C3: Application;
Application C4: Analysis;
Analysis C5: Synthesis; C6: Evaluation
A-Affective : A1: Receiving; A2: Responding; A3: Valuing; A4: Organizing; A5: Characterizing
P-Psychomotor:
Psychomotor P1: Perception; P2: Set; P3: Guided Response; P4: Mechanism; P5: Complex Overt Response; P6: Adaptation; P7: Organization
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 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

5. Lecture Plan

wk Lecture Topics Corresponding CO(s)

• Crystalline and non-crystalline solids, single crystal and polycrystalline solids, unit cell, crystal systems

• Electric charge, Coulomb’s Law, electric field, electric field lines, electric field due to a point charge,
1 CO1, CO2
electric dipole, line of charge and charged disk, movement of charge in an electric field

• Postulates of quantum mechanics

• Co-ordinations number, density and packing factor.

2 • Flux - Gauss’ Law - application of Gauss’ Law: cylindrical, spherical and planar symmetry CO1, CO2, CO3

• Wave function and Schrödinger equation, uncertainty principle

• Crystal planes and directions, Miller indices.

• Electric potential energy and electric potential, equipotential surface, calculating potential from the
3 CO1, CO2, CO3
field

• Quantum mechanical operator, expectation value and mathematical Problems

5
 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

wk Lecture Topics Corresponding CO(s)

• Relation between interplanar spacing and Miller indices, mathematical problems related to crystal
directions.

4 • Potential due to a point charge and a group of point charges, potential due to continuous charge CO1, CO2, CO3
distribution, conductors in electrostatic equilibrium

• Particle in a zero potential, calculation of energy

• Class Test (Structure of Matter)

• Capacitance - capacitors in series and in parallel - energy stored in an electric field - capacitors with
5 CO1, CO2, CO3
dielectric

• Concepts of nanomaterials
• Crystal structures: NaCl, CsCl, etc.

6 • Class Test (Electricity & Magnetism) CO1, CO2, CO3

• Synthesis of nanomaterials
• Bragg's law, methods of determination of interplanar spacing from diffraction patterns,
mathematical problems related to crystal structure analysis.

7 • Electric current, resistance and Ohm’s law - resistors in series and parallel - power in electric circuits CO1, CO2, CO3
- Kirchhoff’s laws and solving circuits - RC circuits

• Characterization of nanomaterials

6
 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

wk Lecture Topics Corresponding CO(s)

• Bonds in solids, interatomic distances.

8 • Magnetic fields, Hall effect, Biot-savart law, torque on a current loop, magnetic dipole moment CO1, CO2, CO3

• Applications of nanostructured materials

• Calculation of cohesive and bonding energy; mathematical problems related to bonds in solids

9 • Magnetic field due to a current, force between two parallel currents, Ampere’s law, solenoid CO1, CO2, CO3

• Class Test (Nanophysics)

• Introduction to band theory

10 • Faraday’s law of induction, Lenz’s law, induction and energy transfer, induced electric field CO1, CO2, CO3

• Production of thin film

• Distinction between metal, semiconductor, and insulator.

• Inductors and inductance, self-induction, energy stored in a magnetic field, mutual induction, LR
11 CO1, CO2, CO3
circuit

• Characterization of thin film

7
 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

wk Lecture Topics Corresponding CO(s)

• Defects in solids, point defects

• Magnetic properties of matter, types of magnetic materials, application of magnetic
12 CO1, CO2, CO3
materials
• Applications of thin film

• Line defects, Plane defects

• Hysteresis curve; electromagnetic oscillation: L-C oscillations and its analogy to simple
13 CO1, CO2, CO3
harmonic motion.
• Defects in thin films

• Volume defects, consequences of defects and discussion based on application point

of view.
14 CO1, CO2, CO3
• Mathematical problems related to magnetic field and magnetism
• Electron transport and optical properties of thin films

8
 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

6. Assessment Strategy
• Class Participation:
Participation Class participation and attendance will be recorded in every class.
• Continuous Assessment:
Assessment: Continuous assessment any of the activities such as quizzes, assignment, presentation, etc. The
scheme of the continuous assessment for the course will be declared on the first day of classes.
• Final Examination:
Examination: A comprehensive term final examination will be held at the end of the Term following the guideline of
academic Council.

7. Distribution of Marks
Class Participation (Attendance) 10%
Continuous Assessment [Class test (Credit number plus one, best three will be counted for calculation; 20%
example: for 3 credit courses 3 best out of 4 may be considered for awarding grade)]

Final examination 70%

Total Marks 100%

8. Textbook/ Reference
1. Fundamentals of Physics (10th Edition), D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and J. Walker
2. Quantum Mechanics (2nd Edition), David J. Griffith
3. Nanoscience, Hans-Eckhardt Schaefer
4. The Materials Science of Thin Film; Milton Ohring
5. Solid State Physics (2nd Edition); M. A. Wahab
6. Physics for Engineers - Part-
Part-2; Giasuddin Ahmad

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 Phy-171: Structure of Matter, Electricity & Magnetism and Nanophysics (Credit Hours: 3.00)

Basis for awarding marks for class participation and attendance will be as follows:
Attendance Marks
90% and above 10
85% to less than 90% 9
80% to less than 85% 8
75% to less than 80% 7
65% to less than 70% 5
60% to less than 65% 4
Less than 60% 0
Grade Distribution:
Numerical Grade Letter Grade Grade Point
80% and above A+ 4.00
75% to less than 80% A 3.75
70% to less than 75% A- 3.50
65% to less than 70% B+ 3.25
60% to less than 65% B 3.00
55% to less than 60% B- 2.75
50% to less than 55% C+ 2.50
45% to less than 50% C 2.25
40% to less than 45% D 2.00
Less than 40% F 0.00
10
Electricity & Magnetism – Lecture 1

Electric Charge and Coulomb’s law

Electric Charge
 It is the basic property of matter

 There are two kinds of charges: Positive and Negative charges + -

Ebonite rod & Fur  Negatively charged ebonite rod

+ SILK
+ - - -
+
Glass rod & Silk  Positively charged glass rod
+ - -
+
Glass Rod
Electric Charge
Atom:
Nucleus (small, massive, positive charge)
Electron cloud (large, very low density, negative
charge)

Atom is electrically neutral because of same number of

proton and electron.
Rubbing charges objects by moving electrons from one
to the other.
 -
Nucleus
-

-
n + n -
+ + n
+
n n
- + n +

- -

Negative
Neutral Atom
Positive Atom
Atom
Number
Numberof
Number ofelectrons
of electrons><=Number
electrons Numberof
Number ofprotons
of protons
protons
-2e -19C
+2e==-3.2
+3.2x x10
10-19 C
What is Electric Charge?
Excess of electron or deficiency of electron is the charge
Positive Charge: A shortage of electrons.
Negative Charge: An excess of electrons.

 Conservation of charge – The net charge of a closed system remains constant.

 Charge is quantized – integer multiples of the elementary

charge e
q = ne n= ±1, ±2, ±3, ….
e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C
like charges repel and opposite charges attract
Conductors and Insulators
Substances that readily conduct electric charge are called electrical conductors. Conductors have free
electrons, which conduct the electricity.
Examples: Metals such as copper, aluminum, silver, gold, and tap water.

When atoms of a conductor like copper come together to form the solid, some of their outermost (and
so most loosely held) electrons become free to wander about within the solid, leaving behind
positively charged atoms (positive ions).

We call the mobile electrons conduction or free electrons. There are few (if any) free electrons in a
nonconductor (insulator).

Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are known as electrical insulators.
Examples: Rubber, plastics, dry-wood, and chemically pure water.

Semiconductors are materials that are intermediate between conductors and insulators; examples
include silicon and germanium in computer chips.

Superconductors are materials that are perfect conductors, allowing charge to move without any
hindrance.
 Charging by friction:
Static charge
An object can be charged :
1. By friction
2. By conduction
3. By induction

Charging by Contact:
Charging by Induction

Static electricity is much more in winter

Dry air is a relatively good electrical insulator than moist air
Charging By Friction Charging By Induction
Coulomb's Law Two charged particles attract each other if they have the
opposite sign of charge, and repel each other if they have
the same signs of charge.
This force of repulsion or attraction due to the charge
properties of objects is called an electrostatic force.
The equation giving the force for charged particles is
called Coulomb's law after Charles-Augustin de
Coulomb.

q1 q 2
F =k 2
.
r

k = Coulomb’s constant ε0 = permittivity of free space

Example 1
Two charges are separated by a distance r and have a force F on each other.
q1q2
F =k 2
r
F q2 F
q1
r

If r is doubled then F is : ¼ of F

If q1 is doubled then F is : 2F

If q1 and q2 are doubled and r is halved then F is : 16F

Example 2
Two 40 gram masses each with a charge of 3μC are placed 50cm apart. Compare the
gravitational force between the two masses to the electric force between the two masses.
(Ignore the force of the earth on the two masses)

3μC 3μC
40g 40g

50cm

m1 m 2 (. 04 )(. 04 ) − 13
Fg = G = 6 .67 × 10 −11 ≈ 4 . 27 × 10 N
r2 ( 0 .5) 2

−6 −6
q1 q 2 ( 3 × 10 )( 3 × 10 )
FE = k 2 = 9 .0 × 10 9 2
≈ 0 .324 N
r ( 0 .5)
The electric force is much greater than the gravitational force e/m = 1.758820 × 1011 C/kg
Coulomb’s Law:
The electrostatic force between two charged objects is proportional to the quantity of each of
the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
• The strength of the electrostatic force between two charges q1 and q2 is given by Coulomb’s law

  In vector form
  
⃗ =  ̂
 

 9  10 The force on q1 due to q2 is equal and opposite to ⃗ (i.e. -⃗ 

• The direction of the force is along the joining line

The net force

,   +  +  +! +………+ 
Electrostatic force
• Where multiple charges are present, the forces sum as vectors (“principle
of superposition”)
What is the combined force on the blue charge
from the two red charges?

+ve +ve


+ve "#$   + 
+ve

+ve +ve
Electrostatic force
• Where multiple charges are present, the forces sum as vectors (“principle of
superposition”)

+ve


+ve

+ve
Example 3

Two protons are 3.6 nm apart. What is the total force on an electron
located on the line between them, 1.2 nm from one of the protons?
(elementary charge e1.6 x 10-19 C

q=+e q=-e q=+e

r1=1.2 nm=r r2=2.4 nm=2r

|E ||E |
F
|E ||E |
F

| |   | |  
   (2

F
F 3
F 3  9  10  1.6  10 

(−Ĵ)
 −   −    0.12 I
 4 4 4  1.2  10 
Along –ve x-axis direction
Direction?
Example 4

Three charges lie on the x axis: q1=+25 nC at the origin, q2= -12 nC at x =2m, q3=+18 nC at x=3 m.
What is the net force on q1? We simply add the two forces keeping track of their directions. Let a
positive force be one in the + x direction.

x
1 2 3

 q2 q3 
F= -kq 1  +
 (2m ) 2 (3m ) 2 
 −12 × 10 −9 C 18 × 10 −9 C 
(
= − 10 10 Nm 2
C2 ) −9
(25 × 10 C) 
 (2m) 2
+
(3m)2 
= 2.5 × 10 −7 N

Direction?
Example 6
Three charged objects are placed as shown. Find the net
force on the object with the charge of -4μC.
q1q 2
F = k
- 5μC r2
45º
9(5 ×10−6 )(4 ×10−6 )
F1 = 9 ×10 = 4.5N
202 + 202 ≈ 28cm (0.20)2
20cm

9(5×10−6 )(4×10−6 )
F2 = 9×10 = 2.30N
F1 45º (0.28)2
5μC - 4μC
20cm F2
R= K + L + 2KL MNOP
LMNOP
P  tan ( 
K + LOQIP

F1 and F2 must be added together as vectors.

R MN S   cos P +  cos P +  cos P
T MN S   sin P +  sin P +  sin P

R R +T


T
P  tan
R
Example 6
Three charged objects are placed as shown. Find the net
force on the object with the charge of -4μC.
q1q 2
F = k
- 5μC r2
45º
9(5 ×10−6 )(4 ×10−6 )
F1 = 9 ×10 = 4.5N
202 + 202 ≈ 28cm (0.20)2
20cm

9(5×10−6 )(4×10−6 )
F2 = 9×10 = 2.30N
F1 45º (0.28)2
5μC - 4μC
20cm F2
R MN S   cos P +  cos P

R MN S  4.5 cos 180 + 2.3 cos 315  −2.87

T MN S  4.5 sin 180 + 2.3 sin 315  −1.63
R  R + T = 3.3 N T
P  tan   29.4
R
Example 7 q3= - 2 nC
+y

5 cm
2 cm

Fnet
F13

F12 1 cm +x
q1= + 1 nC q2= + 1 nC

What is the net force on q1 and in what direction?