CHAPTER 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, of scientific knowledge and

AND SOCIETY technological systems occur; the

CONTEXT OF SCIENCE AND consequences of these activities upon
TECHNOLOGY different groups of people.
SCIENCE
- From the Latin word “Scientia” which
means (Knowledge)
- Any systematic knowledge or practice.
- system of acquiring knowledge based
on
the scientific method.
- It is a process used to solve problems
or Interconnections between science and
develop an understanding of nature that Technology
involves testing possible answers.
- The scientific method is the process
- Science explores for the purpose of
of objectively establishing facts knowing while technology explores
through testing and experimentation. for the purpose of making something
TECHNOLOGY useful from that knowledge.
- The word technology comes from the - Without science, technology could not
Greek word “technnologia” The Greek
proceed.
word “technnologia” itself is a - Without technology, some science
combination of other two Greek
experiments would not be possible .
words, “Techne” which means art, Science is a way of knowing=Technology is a
skill or craft and Logia which means way of doing
study of/ or subject of interest.
 ENGINEERS focus on using science to
- TECHNOLOGY is the application of
develop products.
science to solve a problem.
The Effects of Science and Technology in
- Technology refers to methods,
GOVERNMENT
systems, and devices which are the
 TECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR
result of scientific knowledge being
THE PUBLIC
used for practical purposes.
- The rise of digital platforms,
- Human attempt to change the world
especially social media, has given
SOCIETY
private citizens the tools to affect
- Came from the Latin word “societas”
political change on a level like never
which means “a friendly association
before.
with others”.
The Effects of Science and Technology in
- A society is a group of individuals
RELIGION
involved in persistent social
- The church as a spiritual sanctuary
interaction, or a large social group
found itself at the center of
sharing the same spatial or social
controversies involving several
territory, typically subject to the same
scientific and technological dogma.
political authority and dominant
The Effects of Science and Technology in the
cultural expectations.
ENVIRONMENT
Science, Technology, and Society
- Technology is a useful servant but
- Science, Technology and Society
dangerous master.
(STS) is an interdisciplinary field that
The Effects of SOCIETY on Science and
studies the conditions under which the
Technology
production, distribution and utilization
Society shapes the path of science in many - Basic Medicine
different ways - Clinical Medicine
- Health Sciences
- Society helps determine how its - Health biotechnology
resources are - Other medical sciences
deployed to fund scientific work, encouraging AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
some sorts of research and discouraging - Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
others. - Animal and dairy science
- Scientists are directly influenced by - Veterinary science
the - Agricultural biotechnology
interests and needs of society and often - Other agricultural sciences
direct their research towards topics that will SOCIAL SCIENCE
serve society. - Psychology
IMPORTANCE of Science and Technology - Economics and business
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE - Educational Sciences
Advancing Knowledge - Sociology
- Science allows us to understand the - Law
world around us better. HUMANITIES
- enables us to explore the universe
- Uncover new discoveries - History and archaeology
- Expand our knowledge of the natural - Languages and literature
world - Philosophy, ethics and religion
IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY - Arts (arts, history of arts, performing
Applies scientific knowledge to create arts, music)
tools, devices, and systems that - Other humanities
improve our lives.
CHAPTER 2: SCIENCE AND
- Improving Healthcare
TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT
- Driving economic growth HISTORICAL TIMELINE
- Addressing global challenges
Science and Technology FIELDS Ancient Civilizations
NATURAL SCIENCES 1.1 Early Civilization
- Mathematics 1.2 Sumerian Civilization
- Computer and Information sciences 1.3 Babylonian Civilization
- Physical Sciences 1.4 Egyptian Civilization
- Chemical Sciences 1.5 Greek Civilization
- Earth and related environmental 1.6 Roman Civilization
sciences 1.7 Chinese Civilization
- Biological Sciences EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
- Other natural sciences
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Nomads
- Civil Engineering Basic Needs
- Food
- Electrical engineering, Electronic - shelter
engineering, information engineering - Clothing
- Mechanical engineering - used stone tools for survival
- Chemical engineering - hunting fish and wild animals
- Materials engineering - preparing foods
- Medical engineering - making shelter
- protect territory from invasion
- Other Engineering and Technologies
- lived in area of bountiful
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES - resources of foods
 - small tribes of hunter-gatherers
- people who stay on the move looking
for food
- without a permanent home

- Ziggurats
- cities had corresponding king
living in ziggurat
- with temple at the top
reserved for their high priests to serve
The foundation of human civilization began in their patron gods and goddesses.
Mesopotamia.

meso - middle
potam – river

Sumerians
Babylonians

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
- the first people to settle in
Mesopotamia
- created a civilization by the The Great Ziggurat of Ur
development of methods and “Mountain of God”
technologies in
architectures - sun-baked bricks - inside structure
language - fired bricks - outside structure
agriculture - no inner chambers
governance - height of around 170 feet
- Sumerians built cities along the rivers - took 12 years of excavation
in South Mesopotamia in 4500 BCE - primarily built as a temple to Nanna,
Eridu the moon of god
Uruk Agriculture
Ur - Sumerian agricultural products
Larsa - wheat and barley
Isin - fruits and vegetables like grapes and
Adab onions
Kullah - sheep, goats and cows
Lagash Irrigation System: Levees
Nippur - Levees
Kish - Dug wide canals from rivers out to
farms
- City of Uruk - considered to be the - Dug small ditches from canals to
first true city in the world fields to water all the crops
- No building stones used Cuneiform
- Lumber was limited - first writing system
- Mud / clay from the river added - pictures and triangular symbols
with reeds and bricks - curved in mud/clay: tablet
- Houses made of sun-baked bricks - using reed stylus
 - trading
Sumerian Number System
- Sexagismal system
- Base 60
Sailboats
- Made of reeds
- To travel along the river
- To carry products for trading
Wheel
- The 1st wheels were not used for
transportation but for farm work in - No physical evidence to prove such
2000 BC existence
- Used for transporting agricultural - Exact location is also unknown
products - No records
Plow - Mythical place
- Enabled the Sumerians to dig the soil Weapons
land where seeds would be planted at - Babylonian civilization transpired
faster pace. during Bronze age
- Mass produced food without taking - Weapons - bronze material alloy of
too much effort and time copper and tin
Medicine
- Sumerians believed that diseases were EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
punishment from god
- committed sins - Egypt is located in North Africa
- wrong-doing - Around 3200 BCE, the creation of the
- action of demons Egyptian civilization began with
- bad spirits Egypt brought together under one
- Priest - sufficient magic power to fight ruler, King Narmer
the mystic force of disease and illness Temples
- Diseases due to supernatural causes - believed that temples were the homes
- Exorcists - drive away the spirits by of the gods and goddesses.
charms and spells. - every temple was dedicated to a god
or goddess
Sumerian civilization lasted for short - worshipped by temple priests and the
of 2,000 years before the Babylonians pharaoh.
took charge in 2004 B.C. - made of stone
- walls were covered with
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION - scenes
- brightly painted
- Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers Mummification
- Great builders, engineers and - Egyptians believed in life after death
architects - eternal life was only possible if the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon individual’s corpse remained intact
- It was said to be a structure made up - believed that if the body decayed, so
of layers upon layers of gardens as the soul
- Species of plants, trees and vines - deceased’s soul should be recognized
and returned in the next life
Mummification Process

1. Washing of the body

2. Removal of the different internal
organs by making a cut in the left
side of the abdomen. (intestines,
stomach, liver, and lungs)
 3. Internal organs are placed in the GREEK CIVILIZATION
corresponding canopic jar. In 8th century BC
4. Brain is removed through the nose - Government
by using hooked instrument then - Art
being thrown away - Architecture
Heart is untouched as believed to - Philosophy
be used for intelligence and - Sport
emotion in the next life Polytheistic society
Heart also revealed evidence of - Believed in Mythology to explain
the deceased’s true character. natural mysteries
5. The inside of the body is rinsed Greek Mythology
with wine and spices. Theater
6. Moisture from the body is - Art and Literature performances
eliminated - Large
7. Application of a salt called natron - open-air structures
for 70 days is done to preserve the - tiered seating area – theatron
body. - a circular space for the actors to
8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in linen perform- orchestra
cloth and placed in a sarcophagus. - stage – skene
Hieroglyphics Water Mill
- Pictures of living creatures and - Was used in agricultural processes like
symbols of objects used in daily living milling of grains
- Hieroglyphics writings were well- - Mass production of rice, cereals,
preserved since these were carved at flours and the likes
the walls of pyramids and other Greek Houses
structures - Poor Greek - rural area or crowded
Medicine and Physician urban slums
- knowledge of healing herbs - multi-story blocks of apartments
- repairing physical injuries Trade
- knew how to stitch a wound - 150 years after 750 BC
- eye-surgery operation - Sea for their livelihood
- knowledge of Anatomy came from the - Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea
practice of embalming the dead - Coins for trading
- practiced dentistry
Irrigation System
- Canals and Ditches
- Shaduf-boom and basin irrigation
strategy
Mathematics
- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Division
- Fractions
- Decimals
- basic ideas of Geometry
Calendar
- 12 months = 30 days each
- 1 year = 360 days
Wigs
- Were worn for beauty, vanity and
personal hygiene
Cosmetics
Paper from papyrus
ROMAN CIVILIZATION CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Roman Cities - Oldest civilization in Asia
- consist of forum - a large open-Plaza Silk
- surrounded by important buildings - Naturally produced by silk worms
Roman Architectures Tea Production
- Cathedrals - Ancient tea was produced by pouring
- Basilicas hot water to shredded or crushed tea
- Coliseums leaves
- Amphitheaters Great Wall of China
- Aqueducts - Said to be the largest and most
extensive infrastructure that such
nation built.
- Was constructed to protect Chinese
from invaders
- Controls borders of China
- made out of stone, bricks, woods,
tamped earth, etc
- took 200 years before it was
completed
Gunpowder
- Originally, it was developed by
Chinese alchemists to achieve
immortality
Building Materials
- used for fireworks to drive away evil
- volcanic stone native –Tufa
spirits
- during 2nd century B.C.E. travertine
- used for artillery
white limestone was utilized in the
Compass
late substitute for marble.
- an artificial magnetic pointing device
- Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks
made from lodestone
Roman Aqueducts
- the oldest south-pointing navigational
- Aqueducts -convey water from far
device
away springs and mountains into cities
and towns through gravity.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
Aqua Appia –
- 1st aqueduct built in 312 BC
THE PHILIPPINES
- connected the spring that was 16.4 km
from Rome.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
- Rome had eleven aqueducts during
▪ Some indigenous science and
3rd century
technology has already existed with
Roman Numerals
regards to agriculture like farming,
- Old number systems could not keep
animal – raising, and the utilization of
up with high calculations requirements
plants and herbs as medicines. The use
due to increasing trade among nations
of technology
- Roman numeral became the standard
is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery,
counting system for trade concerns.
weaving, and tools used by
Bound books
ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.
- record-keeping of politics, history,
literature
▪ They also developed tools for
- Julius Caesar started the tradition of
planting, hunting, cooking, fishing,
stacking papyrus to form pages of
and also for fighting enemies during
book
tribal conflicts. They used indigenous
- Cover was made of wax but later on
technology in building houses,
changed to animal skin
irrigations and transportation, both on
Newspaper
land and on waterways.
- used in politics and governance
COLONIAL PERIOD - Proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig,
Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science
- Spanish colonization paved way to Community
modern means of construction. Roads, - Provided scholarships for graduate and
bridges, churches, and other large undergraduate science scholars, and
infrastructures were built with more workshops on fisheries and oceanography
sophistication using some engineering
skills and tools brought by the Role of - Added the Philippine Coconut Research
S & T in Nation Building 20 Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
Spaniards. coconut industry

- Spanish colonizers developed health - Supported the promotion of scientific

and education system in the country. research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972
- The American colonial rule
modernized almost all aspects of life - Enacted a law under Presidential Decree No.
in the country. They established the 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National
Bureau of Science to initiate the Academy of Science and Technology
development in the field of science
and technology. - Enacted a law on the completion of the
National Agriculture and Life

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

- After achieving independence from
the colonial masters, the Philippines, - National Science and Technology
under different administrations, Authority was replaced by the
continued to pursue programs in Department of Science and
science and technology. Each Technology
leadership had its own S&T agenda.
- science and technology's role in
Filipino Presidents and their Contributions economic recovery and sustained
in the Development of Science and economic growth was highlighted
Technology in the Philippines
- created the Presidential Task Force for
Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) Science and Technology which came
up with the first Science and
- Lack of support for experimental work Technology Master Plan or STMP

- Marginal budget for scientific research - Executive Order No.128 abolished

R.A. No. 3859, also known as the
- Low salaries of scientists employed by the "Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.
government
- gave assistance to Filipino inventors
- Established the National Science through giving financial aid, patent
Development Board application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986) market their products domestically
and abroad
- Directed the Department of Education to
revitalize science courses in public high - R.A. 6655 or the Free Public
schools Secondary Education Act of 1988
opened doors to free education up to
- Channeled additional funds to support the secondary level
projects in applied sciences and science
education
 - "Science for the Masses Program"
which aimed at scientific and Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 -
technological literacy among Filipinos 2010)

 Dubbed the science and technology

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998) sector of the Philippines as the
"golden age" during her term.
- significant increase in personnel
 Implemented numerous laws and
specializing in the science and
projects that concern both the
technology field
environment and science to push
- addition of Philippine Science High technology as a tool to increase the
Schools in Visayas and Mindanao country's economic level.
- government provided 3,500  Coined the term "Filipinnovation" to
scholarships for students who were help the Philippines become an
taking up professions related to S&T innovation hub in Asia.
- Schools were becoming more  Developed Science Technology and
modernized and updated with the Innovations (STI) further by
addition of high-tech equipment for strengthening the schools and
student education system, such as the
- Priority for S&T personnel increased Philippine Science High School
when Magna Carta for Science and (PSHS), which focuses on science,
Technology Personnel (Republic Act technology, and mathematics in its
No. 8439) was established curriculum.

- award was published in order to give  Imposed Republic Act 10601, which
incentives and rewards for people who improves the Agriculture and
have been influential in the field of Fisheries Sector through
S&T (Inventors and Inventions Mechanization (AFMech).
Incentives Act or Republic Act No.
7459) Filipino Scientist and their invention

- programs such as National Program Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

for Gifted Filipino Children in Science
and Technology ▪ Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist
- enactment of a law creating a specializing in geothermal energy
nationwide system of high schools development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and
specializing in the field of science and team powered an electric light bulb using
engineering (Science and Technology steam-powered electricity. This was the
Scholarship Law of 1994) first geothermal power generated in the
Philippines.
- enacted the Intellectual Property Code
of the Philippines (Republic Act No.
8293)

Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

 Launched a full-scale program based

on cost-effective irrigation
technologies.
 Established one science high school in
every province.
 Advanced industries and schools into
the Internet age.
 Passed the e-Commerce Act.
Julian Banzon (1908 -1988)

- Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon

researcher methods of producing
alternative fuels. Julian Banzon
experimented with the production of
ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and
coconut.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)

- Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros

Belardo researched the phytochemical
properties of plants in the Philippines
for natural products, essential oils, and
the medicinal qualities.
Pedro Escuro (1923 - )

- Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best

known for his isolation of nine rice
varieties, thus was renowned by
developing rice breeding in the
country. The Pedro Escuro rice
varieties are: Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil
26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-
137, C-168 and C-12.

Felix Maramba
- Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled
power generator. He also is the
developer of one of the world's most
profitable biogas systems.

Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 -

1986)

- Dr. Francisco Fronda is known

as the Father of poultry science in the
Philippines. Francisco Fronda has
improved methods of production for
the poultry and livestock industry. Emerita De Guzman
- Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman
researched the propagation of pure
macapuno trees. Her research led to
the faster propagation of pure
macapuno trees and increased
macapuno nut production from 3-5
 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980).
She also invented tissue culture
techniques for the rapid propagation of
abaca and banana plants.

Roberto del Rosario

- Karaoke
- Invented in 1975 by Roberto del
Rosario. I really thought this was a
Japanese invention, despite its
popularity here, and I was completely
wrong. A brilliant guy, he invented
many other musical devices, but
Karaoke will always be remembered
Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - as his greatest triumph (or bane to
2011) humankind, depending on your point
- Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo of view.)
is credited with studies that
lead to the invention of an
improved incubator and a
jaundice relieving device.

HUMAN FLOURISHING

 Growing or developing successfully

 For humans to flourish, it means we’re
on a path towards physical and mental
wellbeing that’s holistically good,
both for individuals and
communities.
 To flourish is to find fulfillment in our
lives, accomplishing meaningful and
Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978) worthwhile tasks,
- Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio and connecting with others at a deeper
Zara invented, made improvements to, level.
or discovered the following: invented
the twoway television telephone or
videophone (1955) patented as a How to Live a flourishing life?
"photo phone signal separator
network"; discovered the physical law - Ancient Greek philosophers were
of electrical kinetic resistance called some of the first thinkers who tried to
the Zara effect (around 1930); answer the question.
invented an airplane engine that ran on - Two of the most prominent ancient
plain alcohol as fuel Greek philosophers were PLATO
(1952). AND ARISTOTLE.
- The Greek philosopher called a
flourishing life eudaimonia.
Eudaimonia is usually equated with
happiness.
 - For Plato and Aristotle, happiness is There are two types of knowledge:
the result of eudaimonia or human
flourishing.  theoretical knowledge or the
knowledge about the nature of
principles
PLATO
 practical knowledge or the
- For Plato, all human beings naturally knowledge of applying these
desire eudaimonia or human principles
flourishing.  Theoretical knowledge allows us to
- Plato believed that in order to flourish, manipulate nature, however, without
one must have moral thought and practical knowledge, it cannot be
virtuous action, in his case, virtue is actually done.
referred to as “excellence”  Thus, knowledge is important in life,
- For Plato, the well being of human but it is the application of this
individual must NOT depend on knowledge that leads to flourishing.
external goods (such as fame, wealth
and appearance). To live just for the
sake of fame, wealth, good appearance
and other external goods will not lead
to flourishing.

According to Plato, a human being can

develop virtue by:

1. By examining things and

thinking more.
2. By masterly using reason
3. By living four cardinal virtues
(wisdom, courage,
temperance, justice)

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle argued that Eudaimonia or human

flourishing is the highest good of human
beings.

Human nature according to Aristotle, has four

aspects: physical, emotional, social, and
rational.

1. Humans are physical beings.

2. Humans are emotional beings.
3. Humans are social beings.
4. Humans are Rational beings.

Virtue is a character trait that enables a person

to flourish.

He believed that by gaining knowledge,

humans will flourish. He called this “
intellectual virtue”.

Aristotle made an important distinction about

knowledge and human flourishing.
Modern Concept of Human Flourishing A Moral Life is a Good Life (Socrates and
Plato)
1. Flourishing is Intrinsically
2. The actualization of the human - This concept of good life was
potential suggested by Socrates and Plato.

Criteria for Human Flourishing - In this concept, one who has a good
life is someone who possesses and
1. Life as a whole practices most of the important virtues
2. Human flourishing is a dynamic state such as kindness, courage, loyalty and
3. Objective goods generosity.

Role of Science and Technology in Human Examining, reflecting, and questioning the
Flourishing nature of things is important to have a good
life.
SCIENCE
- comparable to theoretical knowledge Servitude to others is important.
- explains the nature or principles
behind an object, event or Also, one must control his or her passions
phenomenon and desires through reason in order to have a
TECHNOLOGY good life.
- comparable to practical knowledge
- applies the theoretical knowledge in
order to have an output

Ex. Penicillum Notatum, developed and

provided cure to many diseases.

Progress in Science and Technology had many

positive impact to human life such as the
following:

- made work easier, efficient or

practical
- made us happy or entertained
- kept us healthy and safe
- helped to address social issues and A life of pleasure is a good life (Epicurus)
concerns
- helped in the development of human - This concept was suggested by
talent and abilities Epicurus.
Ex. Social Media, Musical Instruments,
Medicines - This concept states that life is worth
living because of pleasures.
Negative Impacts:
- Industrializations - The view that pleasures will lead to
- Pollution good life is known as hedonism.
- Nuclear weapons
- Epicurus recognized all kinds of
THE GOOD LIFE pleasures such as wealth, sexual
pleasures and fame.
1. The Moral Life (Socrates and Plato)
2. The Fulfilled Life ( Aristotle) - However, Epicurus also believed that
3. The Life of Pleasure (Epicurus) one should not lose himself/herself to
pleasures.
Epicurus believed that one should not lose Technology is a possible product of
itself to pleasures because: innovation.

1. this will diminish one's pleasures in

the long run;

2. there are other more important

pleasures to consider such as
friendship and education; and

3. everyone should live a virtuous life

Ethics can be defined as the system of moral

principles concerned with what is good for
one's self and society. It addresses the
following dilemmas:

a. how to live a good life

b. rights and responsibilities
c. the language of right and wrong
d. what is good and bad

The Role of Ethics in Innovation

1.
2. Curiosity
3. Multi-disciplinary
4. Resilience
5. Effect to people
6. Shared responsibility

Difference between Technology and

Innovation

Innovation is a human-centered perspective

and process.