Keanekaragaman Fungi dan Protista

CHLOROPHYTA
(Green Algae)

The collected Ulva blooming in the coastal waters of Qingdao, China Tim Dosen Pengampu Keanekaragaman Fungi dan Protista
on July, 2008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019371.g001
Prodi Biologi-UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Extreme algae off the coast of China via China
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Daily/Reuters
 Introduction to Chlorophyceae
(Green Algae)

TEXT LAYOUT 1 • Chlorophyceae (chloros, green; phyceae, algal organisation) is

commonly known as green algae’. Fritsch (1935) considered to
include the green algae under the class Chlorophyceae, which
have been raised to the rank of division Chlorophyta by Smith
(1938), Tippo (1942) and Bold (1950).
• Later Prescott (1969) and Round (1973) considered it to the
rank of phylum Chlorophyta. Papenfuss (1946) included the
suffix ‘phyco’ to the divisions of algae and named chlorophyta
as Chlorophycophyta. Later Bold and Wynne (1978) also
followed the same suggestion.
• This class consists of 425 genera and about 6,500 species
Green algae covering rocks along
but, later Prescott (1969) reported that the number of species
the Pacific coast in Oregon, U.S.© may be as many as 20,000; with more being discovered
liquidlibrary/Jupiterimages continuously. The name green alga is given because of the
presence of dominant
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pigments like Chlorophylls a and b over
the carotenoids and xanthophylls. They are all eukaryotes.
 Occurrence of Chlorophyceae
(Green Algae)

• The members of Chlorophyceae generally grow in

fresh water (about 90%) and the rest in saline water,
terrestrial habitat etc. The fresh water members
such as Volvox, Oedogonium, Spirogyra etc. grow in
ponds, pools and lakes.
• Members of conjugales (e.g., Spirogyra, Zygnema
etc.) and Oedogoniales (e.g., Oedogonium etc.) are
strictly fresh water, but the members of Ulvaceae
and Siphonales are predominantly marine. Some
members of Volvocales, Chaetophorales and
Cladophorales grow both in fresh and saline water.

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 Occurrence of Chlorophyceae
(Green Algae)

• Some species of Ulothrix and Vaucheria are

subaerial and grow on damp soil. Some members
may be terrestrial and grow as epiphytes on tree
trunk, leaves etc. (e.g., Trentepohlia); as epizoic i.e.,
(growing on animal bodies (species of Characium
and Cladophora); as endophytes (e.g., Chlorella), as
parasites (e.g., Cephaleuros, Rhodochytrium and
Phyllosiphon) and also cause diseases.
• They can also grow in further different habitats like
hot springs (Chlorella), snow (Chlamydomonas
yellowstonensis), saline water (Closterium
ehrenbergii) and some remain as partners in lichen
associations.

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 Important Characteristics of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
• Members of Chlorophyceae grow mostly in fresh water, a few in brackish and saline water
and a few are terrestrial.
• wide range of variations in their thallus structures like unicellular motile
(Chlamydomonas) and non-motile (Chlorella), coenobium (Volvox), palmelloid (Tetraspora),
dendroid (Ecballocystis), filamentous branched (Cladophora) and unbranched (Spirogyra),
heterotrichous (Coleochaete), siphonaceous (Vaucheria) and parenchymatous (Ulva).
• Flagella are 1-many, equal in size and inserted either apically or sub-apically. The flagella
show typical 9+2 arrangement when viewed under Mikroskop Elektron
• The cells are eukaryotic in nature. Usually there is only one nucleus in each cell, but in
Siphonales and Cladophorales many nuclei are present in their coenocytic body. Normally
the number of nucleolus is one per nucleus, but several nucleoli are present in the
members of Conjugales.
• The cell wall is mainly made up of cellulose, which comprised of hydroxyproline glycosides
or xylans and mannans. In “Chara” (Characeae) the cell wall is encrusted with calcium
and magnesium carbonate.
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 Important Characteristics of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
• Inner to the cell wall, semipermeable cell membrane is present which encircles the
protoplast. The cytoplasm contains many small vacuoles which pushes the nucleus with
TEXT LAYOUT 1
cytoplasm towards the periphery and called primordial utricle.

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 Important Characteristics of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
• The flagellate cells have eye-spot or stigma in the anterior portion, which remain inserted
at one side of the chloroplast.
TEXT LAYOUT 1
• The pigments are located in the chloroplast. Chloroplast generally contains pyrenoid(s).
• The main pigment is chlorophylls a and b; those dominate over α-and β-carotenes and
xanthophylls.
• The reserve food is starch, composed of amylose and amylopectin.
• They reproduce by all the three means i.e., vegetative (cell division and fragmentation),
asexual (zoospore, aplanospore, akinete etc.) and sexual (isogamy to oogamy). The sexual
reproduction is absent in some members of Chlorococcales.
• The zygote or oospore is the only diploid structure in their life cycle.

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 Important Characteristics of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

TEXT LAYOUT 1

Reproduksi alga Isogami di Chlamydomonas

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Reproduksi alga Oogami di Chlamydomonas Reproduksi alga dari Anisogamous di Spirogyra
Macroalgae Oedogonium sp life
cycle: (A) zoospora, (B) young
juvenile (C) young juvenile or
filament with holdfast, (D) adult
filamentous algae.

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 Thallus Organisation of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

TEXT LAYOUT 1
• The class Chlorophyceae shows a range of variation in the structure of plant body
(thallus). It ranges from unicellular e.g., Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Sphaerella etc. to
multicellular structure. The multicellular forms may be of different types. They may have a
number of cells arranged in colonies of definite shape, the coenobium.
• The number of cells in a coenobium may be definite and motile as in Volvox, Pandorina,
Pleodorina etc. or the number may be indefinite, arranged in net-like masses and are non-
motile as in Hydrodictyon. The multicells may aggregate and form a non-motile palmelloid
structure, where the cells remain embedded in an amorphous or gelatinous matrix as
found in Tetraspora and Palmodictyon.
• In multicellular forms the cells may be arranged in a single row to form the filament. The
filament may be branched (e.g., Pithophora, Cladophora etc.) or unbranched (e.g.,
Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Ulothrix etc.). The multicells may aggregate and form an
expanded sheet-like structure as found in Coleochaete.

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 Thallus Organisation of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
• It shows heterotrichous habit where the erect system is well-developed. In some
members the plant body is like cylindrical tube i.e., coenocy- tic as in Vaucheria. In
TEXT LAYOUT 1
some algae like Ulva, the plant body is leaf-like. The highly organised plant body in
Chlorophyceae is found in Chara, where the plant is very much complicated in
structure with well protected sex organs.

Chlorophycean Diversity : Above are shown representatives of the three major groups of Chlorophyceae. From left to right, these
are Chlamydomonas (Volvocales); Pediastrum (Chlorellales); and Oedogonium 13(Oedogoniales). The pictures also serve to show some of the
structural diversity of chlorophyceans; these are (again, from left to right): unicells, colonies, and filaments.
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 Classification of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae):

• 1. Order. Volvocales
• 2. Order. Ulotrichales
• 3. Order. Chaetophorales
• 4. Order. Oedogoniales
• 5. Order. Siphonales
• 6. Order. Charales

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 1. Order.Volvocales

• The order Volvocales includes 60 genera and about

500 species.
i. They are commonly found in fresh water. Some are
grown in brackish water, marine water and also on
soil.
ii. The plant body is unicellular or multicellular and
the multicellular ones are colonial in habit.
iii. Both unicellular and colonial members are motile,
either throughout or some part of their life cycles.
iv. They reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores,
aplanospores, hypnospores etc. and sexual
reproduction by iso-, aniso-, and oogamy.
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 1I. Order. Ulotrichales

• Important characteristics:
• The order Ulotricales includes 80 genera and
about 430 species. Most of them are fresh
water, while a few are marine (e.g., Ulva).

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 1I. Order. Ulotrichales
• The important characteristics of the order are:
i. They are commonly found in fresh water (e.g.,
Ulothrix) or on soil, but a few are marine (e.g., Ulva,
Enteromorpha).
ii. Plant body is commonly an unbranched filament; but
in Ulvaceae it is parenchymatous or foliaceous.
iii. Cells are uninucleate and contain chloroplast of
different types like C-shaped, parietal, axial etc.
iv. Each chloroplast contains one or more pyrenoids.
v. Asexual reproduction takes place by means of bi- or
quadriflagellate zoospores, aplanospore and
akinetes.
vi. Sexual reproduction takes place by gametic union
and may be iso-, aniso-, or oogamous type.
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 III. Order. Chaetophorales
i. Members are generally found in fresh water.
ii. Plant body is filamentous and shows prominent heterotrichous habit; however,
in Coleochaete, the prostrate system is well- developed and in Microthamnion
the erect system is well-developed.
iii. Some members have setae (Coleochaete) or hairs (Stigeoclonium) of different
types. The hairs may be in the form of single elongated cell or rows of fine and
elongated cells.
iv. The cells contain a parietal chloroplast with many pyrenoids.
v. Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation.
vi. Asexual reproduction takes place by bi- or quadriflagellate zoospores,
aplanospores or akinetes.
vii. Sexual reproduction is commonly isogamous (Fritschiella, Stigeoclonium),
anisogamy (Aphanochaete) and oogamy (Coleochaete) are found occasionally.
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 1V. Order. Oedogoniales
i. Most of the members grow in fresh water. The order is
represented by only three genera, Oedogomium,
Oedocladium and Bulbochaete.
ii. They are filamentous and the filaments may be
branched (Oedocladium and Bulbochaete) or
unbranched (Oedogomium).
iii. The plant body is differentiated into apical and basal
region.
iv. It consists of cylindrical cells and the cells are longer
than breadth.
v. Cells are uninucleate and have reticulate chloroplast
with pyrenoids.
vi. Cell division is elaborate and a cap is formed at the
upper end of the daughter cell.
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 1V. Order. Oedogoniales
vii. Asexual reproduction takes place by pyri- form,
multinucleate and multiflagellate zoospores.
Flagella are arranged in a ring around the beak-like
anterior end.
viii. Sexual reproduction is advanced oogamous type.
ix. Both androspores and antherozoides are
multiflagellate.
x. Male gametes are similar to zoospore but smaller in
size.
xi. Heterothallic or dioecious species are of two types:
macrandrous (where male and female filaments are
of normal size) and nannandrous type (where male
is very small i.e., dwarf male or nannandrium and
the female one is of normal size). 22
 V. Order. Siphonales
i. Most of the members of Siphonales are marine. A few members are
freshwater. Some members grow as epiphytes or endophytes.
ii. Thalloid plant body is variously branched, aseptate and multinucleate i.e.,
coenocytic.
iii. Plant body may be simple vesicular type (Protosiphon) to much branched
filamentous type.
iv. Numerous small and discoid chromato- phores are arranged peripherally
inside the thallus.
v. Nuclei are present towards the inner layer.
vi. The characteristic pigments of this order are siphonin and siphonoxanthin.
vii. Presence of siphon-like central vacuole throughout the plant body, which
remains filled with sap. Cytoplasm is present between the outer wall and
vacuole. The order is named “Siphonales” because23 of the presence of siphon-
like vacuole.
 VI. Order. Charales
i. Members of this order are distributed
throughout the world.
ii. Commonly they are found in fresh water with
muddy or sandy bottom and also in water
flowing over limestone.
iii. Plants are macroscopic, much branched, and
erect and commonly up to 30 cm in length.
iv. The plants are differentiated into nodes and
internodes. Some of the nodes bear branches
of unlimited growth, those are again divided into
nodes and internodes. Each node of the main
axis and branch of unlimited growth bear24a
number of branches of limited growth.
 VI. Order. Charales
v. Cells are very long, uninucleate and contain many discoid
chloroplasts.
vi. Most of the species show cortication in the internodes.
The cortex consists of vertically elongated row of cells.
vii. Sexual reproduction is highly advanced, oogamous type.
viii. Motile cells are asymmetrical and two flagella are
attached in lateral position of an antherozoid.
ix. Sex organs are so large that they can be visible with naked
eye.
x. Zygote on germination forms proto- nema (Chara, Nitella)
from which vegetative plants are developed.
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 Economic Importance of Chlorophyceae (Green Algae):

• The green algae are not so economically important except a few members.
• Among them Chlorella is very important because of its high protein content, presence of
vitamins and its use in baking industry in the preparation of cake, pastries etc. It is also
used in the preparation of an antibiotic, chlorellin; which is used to control bacteria. It is
also used in different physiological experiments.
• Another important member, Chara, is very useful to control malaria for its larvicidal
properties. It is used as fertiliser and in the preparation of polishes.
• Monostroma is used to prepare the common food ‘aonori’ in Japan.
• In South India, Green Laver, a kind of food, is prepared from Spirogyra and Oedogonium.
• Ulva and Enteromorpha are also eaten’ by some people.
• Many members are used as a source of food and O2 for many aquatic animals.

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Thank You