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Physics Project 3

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28 views19 pages

Physics Project 3

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ea582775
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS PROJECT

SESSION:2024-2025

TOPIC: To study various factors on which the internal

resistance/EMF of a cell depends.

Submitted by: -

Name-Bikram Boro

Class-XII Science

Roll no-3

Subject-Physics

Subject Teacher-Sir Vivek Haobijam


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that BIKRAM BORO of Class XII Science of DON


BOSCO HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL KOKRAJHAR has
completed his PHYSICS PROJECT titled “To study various factors
on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends” for the
academic year 2024-25 under the guidance of Sir VIVEK
HAOBIJAM.

. The report is the result of his efforts and endeavours. The report
is to the standards of the Central Board of Secondary Education
and can be sent for evaluation.

……………………… ……………………

Teacher’s Signature External Examiner

………………………

Principal’s Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks & gratitude to my


Physics teacher, Sir Vivek Haobijam for providing essential
resources and guidance during the development of my project.

My sincere and heartfelt gratitude goes to our principal Father


Emmanuel Marngar, for his co-ordination in extending every
possible support for the completion of this project.

I also appreciate my classmates and friends for their collaboration


and willingness to share ideas and resources.

Additionally, I am grateful to my family for their constant motivation


and for providing me with the resources needed to complete this
project. Their belief in my abilities has always inspired me to strive
for excellence.

Thank you all for your support.

Bikram Boro

XII Science
CONTENTS
S. No. Topic Page No

1. Introduction 1

2. Internal Resistance 2

3. Objective 3

4. Apparatus 4

5. Theory 5

6. Circuit Diagram 6

7. Procedure 7

8. Observations 11

9. Conclusions 13

10. Precautions 14

11. Sources of Error 14

12. Bibliography 15
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use


electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical


analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is


decreased, we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable.

1
INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance


offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.

Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),


connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I)
is the current flowing through the circuit,

E = V + Ir
𝐸−𝑉
Internal Resistance 𝑟=
𝐼

2
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE

To study the various factors on which


the internal resistance/emf of a cell
depends.

3
APPARATUS

A potentiometer
A battery (battery eliminator)
Two-way keys
A rheostat of low resistance
A galvanometer
A high resistance
An ammeter
A cell (Leclanché or Daniel cell)
A jockey
A set square
Connecting wires
Water bath
Thermometer (0-100℃)
Burner
Tripod stand
Wire gauge

4
THEORY

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by


its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of
a cell:

Is directly proportional to the distance between


the electrodes.
Is inversely proportional to facing surface area
of the electrodes in electrolyte.
Decrease with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte
The internal resistance of a cell is given by,
𝑙1 − 𝑙2
𝑟=( )𝑅
𝑙2

where 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are the balancing lengths without


resistance and with resistance(shunt), respectively and R is

the shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell.

5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram for internal resistance of a cell.

6
PROCEDURE

Step 1

1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme


of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and
see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of
given cell, otherwise null or balance point will
not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections.
(Insert the plug in the key K1 and note the
ammeter reading. Take out 2000 ohms
resistance plug from resistance box. Place the
7
jockey first at the end P of the wire and then at
the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection
in opposite direction in the two cases the
connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjust
the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on
the fourth wire of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position
in resistance box and by slightly adjusting the
jockey near the previous obtained position of
null point, obtain null point position accurately,
using a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length 𝑙1 between this
point and the end P of the wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the
resistance box R.B. Introduce plugs in the key K1
as well as in key K2. Take out small
resistance (1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R
connected in parallel with the cell.

8
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire
and obtain null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in
R.B. and if necessary, make further adjustment
for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length 𝑙2 from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at K1 and K2. Wait for
some time and for the same value of current (as
shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for different values of
R repeating each observation twice.

Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes
on internal resistances keeping the other factors
constant, vary separation between electrodes
and measure the internal resistance in each case.

9
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on
internal resistance by keeping other factors
constant. Keep primary cells in water bath to heat
the electrolyte. Determine the internal resistance at
various temperatures.

Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of
electrolyte on internal resistance, by keeping the
other factors constant, decrease concentration of
electrolyte by adding the distilled water and
determine internal resistance of cell in each case.

10
OBSERVATIONS

(A)Internal resistance of cell


1. Table for internal resistance

Ammeter Position of null point (cm) Shunt Resistance 𝑙1 − 𝑙2


S.No. 𝑟=( )𝑅
Reading (A) R(Ω) 𝑙2
(Ω)
With R(l1) Without R(l2)

1.

2.

3.

(B) To study the effect of separation between the electrodes.


2. Table for effect of separation between electrodes.

S.No. Separation Balancing Balancing 𝑙1 − 𝑙2


𝑟=( )𝑅
between length cm(l1) length cm(l2) 𝑙2 r/d
Electrodes, d(cm) (Ω)

1.

2.

3.

11
(c) Effect of temperature of electrolyte on the internal resistance
3. Table for effect of temperature

S.No. Temperature l1 l2 Resistance 𝑙1 − 𝑙2 Tr


𝑟=( )𝑅
(T) ℃ (cm) (cm) R(Ω) 𝑙2 (ΩK)
(Ω)
1.

2.

3.

12
CONCLUSIONS

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and


is equal to E = _______Volt.
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional
to the separation between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte.

13
PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.


2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

14
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Comprehensive Physics Practical class XII


www.scribd.com
en.wikipedia.org

15

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