The Problem

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

The background of the study gives an overview of what the research is all about.

This part of the research study presents a situational analysis of the topic at hand,

particularly giving clear global, national, regional and local scenarios. Issues,

contradictory results, reactions, as well as controversies about the chosen topic will have

to be discussed fully providing scientific reasons for the need to undertake research on

the topic. Citations are needed in this part of the thesis/dissertation.

In addition, the discussion should be done very thoroughly, indicating the

rationale and objectives of the research study.

This portion of the research study should clearly indicate its “why” aspect to fully

establish the need for the study.

In the development of ideas and presentation of facts, the importance of the study

must be stated specifying the beneficiaries of the research. In every paragraph, the

researcher should be able to identify those who will benefit from the work and how each

of them will benefit from it.

Take note however, that there are no side headings used for importance of the

study, and objectives. All these are integrated into the discussion and presentation of the

background of the study. Indention should always be five spaces. The first character of

the first word should be typed on the sixth space.

The three types of headings are illustrated below:

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CENTER HEADING

The center heading is a discussion of the main concept.

Side Heading

Xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

xxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxx.

Xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xxx.

Paragraph heading. Xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx.

Xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx.

Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses

The main problem is presented first in one paragraph using a declarative sentence.

This is followed by the specific problems, with an

introductory sentence and numbered. All specific research problems are in interrogative

sentences.

Every research hypothesis is presented corresponding to its research problem.

Only specific problems shall have their respective hypothesis. The hypothesis for each

research problem shall state an answer to each. At times, depending on the nature of the

research work, a hypothesis may not be applicable. Take note that there is no null

hypothesis in this part of the research. All null hypotheses are placed in Chapter 2 under

treatment of data.

An example is provided below:

The main aim of this study was to find out whether a significant correlation exists

between values and teaching styles of faculty members in teacher education

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institutions in the City of Baguio.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the most preferred and most practiced instrumental and terminal

values of the respondents?

a. To what extent do the instrumental values determine the terminal

values?

b. How do the instrumental and terminal values of the respondents

significantly vary according to the problem

moderating variables of: gender; age; educational attainment;

number of years of teaching experience; teaching status; teaching

classifications and subject assignment?

Hypothesis: The most preferred and most practiced instrumental value is

“being loving” while the terminal value is “salvation.”

a. Instrumental values determine the terminal value to a great extent.

b. Instrumental and terminal values significantly vary according to the

moderating variables of gender; age; educational attainment; number

of years of teaching experience; teaching status; teaching

classifications and subject assignment.

2. What teaching style is preferred by the respondents?

a. How do their teaching styles significantly vary according to the

moderating variables?

Hypothesis: The humanist orientation teaching style is preferred by the

respondents.
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a. The respondents’ teaching styles significantly vary according to the

moderating variables.

3. What is the level of correlation between:

a. moderating variables and respondents’ instrumental and terminal

values?

b. instrumental and terminal values and teaching styles?

Hypothesis: There is a high positive correlation between:

a. moderating variables and respondents’ instrumental and terminal

values.

b. instrumental and terminal values and teaching styles.

Scope, Limitations & Delimitations of the Study

The scope defines the full disclosure which your research effort has been done

range or extent, data, methods and analysis, period or time which data were collected, etc.

For example, “the study considers mass transport system only or it considers both private

cars and buses …; it considers the secondary data from 1995 to present …; it considers

the main river and its tributaries …; it considers residential areas only …, it considers

four-storey buildings only …, it considers triple A construction only …, etc. The square

in the following figure represents the boundaries of your problem area.

The limitation of the study defines the limiting factors that need to be taken into

account in your study and its contribution. This further trims down the scope to farther

focus your study.

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If in the scope and limitation of the study you accounted what you have done in

your research, in the delimitation you must account what you did not cover in the study.

State your reasons of excluding the aspects because these might have implications to your

analysis and conclusions, although the effects have little significance.

Significance of the Study

In writing this section, set forth the reasons for undertaking your study.

Remember to consider the relevance and contribution of your study in line with the social

dimension of what can it do along the countryside issues and concerns. The ultimate

guide question in this section is, “Who will benefit your study?” Answer this question to

manifest the practical value of your study.

Research Paradigm

A research paradigm is a philosophical framework that your research is based on.

It offers a pattern of beliefs and understandings from which the theories and practices of

your research project operate. A research paradigm consists of ontology, epistemology,

and research methodology.

Example:
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Chapter 2

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Write an introductory sentence for this chapter.

Research Design and Methodology

State and explain the research method used and why it was chosen. Be specific

about the research method, whether it is descriptive, experimental or historical. Mention

also the approach/es used in the study. For instance, if the descriptive method is used,

state whether the study adopted survey, correlational, case study, evaluative,

comparative, content analysis, or normative – survey. The narrative description should

mention what the research method is all about and how the variables are reflected using

such research method.

Population and Locale of the Study

Give a narrative presentation to include the population of the study, as well as the

sample population, if sampling is determined. Describe the respondents as to profile

information contained in the research. Include the sampling technique used in the choice

of the respondents. Show the formula used indicative of the population and the sample

size.
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Chapter 3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature Review

Literature review is spread over two sections: Review of Local Scientific Papers

and Review of International Scientific Papers. A critical review should show that the

researchers have studied the existing works in the field with insight. The primary source

of your review consists of are the refereed academic research journals, refereed

conferences, dissertations and theses, reports and occasional papers and government

publications. Secondary sources such textbooks, trade journals, newspapers, magazines

including dictionaries, encyclopedias and handbooks are not usually included in the write

up. Important concepts and theories related to the study are discussed in the Theoretical

or Conceptual Framework.

Consider a few simple guidelines that may help you in writing the section on the related

literature:

1. Avoid making the title of the study as a heading. The review of literature does not

require a heading or sub-heading.

2. Sift the studies being reviewed. This means that you should only include materials

which are directly related to your study. Too many discussions manifests that you are into

unplanned and disorganized rumblings. Get the proper psychological orientation. You

need to be clear in your own thinking and know precisely what is it that you are
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attempting to do. Your discussion should focus on the broad spectrum of the study

reviewed (emphasizing the essential nature) that bears directly upon your own effort.

4. Review the literature; don’t reproduce it. Review of literature requires that you keep a

clear focus on just what this section is intended to do. What is more important is what

you say about the study than what the author of the study says in the study.

a. Present your own discussion.

b. Paraphrase.

c. Use short, direct quotations, if necessary, only.

d. Long quotations are a last resort. Use them only for a very good reason.

5. Observe coherence and clarity in writing. Your discussion should be presented in an

orderly, logical progression, clear and precise manner to facilitate understanding.

6. Ensure correct grammar, punctuation and length.

7. Acknowledge the work of the author. It is extremely important that you should

separate your own words and ideas from those of the author. Almost every statement

must be references or documented.

8. Emphasize relatedness. This is very important and crucial. Remember that you are

writing a review of the related literature. Therefore, you are to point out precisely

what that relationship is. Moreover, discuss the implication of the information on your

investigation. Unless you can establish such accountability, you would do

well to consider whether you should include the study at all. Use a simple skeleton

outline to assist you in establishing the relationship of the literature to your problem.
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RULES ON THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

(APA) FORMAT AND STYLE

The following have been culled from materials that reflect the format and style of

the American Psychological Association (APA)used as reference in academic research

papers.

Spacing

The APA Format and Style observes double space throughout the text.

Space once after colon, comma, semicolon, after periods that separate parts of

reference citations, after periods of the initials of personal names.

Handling Quotations in the Text

Follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last

name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete

reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

• When referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material,

or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, make reference to the

author and year of publication in the in-text reference.

For example:

Jones (1998) compared student performance ...

In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 1998), ...

In 1998, Jones compared student performance...

• When paraphrasing an idea from another work, refer to the author and year of

publication in the in-text reference.

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• When directly quoting from a work, include the author, year of publication, and the

page number for the reference.

• If there is no author to cite, such as when citing a web page that lists no author, use an

abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the

name of the author.

For example:

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using

APA," 2001).

• When citing a work that has no author and no date, use the first few words from the

title, then the abbreviation n.d.(for "no date").

For example:

In another study of students and research decisions, it was discovered that students

succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

• Personal communications, such as e-mail messages, or private interviews conducted

with another person, should be referred to in the in-text citations but NOT in the

reference list. To cite a personal communication, provide initials and last name of the

communicator, the words personal communication, plus an exact date in the body of

the paper.

For example:

P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style

(personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Formatting Citations in the Text

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Here are some basic rules for formatting citations in the body of the paper. Always

capitalize proper nouns, including author names.

When referring to the title of a source within the paper, capitalize all words that are

four letters long or greater within the title of a source.

When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word.

After a colon or dash in a title, capitalize the first word.

Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,

documentaries, or albums.

Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles

from edited collections, television shows, and song titles.

When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference appears in the

text. Join the authors' names with the word and.

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all of the authors the first time you

refer to the work in the text. The next time you refer to the work, shorten the

citation to the last name of the first author plus the words et al. Join the authors'

names with the word and when referring to them in the text; join the authors'

names with an ampersand (&) when referring to them in a parenthetical citation.

When a work has six authors (or more), cite only the last name of the first author plus

the words et al.

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Short Quotations

To indicate quotations of fewer than 40 words in the text, enclose the quotation

within double quotation marks. Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the

text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks, such as

periods, commas, and semicolons, should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question

marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part

of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of the text.

Examples:

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she

did not offer an explanation as to why.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially

when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what

implications does this have for teachers?

• When citing a work that has no author, no date, and no page numbers, use the first

few words from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"), and then use

paragraph numbers (if available) or simply leave out any reference to pages.

For example:

In another study of students and research decisions, it was discovered that students

succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

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Long Quotations (block quotes)

Place quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten

lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces

from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin and indent the first line

of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin.

Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing

punctuation mark.

For example:

Jones's 1993 study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first

time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many

students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Choosing double or single quotation marks

When using a quotation that uses quotation marks as a short quotation, use single

quotation marks to set off the material that was originally enclosed in quotation marks. If

you are using a quotation that uses quotation marks in a block quote, use double

quotation marks to set off the material that was originally in quotation marks.

Reference List

The reference list appears at the end of the paper. It provides the information

necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the paper.

Each source cited in the paper MUST appear in the reference list; likewise, each entry in

the reference list must be cited in the text.

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References should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay under the

label References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the

page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper.

Basic Rules

Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all

authors of a particular work.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last names of the first author of

each work. This used to be the old format. Now, the reference list entries are

presented as they appear in the text.

If you have more than one article by the same author(s), single-author references or

multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are

listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.

For example:

Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship

quality on social development. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F.

Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup, (Eds.), The company they keep:

Friendship in childhood and adolescence. (pp. 346-365).

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development.

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across

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affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis.

Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction

processes in social judgment: The role of naive theories in

corrections for perceived bias. Journal of Personality &

Social Psychology,68, 36-51.

• When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first

author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

For example:

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment

to school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on

adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development, 66,

1312-1329.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors

are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name

of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

For example:

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E.

(2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments:

Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public

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Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of

mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating

role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social

Psychology, 24, 25-43.

If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of

authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the

reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter

suffixes to the year.

For example:

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in

prosocial intentions and behavior between friends.

Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial

intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

• When referring to these publications in your paper, use the letter suffixes with the

year so that the reader knows which reference you are referring to.

For example:

"Several studies (Berndt, 1981a, 1981b) have shown that..."

Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.
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If no author is given for a particular source, begin with and alphabetize by using the

title of the work, which will be listed in place of the author, and use a shortened

version of the title for parenthetical citations.

Personal communications, such as e-mail messages, or private interviews conducted

with another person, should not be cited in your reference list because they are not

retrievable sources for anyone else.

All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-

half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web

page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first

word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the

first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Underline titles of longer works such as books and journals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as

journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Basic Forms for Sources in Print

• An article in a periodical (e.g., a journal, newspaper, or magazine)

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical,

volume number, pages.

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NOTE:

For a magazine or newspaper article, include specific publication dates (month

and day, if applicable) as well as the year. For a journal article, do NOT include the

month or day of publication.

List only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination

throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then list the issue

number as well: Title of Periodical, Volume number(Issue number), pages. Note that the

issue number is not underlined. If the journal does not use volume numbers, use the

month, season, or other designation within the year to designate the specific journal

article.

• A nonperiodical (e.g., book, report, brochure, or audiovisual media)

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.

Location: Publisher.

NOTE:

For "Location," always list the city, but you should also include the state if the

city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

• Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter or an article in a collection)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B.

Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

NOTE:
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When listing the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title,

use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear

before the page numbers in periodical references.

Basic Forms for Electronic (Internet) Sources

• Article in an Internet Periodical

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal,

volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from

http://Web address.

• Nonperiodical Internet Document (e.g., a Web page or report)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Retrieved month

date, year, from http://Web address.

NOTE:

When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links

to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for

the document use (n.d.) for no date.

• Part of Nonperiodical Internet Document

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or

larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://Web address.

Basic Forms for Audiovisual Sources

• A Motion Picture or Video Tape

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Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of

motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

NOTE:

If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to

your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address

and zip code).

• A Television Broadcast or Television Series

Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast

[Television broadcast or Television series]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

• A Single Episode of a Television Series

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of

episode [Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series Title. City of

origin: Studio or distributor.

A music recording

Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from

song writer]. On

Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from

copyright date)
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Examples

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides

extensive examples covering a wide variety of potential sources. Below are examples for

some of the most commonly cited kinds of sources. If your particular source is not listed

below, use the basic forms (above) to determine the correct format.

Journal article, one author

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of

Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Journal article, three to six authors

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more

to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-

esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

Journal article, more than six authors

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).

Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3),

213-245.

NOTE:

The phrase et al. stands for "and others."

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Work discussed in a secondary source

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).

Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-

distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review,

100, 589-608.

NOTE:

Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original

work, and give a citation for the secondary source.

For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and

you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In

the text, use the following citation:

In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart,

Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993),...

Magazine article, one author

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in

today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Book

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal

publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

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An article or chapter of a book

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for

healing, transition, and

transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123).

New York: Springer.

A government publication

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical

training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No.

ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing

Office.

A brochure

Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting

and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS:

Author.

A book or article with no author or editor named

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-

Webster.

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The

Washington Post, p. A12.

NOTE:
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For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened

version of the title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as

appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear

as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993).

A translated work and/or a republished work

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L.

Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)

NOTE:

When you cite this work in text, it should appear with both dates: Laplace

(1814/1951).

A review of a book, film, television program, etc.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The

self-knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38 466-467.

An entry in an encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp.

501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

A print journal or newspaper article retrieved from an online database

When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in

the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal"

print citation would be for that type of work). Then add information that gives the date of
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retrieval and the proper name of the database. This will allow people to retrieve the print

version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article.

You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but

the APA manual says that this is not required.

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L.,& Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal

of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES

database.

An online journal article

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of

Buddhist Ethics, 8(4).Retrieved February 20, 2001, from

http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Chapter or section of an online document

The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great

chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3). Retrieved July

13, 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm

NOTE:

Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the

chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

Message posted to an online newsgroup,

forum, or discussion group

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25].

Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

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NOTE:

If only the screen name is available for the author, then use the screen name;

however, if the author provides a real name, use their real name instead. Be sure to

provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the subject line, the thread of

the message (not underlined). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title, as in other

types of references.

A Motion Picture or Video Tape

with international or national availability

Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really Big Disaster

Movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

A Motion Picture or Video Tape

with limited availability Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002).

Writing Labs: A History [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures,

500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)

A Television Broadcast

Important, I.M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The Nightly News Hour. [Television

broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service.

A Television Series

Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting Action Show.

[Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting

Company.
 The Problem
28

A Single Episode of a Television Series

Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the

falling ape. [Television series episode]. In D. Dude (Producer), Creatures and

monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios.

A music recording

Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by

Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt

cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music

Limited.

A Note on Notes

Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines

recommend the use of endnotes/footnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral

immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information (e.g.,

Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1) Number the notes

consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the paper, create a

separate page labeled Notes (with the title centered at the top of the page). Below are

examples of two kinds of notes.

Evaluative bibliographic comments

1
See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of

this extraordinary animal.

 The Problem
29

2
On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); for a contrasting

view, see Pyle (1992).

Explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the main text

3
In a recent interview, she (Weller, 1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am

an artist, not a yak!" (p. 124).

Prepared By

Engr. Melanie Rose P. Pascua

CE Project 1 Adviser