MATHS – A FORMULAE REFERENCE

:Important Formulae for X- CBSE students:

“Mathematics not only trains your brain but

also trains your discipline”

Few important identities:

2

( a+ b ) = a2 + b2 +2ab
2

( a - b ) = a2 + b2 - 2ab

a2 - b2 = ( a+ b )( a - b )

( x + a ) ( x + b ) = x2 + ( a + b ) x + ab

( x + a ) ( x + b ) ( x +c ) = x 3 + ( a+ b+ c ) x 2 + ( ab+ bc + ca ) x +abc
2

( a+ b+c ) = a2 + b2 +c2 +2ab+2bc +2ca
3

( a+ b ) = a3 + b3 +3ab ( a+ b )
3

( a - b ) = a3 - b3 - 3ab ( a - b )

a 3 + b3 = ( a+ b ) ( a2 - ab+ b2 )

a 3 - b3 = ( a - b ) ( a2 +ab+ b2 )

a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc = ( a+ b+ c ) ( a2 + b2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca )

a 4 + a2 b2 + b4 = ( a2 + b2 + ab )( a2 + b2 - ab )
Area related formulae :
1. Area of a circle = A =
2
2. Area of a triangle = ½ ×b×h
√
3. Area of a equilateral triangle = a2

4. Area of a square = a2
5. Area of a rectangle = l×b
6. Area of a quadrilateral = ½ × d (h1+h2)
7. Area of a parallelogram = b×h
8. Area of a rhombus = ½ ×d1×d2
9. Area of a trapezium = ½ ×h(a+b)

10. Area of a sector =



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PERIMETER related formulae :

1. Perimeter / circumference of a circle = 2
r
2. Perimeter of a triangle = sum of three sides
3. Perimeter of a equilateral triangle = 3a
4. Perimeter of a square = 4a
5. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(l+b)

6. perimeter of a sector = 2



CHAPTER – 1: Arithmetic Progression:

Arithmetic Progression and Arithmetic Series:

 A Sequence a1,a2,a3,--------an is an arithmetic progression(AP) if the difference

between any two consecutive terms is the same or constant and that is the
common difference ‘d’ which can be positive or negative.
 The General form of an A.P is a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,………. …..,a+(n-1)d
Where ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference.

The nth term of an A.P is an = a + (n-1)d

a =a +d
n+1 n

a =a -d
n-1 n

The sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers is ∑ n = Sn = (

n n+1 )
,
2

The Sum of the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers is n2

The Sum of the first ‘n’ even natual numbers is n(n+1)

The sum of a finite arithmetic series is Sn = n 2a+ ( n - 1 ) d 
2
n

Sn = a+ l  , where a= first term of A.P., l = last term of A.P.
2

If a is a constant term then a + 2a + 3a + ……..+ na = a ∑ n

S1 = a1 (first term) ;

S2 = a 1 + a 2 ;

S3 = a1 + a2 +a3 and so on

S2 – S 1 = a 2

S3 – S 2 = a 3

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In General Sn – Sn-1 = an

A.M between two numbers:

a+ b
The Arithmetic mean of two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is ΑΜ =
2
CHAPTER – 2: Triangles:

Key points:

Two figures are similar if and only if they have same shape, but not necessarily the same
size.

Similar triangles: Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding angles are
equal or their corresponding sides are proportional.

Congruent triangles are always similar but similar triangles are not necessarily congruent.

Basic proportionality theorem (Thales theorem)
Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the two sides in
two distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

Converse of BPT: ‘If a line divides any two sides of triangle in the same ratio then the line
is parallel to the third side.

Corollary of BPT: “If a line is drawn parallel to a side of a triangle then the sides of
intercepted triangle will be proportional to the sides of given triangle.

(AA similarity criterion)
If two triangles are equiangular then their corresponding sides are proportional.

Theorem: (Areas of similar triangle) “The areas of similar triangles are proportional to
the squares on the corresponding sides”
→ The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of the
corresponding medians.
→ The area of similar triangle is proportional to the squares on the corresponding altitudes.
→ The areas of similar triangle have the same ratio as the squares of the radii of their circum
circles.

Pythagoras theorem (Statement): “In a right angled triangle, square on the hypotenuse
is equal to sum of the squares on the other two sides.”

Converse of Pythagoras theorem: “In a triangle, square of one side is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.

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Pythagorean triplets: “If the three numbers, which are the measures of three sides of a
right angled triangle are natural numbers then they are called Pythagorean triplets.”

CHAPTER – 3: Pair of Linear Equations in two variables:

 A Pair of LE in two variables x, y is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

 Certain basic facts to know:-
• x=0 is the equation of y-axis and y=0 is the equation of x-axis
• x=a (some constant) represent a line parallel to y-axis
• y=b (some constant) represent a line parallel to x-axis
• Distance travelled = speed × time
• If ‘x’ is the unit place digit and ‘y’ is the tenth place digit then the two digit
number is 10y + x

Relation Type of the graph Number of Nature of the

solutions equation
1 1 1 Coinciding lines Infinitely many Dependent
= =
2 2 2 solutions (consistent) pair
1 1 1 Parallel lines No solution Inconsistent pair
= ≠
2 2 2
1 1 Intersecting lines Exactly one solution Consistent pair
≠
2 2 (unique solution)

CHAPTER – 4: Circles:
KEY POINTS:
→ CIRCLE: A circle is a closed figure bounded by several points which are equidistance from
the centre.
→ RADIUS: The line segment joining the centre and a point on the circle is called Radius. It is
denoted by ‘r’
→ CHORD: The line segment joining any two points on the circle is called chord.
→ DIAMETER: The line segment joining any two points on the circle and passes through the
centre is called Diameter. The longest chord of a circle is diameter. It is denoted by ‘d’
→ ARC: It is a part of the circle.
→ SEGMENT: The region bounded by an arc and a chord.
→ Minor segment: region bounded by a minor arc and a chord.
→ Major segment: Region bounded by a major arc and a chord
→ Semi circular region: Region bounded by a semi circle and diameter.
→ Equal chords are equidistance from the centre.
→ Angles subtended by an arc in a minor segment are obtuse angles.

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→ Angles subtended by an arc in a major segment are acute angles.

→ Angles in a semi circle are right angles.
→ In a circle, angles in the same segment are equal.
→ Concentric circles: Circles having the same centre but different radiation are called
concentric circles.
→ Congruent circles: Circles having the same radiation but different centres are called
congruent circles.
→ Secant: A straight line which intersects a circle at two distinct points is called a secant.
→ Tangent: A straight line which touches the circle at only one point is called a Tangent.
→ Touching circles: Two circles having only one common point of contact are called touching
circles.
→ If two circles touch externally then the distance between the centres is given by d= R+r
→ If two circles touch internally the distance between the centres is given by d = R-r
→ Circumference of a circle = 2πr or πd.
→ Area of a circle = πr2 or πd2/4
→ The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
→ The line joining the centre to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
→ Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
→ In a circle the chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal.
→ In a circle the angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by the
same are at the circumference.
→ Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
→ Angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
→ The angle in a major segment is an acute angle.
→ The angle in a minor segment is obtuse.
→ The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
→ If opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
→ In any circle the tangent and the radius at the point of contact are perpendicular to each
other.
→ In a circle the perpendicular to a radius at its end other than the centre is a tangent to the
circle.
→ The perpendicular to a tangent at the point of contact passes through the centre.
→ One and only tangent can be drawn to a circle at any point on the circumference.
→ The two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle: I) are equal ii) subtend equal
angles at the centre and iii) are equally inclined to the line joining the external point to the
centre.
→ If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle then it is a cyclic quadrilateral.

CHAPTER – 5: Area related to Circles:

Area of a circle = A =
2

Area of a Semi circle = A =
2 /2

Area of a quadrant = A =
2 /4

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Area of a sector =



Perimeter / circumference of a circle = 2
r

Perimeter of a sector = 2




CHAPTER – 7:Coordinate Geometry:

→ Analytical Geometry or Co-ordinate Geometry is a Branch of Mathematics which is based on

rectangular, Co-ordinate system which treats geometry algebraic.
→ Co-ordinate geometry was mainly developed by a French philosopher and Mathematician
Rene Des Cartes.
→ The distance of a point from y axis is called the x-coordinate or abscissa.
→ The distance of a point from x axis is called the y-coordinate or ordinate.
→ Any point on the x-axis will be of the form (x,0)
→ Any point on the y-axis will be of the form (0,y)
→ Distance formula:

( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 )
2 2
The distance between two points (x, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by d=

→ The distance of p(x, y) from the origin of a circle is given by OP = x2 +y2

→ Distance of a point p(x,y) from the x-axis is |y| units.
→ Distance of a point p(x,y) from the y-axis is |x| units.
→ Section formula:
If p(x, y) divides the line segment AB, joining the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio
m:n then the co-ordinates of P is given by,
 mx2 +nx1 my2 +ny1 
Co- ordinates of P(x, y) =  ,
 m+n m+n 

→ The midpoint formula, P(x,y) =  2 1 , 2 1 

x +x y +y
 2 2 
→ Area of Triangle with vertices A(x1, y1); B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) is

[x1(y2-y3)+ x2(y3-y1)+ x3(y1-y2)]
→ If the three points are collinear then, the Area of Triangle = 0

CHAPTER – 8: Real numbers:

1. A number is prime, if it has only two factors : 1 and itself.
OR
Prime number: A positive integer ‘p’ is considerd as prime number, (i) p>1
and (ii) p does not have factors other than 1 and p

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2. Composite number : A number greater than 1 and not a prime number is

called a composite number.
3. Dividend = (divisor × quotient) + remainder
4. Euclids division lemma: Given positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ there exits
unique integers ‘q’ and ‘r’ satisfying a = bq + r, 0≤r≤b
5. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be
expressed as a product of primes and this factorisation is unique except for the
order in which the prime factors occur.
6. If a prime number ‘p’ divides ‘a2’, then ‘p’ divides ‘a’ also.
7. If a prime divides the product of two integers then it divides atleast one of
them.
8. HCF OF TWO NUMBERS = PRODUCT OF THE SMALLER POWER OF
EACH COMMON FACTOR IN THE NUMBERS.
HCF OF (30,45) = 3 × 5 = 15
(30 = 2 × 3 × 5 ; 45 = 3 × 5 )
9. LCM OF TWO NUMBERS = PRODUCT OF THE GREATEST POWER OF
EACH PRIME FACTOR INVOLVED IN THE NUMBERS.
LCM OF (30,45) = 2 × 3 × 5 = 90
(30 = 2 × 3 × 5 ; 45 = 3 × 5 )

The product of the H.C.F and L.C.M of two expressions is equal to the product
of the expressions. ( A×B= H×L )

To find L.C.M by division method.
A B
L = ×B Or L = A×
H H
CHAPTER – 9: Polynomials:
1. X is a variable and a0, a1, a2, -, -, - - -, an be real numbers, ‘n’ is a positive
integer, then f(x) = a0+a1x+a2x2+ - - - - -+anxn is a polynomial in the
variable x.
2. The exponent of the highest degree term is called the degree of the
polynomial.
3. Types of polynomial:-
• Constant polynomial:- f(x) = a, where a is a constant
• Linear polynomial:- f(x) = ax+b, a ≠ 0

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• Quadratic polynomial:- f(x) = ax2+bx + c, a ≠ 0

• Cubic polynomial:- f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d, a ≠ 0
4. If p(x) is a polynomial and ‘k’ is any real number such that p(k)=0 then ‘k’ is
called a zero of the polynomial p(x).
5. A polynomial of degree ‘n’ can have atmost ‘n’ real zeros.
6. Geometrically, the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) are the ‘x’ coordinates of the
points where the graph y = f(x) intersects the x axis
7. If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠0, then we can always find
q(x) and r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree of
r(x) < degree of g(x).
8. If (x – a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) then p(a)=0
(i.e Remainder=0)
9. If p(a) = 0 then (x – a ) is a factor of p(x).

10. If α and β are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial

f(x) = ax2+bx + c, then

• Sum of the zeros = α + β = 

• Product of the zeroes = αβ = 
11. Given the sum of the zeros and product of the zeros, the
quadratic polynomial is k x2 – x(sum of the zeroes) + product of the zeros1
k x2 – (α + β) x + αβ1
12. If α + β and αβ are given/known then

α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 - 2αβ

α3 + β3 = (α + β)3 - 3αβ(α + β)

α4 + β4 = (α2 + β2)2 – 2(αβ)2
13. If α, β and γ are the zeros of the cubic polynomial f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d then


α + β + γ =



αβ + βγ + γα =

4

αβγ =


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CHAPTER – 10: Quadratic Equation:

1. The standard form or General form of quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ; a≠0
-b± b2 - 4ac
2. Roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are x =
2a
3. Zeros of the quadratic polynomial ax +bx+c are the same as the roots of the
2

quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
4. Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends upon the value of b2 - 4ac and it
2
is called as the discriminate and is denoted by ∆ (delta) i.e. ∆ = b - 4ac
(i) If ∆ = 0 then roots are real and equal(coincident roots)
(ii) If ∆ > 0 (+ve, perfect square) then Roots are real, distinct and rational.
(iii) If ∆ > 0 (+ve, not a perfect square) then Roots are real, distinct and
irrational.
(iv) If ∆ < 0 (-ve) then Roots are imaginary(No real roots)
5. If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then
-b
(i) Sum of the roots ( m+n ) =
a
c
(ii) Product of the roots ( m.n ) =
a
6. Standard form of the quadratic equation is (when the roots are given)
x2 - (Sum of the roots) x +product of roots =0
i.e. x2 - ( m+n ) x+mn = 0

CHAPTER – 11: Introduction to Trigonometry

Key Points:

→ The word Trigonometry is derived from the Greek words Tri, gon and metron.
Tri means → Three
gon means → sides
metron means → measurement
→ Measuring three sides of a triangle is called Trigonometry so, Trigonometry is all about
triangle.
→ Trigonometric ratios: The certain ratios involving the sides of a right angled triangle are
called trigonometric ratios.

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→ Look at the adjoining right ABC, right angled at B. the T – ratios of the angle A are,

BC opp.side O AC hyp H
SinA = = = CosecA = = =
AC hyp H BC Opp.side O
AB Adj.side A AC hyp H
CosA = = = SecA = = =
AC hyp H AB adj.side A
AB Opp.side O BC adj.side A
TanA = = = CotA = = =
BC adj.side A AB opp.side O

Note: In a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side, therefore, the
value of sinA or CosA is always less than 1 or at the most equal to 1

Trigonometric Ratios of some specific angles:

The specific angles are 00, 300, 450, 600and 900, Trigonometric ratios of their
angles are given in the following table.

Specific
Angle → 00 300 450 600 900

t - ratios ↓
SinA 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
CosA 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
TanA 0 1 1 3 ∞ (not defined)
3
CosecA ∞ (not defined) 2 2 2 1
3
SecA 1 2 2 2 ∞ (not defined)
3
CotA (not defined) ∞ 3 1 1 0
3

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Note: i) The value of SinA increases from 0 to 1, as A increases from 00 to 900

ii) The Value of CosA decrease from 1 to 0, as A increases from 00 to 900
iii) The value of TanA increases from 0 to ∞ as A increases from 00 to 900

Reciprocal ratios:
1 1
i) SinA = OR CosecA =
CosecA SinA
1 1
ii) CosA = OR secA =
secA CosA
1 1
iii) tanA = OR CotA =
CotA tanA
Trigonometric Identities:

Since an equation is called an identity when it’s true for all the values of the variables
involved. So an equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a trigonometric
identity, if it is true for all values of the angles involved, some of the important
trigonometric identities are.
i) sin2A + cos2A = 1
ii) sec2A – tan2A = 1
iii) cosec2A – cot2A = 1
Also, sin2A = 1-cos2A ⇒ sinA = 1 − cos2 A
cos2A = 1-sin2A ⇒ cosA = 1 − sin2 A
sec2A = 1+tan2A ⇒ secA = 1 + tan2 A
cosec2A = 1+cot2A ⇒ cosecA = 1 + cot2 A

T – Ratios of complementary angles:

i) sin (900-A) = cos A

ii) cos (900-A) = sin A
iii) tan (900- A) = cot A
iv) cot (900-A) = tan A
v) sec (900-A) = cosec A
vi) cosec (900-A) = Sec A
sin θ
Note: i) tan θ =
cos θ
cos θ
ii) cot θ =
sin θ

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CHAPTER – 12: Some Application of Trigonometry

→ Line of sight: The line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point on the object
viewed is called line of sight.
→ The line of sight is an horizontal line parallel to the ground level, but not always.
→ Angle of elevation: An upward angle formed by the horizontal line and the angle of sight
is called angle of elevation.
→ Angle of depression: A downward angle formed by the horizontal line and the line of sight
is called angle of depression.
→ Angle of elevation and angle of ang angle
le of depression are always measured with the
horizontal line.
→ The angle of elevation of an object as seen by the observer is same as the angle of
depression of the observer as seen from the object.
→ If the height of the observer is not given, the observer is taken as a point.
CHAPTER – 13: Statistics:

Direct Method

Mean (Average) of Assumed Mean

the grouped data method

Step
Step-deviation
method

Mode of the grouped data

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Median of the grouped data

Empirical relationship between the three 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean

measures of central tendency
CHAPTER – 14: Probability:
 The chance of happening of an event when expressed quantitatively
is called probability.
789:; <= <8><9:? =@<8;A: >< B E (B)
1. Probability of an event P(A) = =
789:; <= AA C<??DA: <8><9:? E(F)
where n(A) is the possible positive outcome and n(S) is total number of possible
outcomes.
2. Range of probability value: 0≤P(E)≤1
3. Probability of certain event = 1
4. Probability of impossible event = 0
5. P(A) + P(5̅) = 1

CHAPTER – 115: Surface area and volume:

1. Cylinder:

Lateral surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh sq. units

Total surface area of a cylinder = 2πr ( r+h ) sq. units

Volume of the cylinder = πr2h cu. units
Hollow Cylinder:
Let external radius be ‘R’; internal radius be ‘r’; height be ‘h’ then

External curved surface area of a hollow cylinder = 2
Rh Rh sq.units

Internal curved surface area of a hollow cylinder = 2 2
rh
rh sq.units

Thickness of its wall = R – r

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Area of cross section =
G −
 =
(G −  )

Total surface area of a hollow cylinder = 2
Rh + 2
rh + 2
(G −  )

Volume of the cylinder hollow =
(G −  )ℎ cubic.units

2. Cone:

Curved surface area of a cone = πrl sq. units

Total surface area of a cone= πr ( r+l ) sq. units
1 2

Volume of the cone =
3 πr h cu. units

Slant height(l) = √ℎ + 
3. Sphere:

Surface area of a sphere = 4πr 2 sq. units

Volume of the sphere=
4 πr 3 cu. units
3
4. Hemisphere:

Curved surface area of a hemisphere = 2πr 2 sq. units

Total surface area of a hemisphere = 3πr 2 sq. units

Volume of the hemisphere=
2 πr 3 cu. units
3

5. Frustrum of a cone:

Curved surface area of frustrum of a cone =
(r12 + r22)l

Total surface area of a cone=
(r12 + r22)l +
r12 +
r22


Volume of the cone =
(r12 + r22+r1r2)h

Slant height(l) = Jℎ + (r1 − 2)

6. Cube:

Lateral surface area of a cube = 4a2

Total surface area of a cube = 6a2

Volume of the cube = a3

7. Cuboid:

Lateral surface area of a cuboid = 2 [l+b]h

Total surface area of a cuboid = 2[lh + lb + bh]

Volume of the cuboid = l×b×h

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