College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor

Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Mechanics of Materials
Syllabus:

1. Simple Stress, Shear stress, Bearing stress

2. Strain- Stress diagram, Hook’s law, Poisson’s ratio
3. Thin wall cylinder
4. Thermal stress
5. Torsion formula
6. Flanged bolt
7. Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
8. Slope and Deflection of Beams
9. Helical Spring

References:

1. Mechanics of Materials I - E. J. Hearn 3RD EDITION.

2. Mechanics of Materials - Andrew Pytel & KIUSALAAS- 3 EDITION.
3. Strength of Materials - Ferdinand L. Singer and Andrew Pytel – 3 EDITION.
4. Strength of Materials – R. C. Hibbeler– 7 EDITION.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 1 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter One
Simple Stress
1.1. Load

In any engineering structure or mechanism, the individual components will be

subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in
which the component works. If the component or member is in equilibrium, the
resultant of the external forces will be zero but, nevertheless, they together place
a load on the member which tends to deform that member and which must be
reacted by internal forces which are set up within the material.

Typical loading types are:

(a) Static or dead loads, i.e. non-fluctuating loads, generally caused by gravity
effects.
(b) Live loads, as produced by, for example, lorries crossing a bridge.
(c) Impact or shock loads caused by sudden blows.
(d) Fatigue, fluctuating or alternating loads, the magnitude and sign of the load
changing with time.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 2 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

1.1.1. Stress

1.2. Direct or normal stress (σ)

If a cylindrical bar is subjected to a direct pull or push along its axis as shown in
Fig. 1.1, then it is said to be subjected to tension or compression. Typical
examples of tension are the forces present in towing ropes or lifting hoists, whilst
compression occurs in the legs of your chair as you sit on it or in the support pillars
of buildings.

Fig. 1.1. Types of direct stress.

It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is
reacted by internal forces set up within the material. If, therefore, a bar is subjected
to a uniform tension or compression, i.e. a direct force, which is uniformly or

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 3 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

equally applied across the cross section, then the internal forces set up are also
distributed uniformly and the bar is said to be subjected to a uniform direct or
normal stress, are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the
resisting area that being defined as:
𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐏
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 (𝛔) = =
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀

Stress σ may thus be compressive or tensile depending on the nature of the load
and will be measured in units of newtons per square meter (N/m2 ). Frequently,
one newton per square meter is referred to as one pascal (Pa). In most engineering
applications, therefore, loads appear in SI multiples, i.e. kilonewtons (kN) or
(MN), since the prefix M (read as "mega") refers to multiples of 106 .
1.3. Shear stress
Shearing stress differs from both tensile and compressive stress in that it is caused
by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces, whereas tensile
and compressive stresses are caused by forces perpendicular to the areas on
which they act. For this reason, tensile and compressive stresses are frequently
called normal stresses, whereas a shearing stress may be called a tangential
stress.

𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 P
shear stress (τ)= =A
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫

Several examples are shown in Fig. 1-2. In (a) the rivet resists shear across its

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 4 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

cross-sectional area, whereas in the clevis at (b) the bolt resists shear across two
cross-sectional areas; case (a) may be called single shear and case (b) double
shear.

Figure 1.2 Examples of shear.

𝐏
- shear stress τ (in double shear)=
𝟐𝐀

1.4. Bearing stress

Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that the latter is the internal stress
caused by a compressive force whereas the former is a contact pressure between
separate bodies, see fig. 1.3. We now consider the contact pressures between an
axle and its bearing, or between a rivet or bolt and the contact surface of the plate
against which it pushes.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 5 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Figure 1.3 Bearing Stress

𝐏𝐛
𝛔𝐛 =
𝐀𝐛

Example 1: Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and
loaded as shown. Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 175
MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in rod BC, determine the smallest allowable values
of d1 and d2.

Solution:

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 6 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 2: Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and
loaded as shown. knowing that P = 40 kips, determine the average normal stress
at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 7 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Solution:

Example 3: An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a bronze rod and a steel
rod as shown in Figure below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Determine the stress in each material.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 8 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Solution: To calculate the stress in each section, we must first determine the axial
load in each section. The appropriate free-body diagrams are shown in Figure
below, from which we determine the axial load in each section to be PB =20 kN
(compression), PA =5 kN (compression), and PS =10 kN (tension).

The stresses in each section are:

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 9 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 4: The coupling shown in Figure below is constructed from steel of

rectangular cross-section and is designed to transmit a tensile force of 50 kN. If
the bolt is of 15 mm diameter calculate:

(a) the shear stress in the bolt;

(b) the direct stress in the plate;

(c) the direct stress in the forked end of the coupling.

Solution:

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 10 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 5: In Figure below, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the

plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for
bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the
minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the
plates.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 11 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Solution:

HW 01
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 12 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali
Sheet (1)
1. A steel tube, 25 mm outside diameter and 12mm inside diameter, carries an axial tensile
load of 40 kN. What will be the stress in the bar? What further increase in load is possible if
the stress in the bar is limited to 225 MN/m²?
2. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a
steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig. below.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a
stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa,
or in bronze of 100 MPa.

3. Two circular bars, one of brass and the other of steel, are to be loaded by a shear load of
30 kN. Determine the necessary diameter of the bars (a) in single shear, (b) in double shear,
if the shear stress in the two materials must not exceed 50 MN/m² and 100 MN/m²
respectively.
4. The lap joint shown in Fig. below is
fastened by four (¾)in. diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that can
be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the
plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied
load is uniformly distributed among the four
rivets.
5. In the clevis shown in Fig. below, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing
stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

Chapter One- Simple Stress Page 13 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Two
Simple Strain
2.1 Direct strain ( 𝝐 )

If a bar is subjected to a direct load, and hence a stress, the bar will change in
length. If the bar has an original length L and changes in length by an amount δL,
the strain produced is defined as follows:

Strain=(change in length)/(original length)=δL/L

Strain is thus a measure of the deformation of the material and is non-dimensional,

i.e. it has no units; it is simply a ratio of two quantities with the same unit (Fig.
2.1).

Fig. 2.1

Sign convention for direct stress and strain

Tensile stresses and strains are considered POSITIVE in sense producing an
increase in length. Compressive stresses and strains are considered
NEGATIVE in sense producing a decrease in length.
2.2 Elastic Materials-Hooke's law

A material is said to be elastic if it returns to its original dimensions when the load
is removed. Since loads are proportional to the stresses they produce, and the
deformations are proportional to the strains, stress is proportional to strain.
Hooke's law, in its simplest form:

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 14 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Stress (σ) ∝ Strain (ϵ)

Stress/Strain = Constant
2.3 Modulus of elasticity - Young’s modulus

Within the elastic limits of materials, i.e. within the limits in which Hooke’s law
applies, it has been shown that

Stress/Strain = Constant
This constant is given the symbol E and termed the modulus of elasticity or
Young’s modulus.

E=Stress/Strain= σ/ϵ= P/A ÷ δL/L

𝑷𝑳
E=
𝑨𝜹𝑳

2.4 Stress-Strain Diagrams

In order to compare the strengths of various materials it is necessary to carry out

some standard form of test to establish their relative properties. One such test is
the standard tensile test in which a circular bar of uniform cross-section is
subjected to a gradually increasing tensile load until failure occurs.
Measurements of the change in length of a selected gauge length of the bar are
recorded throughout the loading operation by means of extensometers and a
graph of load against extension or stress against strain is produced as shown in
Fig. 2.2; this shows a typical result for a test on a mild (low carbon) steel bar;
other materials will exhibit different graphs but of a similar general form.

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 15 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Fig. 2.2. Typical tensile test curve for mild steel.

Portion OA: This portion is absolutely straight, where the stress is proportional
to strain and the material obeys Hooke’s law (σ =E ϵ). The value of stress at
point A is called proportional limit.
Portion AB: In this portion, Hook’s law is not obeyed, although the material
may still be elastic. The point B indicates the elastic limit.
Portion BC: In this portion, the metal shows a strain even without increase in
stress and the strain is not fully return when load is removed. C is called upper
yield point.

Portion CD: Yielding start in this portion and there is a drop of stress at the
point D directly after yielding begins at C. The point D is termed as lower yield
point.
Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 16 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Portion DE: After yielding has taken place at D, further straining takes place at
this portion by increasing the stress and the stress–strain curve continues to rise
up to the point E. At the point E, the bar begins to form a local neck. The point E
is termed as ultimate tensile stress point (This is also known as the tensile
strength of the material of the bar.)

Portion EF: In this portion, the load is falling off from the maximum and
fracture at F takes place. The point F is termed as fracture or breaking point and
the identical stress is called breaking stress

Note: After yield points, the graph becomes much more shallow and covers a
much greater portion of the strain axis than does the elastic range of the material.
The capacity of a material to allow these large plastic deformations is a measure
of the so-called ductility of the material.

2.5 Ductile and Brittle Materials

It has been observed above that the partially plastic range of the graph of Fig. 2.2
covers a much wider part of the strain axis than does the elastic range. Thus the
extension of the material over this range is considerably in excess of that
associated with elastic loading. The capacity of a material to allow these large
extensions, i.e. the ability to be drawn out plastically, is termed its ductility.
Materials with high ductility are termed ductile materials, members with low
ductility are termed brittle materials. A quantitative value of the ductility is
obtained by measurements of the percentage elongation or percentage reduction
in area, both being defined below.

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 17 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Percentage elongation =
(increase in gauge length to fracture)/ (original gauge length) × 100 %

Percentage reduction in area =

(reduction in cross-sectional area of necked) /(portion original area) × 100 %

While a brittle material is one which exhibits relatively small extensions to

fracture so that the partially plastic region of the tensile test graph is much
reduced.

2.6 Mechanical Properties

The characteristics of the materials which describe their behavior under external
loads are known as Mechanical Properties.

Some mechanical properties are:

1- Elasticity: Elasticity of a material is power of coming back to original position

when the stress or load is removed. The greatest stress that a material can
withstand without permanent distortion is called elastic limit.

2- Plasticity: The plasticity of a material is ability to undergo some permanent

deformation without failure. Plastic deformation will take place only after the
elastic range has been exceeded, beyond (point c). Plasticity is an important
property and widely used in several mechanical processes like forming, shaping,
extruding and many other hot and cold working processes. In general, plasticity
increases with increasing temperature. Due to this property various metals can be
transformed into different products of required shape and size. This conversion

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 18 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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into desired shape and size is effected either by the application of pressure or heat
or both.

3- Ductility: Ductility of a material their enables to draw out into thin wire with
application the load. Ductile material such as mild steel, wires of gold, silver,
copper, aluminum, etc. are drawn by extrusion or by pulling through a hole in a
die due to the ductile property. The ductility decreases with increase of
temperature. The percent elongation and the reduction in area in tension are often
used as empirical measures of ductility.

4- Brittleness: The brittleness of a material is the property of breaking without

much permanent distortion. There are many materials, which break or fail before
much deformation take place, such as glass, cast iron, etc. Therefore, a non-ductile
material is said to be a brittle material. A brittle material should not be considered
as lacking in strength, it is only shows the lack of elasticity. On stress-strain
diagram, these materials don’t have yield point and value of E is small.

5- Strength: It is the resistance offered by a material when subjected to external

loading, so stronger the material can be withstanding with greater the load.
Depending upon the type of load applied the strength can be tensile, compressive,
shear or torsional strength. The maximum stress that any material will withstand
before destruction is called its ultimate strength (point E as shown in Fig. 2.2).

6- Hardness: Hardness is closely related to strength. It is the ability of a material

to resist scratching, abrasion, penetration with apply external load.

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 19 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

7- Stiffness (Rigidity) The resistance of a material to deflection is called stiffness

or rigidity. Steel is stiffer or more rigid than aluminum. Stiffness is measured by
Young’s modulus E. The higher value of the Young’s modulus this mean stiffer
the material. E is the ratio of stress over strain and is given by the slope of line O-
A.

8- Toughness: The toughness of a material is ability to withstand both plastic and

elastic deformations. It is a highly desirable quality for structural and machine
parts to withstand to shock and vibration. Manganese steel, mild steels are tough
materials.

Ex: If a load is suddenly applied to a piece of mild steel and then to a piece of
glass the mild steel will absorb much more energy before failure occurs. Thus,
mild steel is said to be much tougher than a glass.

2.7 Poisson’s Ratio

Consider the rectangular bar as shown in Fig. 2.3 subjected to a tensile load.
Under the action of this load, the bar will increase in length by an amount 𝛿𝐿
giving a longitudinal strain in the bar of

𝜹𝑳
𝝐𝑳 = 𝑳

Fig. 2.3
Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 20 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

The bar will also exhibit, however, a reduction in dimensions laterally, i.e. its
breadth and depth will both reduce. The associated lateral strains will both be
equal, will be of opposite sense to the longitudinal strain, and will be given by

𝜹𝒃 𝜹𝒅
𝝐𝒍𝒂𝒕 = - =-
𝒃 𝒅
𝛅𝐝
𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 (− )
𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧′ 𝐬 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 (𝛎) = = 𝐝
𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝛅𝐋
𝐋
Note: For most engineering materials the value of v lies between 0.25 and 0.33.

longitudinal stress 𝛔
longitudinal strain = =
Young's modulus 𝐄

𝜎
lateral strain = 𝑣
𝐸

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 21 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

2.8 Application of Poisson’s ratio to a two-dimensional stress system

A two-dimensional stress system is one in which all the stresses lie within one
plane such as the X-Y plane. Consider, therefore, an element of material subjected
to two stresses at right angles to each other and let both stresses, 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 , be
considered tensile, see Fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3. Simple two dimensional system of direct stresses

The following strains will be produced
(a) in the X direction resulting fromσx , ϵx = σx /E.
(b) in the Y direction resulting fromσy , ϵy = σy /E.
(c) in the X direction resulting fromσy , ϵx = - 𝜈(σy /E).
(d) in the Y direction resulting from σx , ϵy = - 𝜈(σx /E).
Strains (c) and (d) being the so-called Poisson’s ratio strain, opposite in sign to
the applied strains, i.e. compressive.

The total strain in the X direction will therefore be given by:

𝛔𝐱 𝛔𝐲 𝟏
𝛜𝐱 = −𝛎 = (𝛔𝐱 − 𝛎𝛔𝐲 )
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 22 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

and the total strain in the Y direction will be:

𝛔𝐲 𝛔𝐱 𝟏
𝛜𝐲 = −𝛎 = (𝛔𝐲 − 𝛎𝛔𝐱 )
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
2.9 Shear strain
The angle of deformation γ is the shear strain. Shear strain is dimensionless; it
has no units and is measured in radians.

Fig. 2.4. Deformation (shear strain) produced by shear stresses

For materials within the elastic range the shear strain is proportional to the shear
stress producing it,
shear stress 𝜏
= = constant = 𝐺
shear strain 𝛾
The constant G is termed the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus and is
directly comparable to the modulus of elasticity used in the direct stress
application. The term modulus thus implies a ratio of stress to strain in each case.

Example 1
Determine the stress in each section of the bar shown in Fig. 2.5 when subjected
to an axial tensile load of 20 kN. The central section is 30 mm square cross-section;
the other portions are of circular section; their diameters being indicated. What
will be the total extension of the bar? For the bar material E = 210GN/m2
Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 23 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Fig. 2.5.

Solution:

force 𝑃
Stress = =
area 𝐴

20 × 103 80 × 103
Stress in section (1) = −3 2 = −6
= 63.66MN/m2
𝜋(20 × 10 ) 𝜋 × 400 × 10
4

20 × 103
Stress in section (2) = −6
= 22.2MN/m2
30 × 30 × 10

20 × 103 80 × 103
Stress in section (3) = −3 2 = −6
= 113.2MN/m2
𝜋(15 × 10 ) 𝜋 × 225 × 10
4

Now the extension of a bar can always be written in terms of the stress in the bar
since

𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔
E = =
𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝛅/𝐋

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 24 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 2
(a) A 25 mm diameter bar is subjected to an axial tensile load of 100 kN. Under
the action of this load, a 200 mm gauge length is found to extend 0.19×10−3
mm. Determine the modulus of elasticity for the bar material.

(b) In order to reduce weight whilst keeping the external diameter constant, the
bar is bored axially to produce a cylinder of uniform thickness, what is the
maximum diameter of bore possible given that the maximum allowable stress is
240 MN/m2 ? The load can be assumed to remain constant at 100 kN.

(c) What will be the change in the outside diameter of the bar under the limiting
stress quoted in (b)? (E = 210 GN/m2 and v = 0.3).

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 25 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 26 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

HW 02
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 27 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 2
1- A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in Fig. below.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not
exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120
MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced
to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

2- A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in fig
P-236. Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is
70 MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress is
140 MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.

And how should the lengths of the two identical copper rods be changed so that each
material will be stressed to its allowable limit?
3- A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that its change in diameter is
4Pν / πEd.

Chapter Two- Simple Strain Page 28 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Three
Thin Wall Cylinder
3.1. Thin Cylinders Under Internal Pressure
When a thin-walled cylinder is subjected to internal pressure, three mutually
perpendicular principal stresses will be set up in the cylinder material, namely the
circumferential or hoop stress, the radial stress and the longitudinal stress.
Provided that the ratio of thickness to inside diameter of the cylinder is less than
1/20, it is reasonably accurate to assume that the hoop and longitudinal stresses
are constant across the wall thickness and that the magnitude of the radial stress
set up is so small in comparison with the hoop and longitudinal stresses that it can
be neglected.
3.1.1. Hoop or circumferential stress
This is the stress which is set up in resisting the bursting effect of the applied
pressure and can be most conveniently treated by considering the equilibrium of
half of the cylinder as shown in Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.1. Half of a thin cylinder subjected to internal pressure showing the hoop and
longitudinal stresses acting on any element in the cylinder surface.
Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 29 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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Total force on half-cylinder owing to internal pressure = p × projected area = p × d L
Total resisting force owing to hoop stress 𝛔𝐇 set up in the cylinder walls = 2σH × L t
2σH L t= p d L
𝐏𝐝
Circumferential Or Hoop Stress 𝛔𝐇 =
𝟐𝐭

3.1.2. Longitudinal stress

Consider now the cylinder shown in Fig. 3.2.
Total force on the end of the cylinder owing to internal pressure
𝛑𝐝𝟐
pressure × area = p ×
𝟒

Fig. 3.2. Cross-section of a thin cylinder

Area of metal resisting this force = 𝝅d t (approximately)

𝛑𝐝𝟐 /𝟒 𝐏𝐝
stress set up= force/area = 𝐏 × =
𝛑𝐝𝐭 𝟒𝐭
𝐏𝐝
longitudinal stress 𝛔𝐋 =
𝟒𝐭

3.1.3. Changes in dimensions

(a) Change in length
The change in length of the cylinder may be determined from the longitudinal
strain, i.e. neglecting the radial stress.
𝟏
Longitudinal strain= (𝛔𝐋 − 𝛎𝛔𝐇 )
𝐄

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 30 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

and change in length = longitudinal strain × original length

1
= (σ − νσH )L
E L
𝐏𝐝
= 𝟒𝐭𝐄 [𝟏 − 𝟐 𝛎]𝐋
(b) Change in diameter
As above, the change in diameter may be determined from the strain on a
diameter, i.e. the diametral strain.
change in diameter
Diametral strain =
original diameter
Now the change in diameter may be found from a consideration of the
circumferential change. The stress acting around a circumference is the hoop or
circumferential stress σH giving rise to the circumferential strain ϵH .

Change in circumference = strain × original circumference

= ϵH × 𝜋𝑑
New circumference= 𝜋𝑑 + 𝜋𝑑 ϵH
= 𝜋𝑑(1 + ϵH )
But this is the circumference of a circle of diameter 𝑑(1 + ϵH )
New diameter = 𝑑 (1 + ϵH )
Change in diameter = 𝑑 ϵH
𝑑 ϵH
Diametral strain ϵD = = ϵH
d

i.e. the diametral strain equals the hoop or circumferential strain

𝑑
Thus change in diameter = 𝑑 ϵH = (σH − νσL )
E

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 31 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali
𝐏𝒅𝟐
= [ 𝟐 − 𝛎]
𝟒𝐭𝐄

(c) Change in internal volume

Change in volume = volumetric strain x original volume
Volumetric Strain = sum of three mutually perpendicular direct strains

𝐏𝐝
Change in Internal Volume= [𝟓 − 𝟒𝛎]𝑽
𝟒𝐭𝐄

3.2. Thin Spherical Shell Under Internal Pressure

Because of the symmetry of the sphere the stresses set up owing to internal
pressure will be two mutually perpendicular hoop or circumferential stresses of
equal value and a radial stress. As with thin cylinders having thickness to diameter
ratios less than 1:20, the radial stress is assumed negligible in comparison with the
values of hoop stress set up. The stress system is therefore one of equal biaxial
hoop stresses.
Consider, therefore, the equilibrium of the half-sphere shown in Fig. 3.3.
Force on half-sphere owing to internal pressure = p × projected area

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 32 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

𝛑𝐝𝟐
=p×
𝟒
Resisting force = σH × 𝜋𝑑𝑡 (approximately)

Fig. 3.3. Half of a thin sphere subjected to internal pressure showing uniform hoop stresses
acting on a surface element.
πd2
p× = σH × 𝜋𝑑𝑡
4
Pd
σH =
4t
𝐏𝐝
circumferential or hoop stress=
𝟒𝐭
3.2.1 Change in internal volume
Change In Volume = original volume x volumetric strain
Volumetric Strain = sum of three mutually perpendicular strains (in this case all
equal)

𝟑𝐏𝐝
change in internal volume= [ 𝟏 − 𝛎] 𝑽
𝟒𝐭𝐄

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 33 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

3.3. Vessels Subjected to Fluid Pressure

When calculating the amount of fluid which must be pumped into the cylinder in
order to raise the pressure by a specified amount, the cylinder being initially full
of fluid at atmospheric pressure. Now the bulk modulus of a fluid is defined as
follows:

3.4. Cylindrical Vessel with Hemispherical Ends

Consider now the vessel shown in Fig. 3.4 in which the wall thickness of the
cylindrical and hemispherical portions may be different (this is sometimes
necessary since the hoop stress in the cylinder is twice that in a sphere of the same
radius and wall thickness). For the purpose of the calculation the internal diameter

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 34 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

of both portions is assumed equal. From the preceding sections the following
formulae are known to apply:

Fig. 3.4. Cross-section of a thin cylinder with hemispherical ends.

(a) For the cylindrical portion

1
hoop or circumferential strain = (σH − νσL )
E

(b) For the hemispherical ends

1
hoop strain = (σH − νσH )
E
σH
= (1 − ν)
E
Pd Pd
σH = , σL =
2t 4t
Thus equating the two strains in order that there shall be no distortion of the
junction,
Pd Pd
[2 − ν] = [1 − ν]
4𝑡𝑐 E 4𝑡𝑠 E
t s [1 − ν]
=
t c [2 − ν]

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 35 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

With the normally accepted value of Poisson’s ratio for general steel work of
0.3, the thickness ratio becomes
t s 0.7
=
t c 1.7
i.e. the thickness of the cylinder walls must be approximately 2.4 times that of the
hemispherical ends for no distortion of the junction to occur. In these
circumstances, because of the reduced wall thickness of the ends, the maximum
stress will occur in the ends. For equal maximum stresses in the two portions the
thickness of the cylinder walls must be twice that in the ends but some distortion
at the junction will then occur.
Example 1: A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall
thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2 . (a)
Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value
may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120
MN/m2 .?

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 36 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 2: The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in.

Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 37 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 3: A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has
a thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length
is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the
longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited
to 60 MPa.

Example 4: A thin cylinder 75 mm internal diameter, 250 mm long with walls

2.5 mm thick is subjected to an internal pressure of 7 MN/m2 . Determine the
change in internal diameter and the change in length. Also find the magnitude of
hoop stress and longitudinal stress. E = 200 GN/m2 , v = 0.3.
Ans.

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 38 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 39 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

HW 03
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 40 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 3
1-A water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely
filled, determine the minimum thickness of the tank plating if the stress is limited
to 40 MPa.
2-The strength per meter of the longitudinal joint in Figure below is 480 kN,
whereas for the girth joint it is 200 kN. Determine the maximum diameter of the
cylindrical tank if the internal pressure is 1.5 MN/m2 .

3- Determine the change in length, diameter and volume of a thin cylinder of

original volume 65.5 × 10−3 m3 and length 1.3 m if its wall thickness is 6 mm and
the internal pressure 14 bar (1.4 MN/m2 ). Find also longitudinal and hoop stresses.
For the cylinder material E= 210GN/m2 ; v = 0.3.
4-The tank shown in Figure below is fabricated from steel plate. Determine the
minimum thickness of plate which may be used if the stress is limited to 40
MN/m2 and the internal pressure is 1.5 MN/m2 .

Chapter Three- Thin Wall Cylinder Page 41 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Four
Thermal Stress
Introduction
When the temperature of a component is increased or decreased the material
respectively expands or contracts. If this expansion or contraction is not resisted
in any way, then the processes take place free of stress. If, however, the changes
in dimensions are restricted then stresses termed temperature stresses will be set
up within the material.
Consider a bar of material with a linear coefficient of expansion 𝛼. Let the original
length of the bar be L and let the temperature increase be ∆t. If the bar is free to
expand the change in length would be given by
∆L = α ∆T L = δT
where
α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m° C
T is the change in temperature °C
L is the length in meter
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be
induced in the structure. In some cases, where temperature deformation is not
permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress created is termed as
Thermal stress
For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the
thermal stress is computed as:

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 42 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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deformation due to temperature changes;

δT = α ∆T L
deformation due to equivalent axial stress;
PL σL
δP = =
AE E
δT = δ P
σL
α ∆T L =
E
σ = α∆TE

where
σ is the thermal stress in MPa
E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in MPa.
If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be
made:

δT = 𝑥+δP
σL
α ∆T L = 𝑥 +
E

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 43 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 1: Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3

mm at a temperature of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails just
touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that temperature if
there were no initial clearance? Assume α=11.7 μm/(m·°C) and E=200
GPa.

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 44 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 2: A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320

mm2 is placed between two rigid walls as shown in Figure below. At a
temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the temperature at which
the compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use α = 18.0 × 10−6
m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 45 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 3: A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is

stretched between two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb.
What will be the stress at 0°F? At what temperature will the stress be
zero? Assume α = 6.5 × 10−6 in / (in·°F) and E = 29 × 106 psi.

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 46 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 4: Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the

compound bar shown in Figure below, if the temperature increases by
100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is
suitably braced against buckling.

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 47 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 5: A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile
load of 5000 N at 20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C,
what is the minimum diameter of the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E =
200 GPa.

Example 6: A rigid bar of negligible

weight is supported as shown in Fig. If
W = 80 kN, compute the temperature
change that will cause the stress in the
steel rod to be 55 MPa. Assume the
coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7
µm/(m·°C) for steel and 18.9
µm/(m·°C) for bronze

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 48 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 49 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

HW 04
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 50 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 4
1- A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is
stretched between two fixed points. The tensile load at
70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0°F? At
what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume α =
6.5 × 10-6 in/(in·°F) and E = 29 × 106 psi.

2- The composite bar shown in Fig. is firmly attached

to unyielding supports. An axial force P = 50 kips is
applied at 60°F. Compute the stress in each material at
120°F. Assume α = 6.5 × 10⁻⁶ in/(in·°F) for steel and
12.8 × 10⁻⁶ in/(in·°F) for aluminum

3- At what temperature will the aluminum and steel segments in Prob. 2 have numerically
equal stress?

4- As shown in Fig. P-269, there is a gap between the

aluminum bar and the rigid slab that is supported by
two copper bars. At 10°C, Δ = 0.18 mm. Neglecting
the mass of the slab, calculate the stress in each rod
when the temperature in the assembly is increased to
95°C. For each copper bar, A = 500 mm², E = 120
GPa, and α = 16.8 µm/(m·°C). For the aluminum bar,
A = 400 mm², E = 70 GPa, and α = 23.1 µm/(m·°C).

5- For the assembly in Ex. 06, find the stress in each

rod if the temperature rises 30°C after a load W =
120 kN is applied

Chapter Four- Thermal Stress Page 51 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Five
Torsion
5.1. Simple torsion theory

When a uniform circular shaft is subjected to a torque it can be shown that every
section of the shaft is subjected to a state of pure shear (Fig. 5.1), the moment of
resistance developed by the shear stresses being everywhere equal to the
magnitude, and opposite in sense, to the applied torque. For the purposes of
deriving a simple theory to describe the behavior of shafts subjected to torque it is
necessary to make the following basic assumptions:
(1) The material is homogeneous, i.e. of uniform elastic properties throughout.
(2) The material is elastic, following Hooke's law with shear stress proportional
to shear strain.
(3) The stress does not exceed the elastic limit or limit of proportionality.
(4) Circular Sections remain circular.
(5) Cross-sections remain plane. (This is certainly not the case with the torsion of
noncircular Sections.)
(6) Cross-sections rotate as if rigid, i.e. every diameter rotates through the same
angle.

Fig. 5.1. Shear system set up on an element in the surface of a shaft subjected to torsion.

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 52 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Practical tests carried out on circular shafts have shown that the theory developed
below on the basis of these assumptions shows excellent correlation with
experimental results.

(a) Angle of twist

Consider now the solid circular shaft of radius R subjected to a torque T at one
end, the other end being fixed (Fig. 5.2). Under the action of this torque a radial
line at the free end of the shaft twists through an angle 𝜃, point A moves to B, and
AB subtends an angle 𝛾 at the fixed end. This is then the angle of distortion of the
shaft, i.e. the shear strain.

Fig. 5.2.

Since Angle in radius =arc/ radius

arc AB = Rθ = L𝛾
∴ Shear strain 𝛾 = Rθ/L
From the definition of rigidity modulus
shear stress τ
G =
shear strain γ
𝜏
𝛾=
𝐺

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 53 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

where 𝜏 is the shear stress set up at radius R.

Rθ τ
∴ =G
L
𝐆𝛉 𝛕
=
𝐋 𝐑
(b) Stresses
Consider a small strip of the radius with thickness dr that is subjected to shear
stress τ′.

Fig. 5.3. Shaft cross-section

The force set up on each element
= stress × area
= τ′ * 2πr dr

This force will produce a moment about the centre axis of the shaft, providing a
contribution to the torque

=2πτ′ r 2 dr

The total torque on the section T will then be the sum of all such contributions
across the section,
𝑅
T=∫0 2𝜋𝜏′ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 54 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali
𝐺𝜃
𝜏′ = r
𝐿

𝐺𝜃 𝑅
T= ( ) ∫0 2𝜋r 3 𝑑𝑟
𝐿

𝑅
The integral ∫0 2𝜋r 3 𝑑𝑟is called the polar second moment of area J, and may be
evaluated as a standard form for solid and hollow shafts as shown below.

Gθ
T= J
L
𝐓 𝐆𝛉
=
𝐉 𝐋

The simple theory of torsion:

𝐓 𝛕 𝐆𝛉
= =
𝐉 𝐑 𝐋

where

T is the applied external torque, constant over length L.

J is the polar second moment of area of shaft cross-section

R is the outside radius.

𝜏 is the shear stress at radius R and it is the maximum value.

G is the modulus of rigidity (shear modulus).

θ is the angle of twist in radians.

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 55 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Polar moment of Area

πd4 πR4
J = =
32 2

𝜋
J= (𝐷 4 − 𝑑 4 )
32

𝜋
= (𝑅4 − 𝑟 4 )
2

5.2. Composite shafts

Series Connection

If two or more shafts of different material, diameter or basic form are connected
together in such a way that each carries the same torque, then the shafts are said
to be connected in series and the composite shaft so produced is therefore termed
Series-Connected (Fig. 5.4).

Fig. 5.4. Series connected shaft - common torque

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 56 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

In such cases the composite shaft strength is treated by considering each

component shaft separately, applying the torsion theory to each in turn; the
composite shaft will therefore be as weak as its weakest component. If relative
dimensions of the various parts are required then a solution is usually effected by
equating the torques in each shaft, e.g. for two shafts in series.

T = T1 = T2

θ = θ1 + θ2

T Gθ
=
J L

GJθ
T=
L
𝐺1 𝐽1 𝜃1 𝐺2 𝐽2 𝜃2
=
𝐿1 𝐿2

For same material

𝐽1 𝜃1 𝐽2 𝜃2
=
𝐿1 𝐿2

For same angle of twist

𝐽1 𝐽2
=
𝐿1 𝐿2

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 57 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Parallel Connection

If two or more materials are rigidly fixed together such that the applied torque is
shared between them then the composite shaft so formed is said to be connected
in parallel (Fig. 5.5).

Fig. 5.5. Parallel connected” shaft - shared torque.

Total Torque T = T1 +T2

θ = θ1 = θ2

TL
θ =
GJ

𝑇1 𝐿1 𝑇2 𝐿2
=
𝐺1 𝐽1 𝐺2 𝐽2

For same material

𝑇1 𝐿1 𝑇2 𝐿2
=
𝐽1 𝐽2

For same angle length

𝑇1 𝑇2
=
𝐽1 𝐽2
Chapter Five- Torsion Page 58 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

5.3. Power transmitted by shafts

The power transmitted by the shaft

P=Tω Watts, ω = 2πN/60

Since the Watt is a very small unit of power in engineering terms use is normally
made of SI. multiples, i.e. kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).

Example 5.1
(a) A steel transmission shaft is 510 mm long and 50 mm external diameter. For
part of its length it is bored to a diameter of 25 mm and for the rest to 38 mm
diameter. Find the maximum power that may be transmitted at a speed of 210
rev/min if the shear stress is not to exceed 70 MN/m2 .
(b) If the angle of twist in the length of 25 mm bore is equal to that in the length
of 38 mm bore, find the length bored to the latter diameter.
Solution:

(a) The shafts in series since each part is subjected to the same torque.

From the torsion theory

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 59 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 60 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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Example 5.2

A circular bar ABC, 3 m long, is rigidly fixed at its ends A and C. The portion AB
is 1.8 m long and of 50 mm diameter and BC is 1.2 m long and of 25 mm diameter.
If a twisting moment of 680 N.m is applied at B, determine the values of the
resisting moments at A and C and the maximum stress in each section of the shaft.
What will be the angle of twist of each portion? For the material of the shaft G =
80 GN/m2 .

Solution:

In this case the two portions of the shaft are in parallel and the applied torque is

shared between them. Let suffix 1 refer to portion AB and suffix 2 to portion BC.
Since the angles of twist in each portion are equal and G is common to both
sections,

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 61 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

HW 05
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 62 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 5

Chapter Five- Torsion Page 63 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Six
Flanged Bolt Couplings
Flange Coupling:
The flange coupling is utilized to connect two shafts.

Fig. (6.1) Flange Coupling

In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings (see figure 6.1), the torque is
transmitted by the shearing force P created in the bolts that is assumed to be
uniformly distributed. For any number of bolts n, the torque capacity of the
coupling is

Example 1: A flanged coupling having six bolts placed at a pitch circle diameter
of 180 mm connects two lengths of solid steel shafting of the same diameter. The
shaft is required to transmit 80 kW at 240 rev/min. Assuming the allowable
intensities of shearing stresses in the shaft and bolts are 75 MN/m2 and 55
MN/m2 respectively, and the maximum torque is 1.4 times the mean torque,
calculate
(a) the diameter of the shaft.
(b) the diameter of the bolts.

Chapter Six- Flanged Bolt Couplings Page 64 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Six- Flanged Bolt Couplings Page 65 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

If a coupling has two concentric rows of bolts, the torque capacity is

where the subscript 1 refer to bolts on the outer circle a subscript 2 refer to bolts
on the inner circle. See figure above.

For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to their
radial distances from the shaft axis. The shearing strains are related by

Using Hooke's law for shear, G = τ / γ, we have

If the bolts on the two circles have the same area, A1 = A2, and if the bolts are
made of the same material, G1 = G2, the relation between P1 and P2 reduces to

Example 2: (A) A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm-diameter steel

bolts on a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on
a concentric bolt circle 300 mm in diameter, as shown in Figure. What torque
can be applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?
Chapter Six- Flanged Bolt Couplings Page 66 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(B) Determine the number of 10-mm-diameter steel bolts that must be used on
the 400-mm bolt circle of the coupling described in Ex.2 to increase the torque
capacity to 14 kN·m

HW 06
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Six- Flanged Bolt Couplings Page 67 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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Sheet 6
1- A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm-diameter
steel bolts on a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-
mm-diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300 mm
in diameter, as shown in fig. What torque can be applied
without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

2- A torque of 700 lb-ft is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that consists of

eight ½-in.-diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 12 in. and six ½-in.-
diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 9 in. Determine the shearing stress in
the bolts.

3- A flanged bolt coupling consists of six ½-in. steel bolts evenly spaced around
a bolt circle 12 in. in diameter, and four ¾-in. aluminum bolts on a concentric
bolt circle 8 in. in diameter. What torque can be applied without exceeding 9000
psi in the steel or 6000 psi in the aluminum? Assume Gst = 12 × 106 psi and Gal =
4 × 106 psi.

4- In a rivet group subjected to a twisting couple T, show that the torsion

formula τ = Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing stress τ at the center of any
rivet. Let J = ΣAρ2, where A is the area of a rivet at the radial distance ρ from the
centroid of the rivet group.

5- A plate is fastened to a fixed member by four 20-mm-diameter rivets arranged

as shown in fig. Compute the maximum and minimum shearing stress
developed.

Chapter Six- Flanged Bolt Couplings Page 68 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Seven
Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the applied
forces are perpendicular to the bar. In a beam, the internal force system consists
of a shear force and a bending moment acting on the cross section of the bar. The
internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse section of a
beam: (1) normal stress that is caused by the bending moment and (2) shear
stress due to the shear force.
Beams are classified according to their supports:
1- A simply supported beam, has a pin support at one end and a roller support at
the other end. The pin support prevents displacement of the end of the beam,
but not its rotation. The term roller support refers to a pin connection that is free
to move parallel to the axis of the beam; hence, this type of support suppresses
only the transverse displacement.

2- A cantilever beam is built into a rigid support at one end, with the other end
being free. The built-in support prevents displacements as well as rotations of
the end of the beam.

3- An overhanging beam, is supported by a pin and a roller support, with one or

both ends of the beam extending beyond the supports.
4- A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed throughout its
length

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 69 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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5- Fixed beam a fixed beam has both ends are fixed

6- Cantilever, simply supported beam, beams firmly supported to the vertical

surface at one end and simply supported at the other end. Fixed end is
restrained from rotation, and the simply supported end is free to rotate.

Common Load Types for Beams

1- A concentrated load (point B) in figure below, is an approximation of a force
that acts over a very small area.
2- A distributed load is applied over a finite area (from C to D). If the distributed
load acts on a very narrow area, the load may be approximated by a line load.
The intensity w of this loading is expressed as force per unit length (lb/ft, N/m,
etc.). The load distribution may be uniform, or it may vary with distance along
the beam, as shown in Fig. blow (from E to F).
The weight of the beam is an example of distributed loading, but its magnitude
is usually small compared to the loads applied to the beam.
3- A concentrated moment, (point G) in fig. below.

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 70 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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Shearing force (S.F.) sign convention

Shear force is defined as the algebraic sum of all the forces acting on either side
of the section. forces upwards to the left of a section or downwards to the right of
the section are positive. Thus Fig. l (a) shows a positive S.F. system at X-X and
Fig. l (b) shows a negative S.F. system.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. S.F. sign convention

In addition to the shear, every section of the beam will be subjected to bending,
i.e. to a resultant B.M. which is the net effect of the moments of each of the
individual loads. Again, for equilibrium, the values on either side of the section
must have equal values.
Bending moment (B.M.) sign convention

The bending moment (B.M.) is defined therefore as the algebraic sum of the
moments of the forces taken on either side of the section. Clockwise moments to
the left and counterclockwise to the right are positive. Thus Fig. 2 (a) shows a
positive bending moment system resulting in sagging of the beam at X-X and Fig.
2 (b) illustrates a negative B.M. system with its associated hogging beam.

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 71 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(a) (b)

Figure 2. B.M. sign convention

Shear Force and Bending Moment for Different Cases:
1- S.F. and B.M. diagrams for Cantilever with a Concentrated Load at Free End

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 72 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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2- S.F. and B.M. diagrams for beams carrying concentrated loads only

Example 3

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 73 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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3- S.F. and B.M. diagrams for uniformly distributed loads

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 74 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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Example 5

4- S.F. and B.M. diagrams for combined concentrated and uniformly

distributed loads
Example 6

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 75 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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5- S.F. and B.M. diagrams for an applied couple or moment

Example 7

Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam loaded as shown in Fig., and
determine the position and magnitude of the maximum B.M.

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 76 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Example 8
A beam ABC is 9 m long and supported at B and C, 6 m apart as shown in Fig.
3.18. The beam carries a triangular distribution of load over the portion BC
together with an applied counterclockwise couple of moment 80 kN m at Band a
u.d.1. of 10 kN/m over AB, as shown. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the
beam.

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 77 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Relationship between shear force Q, bending moment M and intensity of

loading w

Notes:
(a) The maximum or minimum B.M. occurs where dM/dx = 0
But dM/dx=Q
Thus where S.F. is zero B.M. is a maximum or minimum.

(b) The slope of the B.M. diagram; dM/dx = Q.

Thus where Q = 0 the slope of the B.M. diagram is zero, and the B.M. is
therefore constant.
(c) Also, since Q represents the slope of the B.M. diagram, it follows that where
the S.F. is positive the slope of the B.M. diagram is positive, and where the
S.F. is negative the slope of the B.M. diagram is also negative.

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 78 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(d) The area of the S.F. diagram between any two points, from basic calculus, is
dM/dx= Q or M= ∫ Qdx

HW 07
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections
Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 79 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 7

Chapter Seven- Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams Page 80 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Eight
Slope and Deflection of Beams
Introduction

In practically all engineering applications limitations are placed upon the

performance and behavior of components and normally they are expected to
operate within certain set limits of, for example, stress or deflection. In such cases
it is the limitation in the maximum deflection which places the most severe
restriction on the operation or design of the component. It is evident, therefore,
that methods are required to accurately predict the deflection of members under
lateral loads since it is this form of loading which will generally produce the
greatest deflections of beams, struts and other structural types of members.

1.Relationship between loading, S.F., B.M., slope and deflection

Consider a beam AB which is initially horizontal when unloaded. If this deflects

to a new position A'B' under load, see Fig.(1).

Fig. 1. Unloaded beam AB deflected to A'B' under load.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 81 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

The slope at any point C is

This is usually very small in practice, and for small curvatures

…………………………..….*

Now from the simple bending theory

Therefore substituting in eq.*

……… ……………….**

• the second moment of area of the cross-section is I and the modulus of

elasticity of the beam material is E.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 82 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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This is the basic differential equation for the deflection of beams.

Deflection = y

𝑑𝑦
Slope =
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
Bending moment = EI
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑3𝑦
Shear force = EI
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑4𝑦
Load distribution = EI
𝑑𝑥 4

Sign Convention

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 83 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
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2.Method of Determination of Deflection and Slope

2.1. Direct integration method (Double Integration Method)

If the value of the B.M. at any point on a beam is known in terms of x, the distance
along the beam, and provided that the equation applies along the complete beam,
then integration of eq.** will yield slopes and deflections at any point,

Where A and B are constants of integration evaluated from known conditions of

slope and deflection for particular values of x.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 84 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Applications:

(a) Simply supported beam with central concentrated load (Fig.)

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 85 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(b) A simply supported beam of length L carrying a uniformly distributed

load of intensity wo applied over its entire length

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 86 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(c) Cantilever with concentrated load as shown (Fig.)

Fig. 3

This gives the deflection at all values of x and produces a maximum value at the tip of
the cantilever when x= L, and produces a maximum slop value again when x= L.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 87 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(d) Cantilever beam shown in Fig.; it carries a load that varies from zero at the
wall to wo at the free end. Take the origin at the wall.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 88 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

(e) Cantilever with uniformly distributed load (Fig. 4)

Fig. 4.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 89 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

2.2. Macaulay’s method

The simple integration method used in the previous examples can only be used
when a single expression for B.M. applies along the complete length of the beam.
In general this is not the case, and the method has to be adapted to cover all loading
conditions.

Fig. 6.

As an illustration of the procedure consider the beam loaded as shown in Fig.6.

for which the central deflection is required. Using the Macaulay method the
equation for the B.M. at any general section XX is then given by:

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 90 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

The deflection at mid-span is thus found by substituting x = 6 in the above

equation, bearing in mind that the dimensions of the equation are KN.m2 .

N.B.-Two of the Macaulay terms then vanish since one becomes zero and the
other negative and therefore neglected.

• Macaulay’s method for u.d.1.s

If a beam carries a uniformly distributed load over the complete span as shown
in Fig.7.a the B.M. equation is

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 91 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Fig. 7.

The u.d.1. term applies across the complete span and does not require the special
treatment associated with the Macaulay terms. If, however, the u.d.1. starts at B
as shown in Fig.7.b the B.M. equation is modified and the u.d.1. term becomes a
Macaulay term and is written inside square brackets.

• Macaulay's method for beams with u.d.1. applied over part of the beam

Consider the beam loading case shown in Fig.8.a.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 92 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Fig. 8.

The B.M. at the section SS is given by the previously introduced procedure as

Having introduced the last (u.d.1.) term, however, it will apply for all values of x'
greater than a, i.e. across the rest of the span to the end of the beam. (Remember,
Macaulay terms are only neglected when they are negative, e.g. with x' < a.) The
above equation is not therefore the correct equation for the load condition shown.
The Macaulay method requires that this continuation of the u.d.1. be shown on the
loading diagram and the required loading condition can therefore only be achieved
by introducing an equal and opposite u.d.1. over the last part of the beam to cancel
the unwanted continuation of the initial distributed load. This procedure is shown
in Fig.8.b.

The correct B.M. equation for any general section XX is then given by

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 93 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

• Macaulay's method for couple applied at a point

Consider the beam AB shown in Fig.9. with a moment or couple M applied at

some point C. Considering the equilibrium of moments about each end in turn
produces reactions of

Fig. 9. Beam subjected to applied couple or moment M.

The additional (- M) term which enters the B.M. expression for points beyond C
can be adequately catered for by the Macaulay method if written in the form
Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 94 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

This term can then be treated in precisely the same way as any other Macaulay
term, integration being carried out with respect to (x - a) and the term being
neglected when x is less than a. The full B.M. equation for the beam is therefore

Example 1

Determine the slope and deflection under the 50 kN load for the beam loading
system shown in figure below. Find also the position and magnitude of the
maximum deflection. E= 200 GN/m2 ; I= 83 × 10−6 m4 .

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 95 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 96 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

In order to determine the maximum deflection, its position must first be

estimated. In this case, as the slope is positive under the 50 kN load it is
reasonable to assume that the maximum deflection point will occur somewhere
between the 20 kN and 50 kN loads. For this position, from (2),

As an alternative procedure it is possible to obtain a reasonable estimate of the

position of zero slope, and hence maximum deflection, by sketching the slope
diagram, commencing with the slope at either side of the estimated maximum
deflection position; slopes will then be respectively positive and negative and the
point of zero slope thus may be estimate.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 97 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Ex.: Simply-supported beam carries a uniform load of intensity wo

symmetrically distributed over part of its length. Determine the maximum
deflection δ.

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 98 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

HW 08- Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 99 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 8

1- As shown in Fig., a simply supported beam carries two symmetrically

placed concentrated loads. Compute the maximum deflection δ. (Ans.
{Pa/(24EI)}*(3L2−4a2) )

2- Compute the value of EI δ at midspan for the beam loaded as shown in Fig.,
If E = 10 GPa, what value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to
1/360 of the span? (Ans. 500 N/m3)

3- If E = 29 × 106 psi, what value of I is required to limit the midspan

deflection to 1/360 of the span for the beam in Fig. ?
(Ans. I=66.38 in4)

4- For the beam loaded as shown in Fig., determine (a) the deflection and
slope under the load P and (b) the maximum deflection between the
supports. {Ans. A)) −Lb2P/3 , B)) a2bP/ (9√3)}

5- Determine the value of (EI y) midway between the supports for the beam
loaded as shown in Fig. (Ans. (6950/3) N⋅m3)

Chapter Eight- Slope and Deflection of Beams Page 100 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Chapter Nine
Helical Spring
When close-coiled helical spring, composed of a wire of round rod of diameter d
wound into a helix of mean radius R with n number of turns, is subjected to an
axial load P produces the following stresses and elongation:

This formula neglects the curvature of the spring. This is used for light spring
where the ratio d/4R is small.
For heavy springs and considering the curvature of the spring, a more precise
formula is given by:

where m is called the spring index and (4m – 1)/(4m – 4) is the Wahl Factor.
Chapter Nine- Helical Spring Page 101 of 106
 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

The elongation of the bar is:

Notice that the deformation 𝛿 is directly proportional to the applied load P. The
ratio of P to 𝛿 is called the spring constant k and is equal to:

Springs in Series
For two or more springs with spring laid in series, the resulting spring constant k
is given by:

where k1, k2,... are the spring constants for different springs.

Springs in Parallel
For two or more springs in parallel, the resulting spring constant is:

Chapter Nine- Helical Spring Page 102 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

EX 01: Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical steel
spring composed of 20 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of 90
mm when the spring is supporting a load of 1.5 kN. Use Eq. (2) and G = 83 GPa.

EX 02: A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping wire 3/4 in. in diameter

around a forming cylinder 8 in. in diameter. Compute the number of turns
required to permit an elongation of 4 in. without exceeding a shearing stress of
18 ksi. Use Eq. (1) and G = 12 × 106 psi.

Chapter Nine- Helical Spring Page 103 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

EX 03: Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in Fig. supports

a load P. The upper spring has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a
mean radius of 100 mm. The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20-
mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 75 mm. If the maximum
shearing stress in either spring must not exceed 200 MPa, compute the
maximum value of P and the total elongation of the assembly. Use Eq.
(2) and G = 83 GPa. Compute the equivalent spring constant.

Chapter Nine- Helical Spring Page 104 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

EX 04: A rigid bar, pinned at O, is supported by two identical springs as shown

in Fig. Each spring consists of 20 turns of 3/4-in-diameter wire having a mean
diameter of 6 in. Determine the maximum load W that may be supported if the
shearing stress in the springs is limited to 20 ksi. Use Eq. (1).

HW 09
Solve Ten Problems Concern Above Sections

Chapter Nine- Helical Spring Page 105 of 106

 College of Engineering- Mechanics of Materials (BEP235)- Instructor
Petroleum Engineering Dept. Second Stage 2024-2025 Dr. Ammar Ali

Sheet 9
1-Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a bronze helical
spring composed of 20 turns of 1.0-in.-diameter wire on a mean radius of 4 in.
when the spring is supporting a load of 500 lb. Use G = 6 × 106 psi. {Ans. 6.83 in}

2- Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring

having mean diameter of 200 mm and consisting of 24 turns of 20-mm diameter
wire when the spring is stretched 100 mm. and G = 42 GPa. {Ans. τmax=31.89
MPa }
3- A rigid bar, hinged at one end, is supported by two identical springs as shown
in fig. Each spring consists of 20 turns of 10-mm wire having a mean diameter of
150 mm. Compute the maximum shearing stress in the springs, Neglect the mass
of the rigid bar. (τmax1,2=7.744, 23.232 MPa)

4- As shown in Fig., a homogeneous 50-kg rigid block is suspended by the three

springs whose lower ends were originally at the same level. Each steel spring
has 24 turns of 10-mm-diameter on a mean diameter of 100 mm, and G = 83
GPa. The bronze spring has 48 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean
diameter of 150 mm, and G = 42 GPa. Compute the maximum shearing stress
in each spring. . (τmax1,2,3=38.709, 40.300, 9.932 MPa )

Chapter Nine- Helical Spring Page 106 of 106