The first practical lesson.

Theme of the lesson: "Axes and planes. Vertebrae. Vertebral column ».

Lesson plan:
1. Axes and planes.
2. Parts of the spinal column.
3. The structure of the vertebra.
4. Features of the cervical vertebrae.
5. Features of the thoracic vertebrae.
6. Features of lumbar vertebrae.
7. Features of the sacral vertebrae.
8. Features of the coccygeal vertebrae.
9. Structure of the spinal column.

1). You know that space is three-dimensional. There are three axes and three planes.
1. Frontal plane - this plane is parallel to the forehead ("front" - from the Latin language
is translated as "forehead").
The front plane divides the human body into the front and back.
2. Sagittal plane - this plane is parallel to the flying arrow ("sagitta" from the Latin
language is translated as "arrow").
The sagittal plane divides the human body into the right part and the left part.
3. Horizontal plane - this plane is parallel to the floor.
The horizontal plane divides the human body into the upper part and the lower part.
1. The front axis is parallel to the frontal plane.
2. The sagittal axis is parallel to the sagittal plane.
3. The vertical axis is perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
(Later, during the study of joint movements, knowledge of the axes is necessary).

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2). I will remind you the parts of the spine and the number of vertebrae in each part:
1. Cervical - 7 vertebrae
2. Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
3. Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
4. Sacrum - 5 vertebrae
5. Coccygeal - from 2 to 5 vertebrae, usually 4-5.
Total: 33-34 vertebra.

3). The structure of the vertebra. Each vertebra has:

Vertebral body
Arc of the vertebra
The vertebra
The spinous process
Transverse process
Upper articular process
Lower articular process

4). Features of the cervical vertebrae.

Cervical vertebrae, in contrast to other vertebrae, have several features:
- Hole of transverse process
- Spinous process short and bifid
The first cervical vertebra is called atlant, and in Latin - "atlas". Historical information:
Atlant - it was the hero of the ancient Greek myth, which held the heavens on his
shoulders. The first cervical vertebra holds the skull - so it got that name.
The body of the atlant is absent, because in the embryonic period the body fuses with
the second cervical vertebra, forming its tooth. Therefore, the vertebral foramen is
enlarged and the atlant has two arcs: a front arc and a back arch.

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The anterior arch has a front tubercle from the outside, the posterior arch has a posterior
tubercle from the outside.
On the inner surface of the anterior arc is the fossa of the tooth (for connection with the
tooth of the second cervical vertebra).
The front arc is connected to the back arc by means of two thickenings, which are
called lateral masses.
Above and below the lateral masses are articular surfaces. The upper articular surface
has an oval shape, and the lower articular surface has a circular shape.
The second cervical vertebra is called the axial vertebra, and in Latin the axis. This
vertebra has a tooth. When you rotate your head around the vertical axis, the skull and
the atlas rotate around the tooth of the axial vertebra. Therefore, he was called the axial
vertebra.
The seventh axial vertebra is called the protrusion, and in Latin the "prominence".
Because he has a long, protruding spinous process (unlike other cervical vertebrae).

5). Features of the thoracic vertebrae.

The ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebrae. Therefore, in the thoracic vertebrae there
are costal fossae. The costal fossa on the vertebral body and the costal fossa of the
transverse process.
Thus, the difference between the thoracic and other vertebrae:
- The costal fossae
- Long, sharply inclined down spinous process

6). Features of lumbar vertebrae.

Spine of the lumbar vertebrae: broad, straight, flat
Gravity is directed downward, so the lower the vertebrae, the larger.
The largest vertebrae are lumbar and sacral.

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7). Features of sacral vertebrae.
The sacral vertebrae coalesce and form a single bone in the adult - a sacrum.
Sacrum has:
The base of the sacrum
The tip of the sacrum
Sacral canal
Pelvic (anterior) sacral Holes
Dorsal (posterior) sacral Holes
Auriculate surface
5 sacral ridges

8). Features of the coccygeal vertebrae.

The coccygeal vertebrae are the fused rudimentary vertebrae. The first coccygeal
vertebra has a rudimentary transverse process, and at the top there are horns.

9). Structure of the spinal column.

The vertebral column has:
- Vertebral canal
- Intervertebral openings.
The vertebral column has physiological curves in the sagittal plane.
The bends of the spine help to maintain a person's balance and amortize the movement.
Lordosis is a bend forward, kyphosis is a bend back. Thus, there is cervical lordosis and
lumbar lordosis, there is thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

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 Osteology (doctrine of bones) Osteologia
English Latin
Vertebral body Corpus vertebrae
Arc of the vertebra Arcus vertebrae
Vertebral foramen Foramen vertebrale
The spinous process Processus spinosus
Transverse process Processus transversus
Upper articular process Processus articularis superior
Lower articular process Processus articularis inferior
Anterior arch of 1st cervical vertebra Arcus anterior atlantis
Fossa of the 1st cervical vertebra Fovea dentis atlantis
Posterior arch of 1st cervical vertebra Arcus posterior atlantis
Tooth of the axial vertebra Dens axis
The base of the sacrum Basis ossis sacri
The auriculate surface of the sacrum Facies auricularis ossis sacri
The tip of the sacrum Apex ossis sacri
Pelvic Sacral Holes Foramina sacralia pelvina
Dorsal sacral Holes Foramina sacralia dorsalia
Sacral canal Canalis sacralis

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1. You need to come to the chair of anatomy for independent work. 2. You need to
bring a document, such as a passport, to get the bones in the laboratory.
3. Come along with me, I will show you the office, which is called the laboratory
assistant.
4. In this office, you will take the bones in return for the document.
5. Let's look at the office, where you will be engaged alone with the bones.
6. Pay attention to the features ...
7. You have free time for independent work.
8. Ask questions in the process of independent work.
9. For practical classes you need to come in a medical dressing gown and medical cap.
10. The names of anatomical formations should be known in Latin.
11. The table contains Latin words that you need to learn by heart for the next lesson.
12. It is very important! Please note that the Latin terminology is an international
terminology in medicine. Therefore, to learn by heart, verbatim, as written and
observing the order of words. The order of words in Latin does not match English.