Ship Calculation

Chapter 0: Introduction

Young-Myung CHOI

Dept. Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Pusan National University
Intro
➢ Grade
▪ Attendance: 10% (Tardy: -0.3, Absence: -1, 9 Absences: F)
• Report/Presentation: 10%
• Mid-term exam: 40%
• Final exam: 40%
• Video lecture (Plato) in special cases

➢ Objectives
▪ Ship’s type, terminology, notation
▪ Computation of area, moments
▪ Static equilibrium • 이승건 (2011) “선박의 기초 계산 및 복원성”, 부산대학교 출판사
• Gillmer and Jhonson (1987) “Introduction to Naval Architecture”,
▪ Ship stability Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland
• Lewis (1988) “Principles of Naval Architecture(PNA), Vol I Stability &
Strength”, SNAME
Units & Mechanics
Units
➢ International System of Units (SI) 1 mile = 5280 feet
▪ Time[𝑇]: seconds (s) 1 feet = 0.3048m
▪ Length[𝐿]: meter (m), feet (ft) 1 pound = 0.4536kg
▪ Mass[𝑀]: kilogram (kg), pound (lb)
▪ Electric Current: ampere (A) 𝑔 = 9.81m/s2
▪ Temperature: Kelvin (K) = 32.174ft/s2
▪ Amount of substance: mole (mol)
▪ luminous intensity: candela (cd)

➢ Some quantities
1 knot =0.5144m/s=1.852km/h
▪ Position: 𝐿
▪ Velocity: 𝐿/𝑇 • What is the difference between kg and kgf?
▪ Acceleration: 𝐿/𝑇2
▪ Force: 𝑀𝐿/ 𝑇2
Mechanics
➢ How we can describe the object?
▪ Position, Velocity, Acceleration – Obey the Newton’s raw (Inertia, Change of momentum, Action-Reaction)

➢ Mechanics
▪ Study of bodies under the action of forces.
▪ Applied science that treats the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to forces, closely related to
physics, so many of the concepts will build on that prior knowledge.
▪ Foundation of many engineering topics

➢ Categorization
▪ Statics is the branch of mechanics that treats objects which are stationary (usually) or at constant velocity.
▪ Dynamics is the branch of mechanics deals with forces and their relation primarily to the motion but sometimes also
to the equilibrium of bodies.

➢ Type of Body
▪ Solid Mechanics
▪ Fluid Mechanics
Scalar & Vector
▪ Scalar
• Quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (numerical value)
• Mass, Length, Time, Temperature, Apples

▪ Vector
• Quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.
• Force, Position, Velocity, Acceleration
• Vector should follow below laws:
• Commutative law
𝒂+𝒃 =𝒃+𝒂
• Associate law
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝒂 + (𝒃 + 𝒄)
▪ Is 𝛻 vector?
• Vector differential operator (Not vector)
Why can ships float?
Buoyancy & Archimedes' principle
➢ Archimedes’ principle
When an object is immersed or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences an
upwards thrust equal to the weight of water that it pushes aside, or displaces.

Acting forces
• Gravitational force 𝑭𝐺 = −𝑚𝑔𝒌
• Buoyancy 𝑭𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉𝒌

Static equilibrium

∑𝑭 = 𝑭𝐺 + 𝑭𝐵 = 0 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔

Free Body Diagram(FBD) of floating body in calm water

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚
Forces & Moments due to hydrostatic pressure
➢ Hydrostatic pressure
▪ Gravity acting on the fluid mass
▪ Proportional to the fluid density & fluid depth (hydraulic head)

𝑇
𝑭𝐵 = − ඵ 𝑝𝒏𝑑𝑆 = − ම 𝛻𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = − ම 0, 0, −𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝑉
𝑆1 +𝑆2 𝑉1 +𝑉2 𝑉2

𝑇
= 0,0, 𝜌𝑔𝑉2

𝑴𝐵 = − ඵ 𝑝(𝒓 × 𝒏)𝑑𝑆
𝑝 𝑆1 +𝑆2
𝒏
𝑦𝑛 𝑧 − 𝑧𝑛 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑝𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 (𝑝𝑧)
= −ඵ 𝑝 𝑧𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = − ම 𝜕𝑥 𝑝𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 (𝑝𝑥) 𝑑𝑉
𝑆1 +𝑆2 𝑥𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑛 𝑥 𝑉1 +𝑉2 𝜕 𝑝𝑥 − 𝜕 (𝑝𝑦)
𝑦 𝑥
𝑝0 𝑧>0 𝑦
𝑝=ቊ
𝑝0 − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 𝑧≤0 = 𝜌𝑔 ම −𝑥 𝑑𝑉
𝑉2 0
Static Equilibrium
➢ Forces & Moments due to Gravity
𝑭𝐺 = 0,0, −𝑚𝑔 = 0,0, −𝑊

𝑴𝐺 = 0,0,0 if the origin of coordinates system is at the Center of Gravity (CoG)

➢ Static Equilibrium
∑𝑭 = 𝑭𝐺 + 𝑭𝐵 = 0 𝑊 − 𝜌𝑔𝑉2 = 0
Define the center of volume (CoB)
1 1
∑𝑴 = 𝑴𝐺 + 𝑴𝐵 = 0 ම 𝑦𝑑𝑉 = 0, ම 𝑥𝑑𝑉 = 0 𝑥𝐵 = ම 𝑥𝑑𝑉 , 𝑦𝐵 = ම 𝑦𝑑𝑉
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉 𝑉2 𝑉 𝑉2

➢ Condition of Static Equilibrium

• Body weight should be equal to the buoyancy
𝑊 − 𝜌𝑔𝑉2 = 0 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑥𝐺 , 𝑦𝐵 = 𝑦𝐺 • The Center of Buoyancy should be vertically
aligned with CoG
Example
Example
Example
Lift
➢ Lift
▪ When the flow surrounding the body is asymmetric, the lift which is perpendicular
to the flow direction acts on the body.
▪ The change of fluid momentum in vertical direction occurs due to acting forces
from the body to flow.

Wrong explanation Change of Fluid Momentum

Pascal’s law
➢ Pascal’s law
The pressure applied to any part of the enclosed liquid will be transmitted equally in all
directions through the liquid.

𝑓 𝐹 Pressure & Forces

𝑓 𝐹 𝐴
𝑝= = 𝐹= 𝑓
𝑎 𝐴 𝑎 𝐴 𝑎
𝑝 𝑝 Work
𝐹
𝑓𝑠1 = 𝐹𝑠2 𝑠1 = 𝑠1
𝑓
Example
Ship’s type
What is ship?
➢ Flotation
▪ Support of ships (Aero, Hydrodynamic, Hydrostatic-Submergence)
▪ Stability of ships
➢ Mobility
▪ Self-sufficiency, seaworthy
▪ Propulsion & Maneuverability
➢ Carrying Cargo or Passengers
▪ Type of Cargo
▪ Passenger ship
Self-sufficient, seaworthy, and adequately stable in its
function as a secure habitat for crew and cargo.
Type of flotation
➢ Categorization according to means of physical support
▪ Aerostatic support
▪ Hydrodynamic support
▪ Hydrostatic support
• Mono-hull vessels
• Multi-hull vessels

Gillmer and Johnson (1982), “Introduction to Naval Architecture”, Naval Institute Press
Ship’s type
➢ Categorization according to purpose
▪ Merchant and commercial ships
• Tanker, Bulk carrier, Container ship, Chemical carrier
• LNG carrier, Ro-ro ship (Car carrier), Passenger ship

▪ Naval & Coast guard vessels

• Battle ship, Cruiser, Destroyer, Aircraft carrier, Submarine

▪ Fishing vessel
▪ Pleasure craft
▪ Vessel for special purpose
• Ice breaker, hospital ship, oceanographic research vessel
Tanker
➢ Categorization by size
▪ PANAMAX : 60,000–80,000 DWT
• The largest ship measurements capable of transiting the Panama Canal

▪ SUEZMAX : 120,000–200,000 DWT

• The largest ship measurements capable of transiting the Suez Canal

▪ VLCC (Very Large Crude-oil Carrier) : 200,000–320,000 DWT

▪ ULCC (Ultra Large Crude-oil Carrier) : 320,000–550,000 DWT

▪ AFRAMAX (Average Freight Rate Assessment Maximum): 80,000–120,000 DWT

• Optimal for short- to medium distance transportation
Tanker
➢ Double-hull
▪ Exxon Valdez Oil Spill(1989), Alaska
▪ Oil market & product ?
Bulk Carrier (Bulker)
➢ Categorization by size
▪ Small, Handy size, Panamax, Cape size, and very large

• Stability problem
• Structural problem
LNG Carrier
➢ Categorization by tank type
▪ MOSS (Spherical Shape) , Membrane
Container Ship
➢ Categorization by size
▪ Ultra Large Container Vessel (ULCV) : > 14,501 TEU
▪ New Panamax (or Neopanamax) : 10,000–14,500 TEU
▪ Post-Panamax : 5,101–10,000 TEU
▪ Panamax: 3,001–5,100 TEU
Special Ship
➢ Catamaran
▪ Twin-hull to support the weight
▪ Reduce wave making resistance
▪ Increase friction resistance
▪ Large deck and enhanced restoring
▪ SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull)

➢ Hydro-foil vessel
▪ Low speed: Supported by hull (displacement)
▪ High speed: Supported by lift (Hydro-foil)
Special Ship
➢ WIG (Wing in ground effect)
▪ Caspian Sea Monster (430 km/h - 740 km/h, 232knots – 400knots)
▪ Cushioning effect reduces the tip vortex
• Reduce the induced drag
• Increase the lift
▪ Vulnerable in rough sea
Special Ship
➢ Hovercraft
▪ Air-cushion effect (Air-cushion vehicle; ACV)
▪ Can travel over sea, land, mud, ice, other surface (Flat surface)
▪ High-speed vessel, but not good in rough sea
▪ Can be used for military purpose (Amphibious operation; Landing)
Special Ship
➢ Wind-assisted propulsion
▪ EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) from 2013
▪ EEXI (Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index) and CII (Carbon Intensity Index) from 2023

Flettner Rotor
Wind-assisted propulsion: Magnus Effect
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
➢ Objectives of IMO
▪ 2030: 30% CO2 Reduction
▪ 2050: 50% CO2 Reduction

➢ Decarbonization in Shipping Industry

▪ EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index)
▪ EEXI (Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index)
▪ CII (Carbon Intensity Index)
▪ SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan)

➢ Green technology in Shipping industry

▪ Fuel: LNG, Ammonia, Hydrogen
▪ Manufacturing, Optimized operation