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Medical-Surgical Nursing in
Canada

Assessment and Management of

Clinical Problems

FOURTH CANADIAN EDITION

Sharon L. Lewis, RN, PhD, FAAN

Professor Emerita, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
Former Castella Distinguished Professor, School of Nursing, University of
Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
Developer and Consultant, Stress-Busting Program for Family Caregivers

Linda Bucher, RN, PhD, CEN, CNE

Emerita Professor, School of Nursing, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware;
Per Diem Staff Nurse, Emergency Department, Virtua Memorial Hospital,
Mt. Holly, New Jersey
Margaret McLean Heitkemper, RN,
PhD, FAAN
Professor and Chairperson, Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems,
Elizabeth Sterling Soule Endowed Chair in Nursing, School of Nursing;
Adjunct Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine,
University of Washington, Sea le, Washington

Mariann M. Harding, RN, PhD,

CNE
Associate Professor of Nursing, Kent State University at Tuscarawas, New
Philadelphia, Ohio

Maureen A. Barry, RN, MScN

Associate Professor, Teaching Stream, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of
Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario

Jana Lok, RN, MN, PhD, ENC(C)

Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of
Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario

Jane Tyerman, RN, MScN, PhD

Nursing Professor, Trent/Fleming School of Nursing, Peterborough,
Ontario
Sandra Goldsworthy, RN, MSc,
PhD, CNCC(C), CMSN(C)
Associate Dean Teaching-Learning and Technology;
Associate Professor
Research Professorship in Simulation
Faculty of Nursing
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta
Section Editors for the US 10th Edition

Jeffrey Kwong, DNP, MPH, ANP-

BC, FAANP
Associate Professor of Nursing at CUMC, Program Director, Adult-
Gerontology Nurse Practitioner Program, Program Director, HIV Sub-
Specialty, Program Director, Elder LGBT Interprofessional Collaborative
Care Program (ENLINC), Program Director, Collaborative Access for
LGBT Adults (CALA), Columbia University School of Nursing, New York,
New York

Do ie Roberts, RN, EdD, MSN,

MACI, OCNS-C, CMSRN, CNE
Executive Director, Orthopaedic Nurses Certification Board, Chicago,
Illinois;
Editor, “MEDSURG Nursing,” Official Journal of the Academy of
Medical-Surgical Nurses, Pitman, New Jersey
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title Page

Copyright

About the Authors

Sharon L. Lewis, RN, PhD, FAAN

Linda Bucher, RN, PhD, CEN, CNE

Margaret McLean Heitkemper, RN, PhD, FAAN

Mariann M. Harding, RN, PhD, CNE

Maureen A. Barry, RN, MScN

Jana Lok, RN, MN, PhD, ENC(C)

Jane Tyerman, RN, MScN, PhD

Sandra Goldsworthy, RN, MSc, PhD, CNCC(C), CMSN(C)

Section Editors for the US 10th Edition

Contributors

Reviewers
To the Profession of Nursing and to the Important People in Our
Lives

Preface
Organization

Classic Features

New Features

A Word on Terminology

A Word on Laboratory Values

Learning Supplements for the Student

Teaching Supplements for Instructors

Acknowledgements

Section 1 Concepts in Nursing Practice

Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing Practice in

Canada
The Canadian Health Care Context

What Is Medical-Surgical Nursing?

The Nursing Process

Nursing Care Plans

Documentation

Future Challenges of Nursing

 Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 2 Cultural Competence and Health Equity in Nursing Care

The Need for Cultural Competence

Health Equity

Exploring the Concepts: Definitions and Meanings

Cultural Competence

Culturally Competent Care

Culturally Competent Care

Nurse's Self-Assessment

Culturally Competent Patient Assessment

Bridging Cultural Distances: The LEARN Model

Working in Diverse Teams

Conclusion

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 3 Health History and Physical Examination

Data Collection

Culturally Competent Care

Nursing History: Subjective Data

Physical Examination: Objective Data

 Types of Assessment

Problem Identification and Nursing Diagnoses

Review Questions

References

Chapter 4 Patient and Caregiver Teaching

Role of Patient and Caregiver Teaching

Teaching–Learning Process

Process of Patient Teaching

Culturally Competent Care

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 5 Chronic Illness

The Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases

Health, Acute Illness, and Chronic Illness

Factors Contributing to Chronic Illness

Prevention of Chronic Illness

Disability in Chronic Illness

Psychosocial Dimensions of Chronic Illness

Living With Chronic Illness

Chronic Illness and Caregiving

Conceptual Models of Chronic Illness

Self-Management
 Reference for Evidence

The Emerging Paradigm of Chronic Care

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 6 Community-Based Nursing and Home Care

The History of Home Health Nursing

Community Health Nursing Roles

A Health Care System Under Pressure

Home Care

Culturally Competent Care

Summary

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 7 Older Adults

Demographics of Aging

Attitudes Toward Aging

Biological Theories of Aging

Age-Related Physiological Changes

Older Populations at High Risk

Culturally Competent Care

Social Support and the Older Adult

 Universal Health Care

Care Alternatives for Older Adults

Legal and Ethical Issues

Nursing Management Older Adults

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 8 Stress and Stress Management

Definition of Stress

Work-Related Stress

Theories of Stress

General Adaptation Syndrome

Factors Affecting Response to Stress

References

Physiological Response to Stress

Effects of Stress on Health

Coping

Relaxation Strategies

Nursing Management Stress

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 9 Sleep and Sleep Disorders

 Sleep

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Sleep Disorders

Nursing Management Insomnia

Nursing and Collaborative Management Sleep Apnea

Age-Related Considerations

Special Sleep Needs of Nurses

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 10 Pain
Pain

Magnitude of the Pain Problem

Definitions of Pain

Dimensions of Pain and the Pain Process

Causes and Types of Pain

Pain Assessment

Pain Treatment

Nursing and Collaborative Management Pain

Institutionalizing Pain Education and Management

Ethical Issues in Pain Management

Age-Related Considerations

Special Populations
 Patients With Substance use Problems

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 11 Substance Use

Substance Use in Canada

Substance Use From a Continuum of Use Perspective

Attitudes Toward People Experiencing Substance-Related Problems

The Harm-Reduction Perspective

Nursing Management Substance Use

Stimulants and Stimulant Withdrawal

Hallucinogens

Nursing Management Addictive Behaviours

Age-Related Considerations

Review Questions

References

Resources

Chapter 12 Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Alternative Medical Systems

Mind–Body Medicines

Natural Products

Manipulative and Body-Based Practices

Other Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practices

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 light, trivial, fragile; illegal, illegitimate, invalid, defective;
insubstantial, fallacious, hollow, unfounded.
Sovereign, n. King, prince, potentate, monarch, emperor; ruler.
Ant. Subject, peasant, serf.
Sovereign, a. Supreme, paramount, superior, chief; independent,
unlimited, absolute; controlling, efficacious; princely, royal;
primary, principal, regal, imperial; predominant.
Ant. Inferior, subordinate, subservient, ministerial, secondary,
subject; popular, menial; inefficient, unefficacious, uncertain,
weak.
Space. Extension, room; interval, duration, time; capacity,
distance, measure, quantity; boundlessness, illimitableness;
immeasurableness, immensity.
Ant. Confinement, proximity, limitation, restriction, contiguity,
continuity.
Spare, a. Scanty, sparing, frugal, wanting, lacking, parsimonious,
needed, chary; superfluous; lean, meager, thin, gaunt.
Ant. Ample, abundant, profuse, plentiful, liberal, bountiful,
unsparing, unstinted, unrestricted, generous; plump, fat,
corpulent, portly.
Sparse. Scattered, sprinkled, infrequent, thin, scanty, meager, few.
Ant. Dense, thick, plentiful, many, populous, crowded,
numerous, frequent, multitudinous.
Speak. Say, talk, tell, utter, discourse, articulate, converse, express,
chat, chatter, enunciate, pronounce; announce, declaim, declare,
deliver.
Ant. Be mute or dumb; keep silence, be taciturn; suppress;
recall.
Speculation. Venture; theory, view, notion, conjecture;
consideration, meditation, contemplation, thought, weighing;
hypothesis, scheme.
Ant. Certainty, fact, verity, proof, realization, verification.
Speech. Address, discourse, language, speaking, talk, oration,
utterance, sermon, harangue, dissertation, oratory, disquisition.
Ant. Hush, silence, stillness, taciturnity, speechlessness.
Spirit. Life, soul; ghost, specter; fairy, sprite; energy, vivacity,
ardor, courage, enthusiasm; intellectuality; meaning, intent; vapor;
distilled liquid; air, breath; intelligence, immateriality, essence,
disembodiment, apparition; activity, earnestness, zeal; temper,
disposition; principle, motive.
Ant. Substance, body, corporeity, flesh, frame, materiality,
embodiment, organization; spiritlessness, timidity, lifelessness,
soullessness, deadness, torpor, dejection, slowness.
Spiritual. Immaterial, incorporeal, mental, intellectual; holy,
divine, heavenly-minded; ecclesiastical, sacred; moral; religious,
ethical.
Ant. Carnal, fleshly, material, sensuous; gross; unspiritual.
Splendid. Shining, showy, magnificent, sumptuous, pompous;
illustrious, brilliant, famous; gorgeous, grand, glorious; imposing;
superb, heroic, noble.
Ant. Dull, tame, obscure, tarnished, tawdry, somber, beggarly,
gloomy, poor, ordinary, ineffective, inglorious, insignificant,
mean, low.
Spontaneous. Free, intentional, voluntary, willing, unbidden,
impulsive, automatic, instinctive, deliberate.
Ant. Forced, compelled, coerced, unwilling, reluctant.
Spread, v. Open, unfurl, disperse, distribute, scatter, circulate,
disseminate, dispense; extend, stretch, expand, amplify; divulge,
propagate, publish, diffuse.
Ant. Collect, condense, contract, furl, gather, close, shut;
confine, suppress, restrict, recall, conceal, hush, localize.
Spring, v. Leap, bound, jump; shoot, fly, dart, start; emerge; bend,
warp; proceed, issue, result; burst, emanate, flow; rise, originate,
germinate.
Ant. Settle, alight, arrive, land, drop; end, terminate, debouch,
finish, eventuate.
Spy. Scout, emissary, detective.
Stable, a. Steady, abiding, firm, strong, durable; fixed, established;
constant, resolute, unwavering; secure, stanch, permanent; solid,
lasting, perpetual; immobile, rigid, unmovable.
 Ant. Vacillating, wavering, unsteady, toppling, weak, tottering,
infirm, insecure, precarious, frail, unstable; transient, ephemeral,
evanescent, vanishing, non-durable.
Stain, v. Blot, spot, sully, tarnish, tinge, tint, color, discolor,
disgrace, dishonor, dye, soil.
Ant. Preserve inviolate or unspotted.
Stand, v. Rest, continue upright or erect, be situated or located;
cease, stop, pause, halt; endure, last; maintain, be fixed or steady;
be, consist; agree, accord; endure, sustain, bear; withstand; submit
to.
Ant. Advance, move, proceed, progress; fail, fall, die, depart,
run, yield, succumb, drop; give up, surrender; retaliate, avenge,
resent.
Standard, n. Flag, colors, banner, ensign; criterion, test; support,
frame; model, type, norm; gage, measure, scale; upright; exemplar.
Ant. Misrule, mismeasurement, misadjustment, misfit, non-
criterion.
State, v. Declare, tell, assert, affirm, asseverate, allege, testify,
assure, swear, set forth, protest, predicate, pronounce, specify,
propound, maintain, inform, express, depose, claim, avow, avouch,
aver, certify.
Ant. Deny, contradict, controvert, disprove, refute, repudiate,
waive, contravene, dispute, gainsay, oppose, retract.
Station. Depot; place, spot, position, stand; office, sphere; state,
rank, condition, occupation, business.
Ant. Removal, departure; dislodgment, ejection, displacement;
locomotion.
Stay, v. Stop; prop, hold up, support, sustain; hold, restrain; hold
back, hinder, delay; check; fasten, secure; continue, abide, remain;
dwell, tarry, linger, wait; forbear; rest, depend, rely.
Ant. Loose, liberate, free; fail, let fall; expedite, speed,
accelerate; proceed, advance, progress, go on; move, depart;
oppress, burden; overthrow.
Steadfast. Established, firm; constant, resolute; grounded, rooted,
placed; resolved, unwavering, stanch.
 Ant. Unsteady, unattached; vacillating, wavering, weak,
insecure, irresolute, inconstant, unreliable.
Steep. Sharp, sheer, high, precipitous, abrupt.
Ant. Gradual, level, slight, flat, easy, gentle, horizontal, low.
Stiff. Rigid, inflexible, strong, obstinate, pertinacious, rigorous,
constrained, affected; unbending, unpliant; starched; formal,
ceremonious, difficult, punctilious, stately; austere, peremptory,
inexorable, uncompromising.
Ant. Flexible, pliant, unaffected, amenable, easy, yielding,
affable, genial, unceremonious, informal; pliable, malleable;
considerate, compromising.
Still. Noiseless; inert, stagnant, serene; motionless, restful, quiet;
silent, calm, soundless, low; hushed, mute, placid, quiescent;
stationary; gentle, soft, mild, pacific, peaceful.
Ant. Disturbed, agitated, moved, restless; noisy, moving, loud,
resonant, turbulent; unquiet, rough, harsh.
Stop. Suppress, discontinue, delay, interrupt; close, obstruct;
arrest, impede; restrain, hinder, repress; cease, halt, stay, tarry;
bar, seal; suspend, end, terminate.
Ant. Assist, advance, continue, expedite, speed, hasten,
promote; clear, open; improve, push, benefit; progress; facilitate;
initiate, commence, begin.
Storm. Agitation, disturbance, tempest.
Ant. Calm, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquillity, fair
weather.
Story. Narrative, legend, anecdote, account, tale, record, recital,
incident, myth, narration, novel, relation.
Ant. Annals, chronicle, biography, history, memoir.
Stout. Corpulent; portly; vigorous, strong, lusty, robust; firm,
resolute, bold; tough; large, bulky; brawny; valiant, courageous,
redoubtable.
Ant. Thin, slender, weak, lean, frail, feeble, attenuated,
emaciated; timid, irresolute, cowardly.
Strange. Outlandish, wonderful, astonishing, marvelous,
uncommon, irregular, queer, odd, eccentric; foreign, new, novel,
 unusual; reserved, distant; unfamiliar, unaccustomed,
inexperienced.
Ant. Familiar, usual, common, general, universal, accustomed,
ordinary, home, domestic, regular, customary, habitual,
commonplace.
Strength. Robustness, toughness, hardness, stoutness, spirit,
lustiness, puissance, authority; force, vigor, power; endurance,
resistance; security, validity; firmness; intensity; virtue; energy,
nerve, sinew, fiber; soundness.
Ant. Weakness, thinness, frailty, softness, delicacy; imbecility,
feebleness; spiritlessness, impotence, inability; insecurity,
invalidity; wavering.
Strenuous. Eager, pressing, urgent; zealous, ardent, earnest; bold,
intrepid; strong, determined, resolute; vigorous, energetic,
vehement, forceful.
Ant. Weak, irresolute, vacillating, wavering, enervated,
undetermined.
Strong. Powerful, cogent, muscular; robust, lusty, sinewy, hale,
hearty, vigorous, forceful; enduring, resistant; violent, forcible;
ardent, zealous, vehement, earnest, solid, nourishing; firm;
capable, potent, effective, influential, sound; pungent; hardy,
tenacious.
Ant. Weak, feeble, infirm, sickly, exhausted, debilitated,
wanting, pliant, frail, soft; low, faint; spiritless, foolish;
wavering, impotent, powerless, defenseless, insecure, delicate;
unefficacious, unconvincing, unsatisfactory, unavailing, flaccid,
nerveless.
Stubborn. Obstinate, inflexible, obdurate, headstrong, harsh,
intractable, firm, contumacious, heady; unbending, unyielding,
persistent, refractory.
Ant. Yielding, pliant, mild, gentle, docile, tractable,
manageable, flexible, pliable; vacillating, wavering, irresolute,
undecided.
Studious. Contemplative, observant; sedulous, earnest, diligent;
studied; absorbed, meditative, thoughtful, attentive, pondering,
devoted, musing, cogitative; careful, literary, reflective, assiduous.
 Ant. Illiterate, unliterary, idle, indulgent, careless, inattentive,
thoughtless, negligent, regardless, indifferent.
Study, n. Application, learning, acquisition, meditation,
contemplation; diligence, consideration, thought, research,
endeavor, knowledge, purpose, intention, attention, concentration.
Ant. Idleness, dawdling, illiteracy, ease, indifference,
indiligence, negligence, carelessness, unstudiousness,
thoughtlessness.
Stupid. Simple, insensible, sottish, sluggish, senseless, doltish,
heavy, dull; stolid, insensate, obtuse, prosy.
Ant. Quick, bright, sharp, intelligent, responsive, clever,
sensible, eager, animated, penetrating.
Stupidity. Slowness, dulness, obtuseness, insensibility,
sluggishness, stupor, apathy.
Ant. Intelligence, animation, brilliancy, acuteness, sensibility,
cleverness, sense, sagacity, quickness, readiness, alertness,
keenness.
Stupor. Apathy, swoon, torpor, lethargy, coma, fainting,
unconsciousness, stupefaction, asphyxia, swooning, insensibility,
syncope.
Sublime. Exalted, lofty, noble, majestic, grand, stately,
magnificent, dignified, elevated, august, pompous, high, eminent,
glorious.
Ant. Low, ignoble, debased, degraded, inglorious, ordinary,
mean, undignified, inconspicuous, unimposing, ridiculous.
Submissive. Obedient, compliant, yielding, obsequious,
subservient, humble, modest, passive, docile, acquiescent.
Ant. Disobedient, haughty, proud, arrogant, unyielding,
conceited, active, rebellious, reluctant, defiant, refractory,
resistant.
Subsidy. Aid, allowance, gift, bounty, reward, tribute, support,
subvention, pension, bonus, premium, grant, indemnity.
Substantial. Real, solid, true, existing, essential; corporeal,
material; strong, stout, resourceful, massive, tangible, bulky;
sensuous.
 Ant. Imaginary, unreal, insubstantial, fictitious, supposititious,
immaterial, weak, chimerical, visionary, spiritual, disembodied,
ghostly.
Subtle. Artful, crafty, cunning, shrewd, sly, wily; astute, guileful,
discriminating, insinuating, sophistical.
Ant. Frank, honest, open, sincere, artless, undiscriminating,
undiscerning, simple, direct, blunt, unsophisticated.
Subvert. Destroy, ruin, supplant, suppress, supersede, extinguish,
overthrow, overturn.
Ant. Conserve, preserve, uphold, sustain, keep, perpetuate.
Succeed. Follow, pursue; ensue, result, be subsequent; descend,
devolve; gain, acquire, attain, obtain, achieve, accomplish;
supervene; flourish, prosper, thrive.
Ant. Precede, anticipate, antecede; fail, deteriorate, be lacking,
lose, miss, disappoint, be deficient in; decline, wane, decay.
Succession. Succeeding, series, sequence, order; lineage, descent;
following, continuity, consecution, rotation, regularity.
Ant. Antecedence, precedence, anticipation, forerunning,
prevention; disorder, irregularity, non-sequence, intermission,
gap, failure, inconsecutiveness.
Sudden. Unexpected, unusual, abrupt, unlooked for, hasty,
unanticipated, unforeseen, unprovided for; rash, quick, heedless,
reckless.
Ant. Anticipated, foreseen, expected; slow, gradual,
transitional, moderate; wary, cautious, careful, provident.
Suffer. Support, sustain, tolerate, permit; allow, let, grant, consent
to; endure, bear, submit to, undergo, be affected by, experience.
Ant. Resist, rebel, repel, withstand; forbid, disallow, refuse,
reject, expel, repudiate; fight, antagonize, challenge.
Sufficient. Competent, satisfactory, full, ample; equal, adequate,
enough; qualified, capable, responsible; efficient; adapted, fitted.
Ant. Inadequate, incompetent, unsatisfactory, lacking,
wanting, unequal, unfit, incapable, unqualified, insufficient,
unsuited, meager, short, deficient, scanty.
Suggestion. Hint, innuendo, intimation, insinuation, implication.
Suitable. Proper, competent, correspondent, consonant,
compatible, congruous, consistent; fitting, accordant, becoming,
adapted; seemly, appropriate, agreeable, convenient; harmonious,
uniform; homogeneous.
Ant. Improper, divergent, incompetent, incompatible,
dissonant, incongruous, inconsistent, unfit, discordant,
unbecoming; unseemly, inappropriate, inconvenient;
unharmonious, different, heterogeneous.
Sum. Aggregate, quantity, magnitude, amount; compendium,
substance, gist; height, completion; total, whole, computation;
example, problem; collection; drift, bearing.
Ant. Part, portion, half, fraction, item, particular;
incompleteness, imperfection, discrepancy; article, detail,
fragment, component, constituent, element.
Superb. Grand, magnificent, august, stately; rich, elegant; showy,
excellent; princely, gorgeous, splendid; proud.
Ant. Mean, shabby, poor, undignified, dingy; meager; tawdry,
impoverished; ordinary, common; humble, plain, unimposing.
Superior. Elevated, higher, upper; surpassing, greater;
preëminent, excellent, ascendent, predominant, prevalent,
advantageous, beneficial.
Ant. Inferior, lower, worse, deeper, meaner, subordinate,
lesser, mediocre, ordinary, average, common, unremarkable,
inconspicuous, detrimental, disadvantageous; declining,
deteriorating.
Supernatural. Miraculous, preternatural, superhuman.
Ant. Common, natural, ordinary, commonplace, everyday,
usual.
Supple. Pliant, flexible, bending; fawning, soft; yielding,
compliant, submissive; flattering, obsequious, subservient, servile,
cringing, adulatory; lithe, limber, elastic.
Ant. Firm, stiff, unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, hard,
dominant, domineering; abusive, scolding, tyrannous;
unbending, stubborn, independent, self-assertive, supercilious,
arrogant, haughty.
Support. Maintain, sustain, uphold, cherish, keep, bear, prop,
carry, tolerate, hold up, keep up.
Ant. Demolish, abandon, betray, destroy, drop, desert, wreck,
break down, cast down, overthrow, let go, throw down.
Suppose. Deem, guess, imagine, think, conjecture, surmise.
Ant. Conclude, ascertain, discover, prove, know, be sure.
Suppress. Repress, subdue, restrain, overthrow, quell, overwhelm,
conceal, stifle, smother, stop; overpower, extinguish, destroy.
Ant. Excite, fan, increase, augment, strengthen, raise,
aggravate; publish, promulgate, advertise, spread, disseminate;
intensify.
Sure. Unfailing, infallible, permanent, steady, stable, strong,
indisputable, confident, positive, firm; certain, safe, secure,
assured, believing, trusting, unquestioning; abiding, fast.
Ant. Insecure, fallible, unsteady, inconstant, wavering,
indeterminate, dubitable, uncertain, questionable, impermanent,
doubtful, hesitating, distrustful, precarious, disputable, loose.
Surrender. Abandon, give over, relinquish, resign, waive, yield,
alienate, capitulate, cede, let go, sacrifice, give one’s self up.
Ant. Resist, withstand, oppose, thwart, baffle; die.
Suspense. Uncertainty, expectation, apprehension, anxiety,
indetermination, indecision; solicitude, intermission, protraction,
abeyance, doubt; pause, stop.
Ant. Decision, settlement, determination, finality, execution;
achievement, termination, accomplishment, end; uninterruption,
continuance, continuity, regularity, sequence.
Sustenance. Subsistence, food, provision, maintenance, support;
supplies, aliment, nutriment, nourishment; livelihood, living,
nutrition, sustentation.
Ant. Starvation, want, indigence, poverty, hunger, lack, thirst,
inanition, exhaustion; non-subsistence, non-support.
Sweet. Sugary, saccharine, dulcet, luscious; agreeable, pleasing,
fragrant, soft, melodious; beautiful, mild, fair; fresh; amiable,
winning; wholesome.
 Ant. Sour, bitter, sharp, acid; discordant, inharmonious,
dissonant; disagreeable, displeasing; fetid, malodorous; plain,
homely; stale, unwholesome, spoiled; offensive, repulsive,
unlovely.
Swift. Quick, fleet, speedy, expeditious, rapid, prompt; accelerated,
nimble, alert, ready, headlong, eager, fast.
Ant. Slow, tardy, delaying, late, unready, laggard, deliberate,
sedate, reluctant, lingering, lazy, loitering, inactive, sluggish,
inexpeditious.
Symmetry. Proportion, grace, conformity, uniformity, similarity,
regularity, shapeliness, harmony, agreement; comeliness.
Ant. Disproportion, disharmony, incongruity, irregularity,
disagreement, disparity, shapelessness; interdisparity.
Sympathy. Pity, compassion, commiseration, tenderness,
condolence; fellow-feeling; agreement, conformity, reciprocity;
congeniality.
Ant. Antipathy, harshness, antagonism, unkindness, coldness,
mercilessness, pitilessness.
Synonymous. Similar, correspondent, like, identical,
interchangeable, alike, same, corresponding, synonymic,
equivalent.
Ant. Antonymic.
System. Order, mode, method, regularity, rule, manner.
Ant. Confusion, chaos, disorder, derangement, irregularity,
disarrangement.
 T

Tacit. Silent, implied, granted, unexpressed, understood, implicit.

Ant. Mentioned, expressed, explicit, declared.
Taciturn. Mute, silent, speechless, reserved, close, dumb,
uncommunicative, reticent.
Ant. Communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative,
unreserved.
Take. Lay hold, seize, grasp, obtain; capture, fasten on; attack;
gain, captivate, charm; choose, turn to; employ, use, demand,
require; copy, delineate; assume, adopt; acquire; engage in,
indulge in; carry, convey, conduct; remove, withdraw, deduct;
acknowledge, accept; receive, admit; partake of, swallow;
undertake, clear; tolerate, endure; consider, interpret, suppose;
receive, submit to, bear.
Ant. Drop, reject, abandon, surrender, miss, lose, repel, refuse,
decline, repulse, spurn.
Talent. Ability, gift, endowment, genius, faculty; capacity,
cleverness, aptitude, forte.
Ant. Inability, ineptitude, incompetence, imbecility, stupidity.
Tangible. Perceptible, tactile, palpable; apprehensible, evident,
manifest, clear; material, substantial, sensible, obvious.
Ant. Impalpable, spiritual, intangible, incorporeal, immaterial,
incomprehensible.
Tart. Sharp, acid, sour; keen, severe; harsh, caustic, petulant,
acrimonious.
Ant. Gentle, mild, genial, kindly, polite; mellow, sweet.
Taste, n. Savor, relish, flavor, sensibility, judgment; discernment,
nicety, perception, zest, choice, elegancy, refinement.
 Ant. Disrelish, insipidity, ill-savor, coarseness, indelicacy, non-
perception, indiscrimination.
Tasteful. Delicate, artistic, elegant, dainty, esthetic, exquisite,
fastidious, fine, chaste, nice, tasty, delicious, esthetical.
Ant. Coarse, rough, rude, harsh, hideous, clumsy, disgusting,
deformed, displeasing, fulsome, gaudy, grotesque, distasteful,
horrid, inartistic, inharmonious, meretricious, offensive, ragged,
tawdry.
Taunt, v. Ridicule, mock, jeer, deride, revile, flout, scoff, scorn,
insult; reproach, rebuke, censure.
Ant. Compliment, flatter, approve of, congratulate.
Teach. Discipline, instruct, tutor, school, train, educate, enlighten,
drill, inculcate, give lessons, give instructions, indoctrinate, inform,
initiate, instill, nurture.
Ant. Learn, study, practice, investigate, experiment, try,
develop, receive, drink in, acquire, attain, imbibe, understand,
glean, gather, collect.
Tedious. Wearisome, fatiguing, irksome, tiresome; prolix, dull,
slow, monotonous, tiring, trying.
Ant. Interesting, exciting, amusing, charming, delightful,
stirring, bright, entertaining.
Tell. Enumerate, communicate, impart, reveal, disclose, report,
acquaint, repeat, rehearse, discover; count, number, reckon,
recount; narrate, divulge; inform, teach; order, command, request.
Temerity. Audacity, foolhardiness, rashness, presumption,
recklessness, hardihood, hastiness, heedlessness, precipitation,
overconfidence, precipitancy, venturesomeness.
Ant. Care, caution, hesitation, cowardice, timidity, wariness,
circumspection.
Temporal. Transient, fleeting, transitory, temporary; terrestrial,
worldly, secular, mundane.
Ant. Eternal, permanent, everlasting; religious, spiritual.
Tendency. Proneness, drift, aim, disposition; direction, course;
influence; inclination, leaning, bent, bias; proclivity, aptitude,
propensity, liability.
 Ant. Aversion, repulsion, repugnance; opposition, reluctance,
divergence, tangency, deviation.
Tender. Effeminate, soft, sensitive, compassionate, humane, kind,
merciful, pitiful, dear, delicate; gentle, mild, susceptible.
Ant. Hard, pitiless, callous, careless, heedless, rough, coarse,
unkind, inhuman, unmerciful, unfeeling; hardy, strong, sturdy.
Tension. Strain, stretch, effort, stretching, tensity, tenseness, rigor,
severity, harshness, stiffness, tightness.
Ant. Relaxation, release, relief, laxity, slackness, looseness.
Term. Boundary, limit; expression, phrase, word, name; member,
condition, denomination.
Termination. Limit, end, conclusion, bound, result; completion,
consequence, effect; fulfilment, consummation, accomplishment,
achievement, finis, finality, exit, issue.
Ant. Beginning, initiation, inception, commencement, rise,
start, origin, source, cause, process, course.
Terrible. Terrific, fearful, horrible, shocking, awful; dreadful,
formidable, frightful; tremendous; astounding, startling.
Ant. Insignificant, amusing, pleasing; unastonishing.
Terse. Concise, pithy, succinct, short, brief, laconic, compact,
sententious, condensed, compendious, neat.
Ant. Long, lengthy, tedious, wordy, diffuse, prolix, verbose.
Testimony. Affirmation, certification, deposition, proof, evidence,
witness, affidavit, attestation, oath.
Ant. Demonstration.
Theory. Hypothesis, speculation; doctrine, conjecture,
explanation; assumption, scheme, postulate, plan; science,
philosophy; exposition, rationale; supposition.
Ant. Fact, truth, verity, actuality.
Therefore. Consequently, then, hence, thence, whence, wherefore,
accordingly.
Ant. Because, as for, inasmuch as, since.
Thick. Dense, close, compact, solid, coarse, gross; muddy, turbid,
misty; crowded, abundant; indistinct; dull; numerous; inarticulate.
 Ant. Thin, rare, sparse, infrequent; pure, limpid, crystalline,
clear, distinct, incompact, shallow, articulate.
Think. Cogitate, contemplate; remember, reflect, muse, meditate,
ponder, consider, deliberate, judge, conclude, believe; purpose,
intend, design, mean; presume, venture; imagine, apprehend.
Ant. Guess, hazard; dream, idle, stargaze, wander, rove.
Thought. Imagination, fancy, conceit, notion, consideration,
supposition, contemplation, deliberation; reflection, cogitation,
meditation, conception, solicitude, care, concern; reasoning; idea,
opinion, concept, judgment, purpose, intention, provision.
Ant. Thoughtlessness, giddiness, carelessness, inconsideration,
dreaminess, dulness, stupidity, rashness, impulsiveness; vacuity,
dream, hallucination, aberration.
Threat. Menace, denunciation, threatening, intimidation.
Ant. Promise, encouragement, allurement, enticement;
anticipation.
Thrifty. Economical, saving, careful; sparing, frugal, industrious,
prosperous, thriving; provident, foresighted.
Ant. Wasteful, prodigal, uneconomical, lavish, spendthrift,
extravagant; slack, lazy; improvident, unprepared.
Throng. Concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press.
Ant. Solitude; wilderness, desert, waste.
Tidings. Message, information, intelligence, news, rumor, report,
advices, announcement.
Ant. Suppression, censorship, misinformation, canard.
Time. Epoch, era, period, date, age, eon, season, term, while,
succession, sequence, duration.
Timid. Fearful, timorous, cowardly, afraid, pusillanimous, faint-
hearted, shrinking, retiring, shy; diffident, bashful.
Ant. Bold, confident, venturesome, courageous, adventurous,
heedless.
Tip. Incline, lean, list, slant, slope, tilt, cant, careen, dip, heel over.
Tire. Exhaust, fag, weary, fatigue, jade, harass, wear out.
Ant. Refresh, recreate, rest, relax, relieve, repose, restore,
invigorate.
Title. Epithet, name, appellation, designation, cognomen,
denomination; address, inscription, heading, style.
Ant. Nondescript, namelessness.
Together. With, in company, associated, conjoined, unitedly,
simultaneously, contemporaneously, coincidently.
Ant. Separately, variously, independently.
Toil. Labor, drudgery, work, exertion, employment, occupation,
task, travail.
Ant. Rest, relaxation, recreation, ease; amusement, pleasure,
enjoyment, fun.
Tolerable. Endurable, bearable, supportable; passable, medium,
ordinary, mediocre, indifferent.
Ant. Intolerable, unendurable, insufferable, unbearable,
insupportable.
Tool. Appliance, implement, apparatus, mechanism, utensil,
machine, weapon.
Topic. Head, division, motion, point, proposition, question, issue,
subject, theme, matter.
Torment. Pain, misery, agony, anguish, torture, distress.
Ant. Enjoyment, pleasure, comfort, ease, gratification, delight.
Total, a. Whole, entire, full, absolute, complete, undivided.
Ant. Partial, imperfect, incomplete, divided, fractional,
sectional.
Trace. Mark, remains, sign, vestige, track, token, trail, footmark,
footprint, footstep, impression, memorial, remnant.
Trade. Profession, occupation, office, calling, avocation,
employment, commerce, dealing, traffic.
Ant. Stagnation, inactivity, dulness, embargo; leisure,
vacation, idleness, vacancy.
Tragedy. Mournful drama; catastrophe, calamity, adversity,
disaster, affliction.
Ant. Comedy, happiness, mirthful drama, prosperity, luck,
good fortune.
Traitor. Betrayer, turncoat, renegade, rebel, deceiver, apostate;
insurgent, deserter, mutineer.
Ant. Patriot, adherent, defender, supporter.
Tranquil. Quiet, calm, undisturbed, peaceful, unagitated;
unruffled, composed, poised, collected, cool.
Ant. Agitated, excited, uneasy, anxious, troubled, restless.
Transact. Conduct, carry on, perform, act, accomplish, do,
negotiate, treat.
Ant. Leave alone, rest, stop, refrain, desist, cease.
Transaction. Business, action, deed, proceeding, doing, affair, act,
negotiation, performance.
Ant. Inactivity, quiescence, rest, neglect, inaction, passivity.
Transgression. Infringement, misdemeanor, misdeed, affront;
violation, breach, fault, crime, offense, sin.
Ant. Innocence, guiltlessness; purity, righteousness;
observance, obedience, fulfilment.
Transient. Fleeting, temporary, transitory, ephemeral, evanescent,
brief, flitting, flying, momentary, passing, fugitive, short.
Ant. Permanent, perpetual, lasting, enduring, abiding,
immortal, everlasting, unfading, undying, persistent, eternal,
imperishable.
Transparent. Translucent, pellucid, clear, lucid; diaphanous;
open, porous; crystalline, limpid, bright; perspicuous.
Ant. Opaque, thick, turbid; mysterious, questionable, dubious.
Travel. Go, pass, journey, migrate, move, traverse, wander, roam.
Ant. Dwell, reside, stay, remain, settle.
Treasure. Wealth, abundance, plenty; money, jewels, cash,
valuables, hoard, riches, bullion; reserve.
Ant. Refuse, trash, offal; dregs, trifles.
Treaty. Negotiation, compact, agreement, covenant, alliance,
convention, contract.
Ant. Neutrality, non-interference, non-intervention.
Tremendous. Frightful, terrific, horrible, awful; fearful, appalling,
alarming, horrifying, dreadful.
 Ant. Unappalling, inconsiderable, unimposing.
Trial. Attempt, endeavor, essay; effort, exertion; experience, proof,
test; examination, experiment; criterion, ordeal, assay; temptation,
trouble, affliction, distress, grief, suffering, tribulation.
Ant. Non-attempt; ease, facility; acceptance; oversight,
disregard; trifle, triviality.
Trick. Stratagem, wile, fraud, cheat, juggle, finesse, sleight;
deception, imposture, delusion, imposition; artifice, machination,
contrivance, legerdemain.
Ant. Exposure, revelation, examination; blunder, botch,
bungling, fumbling, maladroitness, mishap; genuineness,
artlessness, openhandedness.
Triumph. Success, conquest, victory; ovation, celebration, jubilee,
jubilation, exultation; achievement, attainment.
Ant. Defeat, failure, disappointment, discomfiture, abortion,
baffling.
Trouble. Affliction, sorrow, disturbance, perplexity, vexation,
molestation, annoyance, inconvenience, calamity, misfortune,
adversity, misery; tribulation, distress, disaster, torment, difficulty,
anxiety.
Ant. Blessing, peace, composure, alleviation, appeasement,
pleasure, fortune, boon, affluence, happiness, joy, success,
gladness, ease, facility, amusement, recreation.
True. Correct, accurate, precise, exact; unwavering, faithful, loyal;
actual, pure, real, genuine; veritable.
Ant. Untrue, false, fictitious, unreliable, incorrect, inaccurate,
inexact; vacillating, disloyal, faithless; counterfeit, impure,
unreal, factitious, untrustworthy, adulterated, spurious, fickle,
treacherous.
Trust, n. Confidence, belief, expectation, faith, hope; reliance.
Ant. Doubt, misgiving, distrust, skepticism, suspense; despair.
Truth. Fact, reality, fidelity, conformity, exactness; steadfastness;
veracity, verity; accuracy, precision, faithfulness.
Ant. Falsehood, falsity, lie, untruth, fabrication, fiction; fallacy,
mistake, sophism.
Tumult. Ferment, disturbance, turbulence, disorder, bluster,
hubbub, bustle, brawl, riot; excitement, distraction, confusion,
turmoil, noise.
Ant. Peace, order, orderliness, pacification, quiet, subsidence.
Turn, n. Revolution; alteration, vicissitude; winding, bending,
meandering; stroll; succession, alternation; chance, occasion;
convenience, purpose, exigence; form, cast, shape, manner,
fashion; rotation, recurrence; opportunity; deed, office, treatment,
act; tendency, talent, gift; crisis.
Ant. Fixity, unchangeableness, immobility, uniformity,
stability, continuity; independence; malformation, shapelessness.
Turn, v. Revolve, reverse, deflect, change; divert, transfer, use,
employ, apply, devote; alter, metamorphose, transform, convert;
shape, mold, adapt; whirl; hinge, depend; eventuate, issue,
terminate.
Ant. Stick, stop, remain; adhere, hold to; persist, continue;
stabilitate, perpetuate, arrest, stereotype.
Tutor. Teacher, instructor, professor, preceptor, master, savant,
guardian, governor.
Ant. Pupil, student, novice, disciple, scholar, ward, learner.
Twist, v. Contort, writhe, convolve; pervert, distort; wind, wreathe;
insinuate; encircle.
Ant. Straighten, untwist, rectify, unwind, disentangle, unravel;
verify, substantiate.
Type. Mark, stamp, sign, emblem; style, semblance;
representation, similitude, figure, symbol, token; character,
pattern, archetype, model, norm; cast, mold, fashion.
Ant. Caricature, monstrosity, abnormity; falsification,
deviation; misrepresentation.
 U

Ubiquity. Omnipresence; universal presence, all-pervasiveness.

Ant. Localization, limitation.
Ugly. Loathsome, unsightly, repulsive; ill-natured, quarrelsome;
unpleasant; plain, ordinary, homely, hideous, frightful; cross,
vicious.
Ant. Attractive, handsome, fair, pleasant, agreeable, beautiful,
shapely, comely; lovely, kindly, good-natured, gentle.
Ultimate. Final, last, conclusive, farthest, extreme, most remote;
elemental.
Ant. Initial, nearest, beginning, primary.
Un-. A prefix meaning not or without, or simply intensive, which is
prefixed to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and the participles of verbs.
Words whose meaning is simply that of the root word with
negative or intensive emphasis are omitted here, and their
synonyms and antonyms may be formed from those of the root
word.
Unction. Anointing, ointment; power, fervor, animation, fervency,
ardor, enthusiasm, energy, spirit, emotion.
Ant. Tameness, perfunctoriness, coldness, lifelessness.
Unctuous. Fatty, oily, greasy; bland, suave, tender, fervid;
obsequious, fawning, servile, sycophantic.
Ant. Blunt, brush, abrupt; cynical, sarcastic; harsh,
unmannerly, uncomplimentary.
Under-. A prefix meaning beneath or below. Words whose
meaning is simply that of the root word with the meaning of the
prefix added are omitted in this place, and their synonyms and
antonyms may be formed in many cases from those of the root
word.
Under, prep. Below, beneath, underneath.
Ant. Above, upon, over.
Understand. Know, comprehend; learn, be informed, hear;
recognize, interpret; imply, assume; apprehend, discern, see,
perceive, conceive, penetrate.
Ant. Misunderstand, miscomprehend, misinterpret; declare,
state; express, inform.
Understanding. Sense, intelligence, conception, perception,
discernment, knowledge, intuition, cognition, reason;
interpretation; mind, brains.
Ant. Insensibility, stupidity, dulness, obtuseness, senselessness,
slowness, irrationality, sluggishness, ignorance, unintelligence.
Undertake. Engage, enter, set about, attempt; covenant, contract;
guarantee, promise, affirm; project, commence; stipulate.
Ant. Abandon, drop, desist, discontinue, decline; complete,
finish, end, terminate.
Undertaking. Enterprise, engagement, attempt, adventure,
business, effort, endeavor; experiment, venture, interest, affair,
matter, concern.
Ant. Leisure, inactivity; recreation.
Undulation. Waving motion; vibration; wavy outline; pulsation;
oscillation, swelling; wave, ripple.
Ant. Equilibrium; arrestation, standing; plain, tableland.
Uniform. Unchanging, equable, consistent, homogeneous;
consonant; regular, constant, invariable, steady; similar, unvaried,
alike.
Ant. Heterogeneous, variable, varying, diverse; irregular,
inconsistent, erratic, eccentric, unsymmetrical.
Union. Unity, connection, concord, combination, confederacy,
alliance; coalition, conjunction; harmony, concert, agreement;
league, confederation, consolidation; oneness, juncture,
unification.
 Ant. Disconnection, separation, disjunction, disunion, divorce,
severance, analysis, dissociation, contrariety, decomposition,
division, schism, partition, discord, disagreement, secession,
disruption; multiplication, diversification.
Unique. Sole, only, unmatched, unequalled, unparalleled, singular,
peculiar, exceptional, rare.
Ant. Common, universal, everyday, commonplace, ordinary,
familiar, vulgar, mean.
Unison. Harmony, agreement, concord, union, accordance.
Ant. Discord, variance, disagreement, divergence.
Unit. Oneness, unity; one; integral; item, individual.
Ant. Sum, mass, total, aggregate, whole, collection.
Unite. Add, join, attach, annex; combine, connect; agree,
harmonize, associate, coalesce; incorporate, consolidate,
amalgamate, blend, embody, merge, concur, coöperate, league,
confederate.
Ant. Disjoin, sever, separate, divide, resolve, disconnect;
disintegrate, dissociate, sunder, diverge; multiply, split, disrupt.
Unity. Oneness, concord, conjunction, agreement, junction,
uniformity, harmony, union; singleness, unanimity.
Ant. Separation, disunion, disconnection, division,
disagreement, divorce.
Universal. General, unlimited, all-reaching; total, whole, entire;
catholic, common; comprehensive, exhaustive, complete.
Ant. Specific, special, individual, particular, limited, local,
partial, exclusive, exceptional.
Up-. A prefix giving the idea of elevation or an intensive value.
Words whose meaning is derived quite simply from that of the root
plus that of the prefix are omitted here. Their synonyms and
antonyms may be readily formed from those of the root word.
Upbraid. Reproach, censure, blame, condemn; taunt, chide,
reprove.
Ant. Approve, commend, praise, eulogize, compliment,
applaud.
Upon. On; about, concerning; with, immediately after, forthwith.
 Ant. Under, beneath, below; before, after, without.
Upper. Higher, superior, on top.
Ant. Lower, inferior, below, beneath.
Upright. Erect, perpendicular, vertical; honest, just, honorable,
conscientious, virtuous, good, faithful, true, trustworthy.
Ant. Inclined, slanted; inverted; unprincipled, dishonest,
unscrupulous, corrupt, unconscientious.
Uproar. Tumult, disturbance, confusion, bustle, clamor,
commotion, turmoil, racket, noise, din.
Ant. Peace, calm, quiet, silence, order, tranquillity.
Urbane. Courteous, polite, refined, suave, elegant; civil, polished.
Ant. Discourteous, uncivil, unrefined, impolite, rude, boorish.
Urge. Animate, instigate, stimulate, encourage, arouse; impel,
press, drive; beseech, entreat, importune; goad, spur, incite;
hasten, accelerate, expedite.
Ant. Hold back, hinder, obstruct, prevent, retard, inhibit,
restrain; defy, challenge, dare; oppose, object.
Urgent. Urging, pressing, importunate, immediate, important,
imperative, grave, momentous, serious, cogent, solicitous, critical,
emergency, necessitous.
Ant. Trivial, insignificant, unimportant, immaterial,
inconsiderable.
Usage. Custom, wont, habit, use; mode, method, manners,
behavior; practice, procedure; fashion.
Use. Employment, application, occasion, necessity, usefulness,
utility; practice, usage, custom, manner, habit; service, advantage;
profit, avail, need; benefit.
Ant. Uselessness, misapplication, superfluousness,
worthlessness, disuse, non-observance, desuetude.
Useful. Advantageous, profitable, serviceable, beneficial; fruitful,
effectual, suitable, effective, adapted, helpful, good, convenient,
valuable, available.
Ant. Useless, profitless, unprofitable, valueless, unserviceable,
fruitless, inconducive, ineffectual, unavailing, retarding,
hindering, preventive, obstructive, cumbersome, burdensome,
unusable.
Usual. Familiar, frequent, ordinary, regular, wonted, prevalent,
accustomed, common, customary, everyday, general, normal,
habitual, prevailing, public.
Ant. Exceptional, infrequent, extraordinary, strange,
uncommon, unparalleled, unusual, out-of-the-way, singular,
rare.
Usurp. Arrogate, assume, appropriate, seize.
Ant. Inherit, accept, receive.
Utility. Profit, expediency, use, usefulness, avail, benefit,
advantage, service, usableness.
Ant. Futility, inutility, inadequacy, inexpediency, uselessness,
folly, impolicy, disadvantage, worthlessness, unprofitableness.
Utmost. Farthest, extreme, remotest, last, most distant; uttermost;
greatest.
Ant. Nearest, next; least.
Utter, v. Issue, deliver, liberate, discharge; circulate, pass; express,
publish, disclose, speak, pronounce; promulgate.
Ant. Suppress, recall, check, stifle, hush, repress; retract,
disavow.
Utter, a. Complete, perfect, total, entire, absolute; peremptory,
unconditional, unqualified; thorough.
Ant. Imperfect, incomplete; conditioned, qualified; partial.
Utterly. Fully, totally, thoroughly.
Ant. Partially, imperfectly, specifically.
 V

Vacancy. Emptiness; leisure, intermission, idleness; vacuum;

chasm, gap; interval; vacuity, space, void.
Ant. Fulness, plethora, repletion; business, occupation,
employment.
Vacant. Blank, empty, void, unoccupied, waste, unemployed,
untenanted, vacuous, unfilled, devoid, unencumbered, disengaged,
idle, uncrowded; inane, silly; free; thoughtless, unreflective;
abandoned; inane; leisure; unmeaning.
Ant. Full, filled, occupied, replenished, diligent, busy, engaged,
employed; reflective, thoughtful, meaningful; brimful, busy,
crammed, inhabited, packed, replete, brimmed, overflowing,
brimming, jammed, gorged, crowded.
Vacate. Empty, make vacant, quit, resign, surrender; annul,
abrogate, cancel, invalidate, abscind, abolish, overrule, neutralize.
Ant. Fill, occupy, employ, hold, retain, substantiate.
Vacation. Interval, intermission, holidays, rest, leisure.
Ant. Worktime, term, business.
Vacillate. Fluctuate, waver, be unsteady, stagger, reel, sway, rock,
hesitate, be inconstant, dubitate.
Ant. Adhere, abide, determine, be steadfast, stay.
Vacillation. Wavering, fluctuating, swaying, reeling, rocking,
fluctuation, hesitation, inconstancy, unsteadiness.
Ant. Steadiness, firmness, inflexibility, determination.
Vacuity. Emptiness, vacancy, void, vacuum; inanity, nihility,
inanition, unreality; space.
Ant. Fulness, bulk, matter, substance; occupation, actuality,
reality; contents.
Vagabond. Wanderer, vagrant, tramp, rascal; outcast, loafer,
nomad, idler, beggar, rogue.
Ant. Worker, laborer.
Vagary. Whim, freak, crotchet, whimsicality, caprice, fancy.
Ant. Purpose, idea, determination, judgment, seriousness,
conviction.
Vagrant, a. Wandering, erratic, unsettled, strolling, itinerant,
roving, sauntering, nomadic.
Ant. Domestic, local, established, resident, abiding, dwelling.
Vague. Unsettled, undetermined, indefinite, ambiguous, lax,
uncertain, dim, doubtful, obscure, indistinct, unfixed, general,
intangible, equivocal, pointless; unwarranted, unauthorized.
Ant. Determined, limited, strict, specific, pointed, definite,
distinct, scientific, settled, clear, fixed, manifest, perspicuous.
Vain. Futile, trivial, vapid, visionary, worthless, abortive,
unsatisfying, fruitless, empty, deceitful, baseless, delusive,
bootless, idle, ineffectual, shadowy, trifling, unserviceable,
unsubstantial, profitless, inconstant, unprofitable, null, nugatory,
unavailing, unimportant, unreal; showy, useless; conceited,
arrogant, ostentatious.
Ant. Adequate, solid, useful, effective, powerful, worthy,
important, sufficient, serviceable, potent, competent,
advantageous, beneficial, efficient, expedient, profitable, real,
sound, substantial, valid, valuable, essential, cogent, availing,
satisfactory, modest.
Valediction. Farewell, valedictory, leave-taking, adieu.
Ant. Salutation, welcome, hail, reception, recognition.
Valiant. Strong, powerful, intrepid, courageous, brave, valorous,
heroic, gallant, chivalrous, daring, dauntless, bold, fearless,
redoubtable, undaunted, stout-hearted.
Ant. Timid, cowardly, fearful, timorous, recreant, craven.
Valid. Sound, good, justified, trustworthy, well-grounded,
efficacious, weighty, powerful, efficient, conclusive, logical, solid,
cogent, important, grave, substantial, sufficient.
 Ant. Weak, invalid, null, void, unsound, baseless, fallacious,
unfounded, untrue; unavailable, inoperative, superseded.
Validity. Soundness, justness, efficacy, force, weight, cogency,
importance.
Ant. Weakness, impotency, ineffectiveness, lightness, futility.
Valor. Bravery, courage, prowess, intrepidity, heroism, boldness,
daring.
Ant. Timidity, fearfulness, cowardice, pusillanimity.
Valuable. Worthy, estimable, costly, precious, expensive, useful,
dear, serviceable.
Ant. Worthless, valueless, cheap, inexpensive, silly, useless,
trifling, trivial.
Value, n. Worth, utility, desirability, importance, power; import,
signification; esteem, regard, excellence; price, cost, equivalent.
Ant. Cheapness, reduction, depreciation.
Value, v. Compute, esteem, respect, regard; be worth, rate,
appraise, estimate; appreciate, prize, treasure, account.
Ant. Cheapen, reduce, contemn, despise, undervalue,
underestimate; disregard, disesteem, misprize.
Vanish. Disappear, fade, pass away, dissolve, melt away, be
annihilated.
Ant. Appear, approach, be manifest, loom up, arrive.
Vanity. Pride, conceit; unreality, worthlessness, emptiness;
hollowness, triviality, futility, unsubstantiality, falsity; egoism, self-
sufficiency; show, ostentation.
Ant. Reality, truth, worth; simplicity; modesty, humility, self-
distrust; substance, solidity.
Vanquish. Conquer, overcome, subdue, defeat, surmount, confute,
silence; subjugate, overthrow, master, foil, discomfit, quell;
disprove, confound.
Ant. Succumb, yield, fail.
Vapid. Dead, spiritless, flat, insipid, dull, unanimated; tasteless,
stale, tame; languid, prosaic, feeble, prosy.
Ant. Pungent, spirited, animated, pithy, trenchant.
Vapor, n. Fume, steam, reek, exhalation, smoke, fog, mist; vagary,
phantom, whim, dream, vision; flatulence; fantasy.
Ant. Inhalation, absorption.
Variable. Changeable, fickle, inconstant, mutable, shifting,
unsteady, vacillating, wavering, fluctuating, versatile, capricious.
Ant. Unchanging, immutable, constant, firm, unwavering,
steady, invariable, unalterable.
Variance. Variation, dissension, disagreement, discord, difference,
alteration, strife; hostility, antagonism, discrepancy, estrangement.
Ant. Harmony, agreement, assimilation, reconciliation,
accommodation, peace.
Variation. Modification, alteration, mutation, change, diversity,
vicissitude, variety, deviation; departure, difference, discrepancy.
Ant. Fixity, harmony, continuance, uniformity, rule, law,
agreement.
Variegated. Streaked, dappled, particolored, diversified, varied,
checkered, figured, mottled.
Ant. Unspotted, spotless, speckless.
Variety. Diversity, difference, assortment, species, class,
multifariousness, medley, miscellany, multiplicity, kind.
Ant. Type, species, specimen, uniformity.
Various. Different, diverse, several, manifold, changeable,
uncertain, inconstant, variable, variegated, sundry, diversified.
Ant. Identical, few, same, uniform, similar, single.
Varnish, v. Gloss, palliate, conceal, cover, embellish, disguise,
lacquer, extenuate, excuse, mitigate, glaze over.
Ant. Simplify, divest; reveal, bare, manifest.
Vary. Alter, change, modify, alternate, diversify, variegate, differ,
deviate, depart, be diverse, swerve, disagree, transform,
metamorphose.
Ant. Stereotype, perpetuate; conform, assimilate, harmonize.
Vast. Spacious, huge, immense, great, mighty, transcendent,
measureless, boundless, colossal, enormous, stupendous,
prodigious, gigantic, monstrous, remarkable, extraordinary.
 Ant. Moderate, limited, confined, circumscribed, narrow, close,
small.
Vaticination. Prediction, divination, prophecy, prognostication,
augury.
Ant. Fulfilment, ratification, realization, verification,
accomplishment.
Vault. Jump, spring, bound, leap; tumble, turn.
Ant. Crawl, creep, grovel.
Vaunt. Boast, brag, display, show off; advertise, flourish, parade.
Ant. Conceal, disparage, decry, detract, repress, suppress.
Veer. Shift, turn, change, trim, vacillate.
Ant. Stand, stick, adhere, persist, remain.
Vegetate. Sprout, grow, germinate; bask, idle, hibernate.
Ant. Decay, fade, wither, pine; bustle, energize, work, stir.
Vehemence. Impetuosity, violence, fury, frenzy, ardor, fervor,
fervency, warmth, zeal, enthusiasm, passion, force, intensity.
Ant. Passivity, inertia, quiescence, coldness, stoicism,
indifference, unconcern, apathy, inattention.
Vehement. Raging, hot, ardent, fervid, burning, passionate, eager,
violent, impetuous, furious, urgent, mighty, forcible, powerful,
sanguine, enthusiastic.
Ant. Cool, impassive, indifferent, feeble, mild, controlled,
subdued, cold, stoical, passionless, weak, inanimate.
Veil, v. Cover, invest, hide, conceal, screen, mask, shroud, envelop.
Ant. Expose, disclose, strip, denude, unveil, make manifest.
Velocity. Celerity, fleetness, rapidity, speed, swiftness; impetus,
momentum.
Ant. Inertia, sluggishness, inertness; resistance; passivity,
languor, inactivity.
Venal. Mercenary, hireling, sordid, purchasable, salable,
prostitute.
Ant. Honest, honorable, incorruptible, public-spirited,
patriotic, unpurchasable, generous, disinterested.
Vend. Barter, trade, sell, hawk, retail.
 Ant. Buy, purchase, bribe, subsidize.
Venerable. Worthy, honorable, estimable; dread, awful; sage,
wise, grave.
Ant. Despicable, dishonored; informal, free, intimate, easy;
foolish, silly.
Venerate. Honor, respect, revere, reverence, adore, admire,
worship.
Ant. Dishonor, disregard, scorn, scoff at, slight, spurn, detest,
disdain, despise, contemn, abhor, execrate.
Veneration. Reverence, adoration, respect, awe, worship, esteem,
dread.
Ant. Irreverence, loathing, disrespect, contempt, disdain,
dishonor, scorn.
Vengeance. Punishment, retribution, revenge, retaliation.
Ant. Forgiveness, pardon, reprieve, indulgence, amnesty,
remission, absolution.
Venial. Excusable, justifiable, pardonable, slight, trivial.
Ant. Inexcusable, heinous, unpardonable, flagrant, mortal,
infamous, unjustifiable, inexpiable.
Venom. Virus, bane, poison; spite, malice, malignity, hate, ill will,
maliciousness, rancor, grudge, bitterness, acrimony.
Ant. Medicine, remedy; benevolence, kindness, good will.
Venomous. Poisonous, malignant, noxious, mischievous, virulent,
spiteful.
Ant. Wholesome, remedial, salubrious; kindly, compassionate,
genial.
Vent. Outlet, escape, emission, utterance, discharge, opening, hole,
passage; market, sale.
Ant. Close, stop-gap, end, termination, obstruction, stoppage.
Venture, n. Chance, risk, hazard, speculation; accident,
contingency; stake, adventure, experiment; luck, hap; danger,
jeopardy.
Ant. Certainty, surety, security, inevitableness, assurance;
safety, protection; law, method; caution, calculation.
Venture, v. Dare, hazard, adventure, risk, jeopardize, imperil,
chance.
Ant. Calculate, warrant, secure, guarantee, protect.
Venturesome. Bold, daring, adventurous, hardy, courageous,
intrepid, enterprising, doughty, fearless.
Ant. Fearsome, timid, reluctant, averse, loath, unwilling.
Venturous. Bold, daring, fearless, venturesome.
Ant. Timid, fearful, diffident, shy.
Veracious. True, truthful, reliable, trustworthy, straightforward,
honest, credible.
Ant. False, deceitful, mendacious, lying, dishonest, perfidious.
Veracity. Honesty, truthfulness, reality, candor, truth,
ingenuousness, frankness, verity, exactness, correctness, accuracy.
Ant. Deception, duplicity, falsehood, fiction, guile, mendacity,
untruth, lie, delusion, fabrication, deceit, error, falseness, falsity,
imposture.
Verbal. Spoken, oral, literal, parole, vocal, unwritten, unrecorded.
Ant. Written, recorded, epistolary, documentary.
Verbose. Wordy, prolix, diffuse, prosy, tedious.
Ant. Laconic, terse, concise, succinct, curt.
Verdict. Decision, judgment, opinion, pronouncement, finding,
sentence.
Ant. Indecision, indetermination.
Verge, n. Border, limit, boundary, edge, margin, brink;
circumference, circle, ring; rim, brim, confine, skirt.
Ant. Center, midst, heart, depth.
Verge, v. Tend, incline, slope, lean, trend, bear, border, approach,
approximate.
Ant. Deviate, recede, revert, return, depart, retrocede.
Verify. Prove, correct, establish, confirm, authenticate, affirm;
corroborate, attest, substantiate; fulfil, demonstrate, warrant.
Ant. Falsify, misrepresent, subvert, misstate, fail, disestablish,
mistake.
Verisimilitude. Likelihood, probability, consistency.