ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES AND PRODUCTION

PERFORMANCE OF BEEKEEPING IN SARDAUNA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

OF TARABA STATE NIGERIA

BY

FRANCIS

TSU//FAG/FWM/

A PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF B.
FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, TARABA STATE
UNIVERSITY, JALINGO
TARABA STATE.

FEBRUARY, 2024.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Beekeeping has emerged a multibillion global industry that is offering invaluable benefits
(Thisday, 2021). The industry is important in terms of food security, poverty reduction, health,
environmental protection biodiversity conservation and plant pollination (Chazovachii et al.,
2013; Gupta et al., 2014; Ahmad et al., 2016; This day, 2021). It also contributes in the
agricultural production due to the essential role of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in plants
pollination as the pollination of more than 90 crops depend mainly on honey bees (Partap et al.,
2012). Beekeeping is an environmentally friendly and non-farm business activity that has
immense contribution to the social and economic development (Ezekiel et al., 2013). Indeed, the
global market demand for honey and other hive products has increased tremendously in recent
decades since discovery of its importance in a wide variety of uses and applications (Thisday,
2021).

Yap (2015) and Wolff et al. (2015) reported that beekeeping is often promoted in the context of
rural development because the practice provides monetary, nutritional, and social benefits to
poor families, without requiring land ownership or large amounts of capital investment.
According to (Lietaer, 2011), beekeeping can be practiced as an additional source of income for
farmers in rural areas and has been successfully implemented in poverty-alleviating projects.
Joni (2010), states that beekeeping plays a major role in the socio-economic development of
rural livelihoods. Mazorodze (2015) observed that beekeeping not only contributes to uplifting
the livelihoods of rural communities but protects the trees and ultimately contributes to
protecting our planet earth. He further stressed that beekeeping is ecological friendly, requires
few resources to start up production, can be quickly taken up again after a crisis period and the
necessary skills are easily transmitted from one generation to the other making it a sustainable
livelihood strategy. Regarding on resource requirements and investment in beekeeping, it does
not require expensive equipment, as simple hives can be made from local materials by local
artesian (Bradbear, 2012).

Multiple studies (McKee, 2015); Cunningham; 2016) have shown that many countries have
tapped greater social and economic potentials of bee keeping. This is particularly true in the case

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of developed countries where honeybee keeping and honey production is a lucrative enterprise
(Jaffé. et al., 2015). However, potentials of beekeeping in developing countries is far too often
not exploited in development programmed because the benefits of bees and beekeeping are not
well known to stakeholders Mazorodze, (2015).
Beekeeping remains a neglected industry in Africa as most of its production is consumed locally.
Several countries in the continent, including Ethiopia, Tanzania, Angola, Kenya, Central Africa
Republic, Cameron, Senegal, etc are known as natural honey producers (Thisday, 2021).

Beekeeping in Nigeria is majorly characterized as underdeveloped with active players found

mostly in the rural areas (Thisday, 2021). Beekeeping is viable in the rural areas of at least eight
states including Taraba across Nigeria. Insufficient theoretical information about the socio-
economic efficiency of beekeeping and how it should be organized for beekeepers to make profit
has hampered appropriate empowerment of existing and prospective beekeepers with the needed
technical know-how in Nigeria mostly in areas or regions endowed with beekeeping resources
(Namwata, 2013).

Beekeeping is considered as one of the income-generating activities in the rural communities of

Sardauna LGA of Taraba State. Despite the immeasurable benefits derived from beekeeping,
there is little or no information related to the socio-economic profiles of beekeeping in the study
area. It is against this background that this study is aimed to determine the socio-economic
profiles and production performance of beekeeping in the study area.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Beekeeping is a traditionally well-established household activity in almost all parts of the

country. But, the benefit from the sub sector to the nation as well as to the beekeepers, traders,
processors and exporter is not satisfactory (Beyene and David, 2007). Due existence of many
constraints, the honey production and productivity is low and it is now contributing much lower
than its potential to the regional and national economy. In most cases, beekeeping has remained
traditional and never rewarding. Because of this, the yield of honey and other hive products have
been constantly the same or lower over the past years. Other major constraint that may be facing
some part of Sardauna Local Government e.g remote villages, which may have weak market
which led to lower contribution of honey (much lower than its potential) to the regional and

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national economy. The traditional beehives are not comfortable for sanitation and high level of
production (Gidey and Mekonen, 2010).

So far, little research works have been done and no compiled information on production
performance of beekeeping, its quality and market chain and distribution in Sardauna Local
Government Area. No records reveal the exact production quantity in the study area. The quality
standard and production performance of beekeeping in the study areas needs to be verified
towards national and international standards. The knowledge gap on honey production
techniques and processing technology is high. In light of the above this study seeks to Analyze
the Socio-Economic Profiles and Production Performance Of Beekeeping In Sardauna Local
Government Area Of Taraba State Nigeria.

erefore, performance evaluation of

this honeybee race in its natural agroecological distribution
is very crucial to assess the potentiality of the races (local
honeybees) and to lay foundation for future selection and
improvement of the local honeybees
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to assess socio-economic profiles and production performance of
beekeeping in Sardauna Local Government Area of Taraba State. The specific objectives are:

i. To investigate the socio-economic characteristics of beekeepers and methods of

beekeeping in Sardauna LGA of Taraba State
ii. To assess the reasons for beekeeping in the study area
iii. To determine the production performance of beekeeping in the study area
iv. To examine the income generation from beekeeping Sardauna LGA, Taraba State

1.4 Research Questions

i. What are the socio-economic characteristics of beekeepers and methods of beekeeping in

Sardauna LGA of Taraba State?
ii. What are the reasons for beekeeping in the study area?
iii. What is the production performance of beekeeping in the study area?
iv. What is the income generation from beekeeping in the study area?
1.5 Hypothesis

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H01: There is no significant difference on the production performance of beekeeping in the study
area
H02: There is no significant difference in the reasons for beekeeping in the study area
H03: There is no significant difference in the income generation from beekeeping in the study
area
1.6 Justification of the Study

Policy makers, non-governmental organizations and donor agencies in Taraba State such as
found in Ngel Nyaki have been trying for decades on how to design and implement beekeeping
intervention programs. This study would generate useful information in order to formulate honey
production development project and guidelines for intervention that will improve the efficiency
of honey production system withing Sardauna Local Governement and Taraba State. The
potential users of the finding are primarily the farmers (producers) mainly for sell and what is
left for consumption. Secondly traders, government and nongovernment organization that have
interested in improving honey production system to increase national wellbeing.

Accordingly, the findings of this study will initiate the concerned bodies like government
officials, non-governmental organizations, development agents and farmers to give due attention
for the solutions of the existing constraints related with the honey productivity of beekeepers. In
addition, the results of the study will be significant for policy makers and implementers in
providing basic information about those major constraints of beekeepers that challenges their
honey production and productivity.

1.7 Scope of the study

The study would cover Sardauna Local Government Area of Taraba State. It is limited to the
beekeepers who derive social and economic benefits from beekeeping thereby, depending it for
their livelihood.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Apiculture: Beekeeping

Beekeeping is the art and science of raising honey bee for man’s economic benefits is also called
apiculture (Chinaka, 1995). It refers to the practice and management of the bees in the hives
(Ojeleye, 1999; Shu’aib et. al., 2009), which leads to the production of valuable materials such as
honey, beeswax, propolis, bee pollen, bee venom and royal jelly.
The importance of beekeeping to the society is enormous. For instance, Ojo (2004) describe the
enterprise as a means of empowering youth economically because of its many advantages over
other types of agricultural enterprises. The enterprise needs relativity small investment capital
and most of the equipment needed for both traditional and modern beekeeping can be sourced
locally. Bees are one of the many insects in the world that can produce something that is
beneficial to all of us. We obtain honey from these bees and as we all know, honey is an
important food for human beings. Since ancient times, honey is used for treating several
diseases, and it is an antioxidant, therefore beekeeping is an important activity. Beekeeping
supports millions of households in Sub-Sahara Africa (Gidey and Mekonen, 2010).
2.2 Origin and Evolution of Bees and Beekeeping
Bees likely evolved from wasp like ancestors, contemporaneously with the angiosperm plants
towards the end of cretaceous period, 60 to100 million years ago (Martin, 1976). According to
Dietz (1986) the present bee fauna probably originated more than 70 million years ago.
Currently, eleven families of bees are generally recognized, only some of which are identified by
derived traits setting them apart from other bee families. There are about 1000 genus (and sub
genus), combined with sub genera, approximately 600 generic groups and an estimated 20,000
living species of bees residing in the world’s museums (Roubik, 1989). Bees (Apoidea) are a
super family of about 20,000 species, in the order Hymenoptera. The majority of bee species are
‘solitary’ while the minorities are social (bumble bees and stingless bees), and only a few species

6
of social bees, are kept in hives by beekeepers. There are three families of social bees, which
produce honey. These are: the Bombidae, Meliponidae and Apidae (Smith, 1960). The Bombidae
are found mainly in temperate climates. Their nests are very small, often in the ground and are of
no commercial importance except as pollinators of certain plants. The Meliponidae, or stingless
bees, occur throughout the tropical regions of the world. Their nesting places may be holes in the
ground, in hollow trees or small cavities in walls and on the underside of branches. The family
Apidae, to which the honeybee belongs, is indigenous only to Europe, Africa and Asia (FAO,
1986; Crane, 1990). A honeybee found in East Africa was reported from the upper Pleistocene
period, 100, 000 years ago (Bischoff, 1960 cited by Dietz, 1986). This bee could not be
differentiated from the contemporary African honeybee species (Dietz, 1986). Beekeeping,
which is today practiced over a greater area of the earth’s surface than perhaps any other single
branch of agriculture, passed through different stages of development: honey hunting, traditional
(forest and backyard) and improved (movable-frame and movable top-bar) methods of
beekeeping. It is likely that man hunted for wild nests of bees and looked for their honey during
the whole of his existence. Early man probably took honey from bees’ nests wherever he found
them, and the collection of honey from wild nests continued except in some regions where it has
been entirely superseded by beekeeping (Crane, 1990). There are many references to honey in
ancient records and literature, but most of them gave no clue as to whether the honey was
obtained by honey hunting or beekeeping. Wherever writing was known, honey was mentioned
so many times in the Holy book of the people, and it often held a place of honor in their rights
(FAO, 1986). The earliest known evidence of honey hunting scenes was a painting made in a
rock shelter in the mountains of eastern Spain in Mesolithic times, probably dated to about 5000
BC (Dams, 1978 cited by Crane, 1990). Africa has many rock paintings about honey hunting
than any other continent and some of the countries, which can be mentioned, are South Africa
(Natal), Zimbabwe, Morocco, Libya and Tanzania (HBRC, 1997). Honey hunting has been a
very common practice even up to present generation in many parts of Africa, including Ethiopia.
In southwestern parts of Ethiopia, some households entirely depend on honey hunting and forest
beekeeping for their entire livelihood. Honey hunting is also common in pastoral communities in
which beekeeping seem impossible. Beekeeping properly started when man learned to safeguard
the future of the colonies of bees he found in hollow tree trucks, rock crevices or elsewhere, by a
certain amount of care and supervision. Crane (1990) reported that by 2500 BC, before forest

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beekeeping is known to have existed, fully fledged beekeeping was being practiced in ancient
Egypt and the earliest written records that relate to the keeping of bees in hives are from about
1500 BC. Generally, the earliest known evidence of beekeeping has been found in the Africa
continent (Cran, 1990).
Beekeeping up to 1500 AD continued in the traditional form using primitive hives. Of all the
regions under consideration, tropical Africa has the oldest tradition of beekeeping and still with
primitive hives (FAO, 1986). Between 1650 and 1850 AD many hives with top-bars and frames
were invented, but after these two centuries of effort there was still failure on the fundamental
point: whatever bars or frames were used, the bees attached their comb to the walls of the hive as
well, and the combs could, therefore, only be removed from the hive by cutting them out.
Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth made the step, which changed this, in 1851 when he discovered
practical movable-frame hives with an appropriate 'bee-space'. The pattern of modern
beekeeping was thus established between 1850 and 1900 AD. Different equipments were
invented in this period, but Langstroth is advance in 1851 remains the basic principle of the box
hive, and thus of our beekeeping today (Crane, 1976).
2.3 Common varieties of bees
The beekeepers mostly take care of only those bee species whose names start with “Apis”- as
they are the only species which produce honey. Common species of honey bees that are reared
are as follows:
1. Apis dorsata: It is also referred to as the rock bee. It is a giant bee and produces about 38
to 40 kg of honey per colony. Each builds a nest in a cavity, consisting a number of
parallel vertical combs, usually up to about ten; thus, they can be managed for honey
production and for crop pollination.
2. Apis indica: It is also referred to as the Indian bee. It can be easily domesticated and is
most commonly used for honey production. The annual yield of honey is 2 to 5 kg per
colony.
3. Apis florea: It is also referred to as the little bee. It rarely stings and thus honey
extraction from its hive is easy. It produces about 1 kg of honey per colony per year.
4. Apis mellifera: It is also referred to as the Italian bee. This species has a very typical
dance routine to indicate food availability, and like the little bee, stings less. As the
common name suggests, this species is not local. However, because of the high amount

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 of honey produced, it is often reared by beekeepers. It became more adapted to wide
range of environmental condition to a greater extent: one and the same species is able to
survive in semi desert tropical regions as well as in cold-temperate zones (Ruttner, 1986).

2.3.1 Method of Beekeeping

Queens lay thousands of eggs in beehives. Female bees are responsible for feeding and caring for
royal jelly larvae. The drone’s job is to fertilise the eggs laid by the queen bee. Worker bees only
collect nectar. Here is the method that bees follow:
1. Swarming: Swarming is the process by which the queen bee joins a large number of
worker bees. They fly to thriving areas to start new hives. Swarms are collected in a
wicker basket with a lid on top. The collected colonies are then transferred to the hive to
form a new colony.
2. Feeding: Bees are fed syrup by beekeepers. By feeding the syrup, the bees can get to
work.
3. Start the real work: Bees start their work after settling down. Worker bees collect nectar
and pollen. Within a few days, the colonies begin to grow and produce honey.
2.4 Economic importance
The direct contribution of beekeeping includes the value of the outputs produced such as honey,
bee wax, queen and bee colonies, and other products such as pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, and
Propolis in cosmetics and medicine (Gezahegn, 2001).
2.4.1 Employment opportunity
The exact number of people engaged in the honey sub-sector in Ethiopia is not well known.
However, it is estimated that around one million farm households are involved in beekeeping
business using the traditional, intermediate and modern hives. It could also be observed that a
large number of people (intermediaries and traders) participate in honey collection and retailing
(at village, district and zonal levels). Thousands of households are engaged in Tej-making in
almost all urban areas, hundreds of processors are emerging and exporters are also flourishing
(Beyene and David, 2007).
2.4.2 Income Generation
Beekeeping is believed to play a significant role and one of the possible options to the
smallholder farmers in order to sustain their livelihood. It does not only serve as a source of

9
additional income, but also quite a number of people entirely depend on beekeeping and honey
selling for their livelihoods. Nuru (2002) indicated that honeybee and their products provide
direct cash income for beekeepers. In areas where honey production is not attractive, beekeepers
can sell their colonies in the market. In this regard honeybees serve as ‘near cash’ capital which
generate attractive money.
2.4.3 Input (row material)
As for indirect consumption, honey is also processed into many other products varying from
honey wines, sweets, cosmetics, candles, cereals, tobacco, pharmaceuticals and bakery products.
2.4.4 As an export crop
As standards of living rise, honey consumption increases. Most industrialized countries import
honey to meet demand. This requirement can provide developing countries with a useful source
of foreign exchange from honey exports. All developing countries can export honey if
production is in excess of local requirements. Because beekeeping does not use land, production
of honey for export need not conflict with growing crops for local consumption.
2.4.5 As a cash crop
Fresh local honey is always more highly valued than imported honey. Many beekeepers sell their
product directly to consumers. Honey is often used as a barter commodity in villages, especially
in remote areas or areas isolated by war or sanctions. Honey is a stable commodity with a long
shelf life. If harvested carefully, it will remain wholesome for many years.
2.4.6 Traditional medicine
In addition, the nutritional and medicinal benefits of honey and other bee products may also lead
to an increase in their demand in association with the epidemic. Honey, as a source of energy,
has been advocated in the diets of people) (FAO, 2002). Bee products are also widely used in
Africa’s traditional healthcare system. Roughly 80 percent of Africans rely on traditional
medicine to some extent. Though traditional medicines definitely cannot replace the
antiretroviral that are urgently needed in the region7; traditional medicines do however,
effectively treat opportunistic infections (e.g. candidacies; herpes simplex, and zoster) and
symptoms (i.e. appetite loss, nausea, fever, diarrhea and coughing).These medicines are
affordable and easily accessible. Honey has antiseptic properties and is used as a medium for the
topical and internal delivery of herbal remedies used in treating illnesses such as those described
above.

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2.4.7 Cultural values
In addition to their financial value, honey and beeswax have many cultural values and form part
of ceremonies for birth, marriages, funerals, Christmas and other religious celebrations in many
societies. Beekeepers are generally respected for their craft. All of these aspects are Livelihood
Outcomes from the activity of beekeeping. While some may be difficult or impossible to
quantify, they are real outcomes that strengthen people’s livelihoods and therefore should be
acknowledged by a beekeeping intervention.
2.5 ROLE OF BEEKEEPING IN THE CONSERVATION OF FORESTS
The role of bees in agriculture, maintaining biodiversity, sustainable livelihoods and food
security has been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, the potential of beekeeping is very often
not exploited in forestry activities and development programmes, since the benefits of bees and
beekeeping are obscure to stakeholders. This paper sets out to provide farmers and other
stakeholders in the forestry sector with information and arguments to convince them to accept
beekeeping as a viable commercial and protective measure that should always be considered and
integrated into national forest programmes and other development strategies. The paper
highlights the role of bees in nature preservation and agriculture, the values of bees to man
(economic, health and nutritional) at the national level and how these can be utilised in
beekeeping and forestry programmes to contribute to poverty mitigation. Deforestation and
forest fragmentation are two of the most widely recognised, vital factors responsible for the
degradation of the environment in Lindi Region (Tanzania) and globally (Lalika, 2008).
Available information on the composition of forests, especially in the natural-resource-dependent
areas, indicates a gloomy trend. The continuing forest loss is an indication of the imbalance
between human needs and wants and nature's capacity. Lindi Region has potential and abundant
areas for the development of beekeeping (URT, 2005). Existence of high beekeeping potential is
a function of the presence of virgin forests and a low human population density that provides an
environment conducive for beekeeping. The development of beekeeping activities for income
generation and forest management is handicapped by poor transport, infrastructure and
marketing systems for bee products (Kihwele et. aI., 2001; Ngaga et. al., 2005). Improved
marketing of bee products will enhance increased income and food security at household and
national levels thereby achieving the national and UN development millennium goals of poverty
alleviation and natural resource management (URT, 2005). Further, the importance of

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beekeeping as an income-generating activity pivots on the fact that many people use honey as
food, medicine and for sale. Beekeeping offers a great potential for development and is
comparatively less demanding in terms of investment, labour and time. In addition, beekeeping is
advocated to improve human welfare by alleviating poverty through increased household
income: it is a source of food and nutritional security, raw materials for various industries,
medicine, increased government revenue through levies and taxes, improved biodiversity
conservation and enhancing environmental resilience (Kihwele et, al., 1999; MNRT, 2004).
Beekeeping gives local people and the Government economic incentive for the retention of
natural habitats, and is an ideal activity in any forest conservation programme (Mwakatobe,
2001; OkosoAmaa et. al., 2004). In spite of the significance of beekeeping, there is little or no
empirical evidence on the potential of beekeeping for income generation and forest management
in most regions of the world. Most of the available research material is in the form of scientific
documents with little information in the direction of rural development or forest conservation.
Thus, there is need for information on the relevance of beekeeping to forest conservation; this
information can be used by stakeholders in both beekeeping and forestry.
Impact of beekeeping on forest conservation, preservation of ecosystems and poverty reduction
Value of bees for nature Bees are important pollinators and many ecosystems depend on the
pollination of bees for their existence and for increasing their genetic diversity (cross -
pollination). A decline in bee colonies and bee species could therefore threaten the survival of
plant species that depend on the pollination by bees. Some types of plants depend uniquely on
their pollination by bees (F AO, 2007). Research by ecologists indicates that over 100,000
species of plants would become extinct in the absence of the pollinating functions of bees.
Invariably, the absence of these plants would dramatically alter the ability of the Mau Forest
ecosystem to function optimally. The Ogiek community which loves honey and depends on the
Mau Forest for honey production would have lost this potential for producing honey (Mau-
Mandela, 2010). The ecological value of the pollination service of bees in forest communities,
however, is often unknown. Honey hunting, for example, is an activity that is widely practiced in
some forest areas in developing countries where bees are abundant, but is a direct threat for the
bees. The activity consists of plundering wild bee colonies. The honey hunter uses fire to chase
the bees away and often kills the bee colony by burning it to enable him harvest honey from wild
bee colonies. This is not only a direct threat for the bees but also for the forest as this type of fire

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is sometimes reported as the origin of forest fires and wild bush fires, destroying large parts of
forests, and habitats for bees and other pollinators. Bees also play an important role in pollinating
crops. About one third of all plants and plant products eaten by humans depend directly or
indirectly on bees for their pollination (F AO, 2009). In the United States of America, it is
estimated that bees contribute to the pollination of over 90 crops for a value of more than N2.25
trillion (USD 15 billion) a year (Berenbaum, 2007). Crops pollinated by bees have been proven
to produce higher yields and better quality, often at no extra cost for the farmer. Yet, many
farmers consider bees and other pollinators as harmful insects. The excessive use of pesticides in
agriculture can harm bees directly and indirectly. Bees bring the pesticide-contaminated pollen
and nectar to their hive and slowly poison their offspring as the pollen and nectar are fed to the
bees. Pesticide use may reduce the population of bees drastically by poisoning of the food on
which the bees feed. This food poisoning lead to total extinction of members of the colony or
drastically reduce the population of most colony castes (queen[s], drones and workers) to a
dysfunctional status, a situation that may trigger-off Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Pesticide
use may cause extinction of population of bees in a colony or drastically reduce the active
population of bees. Reduced population of bee colonies could cause the colonies to collapse
(CCD), a phenomenon that recently hit many beekeepers throughout the world (COST, 2008).
Colony collapse disorder may cause the abandonment or extinction of some bee colonies. In
Tanzania, a milola Division beekeeping officer is quoted as saying: "Beekeeping is very useful
and important for forest resource management. This is because where beekeepers have put their
hives they protect and avoid bush fires, and discourage people from cutting timber, poles and
other forest resources. After some time these areas become green because the vegetation is
allowed to grow. In such areas you find also fresh air due to forest vegetation cover. Not many
people pass near apiaries for fear of being stung by bees, consequently giving more room for
grass and other plants. Therefore where there is an apiary, forest resources are conserved”
(Lilika, 2008). Some tree species that are conserved through beekeeping include Brachystegia
spiciformis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dalbergia nitidula, Julbernadia globiflora and Pterocarpus
angolensis (Lilika, 2008). In addition to their role in forest resource management, bees are
important pollinators of wild and agricultural plants. Increased income of small scale beekeepers
in the study areas has increased awareness of the value of forest resource management and
livelihoods. This argument is in line with the study by Kihwele et. al. (2001), who opined that

13
individuals, communities and organized groups can safely and effectively respond to the shocks
and stresses caused by impoverishing forces, by practicing beekeeping activities.
2.6 Challenges that beekeepers face
A beekeeper faces many challenges, but persistence is usually met with success.
The biggest challenges are finding a suitable terrain for his apiary and sufficient and diverse
forage, the provision of fresh water, poisoning of bees, natural enemies of the bees, theft and
vandalism by humans, climate change hazards like flooding and droughts, and veld fires.
2.6.1 Suitable terrain
The most important consideration for a beekeeper is to find a suitable terrain where he can place
his bees.
2.6.2 Forage
It is important that the apiary is placed in an area where the bees will have access to a variety of
flowering plants.
These may include wildflowers, cultivated vegetable plots, grain or oil-producing plants, or
orchards. Research has found that bees need nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowering
plants to keep them healthy so they can build a strong swarm and produce an abundance of
honey.
The plants in the area must provide enough nectar that provides the bees with carbohydrates, and
which can be developed into honey, as well as pollen, which provides the bees with protein.
Some plants provide lots of nectar that is not always suitable as honey – some Euphorbia species,
like honey euphorbia, and bitter almond (Brabeium stellatifolium), provide bitter-tasting honey.
(Anderson et al. 2014).
It is advisable to have different sources of forage available so bees will have access to feed
throughout the year. If there is not enough forage during the winter months or a drought, it may
be necessary to provide supplementary feed
2.6.3 Water
Bees must have access to clean water for breeding as well as regulating the temperature inside
the hive. It seems bees prefer water that is slightly heated by the sun. If a tank or drum is used to
store water, a piece of wood that floats on top will provide a safe place for the bees to sit while
they drink. Dripping water through a pipe from the drum into a sand filter pan or trough will also

14
provide safe drinking water and prevent the bees from falling in and drowning (Reddy et al.
2012)
2.6.4 Climate
Honeybees are the main pollinators of more than seventy percent of the world’s cultivated crops.
As bees depend on the temperature of the environment, climate change that may bring about
higher temperatures and longer periods of drought may have a direct influence on their biology,
behaviour and distribution. Indirectly, climate change can lead to fewer flowers, which will
provide less food for the bees.
Bees work optimally between 16 and 32 °C, and the temperature inside the hive is kept at a
constant 35 °C. To survive the cold of winter and the heat of summer, the bees employ heating
and cooling strategies, mostly by positioning themselves and fanning their wings to
thermoregulate their hives. The general flight activities of bees are influenced by the weather,
and they will not forage during rain and thunderstorms. Under these circumstances plants do not
usually release pollen, but if they do, it will probably be washed away (Jarimi et al., 2020).
2.6.5 Poisoning of bees
Most insecticides used on agricultural crops are poisonous for bees. Insecticides are divided in
three classes according to their toxicity to bees. Some insecticides are less toxic, while others can
continue to kill the bees even days after it had been sprayed (Allsopp, 2000).
Signs of poisoning and the effect thereof can be seen inside the hive. Bees may appear to be
paralyzed, shaky and crawl about. The guardian bees at the entrance may be more active than
usual because they will be throwing out the dead and dying bees. After a while, a heap of dead
bees may be found in front of the entrance. Toxic pollen and nectar brought into the hive can
cause the nursing bees feeding the larvae to die, and therefore the brood may be neglected, and
the swarm will suffer.
2.7 The Production Season For Honey In Nigeria and Africa
Beekeeping or honey production is a seasonal activity that depends on various factors such as the
climate, weather conditions, flowering plants, and rainfall. The production season for honey in
Nigeria and Africa varies from region to region and depends on the flowering cycle of plants.
In Nigeria and Africa, the production season for honey usually starts between February and
March when the first flowering plants appear after the dry season. This period is known as the

15
early honey flow season. The main honey flow season starts from May to July when the majority
of flowering plants are in full bloom.
In some regions of Nigeria and Africa, there is a second honey flow season that occurs between
September and November. This season occurs when there is a second flowering of some plants
after the rainy season.
Beekeepers must be aware of the production season in their region to ensure that they have the
right equipment and management practices to maximize honey production. They should also
monitor the weather conditions and plant cycles to predict the start of the production season and
plan their beekeeping activities accordingly.
2.8 Empirical review
Vaziritabar and Esmaeilzade (2016) studied relevant information related to socioeconomic
profiles of beekeeping and factors affecting the adoption of improved beekeeping technologies
were lacking. To understand these conditions, 176 beekeepers from eight regions were
interviewed using exhaustive questionnaires. The objectives of this study were to identify
determinants of improved box hive adoption by the beekeepers; and to analyze financial benefits
from adopting improved box hive technology. It was found that credit, knowledge, education
level of household head, perception and visits to demonstrations positively and significantly
influenced adoption of box hive. The average annual productivities of colonies were 8.64±5.54
kg and 3.89±2.52 kg honey/colony/annum for modern and traditional hives, respectively. The
average annual household earnings from beekeeping was relatively high ($68,845.6), and
contributes to an average of 26.64±28.95% of the total annual income of beekeepers which
shows that beekeeping plays a vital role in increasing and diversifying the incomes of rural
communities.
Tijani et al. (2011) study was carried out to analyze the economics of beekeeping in Chibok
Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. Data were obtained using structured
questionnaire. Three (3) wards (extension blocks) were purposely selected out of the eleven (11)
wards to reflect areas where beekeeping is predominantly found. A total of 100 respondents were
randomly and proportionately selected from the three (3) wards and used for the study.
Descriptive statistics, budgetary technique and multiple regression were used as analytical tools.
The result indicates that majority (90%) were male, most of them (56%) had between 20 – 40
colonies, 44% had primary education and 40% had between 16 – 20 years beekeeping experience

16
in the study area. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate that the coefficients of age,
number of colony owned and gender were positive and significant at 5% and 10%, respectively.
Costs and returns analysis indicates that gross revenue, total cost and net farm income were
N14,234.17, N5,260.65 and N8,973.74 per colony, respectively. Inadequate credit, theft, bush
burning, absconding of bees and inadequate improved technologies were some of the major
problems militating against beekeeping in the study area. It was recommended that extension
agents in the state should be property trained and provided with all the necessary technological
packages required to teach and guide farmers on improved beekeeping to reduce cost of
production, farmers engaged in beekeeping should form cooperative groups that will enable them
obtain credit from government and financial institutions and non-governmental organisations in
collaboration with farmers cooperative groups should provide improved beekeeping technologies
at subsidized rate to the farmers.
Aiyeloja et al. (2010) studied the economic analysis of honey production in Ondo and Osun
States, Southwest Nigeria. Seven Local Government Areas, and one town in each of these Local
Government Areas were randomly selected for the study based on the preliminary investigations
which indicated that honey production is widely practised in these areas. Sampling population
was obtained from membership list of Beekeepers’ Association in each town. Ten honey
producers were randomly selected from the list containing 50 honey producers in each of the
towns chosen in Ondo State while 25 were randomly selected from the list consisting of 125
honey producers in each of the towns in Osun State. Primary data were obtained from honey
producers through the administration of questionnaires using face-to-face interview. A total of
100 honey producers were interviewed. The study indicates that honey production in Ondo State
is above poverty line; whereas it falls below poverty line in Osun State. In addition, honey
production is economically viable in the two states with costbenefit ratio of 1.74. So, the
unemployed graduates and the people in the rural areas can be encouraged to adopt beekeeping
as a source of their livelihood.
Fadare, Ojo and Imoudu (2008) Beekeeping in the Niger Delta Area (NDA) of Nigeria is a
sideline economic activity most especially in the rural and semi-urban communities. The
production performance revealed that the average honey yield was found to be higher for the
users of modern technology than for users of traditional technology. The overall average honey
yield per colony was 12.35kg for users of modern technology and 6.72kg for users of traditional

17
technology during the period of years 2002 to 2004. These figures were under World average
honey yield of 20kg because modern beekeeping was still at an infant stage in the study area.
The production cost for users of traditional technology (N 9,710.79) was about 42% of users of
modern technology cost (N 23,357.71). The net returns of users of traditional technology (N
5,964.97) were about 15% of the users of modern technology (N 39,319.22). For the beekeeping
to have meaningful impact on the well-being of the NDA there is need for the users of traditional
technology to embrace and adopt modern beekeeping technology in totality. Analysis of costs
and returns revealed that fixed cost accounted for 23.15% of the total cost while the operating
expenses accounted for 76.85%. The net return per beekeeper was N 31,981.29 ($290.74) per
annum which was even slightly above Nigerian average per capital income of $280.00 during the
period under review. The average rate of returns of this enterprise was as well better than some
agricultural enterprises in the NDA with the value of 163%. In short, the production performance
of the beekeeping in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria APIACTA 43 PAGES 37 48 38 was
economically viable and should be boosted through formulation of a good policy by government
at all levels
Ezekiel et al. (2020) looked at the contribution of beekeeping and honey production to household
income in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Data were collected in 2018
from nine purposively sampled communities from which 82 respondents were randomly
sampled. The findings of the study revealed that 48 percent of the respondents fell within the age
range of 40 – 60 years, with males constituting 82 percent of the beekeepers. The average output
of beekeepers that used modern beehives was statistically higher than those who adopted
traditional beehives (p < 0.01). The average quantity of honey harvested by the respondents per
annum was 46.96 liters. Beekeeping was found to be profitable as the average gross income was
N47, 019.51, while return/liter, and return/Naira invested was N558.79 and N0.79 respectively.
Incomes from honey were dependent a wide range of variables but most important were
output/hive, and price (p < 0.01) as well as average total variable costs (ATVC), p < 0.05.The
adoption of modern apiary management practices were identified as strategies central to
enhancing the output from honey production in the study area.
Mishra and Rana (2023) found beekeeping to have formed an integral part of the small holder
farming system and played a significant role as a source of additional cash income in subsistence
farming. Beekeeping has a special significance for farmers in the Kumaon hills. It offers a way

18
for those with few resources – especially poor and landless farmers and women – to gain income,
as it requires only a small start-up investment, can be carried out in a small space close to the
house, and generally yields profits within the first year of operation. The present study was
conducted in four villages viz; Jeoli, Gaga, Baluti and Chopra. The respondents were selected
through census method from Bhimtal block in Nainital district which lies in Kumaon hills of
Uttarakhand. A pre tested interview schedule was used to determine the profile characteristics of
the Beekeepers. The findings of the study revealed that almost all the respondents interviewed
were Male and majority (68.42%) of them were in between the age of 31 to 52 years. Most of the
respondents belonged to general category (96.05%) and had attended middle school and high
school (35.53%) for education. Slightly less than the half of the respondents (43.43%) belonged
to nuclear family system and had medium family size (81.57%). The data reveals that majority of
the respondents have medium total annual income (61.84%), medium number of boxes owned
(63.16%), medium level of experience in beekeeping (78.95%), The results of the study will be
helpful to extension personnel and scientists to orient their work on major thrust area which are
profitable and applicable.

19
 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 The Study Area
Sardauna local government area lies between latitude 5 0 31' and 70 18¹ north and on the longitude
100 18' and 110 37' east with an altitude of about 1,850 m above the sea level (Lenshie and
Johnson, 2012). The LGA has total landmass of about 3, 765.2 km 2 (Lenshie and Johnson, 2012)
and the estimated population is put at 224, 437 inhabitants (National Population Commission,
2007). The local government area located on the south-east of Taraba state is bounded by
Republic of Cameroon on the southern, eastern and almost half of its western part. It is also
bordered on the north and south-west by Gashaka and Kurmi Local Government Areas
respectively (Ahmadu et al., 2009) (Figure 1).

20
Fig 1: Map of Sardauna Local Government Area Showing the Study area

21
3.1.1 Climate and vegetation
Sardauna LGA is characterized by two (2) seasons, rainy and cold-dry seasons. The rainy season
commences from mid-march and ends in December while dry season starts at the end of
December to mid-March. Mambilla Plateau receives over 1850mm of rain fall annually (Kara et
al., 2014). Sardauna LGA lies on top of the Mambilla plateau and its high altitude of about 1,348
m makes the area prone to very cold weather (Manpower Nigeria, 2023). In dry season, the
temperature range between 20 to 23°C in the day time and drop to 16 to 18°C at night, whilst in
the wet season these averages fall a couple of degrees to about 14 to13°C (Lenshie and Johnson,
2012). The LGA is highly saturated by green-lush vegetation marked by luxuriant pasture and
tall trees. The most dominant tree species include Pouteria altissima, Millettia conraui, Eugenia
gilgii, Entandrophragma angolense, Khaya grandifoliola and Lovoa trichilioides.

3.1.2 Cultural and socio-economic activities in the study area

The study area is made up of diverse ethnic groups such as the Chamba, Mambilla, kaka, Ndola,
and the Hausa-Fulani (Manpower Nigeria, 2023). The route to the Plateau and the terrain is
widely fascinating given its scenic beauty, vegetation and landscape which attracts various ethnic
groups and tourist to the area (Ciroma, 2009; Lenshie and Johnson, 2012). Farming is a key
economic activity in Sardauna LGA with the area known for the production of improved species
of domestic animals and a wide variety of food and cash crops (Manpower Nigeria, 2023).
Sardauna LGA lies close to the Donga River and has an average wind speed of 12 km/h.
(Manpower Nigeria, 2023).

3.2 Sampling Technique and Study Design

Four (4) council wards namely Kakara, Ndum Yaji, Nguroje and Warwar council wards would
bey selected using a sampling intensity of 35% of the total number of the eleven (11) council
wards which include Gembu A, Gembu B, Kabri, Kakara, Magu, Mayo-Ndaga, Mbamga, Ndum
Yaji, Nguroje, Titong and Warwar. This selection would be based on the large concentration of
beekeepers. A preliminary study would also be conducted to identify and select a total of 528
beekeepers as the study population in the four (4) sampled council wards (with 201, 166, 97 and
64 beekeepers in Nguroje, Warwar, Ndum Yaji and Kakara council wards respectively).

22
3.3 Sample Size Determination
A sample size of 228 respondents would be drawn from 528 beekeepers identified in the selected
council wards using Solvin’s formula in equation one (1) adopted by Yamane (1967), Otabor and
Obahiagbon (2016) and Sells (2018).

…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………1

Where:

n = Required sample size

N= Total population of the study area

e = Error to tolerance (95% confidence level at a margin of error of 0.05)

3.4 Data collection

Administration of semi-structured questionnaire would be done using Cochran sampling method

adopted by Kwaga et al. (2019) and Meer et al. (2022) with the following formula in equation
two (2):

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………2
Where:
nh = Number of questionnaire administered in each community or council ward
Nh = Estimated population of the people in each council ward
n = Total number of questionnaire administered
N = Total number of people in all the council wards

The semi-structured questionnaire would be administered as follows: 87 questionnaires in

Nguroje, 72 in Warwar, 41 in Ndum Yaji and 28 in Kakara council ward.

3.4 Data analysis

23
Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as tables, percentage, frequency and bar
charts.

24
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