C EED 323

ONTEMPORARY ,

P OPULAR

AND
E MERGENT
L ITERATURE

LEARNING MODULE
 PREFACE

Contemporary, Popular and Emergent Literature Learning Module for Bachelor

of Secondary Education major in English is a product of a concerted effort of the
researchers who were tasked to come up with an instructional material specifically, a
learning module to facilitate easy teaching and learning process.
The need to come up with this learning module arises due to the lack of books and
other references that can be used in teaching the said course.
Education is said to be the birthright of every Filipino, each student deserves
quality education well provided for by the state. With this in mind, the researchers
brainstormed on different avenues and techniques in presenting the lesson to fill the
knowledge craving mind of the 21st century learners.
This module contains learning tasks in line with the syllabus taken from various
sources and media. These tasks are geared towards the correct accumulation of concepts
and ideas to prepare them to the next ladder of education.
It is our fervent hope that fellow educators would take advantage of this effort by
the researchers by using this module which was duly developed by the scholarly mind,
book and online resources of the different identified personages. Hopefully, students and
teachers would enjoy teaching and participate in discussion using this learning module.

THE
RESEARCHERS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction……………………………………………………………..…… iii–iv

Chapter I: Contemporary Literature…………………………………. 1 – 66

Lesson 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Fiction……………………. 2 – 15
Lesson 2: Types and Elements of Fiction……………………………. 16 – 29
Lesson 3: Introduction to Contemporary Literature…………….. 30 – 66
3.1 Stories………………………………… 31 – 43
3.2 Poetry………………………………… 43 – 57
3.3 Drama………………………………… 57 – 61
Lesson 4: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Literature…62 – 64
Chapter Test…………………………………………………………………... 65 – 66
Chapter II: Popular Literature………………………………………… 67 – 102
Lesson 5: Introduction to Popular
Literature……………………………………………………………………. 68 – 80
5.1 Nature…………………………………. 68 – 70
5.2 Appeal…………………………………. 70
5.3 Social Function……………………... 70 – 80
Lesson 6: Popular Literature Genres………………………………… 81 – 94
6.1 Romance………………………………. 81 – 84
6.2 Science Fiction………………………. 84 – 86
6.3 Detective Story………………………. 86 – 88
6.4 Comic Books………………………….. 89 – 90
6.5 Comic Strip…………………………… 91 – 94
Lesson 7: Issues and Challenges in Popular
Literature……………………………………………………………………. 95 – 100
Chapter Test………………………………………………………………… 101 – 102
Chapter III: Emerging Literature…………………………………….. 103 – 163
 i

Lesson 8: Introduction to Emerging

Literature……………………………………………………………………. 104 – 142
8.1 Creative Non-Fiction………………. 104 – 115
8.2 Hyper Poetry…………………………. 115 – 119
8.3 Chick lit/ Chick Literature………. 119 – 120
8.4 Illustrated Novel…………………….120 – 121
8.5 Graphic Novel……………………….. 121 – 123
8.6 Text-Talk Novels……………………. 123
8.7 Manga………………………………….. 124 – 125
8.8 Digi-Fiction…………………………... 125 – 126
8.9 Doodle Fiction………………………. 126 – 127
8.10 Flash Fiction……………………….. 127 – 129
8.11 Six-Word Flash Fiction………….. 129 – 131
8.12 Science Fiction……………………..131 – 135
8.13 Blog……………………………………. 135 – 142
Lesson 9: Issues and Challenges in Emerging
Literature…………………………………………………………………… 143 – 153
Lesson 10: The interrelationship of Contemporary, Popular and Emergent
Literature……………….………………………………………………….154 – 161
Chapter Test……………………………………………………………… 162 – 163
References………………………………………………………………….. 164 - 166

Module Description
ii
 The K to 12 Transition Program has brought about significant changes in the English
Education courses of the Higher Education Institutions (HEI). This learning module entitled
“Contemporary, Popular and Emergent Literature” is in accordance with the provision of
Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 75, series of 2017.
This course provides pre-service English teachers with opportunities to acquire
extensive reading backgrounds in literature and allied fields needed in the understanding and
evaluation of critical issues in contemporary and popular literature and genres. This course
allows them to demonstrate their research-based content knowledge and its relevance in the
teaching learning process using various methods of literary analysis.

Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the pre-service teachers should be able to:
A. discuss research-based content knowledge and critical issues on contemporary, popular,
andemergent literature and its
relevance in the teaching-learning process;
B. explain the development of a given genre of popular literature from its beginning to
itscontemporary practice through a historical timeline; and
C. use various methods of literary analysis, such as formal, psychological, and /or
feministanalysis in writing a response paper.

TEACHING, LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES

The teaching – learning strategies enumerated below (but not limited to) shall be used to
achieve the learning outcomes of the course:

• Lecture – Discussion on Fiction  Literary Analysis

• Inductive and Deductive Method  Interpreting and evaluating a story
• Paper and Pencil Test/Google docs  Performance-based Assessment  Collaborative works
Assessment Strategies iii
Students will be assessed using a combination of rubrics and guide questions, written
examination, recitation, group activities, assignments and exercises.
Disclaimer:
This learning module is a compilation of works written by other writers. The researchers
of this module do not claim originality of all the works presented.

iv
 CHAPTER I:
CONTEMPORARY
LITERATURE
Introduction
Contemporary literature reflects existing developments in society and culture.
This chapter will tackle about fiction and how it can be interpreted and evaluated. It
will also discuss the different types and elements of fiction. The students will develop a
sense of comprehension about the issues and challenges in contemporary literature.

LESSON 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Fiction

1
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Explain the characteristics, types and elements of fiction; and
b. Interpret and evaluate fiction.

Fiction: The Story and the Moral

Fiction is subjective and evocative. It is "made up," and indirect in its communication. A work
of fiction may evoke:
• the thrill of imagining impossible or unavailable experiences
• intrigue with playing out "what if" or" if only" scenarios
• feelings and perceptions of another historical period, or simply observations on the human
condition
We thus read fiction not to gain new information so much as to experience the ideas and feelings a
story inspires within us.
Readers have different expectations from fiction and nonfiction. Proof is a major issue with
nonfiction; emotional involvement is a major issue with fiction. We expect a story (fiction) to
grab us, an essay (nonfiction) to convince us. We will suspend belief when reading a romance
novel or science fiction, but demand reason and evidence from nonfiction.
For passing time or sheer enjoyment, of course, simply reading the story can be satisfaction and
reward enough. We do not have to analyze everything we read. The point is to be able to
interpret when we want to—or have to.
Both fiction and nonfiction can be subjected to analysis and interpretation. These two forms of
expression are, however, examined somewhat differently. One analyzes a nonfiction text
• to discover underlying themes and perspectives, as well as
• to realize how choices of content and language shape the reader's perception and encourage
the reader's acceptance.
Analyzing Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, for instance, we can recognize not only remarks on
the dedication of a cemetery, but comparisons between images of the living and dead, between
what has been done and what must be done.
We analyze fictional works for recurring themes that reflect on the broader human experience.
People do not really tell nursery rhymes so that children will know about a girl named
Cinderella or about pigs who built houses. The stories have deeper, unstated meanings: virtue
rewarded (Cinderella) or the folly of a lack of industry (The Three Little Pigs). We respond to
both the story and an underlying message. 2
On the surface, Melville's Moby Dick, for instance, might be seen as an adventure story about a
man hunting a whale. On closer analysis and interpretation, the novel might be seen as a
depiction of man's battle to subdue nature or of a battle between good and evil. Since fiction is
indirect, fiction can require a significant degree of analysis and interpretation if one is to get
beyond simply following the story.

Fiction is Subjective
Fiction is, by definition, subjective. A novel, story, drama, or poem is the expression of an
author's imagination. The characters and situations are "made up." Readers expect fiction to
reflect the real world; they do not expect it to portray the real world. And yet fiction can seem
very real without being factual. Poems can capture feelings or images to perfection. Events
depicted in movies such as Schindler's List , Amistad , or Titanic can appear just as they might
have in real life.
Fiction can be true, however, only in the sense that the actions or behaviors "ring true" with
what we know of the world. The sentiment may be real, but the characters and incidents are the
fruits of the author's imagination. And author and directors—as in the movies referred to above
—often use "dramatic license" to distort history for dramatic effect.

Fiction is Evocative: Images and Symbols

Fiction conveys meaning indirectly (other than, of course, through morals at the ends of fables).
The specifics are not significant. We draw meaning from the types of actions. This principle lies
behind the fact that television crime series follow essentially the same plot line, week after
week. It does not matter whether a crime victim is a socialite, a prostitute, a drug dealer, or
politician, whether the crime is murder, extortion, or robbery. The message that the police
always catch the criminal remains the same.
Fiction evokes ideas and feelings indirectly by triggering emotional responses and mental
pictures. Fiction commonly communicates through images and symbols. Color is often
symbolic, as with the red passion of the Scarlet Letter in the novel of that title. Sunlight often
conveys truth or reason. In Willa Cather's short story "Death Comes to the Archbishop" the
development of the Bishop's garden is a metaphor for the expansion of Catholicism in the New
World. And then there is the politically incorrect use of white and black for good and bad, as in
old Western movies.
Readers must be open to associations and reflection, creative in their understanding and
interpretation. They must recognize a richness of figurative language and concomitant element
of ambiguity. The more evocative a text, the more the reader must do the work of finding
meaning within the text. 3
Interpretation: A Personal Understanding
The meaning of fictional works is more personal than that of nonfiction texts. With nonfiction
texts, we assume any two readers will come away with pretty much the same understanding of
what the text states. While we may not agree with someone else's interpretation, we should be
able to follow their analysis.
With fiction, the meaning is dependent on the perceptions, imagination, and feelings of the
reader. In both cases, however, we demand that an interpretation be based on evidence on the
page. And in both cases, part of understanding is understanding one's own interests, values, and
desires and how they affect what one looks for and how one thinks about what one finds.

Analyzing and Interpreting Fiction: Perspectives

The discussion of nonfiction texts focused on the analysis of choices of content, language, and
structure. The same focus is useful for the analysis of fiction--with some adjustments. The
discussion examines:
• the general perspective on each of the three major genres: novels (stories), drama, and poetry
• the application of the notions of content, language, and structure for each genre
Fiction, we saw above, is mostly about telling stories and expressing feelings. The content of
fiction may take the form of the events of a story, especially in novels and short stories, spoken
remarks, especially in drama, or images and symbols, especially in poetry. All three elements
appear to varying degrees in all forms of fiction.

Commercial Fiction
 Intended solely to entertain
 Legal thrillers, romance novels
 Escapist
 Formulaic
Literary Fiction
 Written with serious artistic intentions by someone who hopes to enable readers to broaden
understanding of life and to empathize with others
 Literary writers are more like explorers who take us out into the midst of life, show us the
props and mirrors and seek to dispel the illusions.
 Provides keener awareness of our humanity in a friendly and hostile world.
4
 Usually need to read twice.
 Plot: the sequence of events through which an author constructs a story.
Structure: usually chronological or cause/effect, however, a complex structure is often required
to convey complex meanings, so it may be more experimental and unpredictable.

….

EXERCISES!
5

Direction: Read the story below and answer the following questions in order to critically
analyze the story.

“The Necklace”
Guy de Maupassant
She was one of those pretty and charming
girls born, as if by an error of fate, into a
family of clerks. She had no dowry, no
expectations, no means of becoming
known, understood, loved or wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and so she let herself be
married to a minor official at the Ministry of Education.

She dressed plainly because she had never been able to afford anything better, but she was as
unhappy as if she had once been wealthy. Women don't belong to a caste or class; their beauty,
grace, and natural charm take the place of birth and family. Natural delicacy, instinctive
elegance and a quick wit determine their place in society, and make the daughters of
commoners the equals of the very finest ladies.
She suffered endlessly, feeling she was entitled to all the delicacies and luxuries of life. She
suffered because of the poorness of her house as she looked at the dirty walls, the worn-out
chairs and the ugly curtains. All these things that another woman of her class would not even
have noticed, tormented her and made her resentful. The sight of the little Brenton girl who did
her housework filled her with terrible regrets and hopeless fantasies. She dreamed of silent
antechambers hung with Oriental tapestries, lit from above by torches in bronze holders, while
two tall footmen in knee-length breeches napped in huge armchairs, sleepy from the stove's
oppressive warmth. She dreamed of vast living rooms furnished in rare old silks, elegant
furniture loaded with priceless ornaments, and inviting smaller rooms, perfumed, made for
afternoon chats with close friends - famous, sought after men, who all women envy and desire.
When she sat down to dinner at a round table covered with a three-day-old cloth opposite her
husband who, lifting the lid off the soup, shouted excitedly, "Ah! Beef stew! What could be
better," she dreamed of fine dinners, of shining silverware, of tapestries which peopled the walls
with figures from another time and strange birds in fairy forests; she dreamed of delicious
dishes served on wonderful plates, of whispered gallantries listened to with an inscrutable smile
as one ate the pink flesh of a trout or the wings of a quail. 6
She had no dresses, no jewels, nothing; and these were the only things she loved. She felt
she was made for them alone. She wanted so much to charm, to be envied, to be desired and
sought after.
She had a rich friend, a former schoolmate at the convent, whom she no longer wanted to
visit because she suffered so much when she came home. For whole days afterwards she would
weep with sorrow, regret, despair and misery.
One evening her husband came home with an air of triumph, holding a large envelope in his hand.
"Look," he said, "here's something for you."
She tore open the paper and drew out a card, on which was printed the words:
"The Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Rampouneau request the pleasure of M. and
Mme. Loisel's company at the Ministry, on the evening of Monday January 18th."
 Instead of being delighted, as her husband had hoped, she threw the invitation on the table 7
resentfully, and muttered:
"What do you want me to do with that?"
"But, my dear, I thought you would be pleased. You never go out, and it will be such a
lovely occasion! I had awful trouble getting it. Every one wants to go; it is very exclusive, and
they're not giving many invitations to clerks. The whole ministry will be there." She stared
at him angrily, and said, impatiently:
"And what do you expect me to wear if I go?"
He hadn't thought of that. He stammered:
"Why, the dress you go to the theatre in. It seems very nice to me ..."
He stopped, stunned, distressed to see his wife crying. Two large tears ran slowly from the
corners of her eyes towards the corners of her mouth. He stuttered:
"What's the matter? What's the matter?"
With great effort she overcame her grief and replied in a calm voice, as she wiped her wet
cheeks:
"Nothing. Only I have no dress and so I can't go to this party. Give your invitation to a friend
whose wife has better clothes than I do." He was distraught, but tried again:
"Let's see, Mathilde. How much would a suitable dress cost, one which you could use again
on other occasions, something very simple?"
She thought for a moment, computing the cost, and also wondering what amount she could
ask for without an immediate refusal and an alarmed exclamation from the thrifty clerk.
At last she answered hesitantly:
"I don't know exactly, but I think I could do it with four hundred francs."
He turned a little pale, because he had been saving that exact amount to buy a gun and treat
himself to a hunting trip the following summer, in the country near Nanterre, with a few friends
who went lark-shooting there on Sundays.
However, he said:
"Very well, I can give you four hundred francs. But try and get a really beautiful dress."
The day of the party drew near, and Madame Loisel seemed sad, restless, anxious. Her dress was
ready, however. One evening her husband said to her:
"What's the matter? You've been acting strange these last three days."
 She replied: "I'm upset that I have no jewels, not a single stone to wear. I will look cheap. I 8
would almost rather not go to the party."
"You could wear flowers, " he said, "They are very fashionable at this time of year. For ten
francs you could get two or three magnificent roses." She was not convinced.
"No; there is nothing more humiliating than looking poor in the middle of a lot of rich women."
"How stupid you are!" her husband cried. "Go and see your friend Madame Forestier and
ask her to lend you some jewels. You know her well enough for that." She uttered a cry of
joy.
"Of course. I had not thought of that."
The next day she went to her friend's house and told her of her distress.
Madame Forestier went to her mirrored wardrobe, took out a large box, brought it back, opened
it, and said to Madame Loisel:
"Choose, my dear."
First, she saw some bracelets, then a pearl necklace, then a gold Venetian cross set with
precious stones, of exquisite craftsmanship. She tried on the jewelry in the mirror, hesitated,
could not bear to part with them, to give them back. She kept asking:
"You have nothing else?"
"Why, yes. But I don't know what you like."
Suddenly she discovered, in a black satin box, a superb diamond necklace, and her heart
began to beat with uncontrolled desire. Her hands trembled as she took it. She fastened it
around her neck, over her high-necked dress, and stood lost in ecstasy as she looked at herself.
Then she asked anxiously, hesitating:
"Would you lend me this, just this?"
"Why, yes, of course."
She threw her arms around her friend's neck, embraced her rapturously, then fled with her
treasure.
The day of the party arrived. Madame Loisel was a success. She was prettier than all the other
women, elegant, gracious, smiling, and full of joy. All the men stared at her, asked her name,
tried to be introduced. All the cabinet officials wanted to waltz with her. The minister noticed
her.
 9

She danced wildly, with passion, drunk on pleasure, forgetting everything in the triumph of
her beauty, in the glory of her success, in a sort of cloud of happiness, made up of all this
respect, all this admiration, all these awakened desires, of that sense of triumph that is so sweet
to a woman's heart.
She left at about four o'clock in the morning. Her husband had been dozing since midnight in a
little deserted anteroom with three other gentlemen whose wives were having a good time.
He threw over her shoulders the clothes he had brought for her to go outside in, the modest
clothes of an ordinary life, whose poverty contrasted sharply with the elegance of the ball dress.
She felt this and wanted to run away, so she wouldn't be noticed by the other women who were
wrapping themselves in expensive furs.
Loisel held her back.
"Wait a moment, you'll catch a cold outside. I'll go and find a cab."
But she would not listen to him, and ran down the stairs. When they were finally in the
street, they could not find a cab, and began to look for one, shouting at the cabmen they saw
passing in the distance.
They walked down toward the Seine in despair, shivering with cold. At last they found on
the quay one of those old night cabs that one sees in Paris only after dark, as if they were
ashamed to show their shabbiness during the day.
They were dropped off at their door in the Rue des Martyrs, and sadly walked up the steps to
their apartment. It was all over, for her. And he was remembering that he had to be back at his
office at ten o'clock.
In front of the mirror, she took off the clothes around her shoulders, taking a final look at
herself in all her glory. But suddenly she uttered a cry. She no longer had the necklace round
her neck!
"What is the matter?" asked her husband, already half undressed.
She turned towards him, panic-stricken.
"I have ... I have ... I no longer have Madame Forestier's necklace."
He stood up, distraught.
"What! ... how! ... That's impossible!"
They looked in the folds of her dress, in the folds of her cloak, in her pockets, everywhere. But
they could not find it.
"Are you sure you still had it on when you left the ball?" he asked.
"Yes. I touched it in the hall at the Ministry."
 "Yes. That's probably it. Did you take his number?" 10
"No. And you, didn't you notice it?"
"No."
They stared at each other, stunned. At last Loisel put his clothes on again.
"I'm going back," he said, "over the whole route we walked, see if I can find it."
He left. She remained in her ball dress all evening, without the strength to go to bed, sitting on
a chair, with no fire, her mind blank.
Her husband returned at about seven o'clock. He had found nothing.
He went to the police, to the newspapers to offer a reward, to the cab companies, everywhere
the tiniest glimmer of hope led him.
She waited all day, in the same state of blank despair from before this frightful disaster.
Loisel returned in the evening, a hollow, pale figure; he had found nothing.
"You must write to your friend," he said, "tell her you have broken the clasp of her necklace
and that you are having it mended. It will give us time to look some more." She wrote as he
dictated.
At the end of one week they had lost all hope.
And Loisel, who had aged five years, declared:
"We must consider how to replace the jewel."
The next day they took the box which had held it, and went to the jeweler whose name they
found inside. He consulted his books.
"It was not I, madame, who sold the necklace; I must simply have supplied the case."
And so they went from jeweler to jeweler, looking for an necklace like the other one,
consulting their memories, both sick with grief and anguish.
In a shop at the Palais Royal, they found a string of diamonds which seemed to be exactly
what they were looking for. It was worth forty thousand francs. They could have it for thirty-six
thousand.
So they begged the jeweler not to sell it for three days. And they made an arrangement that
he would take it back for thirty-four thousand francs if the other necklace was found before the
end of February.
Loisel had eighteen thousand francs which his father had left him. He would borrow the rest.
 And he did borrow, asking for a thousand francs from one man, five hundred from another,
five louis here, three louis there. He gave notes, made ruinous agreements, dealt with usurers,
with every type of money-lender. He compromised the rest of his life, risked signing notes
without knowing if he could ever honor them, and, terrified by the anguish still to come, by the
black misery about to fall on him, by the prospect of every physical privation and every moral
torture he was about to suffer, he went to get the new necklace, and laid down on the jeweler's 11
counter thirty-six thousand francs.
When Madame Loisel took the necklace back, Madame Forestier said coldly:
"You should have returned it sooner, I might have needed it."
To the relief of her friend, she did not open the case. If she had detected the substitution,
what would she have thought? What would she have said? Would she have taken her friend for
a thief?
From then on, Madame Loisel knew the horrible life of the very poor. But she played her part
heroically. The dreadful debt must be paid. She would pay it. They dismissed their maid; they
changed their lodgings; they rented a garret under the roof.
She came to know the drudgery of housework, the odious labors of the kitchen. She washed
the dishes, staining her rosy nails on greasy pots and the bottoms of pans. She washed the dirty
linen, the shirts and the dishcloths, which she hung to dry on a line; she carried the garbage
down to the street every morning, and carried up the water, stopping at each landing to catch
her breath. And, dressed like a commoner, she went to the fruiterer's, the grocer's, the butcher's,
her basket on her arm, bargaining, insulted, fighting over every miserable sou.
Each month they had to pay some notes, renew others, get more time.
Her husband worked every evening, doing accounts for a tradesman, and often, late into the
night, he sat copying a manuscript at five sous a page.
And this life lasted ten years.
At the end of ten years they had paid off everything, everything, at usurer's rates and with the
accumulations of compound interest.
Madame Loisel looked old now. She had become strong, hard and rough like all women of
impoverished households. With hair half combed, with skirts awry, and reddened hands, she
talked loudly as she washed the floor with great swishes of water. But sometimes, when her
husband was at the office, she sat down near the window and thought of that evening at the ball
so long ago, when she had been so beautiful and so admired.
What would have happened if she had not lost that necklace? Who knows, who knows? How
strange life is, how fickle! How little is needed for one to be ruined or saved!

12
One Sunday, as she was walking in the Champs Élysées to refresh herself after the week's work,
suddenly she saw a woman walking with a child. It was Madame Forestier, still young, still
beautiful, still charming.
Madame Loisel felt emotional. Should she speak to her? Yes, of course. And now that she had
paid, she would tell her all. Why not?
She went up to her.
"Good morning, Jeanne."
The other, astonished to be addressed so familiarly by this common woman, did not
recognize her. She stammered:
"But - madame - I don't know. You must have made a mistake."
"No, I am Mathilde Loisel."
Her friend uttered a cry.
"Oh! ... my poor Mathilde, how you've changed! ..."
"Yes, I have had some hard times since I last saw you, and many miseries ... and all because
of you! ..."
"Me? How can that be?"
"You remember that diamond necklace that you lent me to wear to the Ministry party?"
"Yes. Well?"
"Well, I lost it."
"What do you mean? You brought it back."
"I brought you back another exactly like it. And it has taken us ten years to pay for it. It
wasn't easy for us, we had very little. But at last it is over, and I am very glad." Madame
Forestier was stunned.
"You say that you bought a diamond necklace to replace mine?"
"Yes; you didn't notice then? They were very similar."
And she smiled with proud and innocent pleasure.
Madame Forestier, deeply moved, took both her hands.
"Oh, my poor Mathilde! Mine was an imitation! It was worth five hundred francs at most! ..."
Reference:

13
 http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Neck.shtm l

…..

ACTIVITY 1.1: ESSAY

Direction: Answer the given questions. 14

1. Is the story fiction or non-fiction? Why do you say so?

 _____________________________________________________________________________ 15
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2. What type and elements of fiction are used in the story?

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ACTIVITY 1.2
Direction: Make a summary and write interpretation and
analysis of the story “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant. A minimum of 300 words is
required for the summary.
For the review/analysis, 400-500 words.
Summary__________________________________________________________________
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erpretation_________________________________________________________________
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is________________________________________________________________________
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LESSON 2: Types and Elements of Fiction
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Explain the characteristics, types and elements of fiction; and

b. Interpret and evaluate fiction.

ELEMENTS OF FICTION
Conflict: a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or will.
 Man vs. Himself
 Man vs. Man
 Man vs. External Force (physical nature, society, or “fate”)
 Man vs. Nature (environment)
 Protagonist: central character in a conflict, sympathetic or unsympathetic
 Antagonist: any force against protagonist\ Suspense
 Mystery: an unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation
 Dilemma: a position in which he or she must choose between two courses of action,
both undesirable
Ending
Is it logical within the story’s own terms and does it afford a full, believable revelation?
 Surprise Ending: a sudden, unexpected turn or twist, and furnishes meaningful
illumination, not just a reversal of expectation
 Happy Ending: more common in commercial fiction.
 Unhappy Ending: more common in literary fiction because it more closely mirrors real
life and forces readers to contemplate the complexities of life.
 Indeterminate Ending: no definitive conclusion is reached, but need not be in terms of a
resolved conflict.

Artistic Unity
 There must be nothing in the story that is irrelevant.
 Nothing that does not advance the central intention of the story.
Plot Manipulation: unjustified turn in the plot by the situation or the characters.
16
Deus ex machina: Latin for “god from a machine”—the protagonist is rescued at the last
moment from some impossible situation by a god descending from heaven.
Chance:the occurrence of an event that has no apparent cause in previous events or in
predisposition of character.
Coincidence:the chance occurrence of two events that may have a peculiar correspondence.
Consider the function of plot in trying to understand the relationship of each incident to the
larger meaning of the story
.

Example:focus on its central conflict or examine the way incidents and scenes are connected
as a way of testing the story’s plausibility and unity.
Characterization
Direct Presentation: readers are
toldstraight out what the characters are like, or they have
another character in the story describe them. Little emotional impact
Indirect Presentation: the author
showsus the characters through their actions; we determine
what they are like by what they say or do. In good fiction, characters are dramatized.

Principles of Characterization
1. Characters are consistent in their behavior unless there is a clear reason for the change
17
2. Character’s words and actions spring from motivations the reader can understand and believe
3. Characters must be plausible or lifelike, not perfectly virtuous or monsters of evil; nor can
they have some impossible combination of contradictory traits. The character could have
existed, so we have the illusion the person is real.
 Flat Characters: usually have only one or two predominant traits; they can be summed
up in a sentence or two.
 Round Characters: complex and many sided; they have the three-dimensional quality
of real people.
 Stock Characters: type of flat character; stereotyped figures who have recurred so often
in fiction that we recognize them at once: silent sheriff, mad scientist, brilliant detective.
 Static Character: does not change during the story.
 Dynamic Character: (developing) undergoes distinct change of character, personality,
or outlook. Usually experiences an epiphany which is a moment of spiritual insight into
life or into the character’s own circumstance. This epiphany usually defines the moment
of the dynamic character’s change.
Theme
 The controlling idea or central insight
 The unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story
 Gives the story its unity
 What view of life does the author want readers to support?
 The theme should be expressible in the form of a statement with a subject and a
predicate.
 NOT JUST “motherhood” or “loyalty”
 Theme must be a statement about the subject.
 The theme should be stated as a generalization about life.
 It is the central and unifying concept of a story.
 There is not one way of stating the theme of a story.
Avoid reducing the theme to some familiar saying that we have heard all our lives: “You can’t
judge a book by its cover.” Example:
Motherhood sometimes has more frustrations than rewards.
Loyalty to country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.

18
This is a great thesis written by one of my students:
Frankenstein is a prime example of English Romanticism because of the way that Shelley
portrays the importance of good parenting through traits of romantic literature. Shelley
emphasizes the individual, portrays man’s love of nature, and values emotion over reason to
contribute to the theme’s idea that the role of parents is vital to raising responsible offspring.
This is a “not so great” thesis . . .
Frankenstein is an example of English Romanticist fiction because Mary Shelley uses Nature,
Individualism, and Freedom to contribute to the Romantics view of Nature.
Point of View
 Who tells the story and how much do they know about the thoughts of the characters?
 Omniscient: the story is told in first person by a narrator whose knowledge and
prerogatives are unlimited.
 Third Person Limited: from the viewpoint of one character in the story. No knowledge
of what other characters are thinking or feeling.
 First Person: the author disappears into one of the characters, who tells the story in the
first person. This may be either a minor or major character, protagonist, or observer, and
it will make a considerable difference whether the protagonist tells the story or someone
else tells it. Shares the limitations of the third-person limited point of view.
 Objective Point of View: (dramatic POV) the narrator disappears into a kind of roving
sound camera. This camera can go anywhere but can record only what is seen and heard.
It cannot comment, interpret, or enter a character’s mind.
Symbol: something that means more than what it suggests on the surface. It may be an object,
person, situation, action or other elements.
Name Symbolism: Adam, Phoenix
Object Symbolism: flag, wedding ring, red, quilts
Action Symbolism: journey
Setting Symbolism: landscape, railway station
Clues for identifying symbols:
 The story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is to be taken symbolically usually by
emphasis, repetition, or position.
 The meaning of the literary symbol must be established and supported by the entire
context of the story.
 A symbol may have more than one meaning—a cluster of meanings. 19
1. Allegory: a story that has a second meaning beneath the surface adding significance.
2. Fantasy: nonrealistic story and transcends the bounds of known reality.
3. Humor: appears in the many serious works, usually conveyed through irony
4. Irony: a technique used to convey a truth about human experience by exposing some
incongruity of a character’s behavior or a society’s traditions. Irony helps to critique the world in
which we live by laughing at the many varieties of human eccentricity and folly.
Both evoke responses that are intellectual and emotional at once.
Verbal Irony: simplest kind, sarcasm, word play
Dramatic Irony: the contrast between what a character says or thinks and what the
reader knows to be true.
Situational Irony: the discrepancy is between appearance and reality, expectation and
fulfillment, or what is and what would seem appropriate
“Miss Caroline told me to tell my father not to teach me anymore, it would interfere with my
reading.” –To Kill a Mockingbird
Sentimentality: contrived or excessive emotion

Uncle Tom’s Cabin vs. Beloved

Editorialize: Sentimental writers often try to make words do what the situation faithfully
presented by itself will not do. They comment on the story and, in a manner, instruct us how to
feel. Or they overwrite and poeticize–use an immoderately heightened and distended language
to accomplish their effects. Also, they excessively use detail which all point one way, toward
producing emotion rather than conveying truth. Dying child always happy, never moody or
crying.

5. Style – The author’s type of diction (choice of words), syntax (arrangement of words), and
other linguistic features of a work.
6. Theme(s) – The central and dominating idea (or ideas) in a literary work. The term also
indicates a message or moral implicit in any work of art.
Exploring the Different Types of Fiction
By Sarah Parsons Zackheim, Adrian Zackheim
Fiction is a general term used to describe an imaginative work of prose, either a novel,
short story, or novella. Recently, this definition has been modified to include both nonfiction 2
works that contain imaginative elements, like Midnight in the Garden Of Good and Evil by 0
John Berendt (Random House, 1994) and Dutch by Edmund Morris (Random House, 1999),
and novels consisting largely of factual reporting with a patina of fictionalization, such as
Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden (Knopf, 1997). However, in the truest sense, a work of
fiction is a creation of the writer’s imagination.
The two main types of fiction are literary and commercial.
Commercial fiction attracts a broad audience and may also fall into any subgenre, like
mystery, romance, legal thriller, western, science fiction, and so on. For example, The Bridges
of Madison County by Robert James Waller (Warner, 1992) was a hugely successful
commercial novel because the book described the fulfillment of a romantic fantasy that is dear
to the heart of millions of readers. Written in a short, easy-to-read style, the book was as
mesmerizing to 15-year-olds as it was to 100-year-olds. Other blockbuster commercial fiction
authors include John Grisham, Sidney Sheldon, Danielle Steele, and Jackie Collins.
Literary fiction tends to appeal to a smaller, more intellectually adventurous audience. A
work of literary fiction can fall into any of the subgenres described in the following sections.
What sets literary fiction apart, however, is the notable qualities it contains — excellent writing,
originality of thought, and style — that raise it above the level of ordinary written works. A
recent work of literary fiction that enjoyed wide popularity was Cold Mountain by Charles
Frazier (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997). Other popular authors of literary fiction include Toni
Morrision, Barbara Kingsolver, John LeCarre, and Saul Bellow.
Mainstream fiction is a general term publishers and booksellers use to describe both
commercial and literary works that depict a daily reality familiar to most people. These books,
usually set in the 20th or present-day 21st century, have at their core a universal theme that
attracts a broad audience. Mainstream books deal with such myriad topics as family issues,
coming of age initiations, courtroom dramas, career matters, physical and mental disabilities,
social pressures, political intrigue, and more. Regardless of original genre or category, most of
the novels that appear on the bestseller list are considered mainstream, whether the author is
Sue Grafton, Arundhati Roy, Michael Crichton, or David Guterson.
Mystery
Mystery is a popular genre, boasting a huge established audience. All mysteries focus
on a crime, usually murder. The action tends to center on the attempts of a wily detective-type
to solve the crime. And the climax usually occurs near the end, in a leisurely setting where all
the elements of the mystery are neatly assembled for the reader’s convenience. The solution,
complete with surprises, is then delivered to the characters and the reader alike.
Mystery subgenres include spy, detective, and crime stories. You can find a vast network
of mystery writers associations, conventions, and conferences, as well as publications to help
mystery writers pursue their craft. For information, contact Mystery Writers of America. 21
 Great practitioners in this genre include Arthur Conan Doyle, Raymond Chandler, 22
Dashiell Hammett, and Earle Stanley Gardner, creator of Perry Mason. Present day giants
include Carl Hiaason, James Ellroy, Robert Parker, James Lee Burke, and Elmore Leonard.

Romance
Romance is a huge category aimed at diverting and entertaining women. In romance
novels, you have elements of fantasy, love, naïveté, extravagance, adventure, and always the
heroic lover overcoming impossible odds to be with his true love. Many romances, especially
the gothic romance, have an easy-to-follow formula — a young, inexperienced girl living a
somewhat remote existence is courted or threatened by an evil man and then rescued by a
valiant one.
Other subgenres include historical, contemporary, fantasy romance, and romantic
suspense. If historical detail and settings interest you, try writing a regency or historical
romance. If you enjoy a dash of mystery or intrigue, then romantic suspense novels are for you.
However, if you’re interested in more modern stories with sexual candor, then consider writing
a contemporary romance.
Certainly, you have lots of opportunity in the field of romance writing, which is the
largest, most diverse, and most popular of the commercial genres. And romance writers’
organizations can provide exact writing guidelines. To receive a set of guidelines, contact
Romance Writers of America.
First-class romance writers include Jude Deveraux, Victoria Holt, Judith McNaught,
Daphne Du Maurier, Jennifer Greene, and Nora Roberts.

Women’s fiction
It’s common knowledge in the publishing industry that women constitute the biggest
book-buying segment. So, it’s certainly no accident that most mainstream as well as genre
fiction is popular among women. For that reason, publishers and booksellers have identified a
category within the mainstream that they classify as Women’s Fiction. And its no surprise that
virtually all the selections of Oprah’s Book Club are in this genre.
From a writer’s perspective, some key characteristics of these books include a focus on
relationships, one or more strong female protagonists, women triumphing over unbearable
circumstances, and the experiences of women unified in some way. The field includes such
diverse writers as Barbara Taylor Bradford, Anne Rivers Siddons, Alice McDermott, Judith
Krantz, Anne Tyler, Rebecca Wells, and Alice Hoffman.

Science fiction/fantasy
 Science fiction/fantasy novels depict distant worlds and futuristic technologies that 23
whirl readers far away from the here and now and yet provoke contemplation of contemporary
issues. Imaginative, thoughtful, and other-worldly, this robust category is made even more
popular by the Star Wars and Star Trek series. Leading science fiction and fantasy writers
include Ray Bradbury, Arthur Clarke, Isaac Asimov, C.S. Lewis, and J.R.R. Tolkien, as well as
the current, multi-best-selling, young adult author J.K. Rowling.
To obtain professional assistance in this genre, contact the Science Fiction and Fantasy
Writers of America.

Suspense/thriller
Suspense novels and thrillers are tense, exciting, often sensational works with ingenious
plotting, swift action, and continuous suspense. In this genre, a writer’s objective is to deliver a
story with sustained tension, surprise, and a constant sense of impending doom that propels the
reader forward. Unlike mysteries, thrillers are dominated by action in which physical threat is a
constant companion, and a hero (James Bond, for example) is pitted against a nefarious villain.
This genre includes the great espionage writers, including John Le Carre, Len Deighton,
Ian Fleming, Clive Cussler, and Frederick Forsythe. It also includes the police procedurals of
Patricia Cornwell, Tony Hillerman, and Lawrence Sanders, as well as the courtroom bestsellers
of Scott Turow, Richard North Patterson, Steve Martini, and John Grisham, and the military
thrillers of Tom Clancy and Stephen Koontz.
Western
Known simply as westerns, these novels about life on America’s post-Civil War western
frontier usually involve conflicts between cowboys and outlaws, cowboys and Native
Americans, or Easterners and Westerners. While this category still has a mass-market audience
and a thriving regional market, it’s not the popular genre it was 25 years ago.
If you’re interested in writing a western, contact the Western Writers of America
Zane Grey and Louis Lamour, both deceased, are still among the popular western
writers.
Horror
Filled with gut-wrenching fear, this popular genre keeps readers turning the blood-filled
pages. From a writer’s perspective, the defining characteristic is the intention to frighten readers
by exploiting their fears, both conscious and subconscious: fears of supernatural forces, alien
visitations, madness, death, dismemberment, and other terrifying notions.
Tracing its roots back to the classic tales of Edgar Allan Poe, the horror genre today is
dominated by Stephen King, whose vast output of bestsellers under his name as well as his
alter-ego Richard Bachman has dominated the bestseller lists for nearly 25 years. Other major
horror writers include Mary Shelley, Roald Dahl, Clive Barker, Peter Straub, Dean Koontz, and 24
Anne Rice. While horror isn’t science fiction, the SFWA provides a great deal of information
and community services aimed at horror writers. To obtain its professional assistance, contact
the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.

Young adult
This genre includes any type of novel with a protagonist in the 12 to 16 age range that
speaks to the concerns of teenagers. Currently, J.K. Rowling and her amazing Harry Potter
(Scholastic Press) books are dominating the field. Rowling’s accomplishment — a truly
universal story, brimming with magic and fantasy as well as likable characters that readers
identify with — is an amazing feat.
Watch out for all the Harry Potter wannabes in the coming year. Success stories in this
genre share many of the qualities evident in the Harry Potter books: a memorable voice (J.D.
Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, Little Brown, 1951), believable characters (Golding’s Lord of the
Flies, Perigee, 1959), and a willingness to write about the disturbing subjects that preoccupy
teens and preteens (Are You There God, It’s Me, Margaret by Judy Blume, Dell Yearling, 1972,
or Holes by Louis Sachar, FSG, 1998).

…..
 EXERCISES!
ACTIVITY 2.1 25

Direction: Divide the class into five (5) groups and discuss within the group the story of
“Silence - A Fable” by Edgar Allan Poe (published 1838). Interpret and evaluate the story
and present it.
Ours is a world of words: Quiet we call
Silence -- which is the merest word of all"
-Al Aaraaf.
"Listen to me," said the Demon, as he placed his
hand upon my head. "There is a spot upon this
accursed earth which thou hast never yet beheld And if
by any chance thou hast beheld it, it must have been in
one of those vigorous dreams which come like the
Simoon upon the brain of the sleeper who hath lain
down to sleep among the forbidden sunbeams --among
the sunbeams, I say, which slide from off the solemn
columns of the melancholy temples in the wilderness.
The region of which I speak is a dreary region in
Libya, by the borders of the river Zaire. And there is
no quiet there, nor silence.
"The waters of the river have a saffron and sickly
hue --and they flow not onwards to the sea, but
palpitate forever and forever beneath the red eye of the
sun with a tumultuous and convulsive motion. For
many miles on either side of the river's oozy bed is a
pale desert of gigantic water-lilies. They sigh one unto
the other in that solitude, and stretch towards the
heaven their long ghastly necks, and nod to and fro their everlasting heads. And there is an
indistinct murmur which cometh out from among them like the rushing of subterrene water.
And they sigh one unto the other.
 "But there is a boundary to their realm --the boundary of the dark, horrible, lofty forest.
There, like the waves about the Hebrides, the low underwood is agitated continually. But there
is no wind throughout the heaven. And the tall primeval trees rock eternally hither and thither
with a crashing
and mighty sound. And from their high summits, one by one, drop everlasting dews. And at the
roots strange poisonous flowers lie writhing in perturbed slumber. And overhead, with a
rustling and loud noise, the grey clouds rush westwardly forever, until they roll, a cataract, over 26
the fiery wall of the horizon. But there is no wind throughout the heaven. And by the shores of
the river Zaire there is neither quiet nor silence.

"It was night, and the rain fell; and, falling, it was rain, but, having fallen, it was blood. And I
stood in the morass among the tall lilies, and the rain fell upon my head --and the lilies sighed
one unto the other in the solemnity of their desolation.
"And, all at once, the moon arose through the thin ghastly mist, and was crimson in color.
And mine eyes fell upon a huge grey rock which stood by the shore of the river, and was litten
by the light of the moon. And the rock was grey, and ghastly, and tall, --and the rock was grey.
Upon its front were characters engraven in the stone; and I walked through the morass of
waterlilies, until I came close unto the shore, that I might read the characters upon the stone.
But I could not decypher the characters. And I was going back into the morass, when the moon
shone with a fuller red, and I turned and looked again upon the rock, and upon the characters --
and the characters were DESOLATION.

"And I looked upwards, and there stood a man upon the summit of the rock, and I hid myself
among the water-lilies that I might discover the actions of the man. And the man was tall and
stately in form, and was wrapped up from his shoulders to his feet in the toga of old Rome. And
the outlines of his figure were indistinct --but his features were the features of a Deity; for the
mantle of the night, and of the mist, and of the moon, and of the dew, had left uncovered the
features of his face. And his brow was lofty with thought, and his eye wild with care; and, in the
few furrows upon his cheek I read the fables of sorrow, and weariness, and disgust with
mankind, and a longing after solitude. And the moon shone upon his face, and upon the features
of his face, and oh! they were more beautiful than the airy dreams which hovered about the
souls of the daughters of Delos!
"And the man sat down upon the rock, and leaned his head upon his hand, and looked out
upon the desolation. He looked down into the low unquiet shrubbery, and up into the tall
primeval trees, and up higher at the rustling heaven, and into the crimson moon. And I lay close
within shelter of the lilies, and observed the actions of the man. And the man trembled in the
solitude --but the night waned and he sat upon the rock.

27
 "And the man turned his attention from the heaven, and looked out upon the dreary river
Zaire, and upon the yellow ghastly waters, and upon the pale legions of the water-lilies. And the
man listened to the sighs of the water-lilies, and of the murmur that came up from among them.
And I lay close within my covert and observed the actions of the man. And the man trembled in
the solitude --but the night waned and he sat upon the rock.

"Then I went down into the recesses of the morass, and waded afar in among the wilderness
of the lilies, and called unto the hippopotami which dwelt among the fens in the recesses of the
morass. And the hippopotami heard my call, and came, with the behemoth, unto the foot of the
rock, and roared loudly and fearfully beneath the moon. And I lay close within my covert and
observed the actions of the man. And the man trembled in the solitude --but the night waned
and he sat upon the rock.

"Then I cursed the elements with the curse of tumult; and a frightful tempest gathered in the
heaven where before there had been no wind. And the heaven became livid with the violence of
the tempest --and the rain beat upon the head of the man --and the floods of the river came
down --and the river was tormented into foam --and the water-lilies shrieked within their beds
--and the forest crumbled before the wind --and the thunder rolled, --and the lightning fell --and
the rock rocked to its foundation. And I lay close within my covert and observed the actions of
the man. And the man trembled in the solitude -- but the night waned and he sat upon the rock.

"Then I grew angry and cursed, with the curse of silence, the river, and the lilies, and the
wind, and the forest, and the heaven, and the thunder, and the sighs of the water-lilies. And they
became accursed and were still. And the moon ceased to totter in its pathway up the heaven --
and the thunder died away --and the lightning did not flash --and the clouds hung motionless --
and the waters sunk to their level and remained --and the trees ceased to rock --and the
waterlilies sighed no more --and the murmur was heard no longer from among them, nor any
shadow of sound throughout the vast illimitable desert. And I looked upon the characters of the
rock, and they were changed --and the characters were SILENCE.
"And mine eyes fell upon the countenance of the man, and his countenance was wan with
terror. And, hurriedly, he raised his head from his hand, and stood forth upon the rock, and
listened. But there was no voice throughout the vast illimitable desert, and the characters upon
the rock were SILENCE. And the man shuddered, and turned his face away, and fled afar off,
and I beheld him no more."
Now there are fine tales in the volumes of the Magi --in the iron-bound, melancholy volumes
of the Magi. Therein, I say, are glorious histories of the Heaven, and of the Earth, and of the
mighty Sea --and of the Genii that over-ruled the sea, and the earth, and the lofty heaven. There
was much lore too in the sayings which were said by the sybils; and holy, holy things were 28
heard of old by the dim leaves that trembled around Dodona --but, as Allah liveth, that fable
which the Demon told me as he sat by my side in the shadow of the tomb, I hold to be the most
wonderful of all! And as the Demon made an end of his story, he fell back within the cavity of
the tomb and laughed. And I could not laugh with the Demon, and he cursed me because I
could not laugh. And the lynx which dwelleth forever in the tomb, came out therefrom, and lay
down at the feet of the Demon, and looked at him steadily in the face.

NOTES:
This story was originally published in 1838 as
"Siope - A Fable".
Reference: https://poestories.com/read/silence

…..

LESSON 3: Introduction to Contemporary Literature

29 1950- PRESENT
“This literary era defines a time period but it also describes particular style and quality of
writing.”
What is Contemporary Literature?
The literature of the contemporary period not only refers to a quality/style of writing but
also to poetry and prose, which includes works of fiction such as: novels, novellas, essays, and
dramatic works.
Characteristics of the Contemporary Style
 Reality-based stories
 Believable story-line, sometimes portraying a harsher reality or degradation of society 
Current, modern setting
 “Well-defined, realistic, highly developed” and strong character (s).
 Well-structured
 Writing is “more character driven than plot driven”
Historical Events during this period
January 1, 1953- The national Library is established in Ottawa.
September 3, 1962- The Trans-Canada Highway opens.
February 15, 1965- Canada gets a new red-and-white maple leaf flag.
April 2, 1975- The CN Tower in Toronto becomes the world’s tallest free-standing structure.
July 17, 1976- The Olympic Games are held in Montreal.
June 27, 1980- O Canada is officially adopted as Canada’s national anthem.
April 12, 1980- Terry Fox begins his “Marathon of Hope”, cross country run.
1989- One dollar bills stop being produced and are fully replaced by the loonie.
June 25, 1993- Kim Campbell becomes the first female prime minister of Canada.
January 4-9, 1998- The most destructive and disruptive ice storm in Canadian history occurs.
Genres of the period, and topics that were written about in literature were largely influenced by
30
the historical events which were taking place at the current time. A notable genre of the
contemporary period, which is still popular today is Young Adult or YA.
GENRES OF CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE
Genres of this time included novels and poetry. Flash fiction, short stories, slam poetry,
plays, memoirs, and autobiographies were also popular.
Authors found inspiration in the events of the time period. They often wrote about the realities and
experiences that had occurred, no matter how brutal they may have been.
“The literary innovations of this period were largely influenced by the surroundings and the changes
that were occurring in it…”

I. STORY
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Acquaint themselves with styles and concerns of contemporary stories.

WHAT IS A STORY?
A story or narrative is a connected series of events told through words (written or
spoken), imagery (still and moving), body language, performance, music, or any other form of
communication. You can tell a story about anything, and the events described can be real or
imaginary; covering both fiction and nonfiction; and leaving no topic, genre, or style
untouched. There are stories about all things and all times; past, present and future. Whenever
you’re telling somebody about a series of events, you are telling a story, no matter what the
subject nor when they occurred. As such, stories are of great value to human culture, and are
some of the oldest, most important parts of life.
Aside from being a part of every single type of literature, stories are at the foundation of
creativity and part of just about everything we do, particularly when it comes to entertainment,
recording, and reporting of any form. So, they are shared in all different ways—from oral and
written storytelling or journalism; to TV, film, and radio; to fine arts, stage performance and
music; and so on.
In one form or another, stories have been a part of human culture and society for thousands of
years—likely since man has existed! They’re found in the past and present of people from every
culture, religion, and ethnicity; in every region and language. So, all of that considered, 31 the
concept of a story is actually a bit difficult to fully cover or describe. Some would say that life is
made up of a series of never-ending stories. From a simple commute to school or work, to all the
events of our lives, everything has a story.

 EXAMPLES OF STORY
Here are a few examples of the same story told different ways.
You can sometimes tell a story in just one line:
The girl met the love of her life and lived happily until the day she died.
Or, it could be more detailed:
When the girl was 22, she met the love of her life. It was her last day of college, and
when she saw him, she knew he was the one she was going to be with forever—and the boy
knew the same. After graduation, the boy and the girl ran away together to elope. They lived
together happily for the rest of their days.
Now really, even the second example is just a tiny story. We can tell it in all kinds of ways
and of all different lengths, from one line to a series of novels. After all, if the couple lived an
entire lifetime together, there would be countless events that together make up the story of their
life.

 TYPES OF STORIES
The range of types of stories is pretty much endless. For that reason, this article will divide
stories into two very broad categories—fiction and nonfiction. Within each there are a huge
number of possibilities in terms of subject matter, genre, type of delivery (oral, written,
performance), narrative style, and so on.

Fiction stories
Fiction stories are based on made-up or imaginary events. There are dozens upon dozens
of types of fiction stories and genres, including but not at all limited to:
 Fairy tales  Historical fiction
 Folklore  Fantasy
 Mythology  Science-fiction
 Legends  Love stories
 Epics  Horror stories
32
 Dramas  Ghost stories
 Adventure stories  Bedtime stories
Non-fiction stories
Non-fiction stories can cover any kind of real-life event or experience. But, they often
fall into these kinds of categories:
 Historical events  Memories and experiences
 News and current events  Cultural history
 Biographies and autobiographies  Crime and justice
 Science
 Love  Travel stories
 Family  Survivor stories
 War stories
  IMPORTANCE OF STORY 33
Stories are, have been, and always will be an absolutely essential part of human culture.
Stories are how we learn about each other, our past, and our cultures. Whether they are created
for entertainment or to recount a real-life event—new stories are literally being lived, told, and
created every second of every day. So, even if there was only one story for every person who
ever lived, that would still be billions of stories in the world; it would be impossible to measure
how many have existed.

 EXAMPLES OF STORY IN LITERATURE

As literature is, first and foremost, written storytelling, there are limitless examples of
stories in literature; across every style and genre of writing. We’ve been writing down stories
for thousands of years—truth be told, written stories have taught us most of what we know
about mankind’s history and culture! That said, here are a few examples:

Example 1
Author Shel Silverstein is known for the quirky and memorable stories he tells through
poetry. Here is “Masks” from his collection of poems Everything On It:
She had blue skin.
And so did he.
He kept it hid
And so did she.
They searched for blue
Their whole life through,
Then passed right by—
And never knew.
As you’ve just read, Silverstein tells a whole story in just eight short lines of poetry.
Tons of poems do the same in even fewer lines. Either way, you can see that a story definitely
doesn’t have to be lengthy.
Example 2
A fairy tale is a classic type of story about imaginary events. When we want to tell a
fairy tale, we often start with the famous words “Once upon a time,” which adds a more
whimsical feel to what we are about to share. Here’s an example from Rapunzel of Grimm’s
Fairy Tales:
Once upon a time there was a man and a woman who had long, but to no avail, wished
for a child. Finally, the woman came to believe that the good Lord would fulfill her wish.
Through the small rear window of these people’s house they could see into a splendid garden
that was filled with the most beautiful flowers and herbs. The garden was surrounded by a high
wall, and no one dared enter, because it belonged to a sorceress who possessed great power and
was feared by everyone.
The fairy tale’s intro is just a small part of the story, telling us about the beginning and a
bit about the characters who will be the focus.
Example 3
Of course, newspapers and magazines are filled with stories. As you know, a news story
reports on real events that have happened. Here’s a passage from a CNN Tech article:
There’s no other shopping bonanza quite like Alibaba’s Singles Day, which has once
again smashed records. The tech giant reported $17.8 billion in sales during this year’s frenzy,
breaking the record of $14.3 billion set in 2015. That’s more than Black Friday and Cyber
Monday combined.
Reading a news story gives you an update on events that are happening throughout the
world. Here, Tech Crunch writes about China’s 11.11 Singles’ Day, the world’s biggest
shopping event. The story specifically reports on the money that Alibaba made in their latest
Singles’ Day event.

 EXAMPLES OF STORY IN POPULAR CULTURE

Stories are a part of every type of today’s media, from TV, film, and radio; to what gets
shared on social media platforms; music; stage performance; art exhibitions, celebrity
magazines—you name it, and you’ll find stories. But here are a few examples of stories in
popular film and TV culture, told through performance, music, and animation.
Example 1
Cult-classic fantasy film The Never-ending Story is about a story that goes on as long as
time exists. It unfolds in real time as the reader is reading it, who in this case is a boy named
Bastian. But it’s soon revealed that he has more of a stake in the story than he ever imagined…
The Never-ending Story (9/10) Movie CLIP – Call My Name (1984) HD 34
Bastian finally realizes that he’s a part of the story he’s been reading, so in a way, it’s actually 35
about him. So long as he keeps reading, the story will continue.
Example 2
Everybody knows Will Smith’s retro anthem “Prince of Bel Air,” the theme song to the
hit ’90s sitcom Fresh Prince of Bel Air. In the show’s intro, Smith uses this rap to fill the
audience in on his backstory:
The fresh prince of Bel Air theme song [short version]
The song quickly reviews the story of his past, which serves as an intro to what the
show is about. He recounts the events that led to his life being turned “upside down”; the story
of how he became the Prince of Bel Air.
Example 3
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione reads the story of the Three
Brothers, which is part of the wizarding world.
The Story of the Three Brothers is actually a story within a story—Harry Potter’s story.
Rowling tries to make the wizarding world seem as real as possible, and adding background is a
big part of that. By sharing stories that her characters read, she is giving evidence of the
wizarding world’s storytelling and literary culture…and perhaps even some history.

 CONCLUSION
Stories are a major part of every aspect of our lives, from what we read to what we do to
what we talk and think about. They’re also crucial to our understanding of history and culture,
and have been recorded and passed on since man’s earliest days. Stories have always been and
will always be at the core of not only literature, but life!

…..
 ACTIVITY 3.1
36
Direction: Read and analyze the story of “All Summer in a Day” by Ray Bradbury. Write your
interpretation and analysis about the story, use the rubric to be guided for making the given
task.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

RUBRICS

4 3
Criteria 2 1
Exceeding Meeting
Organized. Somewhat Poorly organized.
Cohesive and organized.
Can easily Ideas are scattered
Organization wellorganized order The flow of the
understand the and confusion take
structured content sometimes
flow of content. place.
 cut in or
interrupted.

Portrays
Present poor
appropriate Indicates Present the
understanding of the
Content information to the information information that
content relating to
relation and accurately. is easy to follow.
the other concepts.
related concepts.

Used peculiar Show some Shows minimal

Used materials
materials for materials for materials for
Creativity for enhancement
enhancement of enhancement of enhancement of
of ideas.
ideas. ideas. ideas.

Create multiple Create some Create minimal

connection of Ideas are not
connections of connections of
Ideas ideas about the connected from the
ideas and well ideas from the
topic. other concept.
establish. topic.
 All Summer in a Day by Ray Bradbury
"Ready?"
"Ready."
"Now?"
"Soon."
"Do the scientists really know? Will it happen today, will it?"
"Look, look; see for yourself!"
The children pressed to each other like so many roses, so many weeds, intermixed, peering out for
a look at the hidden sun.
It rained.
It had been raining for seven years; thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled
from one end to the other with rain, with the drum and gush of water, with the sweet crystal
fall of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were tidal waves come over the
islands. A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to
be crushed again. And this was the way life was forever on the planet Venus, and this was the
schoolroom of the children of the rocket men and women who had come to a raining world to
set up civilization and live out their lives.
"It's stopping, it's stopping!"
"Yes, yes!"
Margot stood apart from them, from these children who could never remember a time when
there wasn't rain and rain and rain. They were all nine years old, and if there had been a day,
seven years ago, when the sun came out for an hour and showed its face to the stunned world,
they could not recall. Sometimes, at night, she heard them stir, in remembrance, and she knew
they were dreaming and remembering gold or a yellow crayon or a coin large enough to buy the
world with. She knew they thought they remembered a warmness, like a blushing in the face, in
the body, in the arms and legs and trembling hands. But then they always awoke to the tatting
drum, the endless shaking down of clear bead necklaces upon the roof, the walk, the gardens,
the forests, and their dreams were gone.
All day yesterday they had read in class about the sun. About how like a lemon it was, and how hot.
And they had written small stories or essays or poems about it:
I think the sun is a flower that blooms for just one hour.
That was Margot's poem, read in a quiet voice in the still classroom while the rain was falling
38
outside.
"Aw, you didn't write that!" protested one of the boys.
"I did," said Margot. "I did." "William!"
said the teacher.
But that was yesterday. Now the rain was slackening, and the children were crushed in the great
thick windows.
Where's teacher?"
"She'll be back."
"She'd better hurry, we'll miss it!"
They turned on themselves, like a feverish wheel,
all tumbling spokes. Margot stood alone. She was a
very frail girl who looked as if she had been lost in
the rain for years and the rain had washed out the
blue from her eyes and the red from her mouth and
the yellow from her hair. She was an old
photograph dusted from an album, whitened away,
and if she spoke at all her voice would be a ghost.
Now she stood, separate, staring at the rain and the
loud wet world beyond the huge glass.
 39

"What're you looking at?" said William.

Margot said nothing.
"Speak when you're spoken to."
He gave her a shove. But she did not move; rather she let herself be moved only by him and
nothing else. They edged away from her, they would not look at her. She felt them go away.
And this was because she would play no games with them in the echoing tunnels of the
underground city. If they tagged her and ran, she stood blinking after them and did not follow.
When the class sang songs about happiness and life and games her lips barely moved. Only
when they sang about the sun and the summer did her lips move as she watched the drenched
windows. And then, of course, the biggest crime of all was that she had come here only five
years ago from Earth, and she remembered the sun and the way the sun was and the sky was
when she was four in Ohio. And they, they had been on Venus all their lives, and they had been
only two years old when last the sun came out and had long since forgotten the color and heat
of it and the way it really was.
But Margot remembered.
"It's like a penny," she said once, eyes closed.
"No it's not!" the children cried.
"It's like a fire," she said, "in the stove."
"You're lying, you don't remember!" cried the children.
But she remembered and stood quietly apart from all of them and watched the patterning
windows. And once, a month ago, she had refused to shower in the school shower rooms, had
clutched her hands to her ears and over her head, screaming the water mustn't touch her head.
So after that, dimly, dimly, she sensed it, she was different and they knew her difference and
kept away. There was talk that her father and mother were taking her back to Earth next year; it
seemed vital to her that they do so, though it would mean the loss of thousands of dollars to her
family. And so, the children hated her for all these reasons of big and little consequence. They
hated her pale snow face, her waiting silence, her thinness, and her possible future.
"Get away!" The boy gave her another push. "What're you waiting for?"
Then, for the first time, she turned and looked at him. And what she was waiting for was in her
eyes.
"Well, don't wait around here!" cried the boy savagely. "You won't see nothing!" Her
lips moved.
"Nothing!" he cried. "It was all a joke, wasn't it?" He turned to the other children. "Nothing's
happening today. Is it?"
"Nothing, nothing!" 40
"Oh, but," Margot whispered, her eyes helpless. "But this is the day, the scientists predict, they
say, they know, the sun..."
"All a joke!" said the boy, and seized her roughly. "Hey, everyone, let's put her in a closet
before the teacher comes!"
"No," said Margot, falling back.
They surged about her, caught her up and bore her, protesting, and then pleading, and then
crying, back into a tunnel, a room, a closet, where they slammed and locked the door. They
stood looking at the door and saw it tremble from her beating and throwing herself against it.
They heard her muffled cries. Then, smiling, the turned and went out and back down the tunnel,
just as the teacher arrived.
"Ready, children?" She glanced at her watch.
"Yes!" said everyone.
"Are we all here?" "Yes!"
The rain slacked still more. They crowded to the huge door. The rain stopped.
It was as if, in the midst of a film concerning an avalanche, a tornado, a hurricane, a volcanic
eruption, something had, first, gone wrong with the sound apparatus, thus muffling and finally
cutting off all noise, all of the blasts and repercussions and thunders, and then, second, ripped
the film from the projector and inserted in its place a beautiful tropical slide which did not
move or tremor. The world ground to a standstill. The silence was so immense and unbelievable
that you felt your ears had been stuffed or you had lost your hearing altogether. The children put
their hands to their ears. They stood apart. The door slid back and the smell of the silent,
waiting world came in to them.
The sun came out.
It was the color of flaming bronze and it was very large. And the sky around it was a blazing
blue tile color. And the jungle burned with sunlight as the children, released from their spell,
rushed out, yelling into the springtime.
"Now, don't go too far," called the teacher after them. "You've only two hours, you know. You
wouldn't want to get caught out!"
But they were running and turning their faces up to the sky and feeling the sun on their cheeks
like a warm iron; they were taking off their jackets and letting the sun burn their arms. "Oh, it's
better than the sun lamps, isn't it?"
"Much, much better!"
They stopped running and stood in the great jungle that covered Venus that grew and never 41
stopped growing, tumultuously, even as you watched it. It was a nest of octopi, clustering up
great arms of flesh like weed, wavering, flowering in this brief spring. It was the color of rubber
and ash, this jungle, from the many years without sun. It was the color of stones and white
cheeses and ink, and it was the color of the moon.
The children lay out, laughing, on the jungle mattress, and heard it sigh and squeak under them
resilient and alive. They ran among the trees, they slipped and fell, they pushed each other, they
played hide-and-seek and tag, but most of all they squinted at the sun until the tears ran down
their faces; they put their hands up to that yellowness and that amazing blueness and they
breathed of the fresh, fresh air and listened to the silence which suspended them in a blessed sea
of no sound and no motion. They looked at everything and savored everything. Then, wildly,
like animals escaped from their caves, they ran and ran in shouting circles. They ran for an
hour and did not stop running.
And then -in the midst of their running one of the girls wailed. Everyone stopped.
The girl, standing in the open, held out her hand.
"Oh, look, look," she said, trembling.
They came slowly to look at her opened palm.
In the center of it, cupped and huge, was a single raindrop. She began to cry, looking at it. They
glanced quietly at the sun.
"Oh. Oh."
A few cold drops fell on their noses and their cheeks and their mouths. The sun faded behind a
stir of mist. A wind blew cold around them. They turned and started to walk back toward the
underground house, their hands at their sides, their smiles vanishing away.
A boom of thunder startled them and like leaves before a new hurricane, they tumbled upon
each other and ran. Lightning struck ten miles away, five miles away, a mile, a half mile. The
sky darkened into midnight in a flash.
They stood in the doorway of the underground for a moment until it was raining hard. Then
they closed the door and heard the gigantic sound of the rain falling in tons and avalanches,
everywhere and forever.
"Will it be seven more years?"
"Yes. Seven."
Then one of them gave a little cry.
"Margot."
"What?"
"She's still in the closet where we locked her."
"Margot."
They stood as if someone had driven them, like so many stakes, into the floor. They looked at each
other and then looked away. They glanced out at the world that was raining now and 42 raining and
raining steadily. They could not meet each other's glances. Their faces were solemn and pale. They
looked at their hands and feet, their faces down.
"Margot."
One of the girls said, "Well...?" No
one moved.
"Go on," whispered the girl.
They walked slowly down the hall in the sound of cold rain. They turned through the doorway to
the room in the sound of the storm and thunder, lightning on their faces, blue and terrible.
They walked over to the closet door slowly and stood by it.
Behind the closet door was only silence.
They unlocked the door, even more slowly, and let Margot out.

II. POETRY
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Analyze elements of contemporary poetry; and
b. Trace the history, characteristics, and famous personality in contemporary poetry.

WHAT IS A POETRY?

Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often
employs rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the number and arrangement of syllables in
each line). In poetry, words are strung together to form sounds, images, and ideas that might be
too complex or abstract to describe directly.
Poetry was once written according to fairly strict rules of meter and rhyme, and each
culture had its own rules. For example, Anglo-Saxon poets had their own rhyme schemes and
meters, while Greek poets and Arabic poets had others. Although these classical forms are still
widely used today, modern poets frequently do away with rules altogether – their poems
generally do not rhyme, and do not fit any particular meter. These poems, however, still have a
rhythmic quality and seek to create beauty through their words.
The opposite of poetry is “prose” – that is, normal text that runs without line breaks or
rhythm. This article, for example, is written in prose.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
(Structure, Sound, Imagery, Figurative Language, Elements of Fiction, Poetic Forms)

STRUCTURE
1-. Poetic Line – the words that form a single line of poetry.
Example: “‘Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house” is the wellknown first
poetic line of “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” by Clement Clarke Moore.

2. Stanza – a section of a poem named for the number of lines it contains.

Example: A couplet is a stanza of two lines. The first stanza from “Barbara Frietchie” by John
Greenleaf Wittier is a couplet:
Up from the meadows rich with corn, Clear in the cool September morn,

3. Enjambment – when there is no written or natural pause at the end of a poetic line, so that
the word-flow carries over to the next line.
Example: the following lines from “Knoxville, Tennessee” by Nikki Giovanni contain enjambment:
and listen to gospel music outside at the church

4. Placement – the way words and poetic lines are placed on the page of a poem.
Example: The following are creatively-placed lines from a poem by E.E. Cummings: in Justspring
when the world is mudluscious the little lame ballonman whistles far and wee.

5. Verse – a line in traditional poetry that is written in meter.

44
Example: In “When I do count the clock that tells the time” from Shakespeare’s “Sonnet
Number Twelve,” the underlined syllables are accented, giving the line a metric pattern known
as an iambic pentameter (see Meter).

6. Capitalization and Punctuation – In poetry, rules of capitalization and punctuation are not
always followed; instead, they are at the service of the poet’s artistic vision.
Example: in our backyard we plant Tomatoes is the first stanza from “Laughing Tomatoes” by
Francisco X. Alarcón. Notice the lack of capitalization and punctuation.

SOUNDS
1. Rhythm – the basic beat in a line of a poem.
Example: “Whose woods these are, I think I know” is the first line from “Stopping by Woods
on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost. Notice that the accented words (underlined) give the
line a distinctive beat.

2. Meter – a pattern of stressed and unstressed (accented and unaccented) syllables (known
as a foot) in a line of poetry.
Example: In an iambic pentameter, the pattern is five iambic (unaccented + accented) feet in
each line (see Verse).

3. End Rhyme – same or similar sounds at the end of words that finish different lines.
Example: The following are the first two rhyming lines from “The King of Cats Sends a
Postcard to His Wife” by Nancy Willard: Keep your whiskers crisp and clean, Do not let the
mice grow lean,

4. Internal Rhyme – same or similar sounds at the end of words within a line.
Example: A line showing internal rhyme (underlined) from “The Rabbit” by Elizabeth Maddox
Roberts: When they said the time to hide was mine,

5. Rhyme Scheme – a pattern of rhyme in a poem. 45

Example: A quatrain – a stanza of four lines in which the second and fourth-lines rhyme – has
the following rhyme scheme: abcb (see Quatrain).

6. Assonance – the repetition of vowel sounds within words in a line. Example: A line
showing assonance (underlined) from “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” by Clement Clarke Moore:
The children were nestled all snug in their beds

7. Consonance – the repetition of consonant sounds within words in a line.

Example: A line showing consonance (underlined) from “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” by
Clement Clarke Moore: Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse

8. Alliteration – the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.

Example: Notice the alliteration (underlined) in “Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout Would Not Take
the Garbage Out” by Shel Silverstein.

9. Onomatopoeia – words that sound like their meaning.

Example: buzz, swish, hiss, gulp.

10. Repetition – sounds, words, or phrases that are repeated to add emphasis or create
rhythm. Parallelism is a form of repetition.
Examples: Two lines from “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll showing parallelism:
Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Read the poem “The Bells” by Edgar Allan Poe and listen to the way the repetition of the word
“bells” adds rhythm and creates an increasingly ominous and morbid mood.

11. Refrain – a line or stanza repeated over and over in a poem or song.
Example: In “Jingle Bells,” the following refrain is repeated after every
stanza: Jingle Bells, jingle bells, Jingle all the way!

46
Oh, what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh!

12. Word Play – to play with the sounds and meanings of real or invented words.
Example: Two lines from the poem “Synonyms” by Susan Moger:
Claptrap, bombast, rodomontade,
Hogwash, jargon, and rant
Two lines from the poem “Antonio” by Laura E. Richards:
Antonio, Antonio,
Was tired of living alonio.

IMAGERY (see also Imagist Poetry)

1. Precise Language – the use of specific words to describe a person, place, thing, or action.
Example: Notice how Paul B. Janeczko uses proper nouns in his poem “Reverend Mona”:
When the elders said she was too old,
Reverend Mona
surrendered her tabernacle next
to Fast Frankie’s Pawn Shop

2. Sensory Details – the use of descriptive details that appeal to one or more of the five senses.
Example: Notice the sensory details in the following lines from “The Sea” by James Reeves:
The giant sea dog moans, Licking his greasy paws.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
1. Simile – a comparison of two unlike things, using the words like or as.
Example: “I read the shoreline like an open volume.”

2. Metaphor – a comparison of two unlike things, not using the words like or as. 47
Example: “Ribbons of sea foam / wrap the emerald island.”

3. Personification – to ascribe human traits to non-human or non-living things. Example: “The

unfurled sailboat glides on / urged by wind and will and brilliant bliss.”

4. Symbolism – a person, place, thing, or action that stands for something else.
Example: In “From Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes, a set of stairs symbolizes life.

5. Hyperbole – the use of exaggeration to express strong emotion or create a comical effect.
Example: “I’m so hungry I could eat a hippo.”

6. Verbal Irony or Sarcasm – when you mean the opposite of what you say.
Example: “My darling brother is the sweetest boy on Earth,” she muttered sarcastically.

7. Situational Irony – when the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is expected.
Example: After many years of trying, Mr. Smith won the lottery -- and immediately died of a heart
attack.
8. Pun – a humorous phrase that plays with the double meaning or the similar sounds of words.
Examples: “Tomorrow you shall find me a grave man,” said the duke on his deathbed. The
cookbook Lunch on the Run by Sam Witch is awesome.

48
9. Allusion- a reference to a familiar person, place, or event.
Example: The following two lines from the poem “My Muse” contain an allusion to Pandora’s
Box: hunched over from carrying that old familiar Box

10. Idiom - a cultural expression that cannot be taken literally.

Examples: She is the apple of his eye. He drives me up the wall.
ELEMENTS OF FICTION (Poems may contain some or all elements of fiction.
For example, a narrative poem (a poem that tells a story) may contain all elements.)
1. Setting – the time and place where a story or poem takes place.

2. Point of View / Narrative Voice – the person narrating a story or poem (the story/poem could
be narrated in first person (I, we), second person (you), or third person limited or omniscient
(he/she, they).

3. Characterization – the development of the characters in a story or poem (what they look like,
what they say and do, what their personalities are like, what they think and feel, and how
they’re referred to or treated by others).

4. Dialog or Dialogue – the conversation between the characters in a story or poem.

5. Dialect or Colloquial Language – the particular style of speaking of the narrator and the
characters in a story or poem (according to their region, time period, and social expectations).

6. Conflict – the problem or situation a character or characters face in a story or poem.

7. Plot – the series of events in a story or poem.

49
8. Tone and Voice – the distinctive, idiosyncratic way a narrator has of telling a story or poem
(tone and voice depend on the intended audience, the purpose for writing, and the way the
writer or poem feels about his/her subject).

9. Style – the way a writer uses words to craft a story or poem.

10. Mood – the feelings and emotions the writer wants the reader to experience.
11. Theme and Message – the main topic of a story or poem, and the message the author or poet
wants to convey about that topic.
TWENTY POETIC FORMS
1- Acrostic – a poem in which the first letter of each word forms a word – usually a name – if read
downward.
Example: “A Rock Acrostic” by Avis Harley.
2- Couplet – two lines of poetry that rhyme and usually form one complete idea.
Example: The poem “Catch a Little Rhyme” by Eve Merriam is written in couplets.
3- Haiku - a Japanese three-line poetic form – usually about nature – with lines of three, seven,
and five syllables, respectively.
Example: I call to my love on mornings ripe with sunlight. The songbirds answer.
4- Quatrain – a stanza made up of four lines, often containing a rhyme scheme.
Example: “The Toaster” by William Jay Smith.

5- Cinquain – a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by two for each line,
except for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).
Example: The cinquain that begins with “Oh, cat” by Paul B. Janeczko.

6- Limerick – a humorous rhyming poem written in five lines and having a particular meter. It
often begins with “There once was a…”
50 Example: Limericks by Edward Lear.

7- Sonnet – a poem that is 14 lines long, generally written in iambic pentameter.

Example: “Sonnet 116” by William Shakespeare.

8- Free Verse – a poem that does not follow a predictable form or rhyme scheme or metric pattern.
Example: “Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes.

9- List or Catalog Poem – a poem in the form of a list, that uses sensory details and precise
language to persuade the reader to take notice of what is being listed.
Example: “Things To Do If You Are a Subway” by Robbi Katz.
10- Villanelle – a challenging poetic form that includes five tercets (aba rhyme) followed by a
quatrain (abaa rhyme) and a pattern of repetition of lines 1 and 3 of the first stanza.
Example: “Is There a Villain in Your Villanelle?” by Joan Bransfield Graham.

11- Ode – a poem that celebrates or praises something.

Example: “Ode to Pablo’s Tennis Shoes” by Gary Soto.

12- Lyric Poetry – poetry that expresses a poet’s personal experience, feelings, and emotions.
Example: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth.

13- Blank Verse – a poem written in iambic pentameter, but with no rhyme.
Example: Verses in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.

14- Blues Poem – poems that – like blues songs – deal with personal or world issues.
Example: “Evening Air Blues” by Langston Hughes.

15- Nonsense Poem – a fun, usually rhyming poem that makes no sense, focusing instead on
the sounds and the rhythm of the poem.
Example: “The Jumblies” by Edward Lear.

16- Concrete Poem – a poem that uses words to form the shape of the subject of the poem
(also known as a “shape poem”).
Example: “Concrete Cat” by Dorth Charles.

17- Narrative Poem – a poem that tells a story.

Example: “The Sneetches” by Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel).

18- Ballad – a poem that tells a story, usually written in four-line stanzas.
Example: “The Wreck of the Hesperus” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 51
 52

19- Epic Poem – a long and heroic narrative poem.

Example: “The Odyssey” by Homer.

20- Imagist Poetry – poems that contain precise visual images.

Example: “The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams.

Prepared by Elsa Pla, www.writecook.com, 2011

 EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATION

Example 1
Of all creatures that breathe and move upon the earth, nothing is bred that is weaker than man.
(Homer, The Odyssey)
The Greek poet Homer wrote some of the ancient world’s most famous literature. He wrote in a
style called epic poetry, which deals with gods, heroes, monsters, and other large-scale “epic”
themes. Homer’s long poems tell stories of Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus, and have
inspired countless generations of poets, novelists, and philosophers alike.
Example 2
Poetry gives powerful insight into the cultures that create it. Because of this, fantasy and
science fiction authors often create poetry for their invented cultures. J.R.R. Tolkien famously
wrote different kinds of poetry for elves, dwarves, hobbits, and humans, and the rhythms and
subject matter of their poetry was supposed to show how these races differed from one another.
In a more humorous vein, many Star Trek fans have taken to writing love poetry in the invented
Klingon language.

 IMPORTANCE OF POETRY
Poetry is probably the oldest form of literature, and probably predates the origin of writing
itself. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly epic poems telling the stories
of ancient mythology. Examples include the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Vedas (sacred texts of
Hinduism). This style of writing may have developed to help people memorize long chains of
information in the days before writing. Rhythm and rhyme can make the text more memorable,
Poetry can be written with all the same purposes as any other kind of literature – beauty, humor,
storytelling, political messages, etc.

 EXAMPLES IN POETRY LITERATURE

Example 1
I think that I shall never see --> A a
poem lovely as a tree…--> A poems
are made by fools like me,--> B but
only God can make a tree.--> B
(Joyce Kilmer, Trees)

53
This is an excerpt from Joyce Kilmer’s famous short poem. The poem employs a fairly standard
rhyme scheme (AABB, lines 1 and 2 rhymes together and lines 3 and 4 rhymes together), and a meter
called “iambic tetrameter,” which is commonly employed in children’s rhymes.
Example 2
I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,
starving hysterical naked,
dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking
for an angry fix,
angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to
the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and
tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking… (Alan Ginsberg,
Howl)

These are the first few lines of Howl, one of the most famous examples of modern “free verse”
poetry. It has no rhyme, and no particular meter. But its words still have a distinct, rhythmic
quality, and the line breaks encapsulate the meaning of the poem. Notice how the last word of
each line contributes to the imagery of a corrupt, ravaged city (“madness, naked, smoking”),
with one exception: “heavenly.” This powerful juxtaposition goes to the heart of Ginsburg’s
intent in writing the poem – though what that intent is, you’ll have to decide for yourself.
 Example 3
In the twilight rain, these
brilliant-hued hibiscus – A
lovely sunset

This poem by the Japanese poet Basho is a haiku. This highly influential Japanese style has no
rhymes, but it does have a very specific meter – five syllables in the first line, seven in the
second line, and five in the third line.

54
 EXAMPLES OF POETRY IN POPULAR CULTURE
Example 1
Rapping originated as a kind of performance poetry. In the 1960s and 70s, spoken word artists
like Gil Scott-Heron began performing their poems over live or synthesized drumbeats, a
practice that sparked all of modern hip hop. Even earlier, the beat poets of the 1950s sometimes
employed drums in their readings.
Example 2
Some of the most famous historical poems have been turned into movies or inspired episodes of
television shows. Beowulf, for example, is an Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has spawned at least
8 film adaptations, most recently a 2007 animated film starring Angelina Jolie and Anthony
Hopkins. Edgar Allen Poe’s The Raven has also inspired many pop culture spinoffs with its
famous line, “Nevermore.”

…..

ACTIVITY 3.2: READ ALOUD!

Direction: Choose a student who will read aloud the short contemporary poem entitled
55 questions.
“The Promise” by Jane Hirshfield. After reading the poem answer the essential

Stay, I said
to the cut flowers.
 It looked back 56
with a changing expression, in silence.

Stay, I said to my loves.

Each answered,
Always.

Essential Questions:
1. What are the elements of poetry present in the poem read?
2. How was the poem different from the traditional poem you know?
3. What are its characteristics?
4. Name some famous contemporary poets

III. DRAMA
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Examine theatrical structures of contemporary drama; and
b. Trace the changes and development of contemporary drama.
DRAMA
Drama is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance. It is one of the
literary genres, which is an imitation of some action. Drama is also a type of a play written for
theater, television, radio, and film.
In simple words, a drama is a composition in verse or prose presenting a story in pantomime or
dialogue. It contains conflict of characters, particularly the ones who perform in front of
audience on the stage. The person who writes drama for stage directions is known as a
“dramatist” or “playwright.”

TYPES OF DRAMA
Let us consider a few popular types of drama:
• Comedy – Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provide a happy
conclusion. The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience laugh. Hence,
they use quaint circumstances, unusual characters, and witty remarks.
• Tragedy – Tragic dramas use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death.
Protagonists often have a tragic flaw — a characteristic that leads them to their downfall. 57
• Farce – Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or
engages slapstick humor.
• Melodrama – Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals
directly to the senses of the audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of a single
dimension and simple, or may be stereotyped.
• Musical Drama – In musical dramas, dramatists not only tell their stories through acting
and dialogue, but through dance as well as music. Often the story may be comedic, though it
may also involve serious subjects.

DRAMATIC STRUCTURE
The structure is how the plot or story of a play is laid out, including a beginning, a middle and
an end. Plays may also include subplots, which are smaller stories that allow the audience to
follow the journey of different characters and events within the plot. Plays also feature an
element of conflict, which does not necessarily mean a fight or argument but instead an
obstacle that needs to be overcome.

A typical dramatic structure is linear, with events occurring chronologically. This might
include:
exposition - introduces background events and characters
rising action - a series of events that create suspense in the narrative
climax - the part of the story where the suspense reaches its highest part
falling action - the main conflict starts to resolve
resolution - the conclusion of the story where questions are answered and loose ends are tied up
A graph showing how dramatic tension changes during a theatre performance, from the
exposition through rising action, dramatic climax and falling action, ending in a resolution.
Structures can also be non-linear, with the action of the play moving forwards and back in time.
This is done through the use of flashbacks and flashforwards, to help make the play more
exciting or to highlight points through contrast and juxtaposition.

58
Alternatively, plays may follow a cyclical structure, with the play ending at the same time as it
began. This can be exciting for the audience as they try to work out how the character ended up
in the position they see at the start of the play.
Traditionally, plays use acts and scenes to help define particular moments in time, and a new
scene will show the audience that the action is taking place in a different location.

EXAMPLES OF DRAMA IN LITERATURE

Example #1: Much Ado About Nothing (By William Shakespeare)
Much Ado About Nothing is the most frequently performed Shakespearian comedy in modern
times. The play is romantically funny, in that love between Hero and Claudio is laughable, as
they never even get a single chance to communicate on-stage until they get married.
Their relationship lacks development and depth. They end up merely as caricatures,
exemplifying what people face in life when their relationships are internally weak. Love
between Benedick and Beatrice is amusing, as initially their communications are very sparky,
and they hate each other. However, they all of sudden make up, and start loving each other.
Example #2: Oedipus Rex (By Sophocles) Tragedy:
Sophocles’ mythical and immortal drama Oedipus Rex is thought to be his best classical
tragedy. Aristotle has adjudged this play as one of the greatest examples of tragic drama in his
book, Poetics, by giving the following reasons:
• The play arouses emotions of pity and fear, and achieves the tragic Catharsis.
• It shows the downfall of an extraordinary man of high rank, Oedipus.
• The central character suffers due to his tragic error called Hamartia; as he murders his real
father, Laius, and then marries his real mother, Jocasta.
• Hubris is the cause of Oedipus’ downfall.

Example #3: The Importance of Being Earnest (By Oscar Wilde)

Farce:
Oscar Wilde’s play, The Importance of Being Earnest, is a very popular example of
Victorian farce. In this play, a man uses two identities: one as a serious person, Jack (his actual
name), which he uses for Cesily, his ward, and as a rogue named Ernest for his beloved woman,
Gwendolyn.
59
Unluckily, Gwendolyn loves him partially because she loves the name Ernest. It is when Jack
and Earnest must come on-stage together for Cesily, then Algernon comes in to play Earnest’
role, and his ward immediately falls in love with the other “Ernest.” Thus, two young women
think that they love the same man – an occurrence that amuses the audience. Example #4: The
Heiress (By Henry James)

Melodrama:
The Heiress is based on Henry James’ novel the Washington Square. Directed for stage
performance by William Wyler, this play shows an ungraceful and homely daughter of a
domineering and rich doctor. She falls in love with a young man, Morris Townsend, and wishes
to elope with him, but he leaves her in the lurch. The author creates melodrama towards the
end, when Catherine teaches a lesson to Morris, and leaves him instead.

FUNCTION OF DRAMA
Drama is one of the best literary forms through which dramatists can directly speak to
their readers, or the audience, and they can receive instant feedback of audiences. A few
dramatists use their characters as a vehicle to convey their thoughts and values, such as poets do
with personas, and novelists do with narrators. Since drama uses spoken words and dialogues,
thus language of characters plays a vital role, as it may give clues to their feelings,
personalities, backgrounds, and change in feelings. In dramas the characters live out a story
without any comments of the author, providing the audience a direct presentation of characters’
life experiences.

…..
ACTIVITY 3.3
60

Direction: Watch the contemporary drama/play entitled “Stop

Kiss” by Diana Son and examine the theatrical structure used in the play.
https://youtu.be/MH6kpLym1Jo

After watching the video, answer the following questions.

1. What can you say about contemporary drama/play you just watch?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
2. Is there some changes or development in contemporary drama/play in the present?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____

ACTIVITY 3.4
Direction:After watching the contemporary drama/play, map the story out using the
story mountain planner below.

CLIMAX
RISING FALLING
ACTION ACTION
EXPOSI RESOLUT
TION ION

LESSON 4: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORARY

LITERATURE 61
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Identify issues and challenges in contemporary
literature; and
b. Explain the development in genres in contemporary literature. 62

Eighteen Challenges in Contemporary Literature

1. Literature is language-based and national; contemporary society is globalizing and
polyglot.
2. Vernacular means of everyday communication "” cellphones, social networks,
streamingvideo "” are moving into areas where printed text cannot follow.
3. Intellectual property systems failing.
4. Means of book promotion, distribution and retail destabilized.
5. Ink-on-paper manufacturing is an outmoded, toxic industry with steeply rising costs.
6. Core demographic for printed media is aging faster than the general population. Failure
ofprint and newspapers is disenfranchising young apprentice writers.
7. Media conglomerates have poor business model; economically rationalized "culture
industry"is actively hostile to vital aspects of humane culture.
8. Long tail Balkanizes audiences, disrupts means of canon-building and fragments
literaryreputation.
9. Digital public-domain transforms traditional literary heritage into a huge, cost-free,
portable,searchable database, radically transforming the reader's relationship to belle-lettres.
10. Contemporary literature not confronting issues of general urgency; dominant best-sellers
arein former niche genres such as fantasies, romances and teen books.
11. Barriers to publication entry have crashed, enabling huge torrent of sub literary
and/ornonliterary textual expression.
12. Algorithms and social media replacing work of editors and publishing houses;
networksocially-generated texts replacing individually-authored texts.
13. "Convergence culture" obliterating former distinctions between media; books becoming
oneminor aspect of huge tweet/ blog/ comics/ games / soundtrack/ television / cinema /
ancillarymerchandise pro-fan franchises.
14. Unstable computer and cellphone interfaces becoming world's primary means of
culturalaccess. Compositor systems remake media in their own hybrid creole image.
 15. Scholars steeped within the disciplines becoming cross-linked jack-of-all-trades
virtualintelligentsia.
16. Academic education system suffering severe bubble-inflation.
17. Polarizing civil cold war is harmful to intellectual honesty.

18. The Gothic fate of poor slain Poetry is the specter at this dwindling feast.

…..

TRAIT EXCEEDS MEET BELOW

Introduction Introduces theme of Introduces theme of Fails to present the

paper, and articles paper and articles theme, or fails to
using rich and effectively. provide introduction
descriptive language. to articles.
Conclusion Conclusion presents Effective conclusion Missing or
particularly strong or is presented that inconsistent
compelling closing corresponds with conclusion.
statement that ties introduction.
closely to
introduction.
Organization
ACTIVITY 4.1: REFLECT! Information is Information is Missing or ineffective
Direction: Write a reaction paper about the issues and challenges in contemporary literature
and explain the development or changes in the genres in contemporary literature. Use the
rubric to be guided for making the given task.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS 63
 organized in a fully organized elements.
effective manner; competently,
presents strong with thesis,
introduction, supporting
expressive information and
body, and purposeful conclusion.
conclusion
Sentence Structure Sentences effectively Sentences effectively Repeated errors in
constructed with no constructed with 1‐2 sentence structure or
grammatical errors. minor grammatical grammar.
errors.
64
C
H
A
P
T
E
R
T
E
S
T
!

I. MATCHING TYPE. Directions: Match the statement in Column A with the corresponding
answers in Column B. Write your answers on the space provided.

Column A Column B
_____ 1. It is a poem that tells a story.
_____ 2. It is the repetition of consonant A. Plot Manipulation sounds within
words in a line.
_____ 3. It is a stanza made up of four lines,
B. Fiction Stories often
containing a rhyme scheme.
_____ 4. It is written with serious artistic
intentions by someone who hopes to enable C. Consonance
readers to broaden understanding of life and
to empathize with others.
 _____ 5. It is an unjustified turn in the plot D. Plot by the
situation or the characters.

_____ 6. It is a nonrealistic story and E. Narrative Poem transcends the bounds of

known reality.
_____ 7. It is a poem that is 14 lines long,
generally written in iambic pentameter. F. Fantasy

_____ 8. the sequence of events through

which an author constructs a story. G. Quatrain
_____ 9. In this genre, a writer’s objective is to deliver a story with
sustained tension, surprise, and a constant sense of impending H.
Suspense/Thriller doom that propels the reader forward.

I. Literary Fiction

J. Sonnet

65
_____ 10. It is a type of a story that are
based on made-up or imaginary events

II. ESSAY. Direction: Discuss your answer in the given statement below. Please take note
that the perfect score will be given to those who will be able to:
A. Demonstrate a deep understanding of the content;
B. Make the content well-organized and easy to read;
C. Present his/her answers without major grammatical errors or spelling errors;
D. Maintain the cleanliness and neatness of his/her paper.

Choose one on the eighteen challenges of contemporary literature and give your own insights
and ideas about it.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________

66
 CHAPTER II:
POPULAR
LITERATURE
Introduction
Popular literature contains writings that are intended for the masses and those
that find favour with large audiences. In this chapter, the students must acquaint
themselves with the nature, appeal and social functions of popular literature. It will also
talk about the characteristics and the different issues and challenges of popular
literature.

67
 LESSON 5: Introduction to Popular Literature
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Acquaint themselves with the nature, appeal, and social functions of popular literature.

UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE, FUNCTION, AND VALUE OF LITERATURE

HOW DR. ELLIS DESCRIBES ‘LITERATURE’

 Dr. Rod Ellis- known as the “Father of Second Language Acquisition”
(ASL)
(1989:30) defines literature as:
1. The verbal expression of human imagination and
2. One of the primary means by which a culture transmits itself.

I. NATURE
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF LITERATURE?
 Literature can be defined as an expression of human feelings, thoughts, and ideas whose
medium is language, oral and written.
 It is not only about human ideas, thoughts, and feelings but also about experiences of the
authors.
 It can be medium for human to communicate what they feel, think, experience to the readers.
‘LITERATURE’ BASED ON DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEWS
 Literature is art,
 Literature is language,
 Literature is aesthetic,
 Literature is fictional,
 Literature is expressive, and
68  Literature is affective.
 Literature is everything in print. 69
 It means any writing can be categorized as literature.

LITERATURE AS ART FORM

1. IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE
 Is highly ‘connotative’ which means words that used in literary works have feeling and
shades of meaning that words tend to evoke.
 Imaginative literature or “literature of power” includes poems, short stories, novels, and
plays. It interprets human experience by presenting actual truths about particular events.
2. NON-IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE
 Means that the words refer to meaning in dictionary.
 Non-Fictional Literature or “literature of knowledge” includes biographies, and essays
which presents actual facts, events, experiences and ideas.
TWO CATEGORIES OF LITERATURE ACCORDING TO KLEDEN
 Kleden (2004:7-8) states that literature can be differentiate based on the kind of meanings
that exist in a text.
A. LITERARY TEXT consists of textual meaning and referential meaning and;
B. NON-LITERARY TEXT only consists of referral meaning.
The TEXTUAL MEANING is the meaning that is produced by the relationship of text itself.
REFERENTIAL MEANING it is produced by the relationship between internal text and
external text (world beyond the text).

LITERATURE DIFFER FROM ORDIANRY SPOKEN OR WRITTEN LANGUAGE

 Literature uses special words, structures, and characteristics. Primarily the language of
literature differs from ordinary language in three ways:
1.) Language is concentrated and meaningful.
2.) Its purpose is not simply to explain, argue, or make a point but rather to give a sense of
pleasure in the discovery of new experience, and
3.) It demands intense concentration from the readers. It indicates that the language of
literature has originality, quality, creativity, and pleasure.
LITERARY FROM THE USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE EXISTENCE
 From the use of language and the existence of meaning in literary works, it can be
concluded that poetry, prose and drama are put in literary works article, journalism, news,
bibliography, memoir, and so on can be categorized as non-literary works.

II. APPEAL
 Something that makes the viewers or readers attracted and interested in the literary piece.

III. SOCIAL FUNCTION

FUNCTION OF LITERATURE
ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION
Known as, “pleasure reading”. In this function, literature is used to entertain its
readers. It is consumed for the sake of one’s enjoyment.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FUNCTION

Literature shows how society works around them. It helps the reader “see” the
social and political constructs around him and shows the state of the people and the world
around him.
IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Ideological function shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of other
people. Literature also displays a person’s ideology placed in the text consciously and
unconsciously.

MORAL FUNCTION
Literature may impart moral values to its readers. The morals contained in a
literary text, whether good or bad are absorbed by whoever reads it, thus helps in shaping their
personality.
LINGUISTIC FUNCTION
Literature preserves the language of every civilization from where it originated.
They are also evidences that a certain civilization has existed by recording the language and
preserving it through wide spans of time.
70
CULTURAL FUNCTION 71
Literature orients us to the traditions, folklore and the arts of our ethnic group’s
heritage. It preserves entire cultures and creates an imprint of the people’s way of living for
others to read, hear and learn.
EDUCATIONAL FUNCTION
Literature teaches us of many things about the human experience. It is used to
portray the facets of life that we see, and those that we would never dream of seeing. Literature
therefore, is a conduct for the chance to experience and feel things where we can learn things
about life.
HISTORICAL FUNCTION
Ancient texts, illuminated scripts, stone tablets etc. keeps a record of events that
happened in the place where they originated. Thus, they serve as time capsules of letters that are
studies by scholars and researchers of today.

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE
 It entertains you and provides useful occupation in your free time.
 It makes you a wiser and more experienced person by forcing you to judge, sympathize
with, or criticize the characters you read about.
 Literature improves your command of language.
 It teaches you about the life, cultures and experiences of people in other parts of the
world.
 It gives you information about other parts of the world which you may never be able to
visit in your lifetime.
 It helps you compare your own experiences with the experiences of other people.
 It gives information which may be useful in other subjects, for example, in Geography,
Science, History, Social Studies and so on.
IMPORTANCE OF LITERARY CRITICISM
 As a tool in literary studies, critic plays an important role in doing studies or analysis
about literary work.
 Applying criticism make our focus on certain aspect or element of literary work sharper
than reading as usual.
 The reader can focus on an aspect as his interest toward the literary work.

UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTIC OF LITERATURE

1. Timelessness
2. Eternity
3. Universality
4. Permanence

LITERATURE is a permanent expression in words of some thought or feelings or idea about

life and the world.

LITERARY CRITICISM AND ITS PURPOSE

 Literary criticism refers to analysis and judgment of works of literature.
 It tries to interpret specific works of literature, and also helps to identify and understand
different ways of examining and interpreting them.
 Study of literary criticism contributes to maintenance of high standards of literature.
 It is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.
 Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical
discussion of literature’s goals and methods.
FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY CRITICISM
 The modern understanding of criticism is regarded as having two different functions
which helps to achieve the main purposes of criticism.
 Criticism is the process of analysis and description and interpretation of literary works for
the purpose of increasing understanding and raising appreciation.

HOW DO YOU DO LITERARY CRITICISM?

 Method to Applying Advanced Critical Techniques  Read the work of literature 72
critically.
 Evaluate as you read.
 Brainstorm which aspect to write about.
 Formulate a thesis statement.
 Create an outline.
 Select quotes and patterns that support your thesis.
 Find other criticism to support your thesis.

TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

 Such analysis may be based from a variety of critical approaches or movements, such as:
1. Archetypal Criticism
2. Cultural Criticism
3. Feminist Criticism
4. Psychoanalytic Criticism
5. Marxist Criticism
6. New Criticism (Formalist/Structuralism)
7. New Historicism
8. Post-Structuralism, and
9. Reader-response Criticism
ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM is a critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on symbols,
images, and character types in literary works that is used to discuss in plot, character or
situation. It recognizes conscious and unconscious symbols that relates to emotions, values,
feelings to specific images. It encourages the readers to examine basic beliefs, fear, and
anxieties.

CULTURAL CRITICISM focuses on the elements of culture and how they affect one’s
perceptions and understanding of texts.
FOUR ASSUMPTIONS:
Ethnicity, religious beliefs, social class, etc. are crucial components in formulating plausible
interpretation of text.
While the emphasis is on diversity of approach and subject matter, Cultural Criticism is not the
only means of understanding ourselves and our art.
73
 An examination or exploration of the relationship between dominant cultures and the
dominated is essential.
When looking at a text through the perspective of marginalized peoples, new understandings
emerge.
FEMINIST CRITICISM is a product of the feminist movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s. It is
the representation of women in literature as an expression of the social norms about women and
their social roles and as a means of socialization. It focused on the images of the women in
books by male writers to expose the patriarchal ideology and how women characters are
portrayed.
PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM based on Sigmund Freud ID, ego and superego, the
author’s own childhood effects the book and character. It is a type of criticism that uses theories
of psychology to analyze literature. It focuses on the author’s state of mind or the state of the
mind of fictional character. Psychoanalytic criticism uses two different approaches;
psychoanalysis of the author and psychoanalysis of the character.
MARXIST CRITICISM applies political science and economics to the study of literature.
Grew out of writings of Karl Marx, who was highly critical of the capitalist system of
economics and politics. It concerned with the issues of class conflict and materialism, wealth,
work, and the various ideologies that surrounds these things. It connotes higher class do control
arts, literatures, and ideologies.
Marxism As Compared To Feminist and New Historicism
Like feminist critics, it investigates how literature can work as a force for social change or as a
reaffirmation of existing conditions.
Like New Historicism, it examines how history influences literature; the difference is that
Marxism focuses on the lower class.

How to do Marxist Reading

1. Look for examples of oppression, bad working conditions, class struggles and other
related issues.
2. Search for the “covert” meaning underneath the “overt” which is about class struggles,
historical stages, and economic conditions.
3. Relate the context of a work to the social-class status of the author.
4. Relate the literary work to the social conditions of its time period.
5. Explain an entire genre in terms of its social period.
6. Show how literature is shaped by political, economic, labor, and class conditions. 74
NEW CRITICISM (FORMALISM/STRUCTURALISM) New criticism was a formalist
movement in literary theory that dominated in American literary criticism in the middle decades
of the 20th century which emphasized close reading particularly of poetry, to discover how a
work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.
FORMALISM refers to critical approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate the inherent
features of a text. These features include not only the grammar and syntax but also literary
devices such as a meter and figures of speech. It reduces the importance of a text’s historical
biographical and cultural context.
NEW HISTORICISM was first developed in 1980 by the American critic Stephen Greenbelts.
It is based on the idea that literature should be studied and interpreted within a wide context
examining both how the author’s time, in turn recognizing that current cultural contexts color
that critic’s conclusion.
POST-STRUCTURALISM offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and
critiques structuralism premise. It rejects the idea of a literary text having a single purpose, a
single meaning, or one singular existence. It argues to understand an object (e.g. a text), it is
necessary to study both the object itself and the systems of knowledge that produced the object.
POST-STRUCTURALISTIC CRITIC must be able to utilize a variety of perspectives to
create a multifaceted interpretation of a text, even if these interpretations conflict with one
another.
It is particularly important to analyze how the meanings of a text shift in relation to certain
variables, usually the identity of the reader.

READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM (RR) critic believes that a reader’s interaction with the
text give its meaning. The text cannot exist without the reader. It focuses on the reader or
audience and the experience of a literary work rather than the author or the context and form of
work. If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around to hear, does it make a noise? If a text sits
on the shelf in a bookstore and no one is around to read it, does the text have meaning?
ROLE OF THE READER RESPONSE CRITICISM
The role of the reader is pivotal in the understanding of literature – they can use a
psychoanalytical, structural, feminist, etc. approach to formulate their criticism (anything goes).
Readers are active in the reading process. They cannot read literature passively but must
react and therefore bring meaning to the text. 75
 …..

EXERCISES!
76
ACTIVITY 5.1: READ! READ! READ!
The summary of…
“FRANKENSTEIN”
By: Mary Shelley

Robert Walto n, the captain of a shi p

bound for the North Pole, writes a letter
to his sister, Margaret Saville, in whic h
he says that his crew members recently
discovered a man adrift at sea. The
man, Victor Frankenstein, offered to tel l
Walton his story.

Frankenstein has a perfect

childhood in Switzerland, with a loving
family that even adopted orphans in need, including the beautiful Elizabeth, who soon becomes
Victor's closest friend, confidante, and love. Victor also has a caring and wonderful best friend,
Henry Clerval. Just before Victor turns seventeen and goes to study at the University at
Ingoldstadt, his mother dies of scarlet fever. At Ingolstadt, Victor dives into "natural
philosophy" with a passion, studying the secrets of life with such zeal that he even loses touch
with his family. He soon rises to the top of his field, and suddenly, one night, discovers the
secret of life. With visions of creating a new and noble race, Victor puts his knowledge to work.
But when he animates his first creature, its appearance is so horrifying he abandons it. Victor
hopes the monster has disappeared forever, but some months later he receives word that his
youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Though Victor sees the monster lingering at the
site of the murder and is sure it did the deed, he fears no one will believe him and keeps silent.
Justine Moritz, another adoptee in his family, has been falsely accused based of the crime. She
is convicted and executed. Victor is consumed by guilt.

To escape its tragedy, the Frankenstein’s go on vacation. Victor often hikes in the
mountains, hoping to alleviate his suffering with the beauty of nature. One day the monster
appears, and despite Victor's curses begs him incredibly eloquently to listen to its story. The
monster describes his wretched life, full of suffering and rejection solely because of his
horrifying appearance. (The monster also explains how he learned to read and speak so well.)
The monster blames his rage on humanity's inability to perceive his inner goodness and his
resulting total isolation. It demands that Victor, its creator who brought it into this wretched life,
create a female monster to give it the love that no human ever will. Victor refuses at first, but
then agrees.

Back in Geneva, Victor's father expresses his wish that Victor marry Elizabeth. Victor
says he first must travel to England. On the way to England, Victor meets up with Clerval.
Soon, though, Victor leaves Clerval at the house of a friend in Scotland and moves to a remote
island to make his second, female, monster. But one-night Victor begins to worry that the
78
female monster might turn out more destructive than the first. At the same moment, Victor sees
the first monster watching him work through a window. The horrifying sight pushes Victor to
destroy the female monster. The monster vows revenge, warning Victor that it will "be with
him on [his] wedding night." Victor takes the remains of the female monster and dumps them in
the ocean. But when he returns to shore, he is accused of a murder that was committed that
same night. When Victor discovers that the victim is Clerval, he collapses and remains
delusional for two months. When he wakes his father has arrived, and he is cleared of the
criminal charges against him.

Victor returns with his father to

Geneva, and marries Elizabeth. But on his
wedding night, the monster instead kills
Elizabeth. Victor's father dies of grief soon
thereafter. Now, all alone in the world, Victor
dedicates himself solely to seeking revenge
against the monster. He tracks the monster to
the Arctic, but becomes trapped on breaking
ice and is rescued by Walton's crew.

Walton writes another series of letters

to his sister. He tells her about his failure to
reach the North Pole and to restore Victor,
who died soon after his rescue. Walton's final
letter describes his discovery of the monster
grieving over Victor's corpse. He accuses the
monster of having no remorse, but the monster says it has suffered more than anyone. With
Victor dead, the monster has its revenge and plans to end its own life.
79
ACTIVITY 5.2
Direction: Read the summary of the novel entitledFRANKENSTEIN
“ ” and determine its
nature, appeal and the social function.

“Frankenstein”

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
NATURE
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
APPEAL _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
SOCIAL
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
FUNCTIO
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
N
_________________________________________________

LESSON 6: Popular Literature Genres

80
Objectives: 81
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Describe the characteristics of popular literature; and
b. Differentiate popular from contemporary literature genres.

POPULAR LITERATURE GENRES:

1. Romance
2. Science Fiction
3. Detective Story
4. Comic Books
5. Comic Strip

I. ROMANCE

 WHAT IS A ROMANCE?
In the strictest academic terms, a romance is a narrative genre in literature that involves
a mysterious, adventurous, or spiritual story line where the focus is on a quest that involves
bravery and strong values, not always a love interest. However, modern definitions of romance
also include stories that have a relationship issue as the main focus.

 EXAMPLES OF ROMANCE
In the academic sense, an example of a romance is a story in which the main character is
a hero who must conquer various challenges as part of a quest. Each challenge could be its own
story and can be taken out of the overall story without harming the plot.
Example 1
 A knight who wishes to prove himself by recovering a stolen heirloom from an
enemy may find himself attempting to make his way through a dangerous wood filled with
thieves.
 Once he has accomplished this challenge, he may find himself climbing a tall mountain 82
on which a group of people are in trouble. He would save the group somehow, and then move
on.
 Then the final stage: the enemy’s kingdom. There may be a fair maiden whom he meets
and somehow helps or rescues, or perhaps she helps him.
But the fair maiden is not the focus of the story – his quest is the focus. Each story can be taken
out, yet each builds the hero’s strength to face his final quest. These stories tend to be serious
rather than humorous and touch on strong values.
Example 2
A modern romance would include:
 The story of a character who keeps meeting the wrong type of people in his or her
relationships or has run into a problem with a current love relationship.
 The story would focus on the struggles the character faces while finding Mr. or Mrs.
Right. The whole focus would be the relationship, although the character may also be dealing
with other struggles, such as losing a job, handling difficult parents, etc.
These stories may be funny, sad, tragic, serious, or a mix. The obvious resolution to the conflict
would be finding the right person or saving the present relationship.

 TYPES OF ROMANCE

a. GOTHIC
In Gothic romance, the settings are usually in distant regions and the stories feature dark
and compelling characters. They became popular in the late 19th century and usually had a
sense of transcendence, supernatural, and irrationality. Popular Gothic novels still read by many
high school students today are classics such as:
 Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte
 Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte
 Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
 The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

b. HISTORICAL
 Historical romance takes place in times long past and appears romantic due to the
adventure and wildness of the time. This also provides value and meaning to the lifestyle of the
characters. The following novels fit in this sub-genre:  The Last of the Mohicans by James
Fenimore Cooper  Rob Roy by Sir Walter Scott.

c. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN
Contemporary romance focuses on a love relationship and has a happy ending. There
are two ways these romance novels are written: as a series or category romance (the author
writes a succession of books that fit a theme or follow a storyline) or as a single-title romance.
Even more so, within the sub-genre romance, and as seen in many movies, there can be:
 comedy-romance
 tragic-romance
 satire-romance
 serious romance
Playwrights and poets also treat romance with various tones.

 THE IMPORTANCE OF ROMANCE

Romance is a natural human emotion. Sad love songs and poems when one is
recovering from a broken heart can help express unspoken feelings. Happy romantic movies
and plays help people feel optimistic that someday they will also find true love. However, there
is some criticism that many modern romantic stories make people develop unrealistic views
about real relationships, as they expect love to be like it is in the movies.
Barbara Cartland was a British writer who wrote 723 romance novels before her death
in 2000. While her novels were mainly historical in context, Cartland’s simple format for love
stories and success opened a whole new publishing field, specifically with companies such as
Harlequin Romance and Bantam. The plot lines she used focused on a simple model: handsome
stranger, innocent and pure female, and a conflict that required trust and dependence. The
couple usually didn’t get along at first, or they had a misunderstanding. Yet, the stories always
ended in marriage and complete happiness. As a result, more modern writers began filling the
niche and the romance novel evolved on different levels.

II. SCIENCE FICTION

83
  WHAT IS A SCIENCE FICTION?

Science fiction, often called “sci-fi,” is a genre of fiction literature whose content is
imaginative, but based in science. It relies heavily on scientific facts, theories, and principles as
support for its settings, characters, themes, and plot-lines, which is what makes it different from
fantasy.
So, while the storylines and elements of science fiction stories are imaginary, they are usually
possible according to science—or at least plausible.
Although examples of science fiction can be found as far back as the Middle Ages, its
presence in literature was not particularly significant until the late 1800s. Its true popularity for
both writers and audiences came with the rise of technology over the past 150 years, with
developments such as electricity, space exploration, medical advances, industrial growth, and so
on. As science and technology progress, so does the genre of science fiction.
 EXAMPLES OF SCIENCE FICTION
Read the following short passage:
As the young girl opened her window, she could see the moons Europa and Callipso
rising in the distance. A comet flashed by, followed by a trail of stardust, illuminating the dark,
endless space that surrounded the spacecraft; the only place she had ever known as home. As
she gazed at Jupiter, she dreamed of a life where she wasn’t stuck orbiting a planet, but living
on one. She envisioned stepping onto land, real land, like in the stories of Earth her father had
told her about. She tried to imagine the taste of fresh air, the feel of a cool, salty ocean, and the
sound of wind rustling through a tree’s green leaves. But these were only fantasies, not
memories. She had been born on the ship, and if they didn’t find a new inhabitable planet soon,
she would surely die there too.
84
The example above has several prime characteristics that are common in science fiction.
First, it is set in the future, when humans no longer live on Earth. Second, it takes place on a
spacecraft that is orbiting Jupiter. Third, it features real scientific information—Europa and
Callipso are two of Jupiter’s moons, and as Jupiter is a planet made of gas, it would not be
possible for humans to live there, explaining why the ship is currently orbiting the planet rather
than landing on it.

 TYPES OF SCIENCE FICTION

Science fiction is usually distinguished as either “hard” or “soft.”
1. Hard science fiction
Hard science fiction strictly follows scientific facts and principles. It is strongly focused
on natural sciences like physics, astronomy, chemistry, astrophysics, etc. Interestingly, hard
science fiction is often written by real scientists, and has been known for making both accurate
and inaccurate predictions of future events. For example, the recent film Gravity, the story of an
astronaut whose spacecraft is damaged while she repairs a satellite, was renowned for its
scientific accuracy in terms of what would actually happen in space.
2. Soft science fiction
Soft science fiction is characterized by a focus on social sciences, like anthropology,
sociology, psychology, and politics— in other words, sciences involving human behavior. So,
soft sci-fi stories mainly address the possible scientific consequences of human behavior. For
example, the Disney animated film Wall-E is an apocalyptic science fiction story about the end
of life on Earth as a result of man’s disregard for nature.
In truth, most works use a combination of both hard and soft science fiction. Soft sci-fi
allows audiences to connect on an emotional level, and hard sci-fi adds real scientific evidence
so that they can imagine the action actually happening. So, combining the two is a better
storytelling technique, because it lets audiences connect with the story on two levels. Science
fiction also has a seemingly endless number of subgenres, including but not limited to time
travel, apocalyptic, utopian/dystopian, alternate history, space opera, and military science
fiction.

 IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE FICTION

Many times, science fiction turns real scientific theories into full stories about what is
possible and/or imaginable. Many stories use hard facts and truths of sciences to:
 suggest what could really happen in the future
 to explore what could happen if certain events or circumstances came to be or
 suggest consequences of technological and scientific advancements and innovation.
Historically it has been a popular form for not only authors, but scientists as well. In the
past 150 years, science fiction has become a huge genre, with a particularly large presence in
film and television—in fact, the TV network “SciFi” is completely devoted to science fiction
media. It is a particularly fascinating and mind-bending genre for audiences because of its
connection to reality.

III. DETECTIVE STORY 85

 Detective story, type of popular literature in which a crime is introduced and investigated
and the culprit is revealed.
The traditional elements of the detective story are:
(1) the seemingly perfect crime;
(2) the wrongly accused suspect at whom circumstantial evidence points;
(3) the bungling of dim-witted police;
(4) the greater powers of observation and superior mind of the detective; and (5) the startlingand
unexpected denouement, in which the detective reveals how the identity of the culprit was
ascertained.
Detective stories frequently operate on the principle that superficially convincing
evidence is ultimately irrelevant. Usually it is also axiomatic that the clues from which a logical
solution to the problem can be reached be fairly presented to the reader at exactly the same time
that the sleuth receives them and that the sleuth deduce the solution to the puzzle from a logical
interpretation of these clues.
The first detective story was “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” by Edgar Allan Poe,
published in April 1841. The profession of detective had come into being only a few decades
earlier, and Poe is generally thought to have been influenced by the Mémoires (1828–29) of
François-Eugène Vidocq, who in 1817 founded the world’s first detective bureau, in Paris. Poe’s
fictional French detective, C. Auguste Dupin, appeared in two other stories, “The Mystery of
Marie Roget” (1845) and “The Purloined Letter” (1845). The detective story soon
expanded to novel length. 86

The French author Émile Gaboriau’s L’Affaire Lerouge (1866) was an enormously
successful novel that had several sequels. Wilkie Collins’ The Moonstone (1868) remains one of
the finest English detective novels. Anna Katharine Green became one of the first American
detective novelists with The Leavenworth Case (1878). The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886)
by the Australian Fergus Hume was a phenomenal commercial success.
The greatest of all fictional detectives, Sherlock Holmes, along with his loyal, somewhat
obtuse companion Dr. Watson, made his first appearance in Arthur (later Sir Arthur) Conan
Doyle’s novel A Study in Scarlet (1887) and continued into the 20th century in such collections
of stories as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894) and the longer Hound of the Baskervilles
(1902). So great was the appeal of Sherlock Holmes’s detecting style that the death of Conan
Doyle did little to end Holmes’s career; several writers, often expanding upon circumstances
mentioned in the original works, have attempted to carry on the Holmesian tradition.

Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson

 Sherlock Holmes (right) explaining to Dr. Watson what he has deduced from a pipe left behind 87
by a visitor; illustration by Sidney Paget for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's “The Adventure of the
Yellow Face,” The Strand Magazine, 1893.
Photos.com/Jupiterimages
The early years of the 20th century produced a number of distinguished detective novels,
among them Mary Roberts Rinehart’s The Circular Staircase (1908) and G.K. Chesterton’s The
Innocence of Father Brown (1911) and other novels with the clerical detective. From 1920 on,
the names of many fictional detectives became household words: Inspector French, introduced
in Freeman Wills Crofts’s The Cask (1920); Hercule Poirot, in Agatha Christie’s The
Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920), and Miss Marple, in Murder at the Vicarage (1930); Lord
Peter Wimsey, in Dorothy L. Sayers’ Whose Body? (1923); Philo Vance, in S.S. Van Dine’s
The Benson Murder Case (1926); Albert Campion, in Margery Allingham’s The Crime at Black
Dudley (1929; also published as The Black Dudley Murder); and Ellery Queen, conceived by
Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee, in The Roman Hat Mystery (1929).
In a sense, the 1930s was the golden age of the detective story, with the detectives named above
continuing in new novels. The decade was also marked by the books of Dashiell Hammett, who
drew upon his own experience as a private detective to produce both stories and novels, notably
The Maltese Falcon (1930) featuring Sam Spade. In Hammett’s work, the character of the
detective became as important as the “whodunit” aspect of ratiocination was earlier. The Thin
Man (1934), with Nick and Nora Charles, was more in the conventional vein, with the added
fillip of detection by a witty married couple. Successors to Hammett included Raymond
Chandler and Ross Macdonald, who also emphasized the characters of their tough but humane
detectives Philip Marlowe and Lew Archer, respectively. At the end of the 1940s, Mickey
Spillane preserved the hard-boiled crime fiction approach of Hammett and others, but his
emphasis on sex and sadism became a formula that brought him amazing commercial success
beginning with I, the Jury (1947).

The Maltese Falcon

(From left) Humphrey Bogart, Peter Lorre, Mary Astor,
and Sydney Greenstreet in The Maltese Falcon (1941),
directed by John Huston.
© 1941 Warner Brothers, Inc.
The introduction of the mass-produced paperback book in
the late 1930s made detective-story writers wealthy,
among them the Americans Erle Stanley Gardner, whose
criminal lawyer Perry Mason unraveled crimes in court;
Rex Stout, with his fat, orchid-raising detective Nero
Wolfe and his urbane
assistant Archie Goodwin; and Frances and Richard Lockridge, with another bright married 88
couple, Mr. and Mrs. North. In France, Georges Simenon produced novel after novel at a
rapidfire pace, making his hero, Inspector Maigret, one of the best-known detectives since
Sherlock Holmes. Other writers who carried out the tradition of Holmes or broke new ground
included
Nicholas Blake (pseudonym of the poet C. Day-Lewis), Michael Innes, Ngaio Marsh, Josephine
Tey, Carter Dickson (John Dickson Carr), and P.D. James. After 1945, writers such as John le
Carré adapted the detective-story format to the spy novel, in which he addressed the mysteries
and character of the Cold War.
The Mystery Writers of America, a professional organization founded in 1945 to elevate the
standards of mystery writing, including the detective story, has exerted an important influence
through its annual Edgar Allan Poe Awards for excellence.
IV. COMIC BOOK
A magazine that presents a serialized story in the form of a comic strip, typically
featuring the adventures of a superhero.
A comic is bound collection of comic strips, usually in chronological sequence,
typically telling a single story or a series of different stories.

Benefits of a Comic Book:

Reading
Comics provide narrative experiences for students just beginning to read and for
students acquiring a new language. Students follow story beginnings and endings, plot,
characters, time and setting, sequencing without needing sophisticated word decoding skills.
Images support the text and give students significant contextual clues to word meaning. Comics
act as a scaffold to student understanding.
As Stephen Cary, a second language learner specialist and author of Going Graphic:
Comics at Work in the Multilingual Classroom, says: “Comics provide authentic language
learning opportunities for all students…. The dramatically reduced text of many comics make
them manageable and language profitable for even beginning level readers.”
Also, according to Cary, comics motivate reluctant readers. They engage students in a
literary format which is their own. Comics speak to students in a way they understand and
identify with. Even after students learn to be strong readers comics give students the
opportunity to read material which combines images with text to express satire, symbolism,
point of view, drama, puns and humor in ways not possible with text alone.

Writing
 Many students read fluently, but find it difficult to write. They complain that they don’t
know what to write. They have ideas, but they lack the written language skills to create a
beginning, follow a sequence of ideas and then draw their writing to a logical conclusion.
Students frequently ask if they may draw a picture when they’re writing. They are
reaching for images to support their language ideas. Allowed to use words and images they will
resolve problems of storytelling which they would not otherwise experience using words alone.
Like reading, comics provide a scaffolding so that students experience success in their writing.
Students transfer specific elements directly into text-only writing. For example, students learn
that whatever text found in a word balloon is put inside quotes in their text-only writing.

Using Comic Life students have a new publishing medium. Comic Life documents can 89
be printed, emailed to parents or posted as a website very easily.

Key benefits of using comics in education

• A great visual Representation of Knowledge
• Presents what is essential
• Easier to remember a visual graphic containing key information
• Engaging through thinking, creating and writing.
• Perfect avenue for writing dialogue
• Incites students with low interest in writing
• Helps organization through storytelling and storyboarding
• Using visual images convey meaning to a story or topic
• Develops creative and higher level thought processes
• Develops composition techniques through visual-verbal connections
• Enriches reading, writing, and thinking
• Serves as and assessment and evaluation tool
• Sequencing promotes understanding
Example of comic strips:
 VI. COMIC STRIPS / STORY BOARD
A sequence of drawings, either in color or black and white, relating a comic incident, an 90
adventure or mystery story, etc., often serialized, typically having dialogue printed in balloons,
and usually printed as a horizontal strip in daily newspapers and in an uninterrupted block or
longer sequence of such strips in Sunday newspapers and in comic books.
Series of adjacent drawn images, usually arranged horizontally, that are designed to be read as a
narrative or a chronological sequence.
From extraordinary superheroes
saving the day to everyday adventures
with a big orange cat, comic strips can
capture the imagination like no other
medium. It’s a popular art form that
not only entertains but also educates
because of how it can show or explain
complex stories and concepts using
images and dialogue.
Comic strips and cartoons are two effective instructional tools to use in class with
students from different grades. They are effective because they engage students in meaningful
learning experiences where they get to practice key skills such as writing, reading, speaking and
communicating. By definition, a comic strip is "an open-ended dramatic narrative about a
recurring set of characters told in a series of drawings, often including dialogue in balloons and
a narrative text, published serially in newspapers"
Story board is a visual representation of a film sequence and breaks down action into
individual panels. It is a series of ordered drawings, with camera direction, dialogue or other
pertinent details. It sketches out how a video will unfold, shot by shot.
Why use comic strips /story board in your teaching:
Here are some of the reasons why you might want to include comic strips/story board in your
classroom instruction (see the list of sources at the bottom of this post to learn more)
• Comics are fun, interesting and motivating.
• Comics promote a wide variety of skills: cognitive, intellectual, social, and cultural.
• Can be used with students in different school grades.
• Can be used to teach different school subjects.
91
• Can help students develop higher-order thinking skills (sequencing, predicting, inferring,
synthesizing, analyzing, evaluating...etc).
• Enhance students engagement with multimodal texts.
• Make students aware of the multimodal means through which meanings are constructed
and communicated.
• Ideal teaching tools for teaching a target language
• Visually illustrated content is much easier to process, understand and remember.
• Can be used to teach reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills.
Uses of comic strips in class
There are different ways you can integrate comic strips in your classroom. Here is an
abbreviated list of ideas we put together based on various sources (see list at the bottom of this
post).
• Digital storytelling: students (in small groups or individually) create a narrative storyline
and illustrate it with relevant graphics.
• Students use comic strips to visually retell a story they have read.
• You can use comic strips to introduce a topic and have students brainstorm ideas
• Provide students with pre-designed comic strip with missing panels and ask them to fill in
the blanks to complete the story. (writing activity)
• Provide students with blanked out comic strip and ask them to write a story based on the
illustrated characters. (writing activity, promote predicting skills)
• Use comic strips to raise students awareness to topics such as racism, bullying, digital
citizenship…etc.
• Use comic strips in language learning to teach vocabulary, grammar, communication (use
of language in contextual situations), writing, and reading.
• Use comics to improve students speaking skills by asking them to act out comics they
created. Alternatively, you can engage students in oral discussions about the content of the
comics.

…..

EXERCISES!
92
ACTIVITY 6.1:
Direction: Write the characteristics of popular literature, use the graphic organizer
below.

ACTIVITY 6.2
93
Direction: Use the Venn Diagram to differentiate popular from contemporary literature
genres.

POPULAR CONTEMPORARY
LITERATURE LITERATURE

LESSON 7: Issues and Challenges in Popular Literature

94
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. React on issues and challenges in popular literature; and
b. Conduct a critical analysis between contemporary and popular literature.

CHALLENGES FACING POPULAR LITERATURE

Literature is in crisis. Perhaps not many of my Profs would agree with me on this
premise, but they are immersed in a literary world where Virginia Woolf conferences are a big
deal and debates over the existence of spondees are heated. People don’t read anymore. There
are a few hangers-on, but even we read less than others used to.
I freely and gladly acknowledge that change in inevitable; the question is, what changes
are good, and which are to be fought? Literature is worth fighting for, but the literati are
contributing to their own demise in many significant ways. Here are some factors and causes of
the literary crisis I’ve noticed:
1. Post-modernism.
“Whoah, whoah!” the English prof will argue, “if anything, pmism caused a
proliferation of texts. There are thousands and millions of works produced in the pm era, many
of which have literary merit.” Indeed, but that isn’t the problem. I assert that pm literature and
theory have assisted in its decline mainly because postmoderns argue that text and meaning are
inherently separate—can’t get there from here. It’s all subjective. It doesn’t mean. “All writing
is lying.” Upon hearing these statements made by the very people who study and produce
literature, the common reader will say, “All right, I believe you. Think I’ll watch some TV.”
Segue…
2. Mass media.
There is a lot more to do in our free time than read, most of which is easier than reading.
Reading is a task that requires time and effort (usually); you can’t pitch convenience or speed to
someone when discussing literature. Movies are more action-packed (though usually
watereddown); TV entertains; video games excite; the internet always has a myriad of things to
do. Why read? Sure, people in the 1800s and early 20th Century read far more than we do, but
they had fewer diversions.

3. Lots of books are bad. 95

 They just are. Sadly, it’s usually the brain candy that sells because it’s so sweet (and
that’s fine), but it won’t satisfy. Bad works of literature negatively affect the works that have lasting
merit; people who have had a bad experience reading rarely try again to enjoy it.
4. Rise of other academic subjects.
English is a major in decline in most places (I don’t have the stats to back this up, but I
think I’m right), partly for reason #1, and partly because there are a lot more options for a
scholar these days. International Relations, Biology, Art, Poli-Sci, Philosophy, Languages,
Women’s Studies, et al. I’m quite pleased that there are so many other courses for people to
pursue, but it is taking its toll on lit.
5. No automatic connection to a job after college.
This one really troubles me. College, at its core, is NOT JOB-TRAINING!! Go to
college to learn, young student, and become a better person. Money is only money. If you
graduate and don’t have a job right away, that’s fine. You will find one if you apply yourself
during school. The disciplines that have an automatic field ready-made for the graduate are few.
Sadly, I would posit that parents play a major role in this category with the obligatory “What
are you going to do with that major?” question. If college is not the time in one’s life when one
can feel free to explore, learn and grow by trying out a variety of things and find our who one is
without worrying about benefits or salary, when is?
6. Inaccessibility.
This debate is one I’ve touched on before: if a work of literature is dazzlingly brilliant
but no one can understand it, is it good? This is the question raised by books like Ulysses (not
to mention Finnigans Wake), The Sound and the Fury, Gravity’s Rainbow and lesser works like
The Black Envelope. I don’t have a good answer–a balance is too much to ask perhaps.
However, when the artist writes above the common reader’s ability to comprehend, readers will
be alienated.
7. Overly-academic language.
This is the sister of problem #6. Academics have invented complicated terminology for
everything. This is not necessarily something bad–terminology often aids specificity and
education; however, when academic vocabulary gets out of hand (and it can), then a piece loses
its utility. I find this all the time in literary criticism. Yes, one must write intelligently and
engage the concepts, but what I too frequently find is pedanticism run wild. Critics like to
condescend to their readers. The arrogance of this is outrageous and wrong-headed. Critics,
your very job is to educate those few who bother to read the meager words you put down;
make it worth their while. Make your points, enlighten where you can, and shut up.
96 8. Death of aesthetics.

This problem became glaringly obvious thanks to Kyle’s post on the Washington Post story
about Joshua Bell playing in a Metro station. People–or should I say Americans?–do not
appreciate art. We are business people. Straight-forward, earn a buck, get it done, work on the
weekends, open 24 hours, overtime, few holidays, work till you die people. Why does art of any
kind matter? Well, what else aside from art slows us down? What else shows us beauty, beauty
so amazing and alarming that we have to appreciate it? From where do we gain insight into
existence? Art does all these things, and its decline will mean the decline of America in one
way or many.
Is there a solution to all these problems? Yes, and it’s quite simple, as most good
answers are: literature itself. The very best thing a literary scholar or professor can do is get out
of the way of the works. So many books I’ve read have changed my life. There are multitudes
of brilliant novels, short stories, and poems out there to be read, and not all of them are long or
complex. The purpose of the literati is to make literature clearer, more profound, and more able
to be grasped.
And for heaven’s sake, we ought to make literature fun because…(gasp!)…the reason
we like to read is IT’S FUN! It’s enjoyable! If it’s not these things, one can just as easily find
something else that is fun. Perhaps this too is what is happening to literature, but the cure is
only one book, story, poem (or even painting, sculpture, musical piece, or song) away.

…..

EXERCISES!
97

ACTIVITY 7.1
Direction: Write a reaction paper about the issues and challenges in popular literature. Use
the rubric to be guided for making the given task.

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
 RUBRICS
FAILS TO MEET NEEDS MEETS EXCEEDS
CRITERIA EXPECTATIONS IMPROVEMENT EXPECTATIONS EXPECTATIONS
0 5 8 10
Clearly Fails to meet this Disorganized, leaves Paper has intro, Easy to read, topic
organized criterion by obvious reader wondering body, and introduced, organization
introduction, disregard for the what is being said; conclusion but may clearly evident with
body, expectations stated in abrupt ending. take a re-reading to proper introduction,
conclusion the criteria; understand. body, conclusion.
Disorganized and the
reader can not follow
the paper at any
length.
Does this paper The topic of the Student does not The entire paper’s The student’s reflection
address the paper is not clearly identify content relates to the about the topic is
prompt addressed at all; Fails his/her reflections prompt or topic; the explained in clear
or the topic? to stick to the topic about the topic; may student explains language; immediately
therefore fails to veer from topic. his/her reflections interesting and
meet these criteria. about the topic but supported
may take a rereading with detail.
to
understand.
Paragraph Fails to meet this Paragraphs are Each paragraph has a Each paragraph has a 98
Organization criterion by obvious disorganized; ideas central idea that is central idea; ideas are
and Writing disregard for the are included which supported with connected and
Style: Ideas expectations stated in do not relate to the details; ideas are paragraphs are
are clearly the criteria main idea; ideas are connected and developed with details;
connected and not connected and important points paper is easy to read and
make sense have little or no make sense “flows” naturally in an
supporting details; organized pattern
one sentence
paragraphs
 Does this paper Fails to meet this Paper is shallow and The paper shows Paper provides evidence
show evidence criterion by obvious does not present that the student has that the student has
of deep thought disregard for the detailed evaluation thought about the examined his/her own
about the topic? expectations stated in of reflection about topic although the belief systems and
ACTIVTY 7.2 the criteria. the topic; little use of written presentation related this to their
literature to support may appear weak current views about the
thought or lack clarity; use topic; use of
of literature to literature to support
making the given task.
support thought thought
Direction: Create a digital story telling using story board. Use the

CRITERIA 5 4 3 2
Creativity Complete 1 Element is 2 Elements are 3 or more
originality in not original in not original in elements are not
composition and composition composition original in
delivery. Strong and delivery, and delivery, composition and
evidence of criticalsome evidence little evidence delivery, no
thinking skills. of critical of critical evidence of
thinking skills. thinking skills. critical thinking
skills.
Story Board Complete and Evidence if Evidence of Little no
detailed evidence of planning planning evidence of
planning throughout through 2/3 of through up to planning
entire storyboard storyboard 1/3 of including
including sketches, including storyboard minimally
sequencing, pacing, sketches, including completed
and consistent story sequencing, sketches., sketches,
telling. pacing and sequencing, sequencing,
storytelling. pacing and pacing, and
storytelling. storytelling.

rubric to be guided for

RUBRICS

99
 Content and Content is clearly Content has Content has Content has no
Theme relevant to story some little relevance relevance to
and theme, message relevance to to story and story and theme,
is distinctly clear. the story and theme, there is no
theme, message is not message.
message is clear.
clear with
some
confusing
points.
Illustrations Story board Story is Story board is Story board is
contains one missing 1 missing 2 missing 3 or
illustration for each required required more required
required elements. illustration. illustration. illustration.
Attractiveness Story board is Story board is Story board Story board is
exceptionally attractive in is acceptably distractingly
attractive in terms terms of attractive messy or very
of design, layout design, layout though it may poorly
and neatness. and neatness. be a little designed. It is
messy. not attractive.
100
C
H
AP
TE
R
TE
ST
!

I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is

correct and if false, change the underlined words to make the statement correct.

____________ 1. A comic book is a magazine that presents a serialized story in the form
of a comic strip, typically featuring the adventures of a superhero.
____________ 2. New criticism focuses on the elements of culture and how they affect
one’s perceptions and understanding of texts.
____________ 3. Make-believe stories frequently operate on the principle that
superficially convincing evidence is ultimately irrelevant.

itself.

people.
____________ 4. Textual Meaning is the meaning that is produced by the relationship of text

____________ 5. Ideological function shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of other

____________ 6. Creative Nonfiction is a genre of fiction literature whose content is imaginative,

but based in science.
____________ 7. Appeal is something that makes the viewers or readers attracted and interested in
the literary piece.
____________ 8. Entertainment Function of literature shows how society works around them.
____________ 9. Hard science fiction strictly follows scientific facts and principles.
____________ 10. Books are permanent expression in words of some thought or feelings or idea
about life and the world.

101
II. ESSAY. Direction: Discuss your answer in the given statement below. Please take note that
the perfect score will be given to those who will be able to:
A. Demonstrate a deep understanding of the content;
B. Make the content well-organized and easy to read;
C. Present his/her answers without major grammatical errors or spelling errors;
D. Maintain the cleanliness and neatness of his/her paper.

Choose one of challenges facing popular literature and give your own insights and ideas
about it.

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_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________

102
 CHAPTER III:
EMERGING
LITERATURE
Introduction
Emerging literature is an integration of a traditional and technological driven
form of literature. This chapter will tackle about the different emerging genres of
literature in the 21st century, the issues and challenges in emerging literature and the
interrelationship of contemporary, popular and emergent literature.

Lesson 8: Introduction to Emerging Literature

Objectives: 103
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Determine new emerging genres of literature; and
b. Discuss the elements and characteristics of these genres.

I. CREATIVE NON-FICTION
The New Emerging Genres of Literature
I. Creative Nonfiction
Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction. It is a genre of writing that uses
literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate
narratives. Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical
writing or journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact,
but is not primarily written in service to its craft. As a genre,
creative non-fiction is still relatively young, and is only
beginning to be scrutinized with the same critical analysis
given to
fiction and poetry. It is a rich mix of flavors, ideas and
techniques,
some of which are newly invented and others as old as writing itself. Creative nonfiction can
be an essay, a journal article, a research paper, a memoir, or a
poem; it can be personal or not.
The creative nonfiction writer produces a personal essay, memoir,
travel piece, and so forth, with a variety of techniques, writing tools,
and methods. He/she is required to use the elements of nonfiction,
literary devices of fiction, and what Lee Gutkind called “the 5 Rs of
Creative nonfiction.” The following is a brief explanation of each:

Characteristics of Creative Nonfiction

The creative nonfiction writer often incorporates several elements of nonfiction when writing a
memoir, personal essay, travel writing, and so on. The following is a brief explanation of the
most common elements of nonfiction:
1. Fact. The writing must be based on fact, rather than fiction. It cannot be made up.
2. Extensive research. The piece of writing is based on primary research, such as an
interview or personal experience, and often secondary research, such as gathering
information from books, magazines, and newspapers. 104
 3. Reportage/reporting. The writer must be able to document events or personal
experiences.
4. Personal experience and personal opinion. Often, the writer includes personal
experience, feelings, thoughts, and opinions. For instance, when writing a personal
essay or memoir.
5. Explanation/Exposition. The writer is required to explain the personal experience or
topic to the reader.
6. Essay format. Creative nonfiction is often written in essay format. Example: Personal
Essay, Literary Journalistic essay, brief essay.

Elements of Creative Non-fiction

The main elements of creative nonfiction are setting, descriptive imagery, figurative
language, plot, and character. The overarching element or requirement that distinguishes
creative nonfiction from any other genre of writing is that while other literary genres can spring
from the imagination, creative nonfiction is, by definition, true. As you complete the assigned
readings in this chapter, keep track of the following elements as they arise in your readings: see
if you can identify each of them. Learning these elements now will form a solid foundation for
the rest of the class.

1. Setting
Each story has a setting. The setting is the place where the story takes place. Usually, an
effective story establishes its setting early in the story: otherwise readers will have a difficult
time visualizing the action of the story. Below is an example of how a writer might establish
setting in a way which immerses the reader: by showing rather than telling.
Example:
I went to the lake. It was cool. My breath escaped in ragged bursts, my quadriceps burning as I
crested the summit. The lake stretched before me, aquamarine, glistening in the hot August
afternoon sun. Ponderosa pines lined its shores, dropping their spicy-scented needles into the
clear water. Despite the heat, the Montana mountain air tasted crisp.
Which of the above lakes would you want to visit? Which one paints a more immersive picture,
making you feel like you are there? When writing a story, our initial instinct is usually to make
a list of chronological moments: first I did this, then I did this, then I did that, it was neat-o.
That might be factual, but it does not engage the reader or invite them into your world. It bores
the reader. Ever been stuck listening to someone tell a story that seems like it will never end? It
probably was someone telling you a story rather than using the five senses to immerse you. In
the example above, the writer uses visual (sight), auditory (sound), olfactory (smell), tactile 105
(touch), or gustatory (taste) imagery to help the reader picture the setting in their mind. By the
final draft, the entire story should be compelling and richly detailed. While it's fine to have an
outline or first draft that recounts the events of the story, the final draft should include dialogue,
immersive description, plot twists, and metaphors to capture your reader's attention as you
write.

2. Descriptive Imagery
You have probably encountered descriptive imagery before. Basically, it is the way the
writer paints the scene, or image, in the mind of the reader. It usually involves descriptions of
one or more of the five senses: sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. For example, how would you
describe a lemon to a person who has never seen one before?

Example:
Imagine you are describing a lemon to someone who has never seen one before. How would you
describe it using all five senses?
Sight Touch
Sound Taste
Smell
One might describe a lemon as yellow, sour-smelling and tasting, and with a smooth,
bumpy skin. They might describe the sound of the lemon as a thump on the table if it is
dropped, or squelching if it is squished underfoot. By painting a picture in the reader's mind, it
immerses them in the story so that they feel they are actually there.
Figurative. Figurative language can also take the form of simile: "aunt Becky's attitude
was as sour as a lemon." By comparing an abstract concept (attitude) to an object (lemon), it
imparts a feeling/meaning in a more interesting way.

106
3. Plot
Plot is one of the basic elements of every story: put simply, plot refers to the actual
events that take place within the bounds of your narrative. Using our rhetorical situation
vocabulary, we can identify “plot” as the primary subject of a descriptive personal narrative.
Three related elements to consider are scope, sequence, and pacing.

4. Scope
 The term scope refers to the boundaries of plot. Where and when does the story begins
and ends? What is its focus? What background information and details does the story requires?
I often think about narrative scope as the edges of a photograph: a photo, whether of a vast
landscape or a microscopic organism, has boundaries. Those boundaries inform the viewer’s
perception.
The way we determine scope varies based on rhetorical situation, but I can say generally
that many developing writers struggle with a scope that is too broad: writers often find it
challenging to zero in on the events that drive a story and prune out extraneous information.
Consider, as an example, how you might respond if your friend asked what you did last
weekend. If you began with, “I woke up on Saturday morning, rolled over, checked my phone,
fell back asleep, woke up, pulled my feet out from under the covers, put my feet on the floor,
stood up, stretched…” then your friend might have stopped listening by the time you get to the
really good stuff. Your scope is too broad, so you’re including details that distract or bore your
reader. Instead, focus on the most exciting or meaningful moment(s) of your day: "I woke up
face-down to the crunch of shattered glass underneath me. When I wobbled to my feet, I
realized I was in a large, marble room with large windows overlooking the flashing neon lights
of the Las Vegas strip. I had no idea how I got there!" Readers can expect this story will focus
on how the storyteller arrived in Las Vegas, and it is much more interesting than including
every single detail of the day.
5. Sequence
The sequence of your plot—the order of the events—will determine your reader’s
experience. There are an infinite number of ways you might structure your story, and the shape
of your story is worth deep consideration. Although the traditional forms for a narrative
sequence are not your only options, let’s take a look at a few tried-and-true shapes your plot
might take.
Freytag's Pyramid: Chronological
A. Exposition: Here, you’re setting the scene, introducing characters, and preparing the
reader for the journey.

B. Rising action: In this part, things start to happen. You (or your characters) encounter
conflict, set out on a journey, meet people, etc.

C. Climax: This is the peak of the action, the main showdown, the central event toward
which your story has been building. 107
D. Falling action: Now things start to wind down. You (or your characters) come away from
the climactic experience changed—at the very least, you are wiser for having had that
experience.

E. Resolution: Also known as dénouement, this is where all the loose ends get tied up. The
central conflict has been resolved, and everything is back to normal, but perhaps a bit different.

6. Nonlinear Narrative
Anonlinear narrative may be told in a series of flashbacks or vignettes. It
might jumpback and forth in time. Stories about trauma are often told in this
fashion. If using this plot form, be sure to make clear to readers how/why the jumps
in time are occurring. A writer might clarify jumps in time by adding time-stamps or
dates or by using symbolic images to connect different vignettes.

7. Pacing
While scope determines the boundaries of plot, and sequencing determines where the
plot goes, pacing determines how quickly readers move through the story. In short, it is the
amount of time you dedicate to describing each event in the story.
I include pacing with sequence because a change to one often influences the other. Put
simply, pacing refers to the speed and fluidity with which a reader moves through your story.
You can play with pacing by moving more quickly through events, or even by experimenting
with sentence and paragraph length. Consider how the “flow” of the following examples differ:
The train screeched to a halt. A flock of pigeons took flight as the conductor announced, “We’ll
be stuck here for a few minutes.”
Lost in my thoughts, I shuddered as the train ground to a full stop in the middle of an
intersection. I was surprised, jarred by the unannounced and abrupt jerking of the car. I sought
clues for our stop outside the window. All I saw were pigeons as startled and clueless as I.
8. Characters
Amajor requirement of any story is the use of characters. Characters bring
life to thestory. Keep in mind that while human characters are most frequently
featured in stories, sometimes there are non-human characters in a story such as
animals or even the environment itself. Consider, for example, the ways in which the
desert itself might be considered a character in "Bajadas" by Francisco Cantú.

Characterization
108
 Whether a story is fiction or nonfiction, writers should spend some time thinking about 109
characterization: the development of characters through actions, descriptions, and dialogue.
Your audience will be more engaged with and sympathetic toward your narrative if they can
vividly imagine the characters as real people.
Types of Characters:
Round characters – are very detailed, requiring attentive description of their traits and
behaviors.
Your most important characters should be round: the added detail will help your reader better
visualize, understand, and care about them.

Flat characters – are minimally detailed, only briefly sketched or named.

Less important characters should take up less space and will therefore have less detailed
characterization.

Static characters – remain the same throughout the narrative.

Even though all of us are always changing, some people will behave and appear the same
throughout the course of your story. Static characters can serve as a reference point for dynamic
characters to show the latter’s growth.

Dynamic characters – noticeably change within the narrative, typically as a result of the
events.
Most likely, you will be a dynamic character in your personal narrative because such stories are
centered around an impactful experience, relationship, or place. Dynamic characters learn and
grow over time, either gradually or with an epiphany.

9. Point of View
The position from which your story is told will help shape your reader’s experience, the
language your narrator and characters use, and even the plot itself. You might recognize this
from Dear White People Volume 1 or Arrested Development Season 4, both Netflix TV series.
Typically, each episode in these seasons explores similar plot events, but from a different
character’s perspective. Because of their unique vantage points, characters can tell different
stories about the same realities.
This is, of course, true for our lives more generally. In addition to our differences in
knowledge and experiences, we also interpret and understand events differently. In our writing,
narrative position is informed by point-of-view and the emotional valences I refer to here as 110
tone and mood.

A Non-Comprehensive Breakdown of POV

FIRST PERSON POINT OF VIEW – Narrator uses 1st person pronouns (I/me/mine or
us/we/ours)
Can include internal monologue (motives, thoughts, feelings) of the narrator. Limited certainty
of motives, thoughts, or feelings of other characters.
Example:

• I tripped on the last stair, preoccupied by what my sister had said, and felt my stomach
drop.
SECOND PERSON POINT OF VIEW – Narrator uses 2nd person pronouns (you/you/your).
Speaks to the reader, as if the reader is the protagonist OR uses apostrophe to speak to an absent
or unidentified person Example:

• Your breath catches as you feel the phantom step.

• O, staircase, how you keep me awake at night.
THIRD PERSON LIMITED – Narrator uses 3rd person pronouns (he/him/his, she/her/hers,
they/they/theirs).
Sometimes called “close” third person. Observes and narrates but sticks near one or two
characters, in contrast with 3rd person omniscient.
Example:

• He was visibly frustrated by his sister’s nonchalance and wasn’t watching his step.
THIRD PERSON OMNISCIENT – Narrator uses 3rd person pronouns (he/him/his,
she/her/hers, they/they/theirs).
Observes and narrates from an all-knowing perspective. Can include internal monologue
(motives, thoughts, feelings) of all characters.
Example:

• Beneath the surface, his sister felt regretful. Why did I tell him that? she wondered.
STREAM-OF-CONSCIOUSNESS – Narrator uses inconsistent pronouns, or no pronouns at
all.
Approximates the digressive, wandering, and ungrammatical thought processes of the narrator. 111
Example:

 But now, a thousand empty⎯where? ⎯and she, with head shake, will be fine⎯AHH!

Typically, you will tell your story from the first-person point-of-view, but personal
narratives can also be told from a different perspective; I recommend “Comatose Dreams” to
illustrate this at work. As you’re developing and revising your writing, try to inhabit different
authorial positions: What would change if you used the third person POV instead of first
person? What different meanings would your reader find if you told this story with a different
tone—bitter instead of nostalgic, proud rather than embarrassed, sarcastic rather than genuine?
Furthermore, there are many rhetorical situations that call for different POVs. (For
instance, you may have noticed that this book uses the second-person very frequently.) So, as
you evaluate which POV will be most effective for your current rhetorical situation, bear in
mind that the same choice might inform your future writing.

10. Dialogue
The communication between two or more characters.
For example:
"Hate to break it to you, but your story is boring."
"What? Why do you say that?" he stuttered as his face reddened.
"Because you did not include any dialogue," she laughed.

Think of the different conversations you’ve had today, with family, friends, or even
classmates. Within each of those conversations, there were likely pre-established relationships
that determined how you talked to each other: each is its own rhetorical situation. A dialogue
with your friends, for example, may be far different from one with your family. These
relationships can influence tone of voice, word choice (such as using slang, jargon, or lingo),
what details we share, and even what language we speak.
Good dialogue often demonstrates the traits of a character or the relationship of
characters. From reading or listening to how people talk to one another, we often infer the
relationships they have. We can tell if they’re having an argument or conflict, if one is
experiencing some internal conflict or trauma, if they’re friendly acquaintances or cold
strangers, even how their emotional or professional attributes align or create opposition.
 Often, dialogue does more than just one thing, which makes it a challenging tool to 112
master. When dialogue isn’t doing more than one thing, it can feel flat or expositional, like a
bad movie or TV show where everyone is saying their feelings or explaining what just
happened. For example, there is a difference between “No thanks, I’m not hungry” and “I’ve
told you, I’m not hungry.” The latter shows frustration, and hints at a previous conversation.
Exposition can have a place in dialogue, but we should use it deliberately, with an awareness of
how natural or unnatural it may sound. We should be aware how dialogue impacts the pacing of
the narrative. Dialogue can be musical and create tempo, with either quick back and forth, or
long drawn out pauses between two characters. Rhythm of a dialogue can also tell us about the
characters’ relationship and emotions.

The 5’Rs of Creative Nonfiction

Lee Gutkind, who is a writer, professor, and expert on creative nonfiction, wrote an essay called
“The Five R’s of Creative Nonfiction.” In this essay, he identified five essential elements of
creative nonfiction. These include:
1. Creative nonfiction has a “real life” aspect. The writer constructs a personal essay,
memoir, and so forth, that is based on personal experience. He also writes about real
people and true events.
2. Creative nonfiction is based on the writer engaging in personal “reflection” about what
he/she is writing about. After gathering information, the writer needs to analyze and
assess what he/she has collected. He then must evaluate it and expression his thoughts,
views, opinions. Personal opinion is permissible and encouraged.
3. Creative nonfiction requires that the writer complete research. The writer needs to
conduct research to learn about the topic. The writer also needs to complete research to
discover what has been written about the topic. Even if a writer is crafting a personal
essay, he will need to complete secondary research, such as reviewing a personal
journal, or primary research, such as interviewing a friend or family member, to ensure
that the information is truthful and factual.
4. The fourth aspect of creative nonfiction is reading. Reading while conducting research
is not sufficient. The writer must read the work of the masters of his profession.
5. The final element of creative nonfiction is writing. Writing creative nonfiction is both an
art and craft. The art of creative nonfiction requires that the writer uses his talents,
instincts, creative abilities, and imagination to write memorable creative nonfiction. The
craft of creative nonfiction requires that the writer learn and deploy the style and
techniques of creative nonfiction in his/her work.
Types of Creative Nonfiction
 Creative nonfiction is about fact and truth. The truth can be about a personal
experience, event, or issue in the public eye. There are many categories or genres to choose
from, such as the personal essay, memoir, and autobiography. The following is a list of the
most popular types of creative nonfiction:
113
1. Personal Essay . The writer crafts and essay that is based on personal experience or a
single event, which results in significant personal meaning or a lesson learned. The
writer uses the first person “I.”
2. Memoir . The writer constructs a true story about a time or period in his/life, one that
had significant personal meaning and a universal truth. The writer composes the story
using the first person “I.”
3. Literary journalism essay . The writer crafts an essay about an issue or topic using
literary devices, such as the elements of fiction and figurative language.
4. Autobiography . The writer composes his/her life story, from birth to the present, using
the first person “I.”
5. Travel Writing . The writer crafts articles or essays about travel using literary devices.
6. Food writing . The writer crafts stories about food and cuisine using literary devices.
7. Profiles . The writer constructs biographies or essays on real people using literary
devices.
Guidelines for Writing Creative Nonfiction
Not only must the aspiring writer of creative nonfiction learn the techniques, but he/she
also requires a good understanding of the guidelines. The following are 12 guidelines for
writing any type of creative nonfiction:

• Research the topic. Both primary (interview, personal experience, or participant

observation) and secondary research (books, magazines, newspaper, Web)  Never
invent or change facts. An invented story is fiction.
• Provide accurate information. Write honestly and truthfully. Information should be
verifiable.

• Provide concrete evidence. Use facts, examples, and quotations.

• Use humor to make an important point.
• Show the reader what happened, don’t tell them what happened. To do this,
dramatize the story.

• Narrate the story. A story has an inciting incident, goal, conflict, challenges, obstacles,
climax, and resolution.
114
 • Write about the interesting and extraordinary. Write about personal experiences, 115
interesting people, extraordinary events, or provide a unique perspective on everyday
life.

• Organize the information. Two common techniques are chronological or logical order.
• Use literary devices to tell the story. Choose language that stimulates and entertains
the reader, such as simile, metaphor, imagery.

• Introduce the essay or other work with a hook. Its purpose is to grab the readers’
attention and compel them to reader further. Popular hooks include a quotation,
question, or thought-provoking fact.

• End the creative nonfiction piece with a final, important point. Otherwise the reader
will think, “So what!” “What was the point? It was an interesting story, but how does it
apply to me or my life?”

II. HYPER POETRY

Hyper poetry is a form of digital poetry that
uses links using hypertext mark-up. It is a very
visual form, and is related to hypertext fiction and
visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext poem
has no set order, the poem moving or being
generated in response to the links that the
reader/user chooses. It can either involve set words,
phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable
order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry
does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move
and / or mutate. It is usually found online, though
CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest
examples date to no later than the mid-1980s.
Description:
Hypertext poetry, is a subgenre of digital poetry. Digital poetry is sometimes referred to as
epoetry, electronic poetry, and cyberpoetry. The genre mostly falls into two subgenres:
interactive poetry and hypertext poetry (Poetry Beyond Text).
Hypertext poetry utilizes the components of hypertexts. Hyperlinks are embedded, throughout,
or in some cases "each word, phrase or line." Each link brings the reader to another page "that
defines or expands on the idea represented by the text of the poem" (Hypertext Poetry And
Fiction). The links most often stem from the "primary text. However, some hypertext poems
that do not have a primary text. In these works, the reader of the poem choose the way he
navigates the poem through the amount and pattern he chooses with the hyperlinks (Montecino).

Example of Hyper Poetry:

Do You Believe?

I was that kid who has read a lot of fairy tale books
Princess with glass slippers, peter pan who fights captain
hook Fascinated, I remember each story my mom read to me I
believed one day; they will appear for me to see.

We all knew a lady who glows in a white silky dress

The one with pretty wings and a gentle caress
I eagerly wait for her looking out my window,
But she always exchanges my teeth with coins under the pillow.

A big, chubby, good, old man in red

The one who gives us gifts riding his sled
Along with the help of his elves and reindeers
The time for enjoyment is here, let go of your fears!

Now who could’ve forgotten this man with and hourglass?

Nope, he doesn’t come when we sleep in class.
He guards us in our sleep to avoid nightmares
Like the ones with zombies, witches or grizzly bears.

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Lastly, the cute little guy who loves a good hunting game Colorful eggs,
baskets… You know him and his name!
 In the time of the year called “Easter”
He’s the first one you will remember.

As the years pass, their story becomes untold

Sweet old myths that’s good as gold
Tooth fairy, Santa Claus, Sandman, and the Easter bunny
Do you believe in them? Do you believe like me?

Elements of Hyper Poetry:

1. Kairos
With the digital revolution, there is a growing number of writers using electronic media to
create and publish their works (Kendall). Many writers in using electronic format expanded to
include the format of the hypertext, which is interactive in nature. Writers are able to break
away from the restrictions of paper (Kendall) and use content and features to create nonlinear
poems that are associated with the medium. The hypertext also allows writers to experiment
with elements like hyperlinks, images, sounds, and video (Kendall).

2. Audience
The audience plays an interactive role in the navigating and reading a hypertext poem.
Astrid Ensslin argues hypertext poetry, which she terms hyperpoetry, is the "most creative and
trans-artistic genre" out of all the hypertext genres because it offers the most "multisensory
textual experience." She argues this because it incorporates "nomadism" and brings the reader
away from the "verbal narrative” (Ennslin).
Hypertext Poetry is on the trend to become increasingly more popular in the upcoming years, as
more and more writers use digital media to create and publish their works. The genre attracts
users who want to be involved in the reading experience (Picot).

3. Content
Hypertext poems can include the traditional components of a poem which are: words, lines,
and stanzas. Most are in the form of free verse. However, the genre also includes other
multimedia components including: sounds, visual images, and three-dimensional letters, which
makes it hard to identify most of the formal poetic conventions (Hypertext Poetry And Fiction). 117
 4. Formal Features
Hypertext poems include "hypertextual features" which are mostly composed of hyperlinks
that lead to a nonlinear reading of the text (Ensslin).
Hypertext poetry also includes hypermedia poetry. It moves beyond linking text to other
websites, and adds features such as, "image, sound, video and animation" (Millan). An example
of these features could be a sound "of a lawn mower" with words like "'mowing', 'stop',
'Sunday' and 'morning'" in succession across the readers screen (Hypertext Poetry And Fiction).
These types of features, or multimedia elements, make it hard to link hypertext poetry to any
formal poetry conventions (Hypertext Poetry And Fiction).

5. Ancestral Genres
One ancestral genre to hypertext poetry is the hypertext. Hypertexts allow a nonlinear
reading of the text in which an audience is able to have an interactive experience with the text
through the use of hyperlinks, which when clicked on, bring the reader to another website
(Christopher Funkhouser). Hyperlinks, are often referred to as simply links, and utilize URLs,
HTTPs, and HTMLs, (What are Hyperlinks?). Usually hyperlinks are in the form of highlighted
or "underlined" (Montecino) words within the text, which when clicked bring the viewer to
another website that provides an expansion on the concept (What are Hyperlinks?). Christopher
Funkhouser expands on the audience's interactive role with the hypertext, and how based on
his, "interest, engagement, and curiosity" he can control his navigation of the text.
Hypertext also functions as a collaborative text by blurring the roles of author and reader
become (Keep). Hypertexts are seen as electronic texts but Christopher Keep argues that
hypertexts are not restricted to "technology, content, or medium" (Keep).
Oral poetry shares the nonlinear shape of hypertext poetry. With each reading of an oral poem it
changes shape, which relates to how hypertext poetry changes for each reader that reads the
poem because of the nonlinear interactive navigation of the text (Ennslin).

Notable Examples of Hypertext Poetry:

 Penetration : Is a well-known example of a hypertext poem. The poem is from the

collection The Seasons, which was published in 2000 by Eastgate. The collection
consists of two poems: Dispossession and Penetration. The poem is set up so that the
reader has choice to begin the poem through different perspectives. For example, by
clicking on "daylight" the poem is in the perspective of the daughter (Di Rosario). Then
the path of the poem is dictated by the what the reader chooses after each passage, by
clicking on one of the series of choices below the passage (Di Rosario). 118
 • Low Probability of Racoons : Is a website set up by Peter Howard, a well-known
digital poet, for some of his works, some of which includes hyperlinks his own
hypertext poetry.

III. CHICK LIT / CHICK LITERATURE

It consists of heroin-centered
narratives that focus on the trials and
tribulations of their individual
protagonists. It often addresses issues
of modern womanhood – from
romantic relationships to female
friendships to matters in the
workplace – in humorous and
lighthearted ways.

There are certain elements all chick lit novels have in common.

• They all feature a woman in her twenties or thirties as a protagonist

• The novels are mostly set in urban environments, most notably New York or London.
• The protagonists are career-women
• The protagonists are often single although they usually all end up with someone.
• Fashion often plays a big role in a chick-lit novels. The characters can either be
obsessed with it or the plot itself can be centered around fashion industry.

• The book covers often reflect this trend - they may feature articles of clothing, martinis,
parties and other symbols of a glamorous lifestyle.

IV. ILLUSTRATED NOVEL

Generally, 50% of the narrative is presented without words. The reader must interpret
the images in order to comprehend the complete story. Textual portions are presented in
traditional form. Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all. Illustrated novels span all
genres.

Elements of Illustrated Novel:

1. Panel - A distinct segment of the comic, containing images and text

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2. Frame - The lines and borders that contain the panels 120
3. Gutter - The space between framed panels
4. Bleed - An image that extends to and/or beyond the edge of page
5. Captions - Boxes containing a variety of text elements (setting, description)
6. Speech Balloon - Enclose dialogue that comes from a specific speaker's mouth and can
vary in size, shape and layout
7. External Dialogue - Dialogue between two or more characters
8. Internal dialogue - Thought enclosed by a balloon that has a series of dots or bubbles
leading up to it
9. Special-effect lettering - Lettering that draws attention to text; often highlights
onomatopoeia and impact words (wow, bang)
10. Closure - The reader's completion of meaning between panels
11. Long shot - Images that show objects fully from top to bottom
12. Extreme long shot - Images that show images or characters in a really small scale
13. Close-Up - Images shown in a large view
14. Extreme close-up - Image shown in a very large view
15. Splash page - A panel that takes up the whole page of a comic
16. Splash panel - A panel that takes up the space of several panels in a comic
17. Palette - The colors used in a comic
18. Emanata - Text or icons that represent what is going on in the character's head
19. Spread - Two facing pages in a printed book
20. Inset - A panel contained within a larger panel
21. Speed lines - Lines that represent motion
22. Reverse - Images in the opposite position from the previous panel
23. Signs - Text labels written on objects in comics
24. Voice over - A narratory block in which a narrator or character shares special
information with the reader

V. GRAPHIC NOVEL
 Graphic novels use a sequence of illustrations to tell a 121
story.
They use the same text bubble and image panel format that
we find in comics, but unlike comics which are serialized,
graphic novels are published in book format, and usually
tell a stand-alone, complete story. This again makes them
different from comic books which are usually just a
bound collection of comic strips which were previously
published as a periodical serial. Graphic novels, are also
very diverse because they are a format – so they
can cover any genre and any topic.
In the past, graphic novels in any form were generally dismissed as
inferior literature – “not proper reading”! As a school librarian you may
come across teachers and parents who still feel this way about them. At
best, they regard graphic novels as something to be tolerated in
the hope that eventually their child will “move on” to more “quality literature.” But at the end
of the day reading is reading and it is a well-known fact that children who read for fun and find
pleasure in reading become lifelong readers.
In fact, graphic novels rightfully have a place alongside novels, picture books and
audiobooks as they offer a huge range of reading experiences. Their rich and complex texts also
require readers to examine, decode and combine multiple elements to acquire meaning.
Elements such as:

• linguistic (written language)

• visual (mood through colours, shading, composition etc.)
• gestural (body and facial language)
• spatial (panels, layout …)
• symbolic (icons, balloons, visual representations and emanata).
So, it may actually be argued that the reader of a graphic novel has to work much harder
than someone reading a novel! Best of all, studies have shown that readers benefit from greater
information retention because they have to decode so many different elements using multiple
literacies. This is why graphic novels are increasingly being used in classrooms, and even in
tertiary education.
In addition, graphic novels contain precise and rich language. They demand the authors
to be concise. They don’t have long paragraphs and the constraints of the page demand that the
dialogue is kept to a minimum. As with a picture book no word can be wasted, which forces the
writer to be incredibly precise with the written word. This models excellent writing and offers
rich vocabulary because every word matters. As an English teacher noted, among all the fun
 ho can read but haven’t yet a

Advantages of reading graphic novels include:

• They engage those readers, particularly reluctant boys, w

been hooked!
nature of today’s culture
• Provide scaffolding for ESL students.
• Increase reading comprehension and vocabulary.
• Serve as a bridge between low and high levels of reading.
• Provide an approach to reading that embraces the multimedi
• Serve as an intermediary step to more difficult disciplines a nd concepts.
• Present complex material in a way that makes it easier to understand
• Develop skills such as inference and deduction which pla experience y a vital part in the reading 122

• Develop analytical and critical thinking skills.

• Offer another avenue through which students can experienc
e art
In summary, graphic novels are an excellent resource for
readers with their visuals and actually encourage reading because use in schools. They attract they
as a whole book filled with words. They are generally fast pac don’t seem as daunting
correlation provides an easy way for children to expand their voca ed, and the word-to-picture
help early readers to decode text and derive meaning whilst the rbularies. The visual elements
enjoyment that the children receive when reading these bookelative speed and immediate
confidence. More importantly, comics extend the reading fors also helps build reading
interaction of the written and visual narratives adding complexadvanced readers with the rs
laye the number of titles is expanding rapidly every year, so there’sof meaning. Another plus:
interests. Last, but not least, graphic novels positively impactsomething for every child’s
skills, which are more essential than ever in a digital age. on children’s visual literacy
Consequently, it is possible to build a graphic novel coll
good reader whilst also supporting those less enthusiastic. Thisection which challenges the
graphic novel in a school library setting. They can be acquiredis the key strength of the ly
simp reading material, or used to support specific areas within theto broaden current leisure
curr novels and comics have a definite educational role. iculum. In this way graphic

VI. TEXT-TALK NOVELS

 The story was told through dialogues in the social network.
The information of the whole work can be read at the
websites, and exchange by chat or using any. Stories told almost completely in dialogue 123
simulating social network exchanges. In Japan, Manga art is highly respected for its ability to
Characteristics of a Text-talk Novel:
1. Cliff hangers are common.
2. Vowels are not written in SMS slang.
3. Plots are usually about love and passion.
4. There are times that you need to pay for the next episodes.

VII. MANGA

create distinctive characters and imaginative stories.

It is a pop culture phenomenon that has spun off
from simply art and comic stories to Anime fairs,
merchandise, and movies. The characteristics of
Magna characters have made all this possible. From
the faces and hair to the clothing, accessories, and
over exaggerated emotions, Manga is in a world all
to its own.

Types of Manga
 ShÔnen- Boy’s Manga (Pronounced Show-Nen)
 ShÔjo- Girl’s Manga (Pronounced Show-Joe)
 Seinen- Men’s Manga (Pronounced Say-Nen)
 Josei- Women’s Manga (Pronounced Joe-Say)
 Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Kow-Dow-Mow)

Elements of a Manga:
1. Face
The face is the first characteristic you notice on a Manga character. With oversized
eyes, an almond-shaped face, and a very small mouth, the face stands out over the rest of the
body. With the rapid switch from distance to close-up shots, the face is key to drawing you
into the character and keeping you in the emotion of the story.
 2. Hair
A Manga character's hair is a key characteristic, and therefore needs to be elaborate and
eye-catching. It is not uncommon for the character's hair to be long with many lines and of an
abnormal color. This is the look of traditional Japanese Magna characters and creates a visual
dynamism that separates these characters from mainstream animation that comes out of the
United States.

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3. Clothing and Accessories
The way a Manga character dresses and accessorizes represent who and what they are.
For example, if the character is of a spiritual nature, then they might wear a cloak or a piece of
cloth that floats to represent the spiritual plane. This represents who they are. For Magna
warrior characters, accessories are what define the character. Swords, spears and other weapons
represent what they are. These details are important and should not be ignored.

4. Exaggerated Emotions
Manga characters are known for their over exaggerated emotions. When a cartoon
character cries, visible tears fall from their face, but when a Magna character cries, it rains
down in buckets. Eyes reduce in size, and the mouth either reduces in pain or expands if the
character cries out. The same can be said for anger. Magna evokes intense color in the face and
steam coming off the body. Magna characters become consumed by emotion.

VIII. DIGI FICTION

Digi-fiction is a literary experience that combines three

media; book, movie/video, and Internet website. In order to get
the full story, students must engage in navigation, reading,
viewing, in all three formats.

Why did digi-fiction emerge?

1. People’s attention span was becoming shorter and shorter and that it was important to give
people more options on how they consumed entertainment and books.

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 2. There has been a technological paradigm shift (from sit back media to lean forward
media).
What do we need to know?
1. It can mean that the entire book can only be found online.
2. Sometimes works include passcodes so that there will access to more information.

IX. DOODLE FICTION

A literary presentation where the author

incorporates doodle drawings and hand written
graphics in place of traditional font. Drawings
enhance the story, often adding humorous
elements that would be missing if the
illustrations were omitted.

Characteristics of a Doodle fiction:

• Simple drawings that can have concrete

representational meaning or may just be composed of random and abstract lines.

• Doodling engages the brain's “executive resources” - processes that help us plan,
multitask and concentrate.

• It also acts as a mediator between the spectrum of thinking too much or thinking too
little and helps focus on the current situation.
Mathematicians and scientists use doodles to explain complex theories and equations.
Business people use doodles to map business plans and strategies. Across the globe, people
from all walks of life are doodling to help them communicate – to give visual representation
and meaning to their ideas and to help others.
Elements of a doodle fiction:
1. Plot – in fiction, the structure of interrelated actions, consciously selected and arranged
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 by the author.
2. Characters – is a person in a narrative work of art (such as a novel, play, television
series, or movie). The character can be completely fictional or based on a real-life
person.
3. Setting – the setting is both the time and geographic location within a narrative or
within a work of fiction.
 4. Person Point of View – is essentially the eyes through which a story is told. It is the
narrative voice through which readers follow the story's plot, meet its characters,
discover its setting, and enter into its relationships, emotions, and conflicts.
5. Theme – in works of fiction, a theme is the central idea or ideas explored in the story.
6. Style – doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or
may just be composed of random and abstract lines, generally without ever lifting the
drawing device from the paper, in which case it is usually called a "scribble".

X. FLASH FICTION
Flash fiction goes by many names,
including micro-fiction, micro-stories, short-shorts, short-short
stories, very short stories, sudden fiction, postcard fiction and
nano-fiction. While it can be difficult to pinpoint an exact
definition of flash fiction based on word count, consideration
of several of its features can help provide clarity, like its
brevity, length, background and purpose.

What Are the Rules of Flash Fiction?

Flash fiction is the modern term given to a very short story, usually one under 500
words in length. There is no standard definition and some people argue the term only applies to
stories of less than 300 words and others say that any story under 1,000 words qualifies.
Whatever the agreed length of flash fiction, it should still contain all the elements that you
would expect to find in a longer story.

Elements of Flash Fiction Explained:

• Flash fiction must have a beginning, middle and an end.

• For the story to have impact there should be some change in action or motivation of the
protagonist.

• The reader needs to feel that there is some kind of resolution by the end of the story.

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• Writing to such a tight brief is difficult. It is a different skill to that of writing a novel.
Flash fiction requires brevity.

• An author needs to convey character and plot in a succinct manner and make every word
count.
The Essentials of Flash or Micro Fiction
1. The story is short in length. This could be as brief as 6 words, or as long as 1,000.
2. The tale must engage with a reader's emotions. Your characters must be fully developed and not
cardboard cut-outs.
3. Good fiction includes a surprise or plot twist. The ending should be unexpected and not
predictable.
4. The story should mark a change or epiphany for the main character. This could be a physical
change, or a change of mind that has lifechanging impact.

Characteristics of a flash fiction:

If you’re writing a flash fiction story, it’s important to know how they are similar—and
different—to longer stories. Flash fiction is shorter, but it should not feel too short. Here are some
traits of strong flash fiction stories.
1. Story Structure : A flash fiction story is not the shortened version of a longer story; it
still follows the elements of plot, including a beginning, middle and end, as well as a
conflict and satisfying resolution.
2. Setting : Most flash fiction stories take place in one setting, as moving between
locations uses up too much space. It allows the writer and reader to focus on the plot.
3. Characters and Backstory : Flash fiction pieces are plot-driven and include no more
than three or four characters. They may include some character development, but too
much backstory can use valuable space.
4. Description : One may think that flash fiction stories are short on description to save
space. However, a strong piece can balance vivid descriptions with a quick-moving plot.
Stories that lack description are not satisfying to read, and a flash fiction piece should
feel complete.

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XI. SIX WORD FLASH POETRY
 Six-Word Stories are especially challenging to
write. They have no beginning, middle, or end, but tell
an entire story in only six words. The most famous
example of a six-word story is attributed to Ernest
Hemingway: “For sale: Baby shoes, never worn.”
 With Hemingway’s example, the story structure manages to establish character, conflict, 129
and tone without direct exposition. Readers are left to their own tragic interpretation when it
comes to the words that are not present.
There are four elements that every flash fiction piece needs to have if you want it to be good.
And if you mix them just right, your flash fiction might even end up great.
1. Realistic Characters/Settings
The obvious concern in flash fiction is “how do I make my characters and setting real in
1,000 words or less?” I have a few suggestions for you.

• Show us things about your characters/settings that make them unique. In other words,
skip the boring stuff—your readers can fill that in on their own.

• Keep your number of characters and settings low. One major or supporting character per
every 300-500 words is a good metric, and most flash fiction stories only have one
setting.

• Stick with one-character point of view if possible, or maybe two.

• Whenever possible, write dialogue that both advances the story and reveals character.
2. Solid Plot/Structure
“My story can only be 1,000 words long. Do I even need story structure?” Of course,
you do, perhaps now more than ever. A solid percentage of the stories Splickety rejects are for
one reason: nothing is happening. Adding story structure and having a recognizable plot can
help you get published instead of rejected.

Here are some ideas on how you can do that better:

• Establish a recognizable beginning, middle, and end. Your story can begin in the middle
of something, but the conflict and characters have to develop in the middle. We also
need some kind of resolution at the end, even if it’s somewhat obscure.

• In your beginning, start with a gripping hook (just like in a novel) to pull us into the
story.

• Your end line should also pack significant punch.

 • Remember: above all else, something has to happen.
3. Gripping Conflict/Tension
If you haven’t heard by now, great fiction of any length needs both conflict and tension
in order to drive the characters and the plot. There are two kinds of conflict under which all
other kinds fall: internal and external. Both are useful tools for motivating your characters and
moving the story along by creating tension.
Here’s how:

• In general, conflict means that something opposes your character.

• Internal conflict means that something within your character opposes him. Ask him
questions to figure out what it is. Is it a hidden disease? A hurt from his past? A dark
secret? Self-doubt?

• External conflict comes from outside the character, usually from one of three sources:
other characters (antagonists), the setting, or events.

• Combine the two types of conflict against your character and he’s in for a rough ride—
which means your readers can expect a compelling story.
Not all conflict in your story has to be resolved in the traditional sense. It’s okay to let
the reader wonder how things worked out as long as you plant clues that give them an
indication. If you’ve ever seen the movie Inception, you know what I mean.
4. An Excellent Editor
Yes, you need to pay your flash fiction the same respect you’d pay your novel by
ensuring that it is well-edited. Some of us are capable editors on our own, but that doesn’t mean
we shouldn’t get help here.
For example, I run a flash fiction magazine, have written six unpublished novels, and also hawk
my own services as a freelance editor. Of anyone in the world, I should be the most likely
person to not need an editor for my own flash fiction, right?
Wrong. Though I combed through my most recent flash fiction piece (set to debut in the
holiday issue of Splickety Magazine) with unparalleled obsession, I sent it to two authors
whom I trust for their review as well.
Guess what? They both found errors and places where I could improve the story.
No matter how good of a writer you think you are (or actually may be), you need to have
another set of eyes read and edit your piece before you submit it, especially if it’s to Splickety.
We even included that provision in our submission guidelines.
Here are the practical editing strategies that will help you make sure your piece is virtually
130
perfect:

• Remember that every word cut is to your benefit. You never know when you may have
to add more content later on.

• Utilize others: critique groups and partners, test readers, or hire a professional.

 Make sure that you follow all

really want you to do.

submission guidelines. That’s something that publishers

XII. SCIENCE FICTION

It is often called “sci-fi,” it is a genre of fiction

literature whose content is imaginative, but based in
science. It relies heavily on scientific facts, theories,
and principles as support for its settings, characters,
themes, and plot-lines, which is what makes it different
from fantasy.

Characteristics of a Science fiction:

1. Non-Human Characters 131
It's a cliché that sci-fi fiction and film are full of aliens. There's a reason that cliché
exists—it's because it's true. Aliens are among the non-human characters that we'll find in scifi.
But sci-fi isn't just about aliens. It's about robots, for example, or people who are just a little bit
more (or less!) than human, like Frankenstein's monster.
Sci-fi, in other words, is very much about exploring the limits of being human. What exists
beyond us regular folk living on earth? Suppose there are "extraterrestrial" creatures. Would
they be like us or would they be different from us? And what about machines? Can't they have
feelings, too? By focusing not only on human, but non-human characters, sci-fi writers force us
to consider what we even mean by the "human."

2. Allegory
Sci-fi works may be set in fantastic locations far away from where we mere mortals
live, but that doesn't mean that they have nothing to do with us. That's because even when sci-fi
writers write about distant worlds, they're really often writing about our own world.
Sci-fi tends to be allegorical: the best sci-fi works often have a hidden meaning, because
they work as a commentary on our own world and our own social and political systems. These
sci-fi writers are a pretty sneaky bunch. They transport us to distant worlds only to get us
thinking about the way that we live in this world.

3. Science and Technology

 Maybe it's a bit of a no-brainer to say that science is a big part of science fiction. We'll
also add technology to the mix, because science and technology are big in this genre. Hey, just
because it's obvious (we hear you saying "Technology in sci-fi?! Really, now?!") doesn't mean
it's not true.
What makes sci-fi works sci-fi is the fact that their settings, their plots, their characters,
their conflicts, all center around science and technology in some sense. After all, we wouldn't
have all of those great Sci-fi works set in outer space if it weren't for the fact that science and
technology allow characters to travel to outer space in the first place.

4. Time Travel
Often, the whole plot of a Sci-fi work is set in a distant time, usually in the future. Sci-fi
writers are obsessed with exploring times that are very different from ours. This, again, is one
of the defining characteristics of the genre. If we're reading a book where things are taking
place in the distant future, odds and good that it's a sci-fi book. And, because it's a sci-fi book,
the goods are also pretty odd.

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5. Journey
We'll find lots and lots of journeys in sci-fi. People are traveling all over the place. They
might zip from galaxy to galaxy, or from time to time. If the whole universe were your oyster,
wouldn't you be jumping from one place to the next too?
So, journeys are another recurring theme in sci-fi. If we pay close attention, we'll find that
there's hardly a sci-fi text that doesn't include some kind of voyage. This is often one of the
structuring devices in works of sci-fi.

6. Dystopia
Sci-fi writers like talking about our world by pretending to talk about another world. They're
sneaky and nuanced like that.
And one of sci-fi writers’ favorite ways to do this is to depict dystopia. Some of us may
have heard the word before, but for those of us who haven't, dystopia is the opposite of utopia.
A utopian society is wonderful: people are free and happy and the sun's shining and
everything's just dandy. In a dystopia people are oppressed, they're miserable, and everything
they do is controlled by some authority.
Some of the most famous sci-fi works—like Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and
George Orwell's 1984—are futuristic depictions of dystopia. Sci-fi writers love warning us: "If
we continue down this road our society will look like this in a hundred, or a thousand years.
And it ain't pretty."
7. Age of Reason 133
The roots of sci-fi really go back—way back—to the Age of Reason. That's the 18th
century we're talking about, when the Enlightenment changed the world as we know it.
During this time, philosophers and scientists emphasized the use of reason over
superstition. More and more of the world was being explored and mapped, and it was around
this time that authors began writing texts speculating about the future, and focusing their stories
on scientific endeavor.

8. Advances in Science and Technology

The Scientific Revolution, which got going in the 16th century in Europe, had a huge
(like, phenomenally large) impact on our understanding of the world. Scientists and
mathematicians like Galileo and Isaac Newton made discoveries that continue to impact us to
this day (heard of calculus? Yeah, we have Newton to thank for that).
Advances in science and technology really revved up in the late 18th/early 19th century,
and these advances made sci-fi possible as a genre. During this time, we learned a lot—and we
mean a lot—about nature. And thanks to the industrial revolution, beginning at the end of the
18th century, technology also developed at a very speedy pace.

9. Sci-Fi Magazines
The golden age of sci-fi coincided with an explosion of magazines that published
science fiction. In fact, some of the most popular sci-fi works were first published in magazines
that released work in serial format.

The important elements of science fiction:

1. Speculation
The speculative question "what if?" is the starting point for all science fiction. Many
scholars list Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein" as one of the first science fiction books.
Shelley's book gave an answer to the question of what would happen if a scientist, Victor
Frankenstein, used electricity to reanimate a corpse. Other science fiction stories answer
questions about what would happen if first contact with aliens occurred or if humans achieved
faster-than-light space travel.

2. Science Impacts
 Science fiction frequently includes stories about the impact of scientific or technological 134
change on people. For example, H.G. Wells' "The Time Machine" explored the consequences of
building a machine that could carry its occupant far into the future. The "Star Trek" television
shows and films portray a future "Federation of Planets" that couldn't "boldly go" anywhere
without the warp drive that allows the Enterprise to travel between the stars.

3. Setting
Science fiction stories often take place in the future or in alternate universes. The "Star
Wars" films, for example, contain many futuristic elements, even though they feature events
that happened "a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away." If they are set closer to the present
day, they include scientific speculation that differs from ordinary daily life -- as in "The
Running Man" book and film, which tell the story of a cop framed for a crime he didn't commit
who must survive a deadly TV game show.
4. Related Genres
Horror is one of the most closely related genres to science fiction. Most people consider
"Frankenstein" to be both a horror and a science fiction story. Zombie stories are one of the
most popular current types of horror; some have a supernatural explanation, but others do not.
For example, the post-apocalyptic world of the television series "The Walking Dead" is the
result of a zombie virus. The "Alien" films include gruesome, horrifying alien monsters
alongside less-frightening science fiction elements such as cloning and space travel.

XIII. BLOG
A blog is an online journal or informational website
displaying information in the reverse chronological order,
with the latest posts appearing first. It is a platform where a
writer or even a group of writers share their views on an
individual subject.

Blogging Sites

• WordPress
• Google Blogger
• TypePad Is
• Movable Type
• Drupal
Ten characteristics of a blog: 135
1. A Blog Must Always Be Dynamic
A common question about a blog is how it relates to a website – are these two
essentially the same, or are there any differences between them? While websites are mainly
presentational, blogs are always intended to engage. A website is therefore static, as opposed to
a blog that must be dynamic.
The information offered by websites is presented on static pages, in the form of an evergreen
content that doesn’t require any updates. Blog posts, on the other hand, are like diary entries;
they include a publishing date and meta tags. New entries and regular updates are key to
running any kind of blog.

2. Posts Are Displayed in Reverse Order

Unlike with a personal diary written in a notebook, blog entries are displayed in reverse
chronological order – the newest posts being on top. The latest ones push previously published
ones down the list until they completely disappear from the landing page. Older posts are
usually archived on the following pages, but they can also be organized by the month or year
when they were first published.

3. Most Blogs Have the Same Structure

First comes a header with the menu or navigation bar to declutter the page and make a great
first impression. It’s followed up by the main content area on which blog posts appear either by
order of publishing or by relevance. Down below are contact pages, privacy policies, and
relevant links, neatly arranged in a footer. A sidebar highlights favorite entries and displays
social profiles and call-to-actions.

4. The Blog’s Leading Star Is Its Content

Different blogs publish different types of posts, though a majority of them relies on the
power of the written word. Depending on the author’s intention, an article is typically an
opinion piece, an instructional guide, or a news post. Monotonous chunks of text are separated
with images or videos.
 A blog post can also be a picture with little or no text. It’s a common trend in fashion and 136
travel blogs, though it’s also not rare for business-related niches to publish infographics instead
of instructional articles. But regardless of the medium, a blog is always defined by the quality
of its published content.
5. Headlines Should Be Attention Grabbers
Naming a blog post is an art by itself. There’s a whole philosophy behind writing article
headlines – a compelling one can truly silence the noise, instantly generating clicks, driving
traffic, and enticing a reader to read on. Nowhere in the online universe are titles given the
same kind of attention as here.

6. One Rule Applies to All Blogs: Relevancy

Though every engaging content must be relevant, this rule especially applies to blogs posts.
They might differ in types, mediums, formats, and styles; in order to arouse interest or evoke
debate, they have to be original and unique; but to be read at all, blog posts must always deliver
upon their promise.

7. Blogs and Links Go Hand in Hand

As a promotional strategy, link building is not limited to blog posts, but it definitely is a
characteristic that all decent blogs share. Blogs and links go hand in hand even when marketing
isn’t the goal. Internal linking, for instance, ensures intuitive navigation between mutually
relevant posts, thus providing an exceptional reading experience. It’s about the flow and
facilitation of knowledge transfer.

8. A Blog Is Founded on Personal Touch

The word “blog” derives from an earlier version “weblog”, which initially referred to
personal online journals. Before blogs became political in the early 2000s, they were merely
means to make private thoughts and opinions public. The personal touch, however, remains
their vital characteristic to date.
Even with today’s universal topics, the recommended interpretative approach is the one that
implies uniqueness. If the subject matter requires utmost objectivity, the personal touch is
accomplished through an individualistic writing style. Every blog author has an “About Me”
page and a distinct signature mark.

9. Posts Should Always Encourage Debate

 The comment section is another mutual characteristic of respectable blogs. It’s typically
located at the end of every post, as a place for readers to engage in a conversation and leave
their honest feedback. The ability to provoke a response and encourage interaction is held in the
highest regard by all readers.
10. All Blogs Are About Communication
With or without open debate, communication is still the end purpose of each and every blog 137
post. If the blog is promotional, its goal is to attract the audience and open a dialogue that will
hopefully convince them to buy what the owner is selling. If not about sales, then it’s about
spreading the word.
Whether it imparts knowledge, provides solutions, or simply entertains, blogging is a
brilliant way of reaching out and communicating with the world. Without any question at all,
such a transformative power of free expression and exchange is the single most important
characteristic of any terrific blog.

Characteristics of a quality blog post

Every blog post requires time and effort. The time spent on creating quality posts
translates directly into more clicks and higher site traffic, making the investment worth it.
There are many things that can influence the quality of your blog posts, and it all mostly
depends on your niche, style, and audience. However, no matter how diverse the blog posts are,
there are still a few things that everyone should pay close attention to if they want to leave an
overall good impression on their readers.

1. Thought-out Design
We’ve already touched upon the topic of monotonous chunks of text and how undesirable
they are in blog posts. The reason behind this being how quickly your readers make a judgment
about your post. You have just about 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression.
Blocks of text are often overwhelming, and if the readers cannot scan through the text with
ease, they’ll move on from your site. So, make sure to use short paragraphs, break up the text
with some interesting visuals such as images, GIFs, videos, infographics, etc.

2. Perfect Length
One of the most common questions about blog posts is how long they should be. The
simplest answer is long enough.
Most would believe that because of the shorter attention span of readers, the posts
themselves should be shorter.

138
 The fact of the matter is that as long as your post is informative and as long as it answers
your audience’s questions, it doesn’t matter how long it is.
If you have a 500-word limit but have much more to say on the topic, go right ahead. On the
other hand, don’t spread out 500 words worth of content to 3000 words.
The focus should be on the quality of the content. As long as the blog post offers value to
the reader, its length is unimportant.

3. Original Content
Regardless of the niche you choose for your blog, it’s more than likely that someone has
covered the topic before. Everything’s already been said and done, but this doesn’t mean you
should just copy-paste the content.
Primarily, to stand out from the crowd, you need to offer a new approach to the covered
topics. This can be done with your tone of voice, style of writing, or point of view.
Going back to that “personal touch”, if you’ve chosen a niche that you’re passionate about,
offering your own unique approach to it shouldn’t be difficult.

4. Great Research
Every high-quality blog post requires time and effort invested in the research. The more you
devote yourself to the research, the easier it becomes to write the post.
Primarily, this will give you insight into other’s opinions on the topic, you’ll dive deeper
into it, making it easier to form your own unique approach to it.
Secondly, the easiest way to lose readers is by being unreliable. Every claim should be backed
up by evidence, so links and citations from credible sources are essential.

…..

EXERCISES!
ACTIVITY 8.1
Directions: Identify the new emerging genres of literature that is being shown below and
give a short description of each.

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1.
Description:
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Description:
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Description: 7.
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ACTIVITY 8.2
Directions: Choose three (3) new emerging genres of literature that you like the most,
141 state the reason why you like those and discuss each elements and characteristics.

1 Genre of new emerging literature: __________________________________Genre of

new emerging literature: ___________________________________
Why do you like it? _________________________________________________Why do you
like it? ___________________________________________________

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Elements and Characteristics: _______________________________________Elements and
Characteristics: ___________________________________________
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Genre of new emerging literature: __________________________________

2 Why do you like it?
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Elements and Characteristics: ________________________________________
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 Genre of new emerging literature: __________________________________

3 Why do you like it?

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Elements and Characteristics: _______________________________________
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142
 Lesson 9: Issues and Challenges in Emerging Literature
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Examine the characteristics of new emerging genres of new literature; and;
b. Discuss issues and challenges in emerging literature.

Before discussing the emerging trends in English literature, it is a must to understand the
meaning of literature. Literature is the mirror of society. In C.S. Lewis‟ words “Literature adds
to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life
requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already
become.” In a simpler way, literature is what we see, feel, observe, and then penned down
through different genres like poetry, novel, short story, essay or drama. J. Long beautifully
states “Behind every book is a man; behind the man is the race; and behind the race are the
natural and social environments whose influence is consciously reflected.”
Each age has its own characteristics revealing that particular period and its literature:
1. The Renaissance Age (1500-1660) is known for the origin of intellectual liberty, of
growing intelligence and comfort among all classes; in Long’s words.
2. The Eighteenth-century literature, known as Neo-Classic Age (1660-1798) also,
demanded that poetry should follow exact rules; and proposed to have discovered its
rules in the classics of Horace and Virgil and Ovid.
3. The Age of Romanticism (1785-1830) verbalized love for Nature in different ways like
Wordsworth showing divine element in nature; S.T. Coleridge pen-portraying
supernaturalism; Lord Byron ferociousness; Keats presenting sensuous beauty and
Shelley abstract ideas.
4. Victorian Age (1837-1901) is an era of transition. In the later part of the nineteenth
century and in the beginning of the twentieth century, the growth of industrialization,
urbanization and the advent of the First World War brought the loss of faith in the
traditional values and morals, and caused the colossal wastage of human lives. A time
period marked by peace, progress, sensibility on one hand and massacre of spiritual and
religious feelings on the other. Materialism and scientific attitude brutally murdered
human faith in God.
It is difficult to define one typical characteristic of 20th and 21st century. This age is full of
experimentation and it is discussed in different genres. The literary canon of 20th and 21st
century foregrounds an aesthetic shift which is more transitional; experimental, more anxious,
more liberal and self-interrogating too.

143
 In pre-world war era, mostly writers remained loyal to the trends of Victorian age. Darwin’s
Origin of Species (1859) led the world towards mourning over the loss of God. But a change
could be noticed with H.G. Well’s Utopian Study of A Modern Utopia that captured optimistic
mood and gave an expression that science and technology would transform the world.
Meanwhile, Aesthetic Movement gained popularity due to its being in favor of Catholicism
and mysticism. Aesthetes believed in the idea that the art is useless if it is in commitment with
the ideas of morality and standard of conduct. For them “art for art’s sake” has been the motto
of the movement. Oscar Wilde is considered to be the mentor of the movement and he believed
that the motive of art is to provide sensual pleasure only. His plays The Importance of Being
Earnest, A Woman of No Importance, and An Ideal Husband are some applauded examples of
aestheticism. W.B. Yeats‟ prose “The Secret Rose” (1897), “The Tables of the Law”; poems
“The Rose”, “Crossways” are some of the finest examples.
As a result of all this, Post-world war literature faced constant changes in literary trends. No
particular school of thought or movement ruled 20th and 21st century. Some literary artisans
believed in imitation while others did translation of classics and regional literature. Ted Hughes
translated Ovid’s Aeschylus and Euripides‟ works. Christopher Fry’s translated works enhanced
their already considerable reputation. Works of Munsi Prem Chand, Rabindra Nath Tagore,
Mahasweta Devi have been translated into English and other languages too.
Another trend in 20th and 21st century is Modernism which has its origin in the early 20th
century. Modernists explored and experimented with literary form and expression. They
adhered to Ezra Pound’s maxim “to make it new.” It was the outcome of drastic efforts to
change traditional representation styles into new ways of expressing sensibilities of the time.
Some prominent writers and poets of this movement are Ezra Pound, Marcel Proust and
Virginia Woolf. Pound’s poems “Cathay”, “Umbra”, “Lustra” and “Canto”; Woolf’s novels
Mrs. Dalloway, To The Lighthouse and The Waves are examples of modernist experiment.
Modernism has arisen from two movements: “symbolism‟ and “imagism‟ which highly
affected the poetic creation of the time. Symbolism is a reaction against naturalism and realism.
Imagism finds its roots in the aesthetic philosophy of T.E. Hulme. The poets believed in
utilizing common speech; in creating new rhythms and moods; infinite choice of subject matter;
excessive use of symbols and images; yet providing clarity in style. Charles Baudelaire’s poetry
volume Les Fleurs Du Mal marks the beginning of symbolism. Amy Lowell is an American
Imagist who promoted the works of imagists in England. Ezra Pound is renowned name in
Imagism and he published an anthology under the title Des Imagists to promote the works of
the imagists. All of the modernists worked very hard to free themselves from the shackles of
traditional monopoly of writing form and content.
Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx are the two who questioned human rationality leading to a
change in dealing of characters. Instead of dealing with characters as action figures, modernist
writers started handling them as someone with thought and soul. This gave birth to another
trend of Psycho-analysis. It gave a real life to the characters in novel and drama. James Joyce is
the first writer to fully understand the importance of a character’s insight. In his novels Ulysses 144
and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, he introduced his characters with monologues.
Virginia Woolf coined “Stream-of-Consciousness” to let the readers have a look in the psyche
of her characters. This term denotes an endless flow of consciousness and it means that
consciousness includes the entire area of mind from illogical, pre-conscious and pre-speech
level to rational and conscious speech level, including thoughts, memories, associations and
reflections. There are many other terms linked with the stream of consciousness novel like
“interior monologues”, “stream of thoughts”, all denoting that the subject matter of this kind of
novel is the inner psyche of man.
“Stream-of-consciousness‟ technique in a novel is better known as expressionistic
technique in drama; Arthur Miller employs this technique with perfection in plays like Death of
a Salesman (1949). Jean Paul Sartre also focused on the value of a character as an individual
and made existentialism a famous movement of the time. They fought for the existence of
human being as an individual; as a free person in literary work. The one who is responsible for
his own actions. They believed that an individual is responsible for his life as he acts and reacts
according to his own free will and this determines his nature and directs his life. Concept of
existentialism is fully employed by Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel Crime and Punishment and
by Franz Kafka in his novel The Trial.
When philosophers talk about the value of individual, then Feminist writers restate gender
in association with other categories such as race and class. These writers use literature as a
strong medium to fight for the rights of women and especially of women writers. Toril Moi
through her book Sexual/Textual Politics and What is a Woman? fought for equal rights and
understanding for women. Helene Cixous’ text The Laugh of the Medusa warns readers,
especially women, either to read it fully or remain trapped in the language barriers created by
men. Julia Kristeva and Simon de Beauvoir also raised their voices to fight for women and their
rights through the podium of literature.
Post-colonial Literature outshined the International arena of fight for the rights of
“ThirdWorld‟. Emergence of the writers or poets or playwrights from “Black or Dark
continent‟ or “Orients‟ stunned the English literary world. Aboriginals from different colonies
throughout the world came up with themes and plots unveiling the brutal deeds committed
under the mask of “Christian Burden”. Not only local artists like Chinua Achebe in his novel
Things Fall Apart or Wole Soyinka in his play Lion and the Jewel but also white writers like
Joseph Conrad in his novella Heart of Darkness reflected their strong unhappiness towards
Imperial government’s hypocrisy. Many British writers believed that it is the responsibility of
ruling government to look after the people being ruled.
With emergence of artists from once-colonized countries, a new trend emerged too, i.e. use
of vernacular and colloquial language in English literature. Writers like Mulk Raj Anand in his
novels Untouchable and Gauri; Chinua Achebe in the novel Things Fall Apart; Bapsi Sidhwa in
her novel Ice Candy Man; Kamala Markandya in her novels Nectar in a Sieve and A Handful of
Rice have devised regional languages like Hindi, Punjabi, Parsi etc. with standardized English.
The major reason has been the dire need of introducing the First Nations with the Idea that the
nations once being ruled, are not at all without literature and culture. Also, to show them how
145
they mistreat people with different skin color and race in their countries. V.S. Naipaul’s A
House for Mr. Biswas and Saul Bellow’s “The Victim” are the novels that portrayed the
struggle of migrants in foreign lands: how alienated and isolated they feel, how they long for
the feeling of belongingness and how indifferently they are treated.
This indifference is a part of all the countries. People not only misbehave with outsiders but
with insiders as well. Dalit literature is the outcome of such ill-treatment. The so called
“twiceborns‟ always misbehaved with Dalits or harijans or untouchables. Unfortunately, India
has been a fertile ground for such discrimination since ages. Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable
gives a detailed account of it. A boy with calibre of becoming an officer remains a sweeper
because of his low birth. Omprakash Valmiki’s Joothan, Narendra Jadhav’s Untouchables and
Baby Kemble’s The Prisons We Broke have emerged as popular texts depicting issues of racial
segregation and injustice.
In Realist Movement, authors attempted to represent familiar things as they were. They
chose to reflect every day and banal activities and experiences instead of using a romantic story
line with exaggeration. Muriel Spark combined satirical realism with implications of an
extrarealist and spiritual dimension in her novels like Robinson, The Bachelors etc. Samuel
Clemens better known as „Mark Twain‟ also was equipped with realism in his works as in The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
G.B. Shaw, Arthur Miller, Sean O’Casey, E.M. Forster etc. gave accounts of their time’s
social, political and economic issues. G.B. Shaw in his plays Saint Joan, The Apple Cart
underlined the satire on the political reality of Britain from time to time. Arthur Miller through
his dramas All My Sons and Death of a Salesman pointed out economic and social failures in 146
the times of American economic depression. Sean O‟ Casey’s play Juno and the Paycock also
presents the failure of society in Ireland to provide social security to a family during war.
Marxist movement began in early 20th century with Karl Marx’s idea of utopian world; a
classless society. Many writers after Industrialization felt the requirement of a society without
class-struggle and clashes. John Galsworthy in his work Strife dealt with the conflict between
proletariat and capitalists. W.H. Auden was also a believer of communism in his early days and
he projected this through plays like The Dog Beneath the Skin and On the Frontier. Stephen
Spender also participated in communist flow but for a very short span of time.
Science fiction is a trend which is the outcome of totally opposite realms i.e. facts and
imagination. H.G. Wells is one of the renowned fiction writers. He remained fascinated by the
prospects that science offered to man. His fantasies The Time Machine and The Invisible Man
show his interest in technology which attracted him to write the science fiction. Kitchen Sink
Drama is a product of 20th century theatre. It’s a way of writing where the protagonist is
projected as an „angry young man‟. John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger is considered to
be the first play to present the angry young man of contemporary drama. Shelagh Delaney’s
play A Taste of Honey is another great example of such theatre. Comedy of Menace is a unique
trend in which playwrights focused on providing fun out of painful and tense situation. Harold
Pinter’s play The Birthday Party is a fine example where humor has been created out of terror.
David Campton, Nigel Dennis and N.F. Simpson are some authors producing comedy from 147
horror.
Another style of play writing is “Theatre of the Absurd‟ where the action and reaction in the
plot fails to deliver any proper meaning. Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot projects this
theatre as no one knows anything about Godot: who he is, why others have been waiting for
him, why he has failed to come, etc.
Moral Degradation, sexuality and homosexuality are openly discussed by authors in 20th
and 21st century. They have boldness in dealing with these topics. D.H. Lawrence skillfully
deals with mother-son relationship or Oedipus complex in his novel Sons and Lovers. T.S.
Eliot’s The Wasteland is a sermon on degrading system of moral and spiritual values.
Tennessee Williams‟ play A street Car Named Desire focuses on sexual urges. William
Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies deals with moral corruption of the society portrayed through
kids. Literary artists have become quite bold and liberal in dealing with hetro as well as
homosexuality.
After medievalism, in 21st century magic and mythology are again trending. J.K. Rowling’s
series Harry Potter novels, C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia, Dan Brown’s Novels The Da
Vinci Code, Inferno, Angles and Demons are a few examples of use of mythology in modern
literature.
Pop or popular fiction is plot-driven work written with the intention of fitting into currently
famous literary sub-genre. It is created in order to attract majority of audiences or readers
already familiar with the genre. It is also known as Genre fiction. Famous novelist Chetan
Bhagat is a pop-fiction writer. His works are 2 States: The story of Marriage, Half Girlfriend
etc. The focus remains on becoming best seller and for that the story could be taken to any
level.
Digital or Cyber literature is the latest trend in which works of creation are exclusively on
and for digital devices. In this trend of literature, the writer relies on cyber medium like
website, blogs or social media pages. Pry is a novella from collaboration of Danny Cannizzaro
and Samantha Gorman also known as Tender Claws. Jason Nelson is another digital poet and
net-artist. Michael Joyce’s 12 Blue and Jim Andrew’s Stir Fry Texts are some more examples of
digital literature.
Multiple trends have emerged and are emerging in 21st century. Some are like adaptations
of traditional movements and techniques while others are the outcome of science and
technology. Hence, these ages depict modern literature through social/political/religious milieus
with different genres of poetry, novel and drama.
 …..

ACTIVITY 9.1 148

Direction: Choose one of the issues, challenges and trends of the emerging literature below
and write an essay about your insights about it. Note that a perfect score will be given to
those who have the following criteria:
4 3 2 1
Excellent Proficient Fair
Beginning
Main Idea Clearly states the Clearly states the Main idea of the The main idea
overall main idea main idea of the text is present. of the text is
of the text. text. not present.
Supporting Details Includes only Includes important Includes some Contains
essential and details but some relevant details but irrelevant
relevant details. might be missing. critical details.
information is
missing.

Understanding Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrate basic Demonstrates

clear adequate understanding of little or no
understanding of understanding of in formation in the understanding
information in the information in the text. of
text. text. information in
the text.
Issues, challenges and trends of Emerging Literature:
149
Aesthetic Movement gained popularity due to its being in favor of Catholicism and
mysticism. Aesthetes believed in the idea that the art is useless if it is in commitment with
the ideas of morality and standard of conduct. For them “art for art’s sake” has been the
motto of the movement.

Feminist writers restate gender in association with other categories such as race and class.
These writers use literature as a strong medium to fight for the rights of women and
especially of women writers.

Science fiction is a trend which is the outcome of totally opposite realms i.e. facts and
imagination.

Digital or Cyber literature is the latest trend in which works of creation are exclusively on
and for digital devices. In this trend of literature, the writer relies on cyber medium like
website, blogs or social media pages.

Existentialism is a famous movement of the time. They fought for the existence of human
being as an individual; as a free person in literary work. The one who is responsible for his
own actions. They believed that an individual is responsible for his life as he acts and reacts
according to his own free will and this determines his nature and directs his life.

Realist Movement, authors attempted to represent familiar things as they were. They chose
to reflect every day and banal activities and experiences instead of using a romantic story
line with exaggeration.
Use of vernacular and colloquial language in English literature basically means the
 Marxist movement began in early 20th century with Karl Marx’s idea of utopian world; a
classless society. Many writers after Industrialization felt the requirement of a society
Modernismwithout class-struggle and clashes. which has its origin in the early 20th century.
Modernists explored and experimented with literary form and expression. It was the outcome
of drastic efforts to change traditional representation styles into new ways of expressing
sensibilities of the time. Modernism has arisen from two movements: “symbolism‟ and
“imagism‟ which highly affected the poetic creation of the time. Symbolism is a reaction
against naturalism and realism. Imagism is utilizing common speech; in creating new
rhythms and moods; infinite choice of subject matter; excessive use of symbols and images;
yet providing clarity in style.

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151
ACTIVITY 9.2
Direction: Choose one among the emerging genres in literature and then create your own piece
(e.g. stories, poems), your work will be graded based on the criteria below.
3 2 1 0
CRITERIA /
Exceeds Meets Needs Inadequat
SCALE
Expectations Expectations Improvement e
• Structure • Paper is • Paper has • There is • There is
•Organization logically a clear some level of no apparent
• Flow of thought organized • organization organization organization to
• Transitions Easily al structure though the paper.
• Format followed with some digressions, • Difficult
• Effectiv ambiguities, to follow
digressions,
e, smooth, and irrelevances are • No or
ambiguities
logical too many • poor transitions •
or Difficult to
transitions • No format
irrelevances follow
Professional
• Easily • Ineffecti
format
followed • ve transitions •
Basic Rambling
transitions • format
Structured
format
• Language • Vocabul • • Vocabular • Vocabula
• Vocabular ary Vocabular y is used ry is
y; use is y is varied, properly though unsophisticated,
ofvocabulary sophisticated specific sentences may be not used
• Tone and correct as and simple properly in very
are sentences appropriat • Infrequen simple
which vary in e• tly uses subject sentences.
structure and Frequently specific • Uses
length uses vocabulary subject specific
• Uses and subject correctly • vocabulary too
manipulates specific sparingly
Writer’s tone
vocabulary
subject specific exhibits some
correctly •
vocabulary for level of audience
Writer’s
effect • Writer’s tone sensitivity
tone is clear, emerges and
consistent and is generally
appropriate for appropriate
intended to audience.
audience

Content/ • Central idea is • Central • The central idea • Central idea

information well developed idea and is expressed and clarity
• Clarity of clarity purpose is absent
 purpose purpose is
•Critical and
original
152

thought and clarity generally though it may or

• Use of examples of purpose is evidence essay be vague or incompletely
exhibited • Evidence too broad; expressed and
throughout of critical, Some sense of maintained •
the paper • careful thought purpose is Little or no
Abundance and main essay evidence of
of evidence analysis and/or • Some critical, careful
of insight evidence thought
critical, • There of analysis and/or
careful are good, critic careful insight
thought and relevant thought and • There are too
analysis supporting analysis few, no examples
and/or and/or insight and evidence or
• There are they are mostly
insight •
some exam relevant
Evidence and
and evidence,
examples are
though
vivid and
general
specific,
while focus
remains
tight.
Lesson 10: The Interrelationship of Contemporary, Popular and
Emergent Literature 153
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Discuss the relationship among contemporary, popular and emergent literature;
and
b. Analyze the interconnectedness among literatures like contemporary, popular and
emergent literature.

The Contemporary Literature (1940s – 1960s)

Contemporary literature is a vast group of written works produced from a specific time
in history through the current age. This literary era defines a time period, but it also describes a
particular style and quality of writing. Some see this period as an extension of postmodern
literature, but most refer to it as a literary era of its own.

A few scholars claim this period started at the end of World War II, and this is where the 154
era's pairing with postmodern literature comes in. The postmodern era began after WWII, in the
1940s, and lasted through the 1960s. The contemporary period extends to the current day.
Although there are a few disagreements about the beginning of this literary period, the
biggest dispute surrounds what qualifies a written work as literature. The word refers to both
poetry and prose, where prose includes works of fiction such as novels and novellas, essays,
and dramatic works. This term also refers to the quality of writing. In order to be considered
literature, a written work must uphold the highest writing standards and contain a particular
beauty and style. Many literary works become socially relevant and have the power to influence
the public.
Much of contemporary literature comes from Western authors; however, the term is not
synonymous with English or American literature, and this literary period can apply to written
works from anywhere in the world. In fact, globalization opened the door to include
contemporary works written by many literary figures in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
Genres included in this literary period span a variety of writing forms in addition to
novels and poetry. Flash fiction, short stories, slam poetry, plays, memoirs, and autobiographies
can all be included in this category. Nonfiction is usually not classified as literature, but this era
sometimes includes works of creative nonfiction, which tell a true story using literary
techniques.
Typical characteristics of the contemporary period include reality-based stories with
strong characters and a believable story. Settings usually keep to the current or modern
era, so futuristic and science fiction novels are rarely included in this category.
Welldefined, realistic, and highly developed characters are important in classifying a
written work as contemporary, and most writing in this category features stories that are
more character driven than plot driven.
Contemporary literature features a somewhat modern narrative, but it also contains a harsher
reality. Contemporary written works tend to be influenced by the prosperous lifestyle that
followed WWII, but this literary class is rooted in the devastation that war brought to the world.
A new reality blossomed in the post-war mind, and it included a personal cynicism,
disillusionment, and frustration that is common to this literary period.
 The Catcher in the Rye is set around the 1950s
and is narrated by a young man named Holden Caulfield.
Holden is not specific about his location while he’s
telling the story, but he makes it clear that he is
undergoing treatment in a mental hospital or sanatorium.
The events he narrates take place in the few days
between the end of the fall school term and Christmas,
when Holden is sixteen years old.
 Rabbit, Run is the book that established John Updike as one of the major American 155
novelists of his—or any other—generation. Its hero is Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom, a onetime
high-school basketball star who on an impulse desert his wife and son. He is twenty-six years
old, a man-child caught in a struggle between instinct and thought, self and society, sexual
gratification and family duty—even, in a sense, human hard-heartedness and divine Grace.
Though his flight from home traces a zigzag of evasion, he holds to the faith that he is on the
right path, an invisible line toward his own salvation as straight as a ruler’s edge.
Beloved, novel by Toni Morrison, published in
1987. The work examines the destructive legacy of
slavery as it chronicles the life of a Black woman named
Sethe, from her preCivil War days as a slave in
Kentucky to her time in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1873.
Although Sethe lives there as a free woman, she is held
prisoner by memories of the trauma of her life as a
slave.

The Popular Literature (19th – 20th Century)

Most of us have spent at least one delightful and lazy day reading at the beach or at the
park, in a hammock at home or at a mountain camp site. Usually, the books we choose for such
a delicious interlude are ones that have a vivid and exciting plot, lots of sensory imagery, and
one or two engaging characters. We refer to these books casually as Beach Reading or Escape
Reading - and sometimes we even say "junk" reading. But book lovers of all stripes (from
those who love the literary to those who never venture beyond the dime novel) will often have
favorites among the more "popular" books. Sometimes, even, very difficult and sophisticated
literary books are found in Beach Bags and on Lounge Chairs!
Jane Austen was, and continues to be a widely-read author. *Pride and Prejudice* has
been read by many, many people. Despite its universal appeal, this book is considered
"literary" and is not counted as a piece of "Popular Fiction."
Contrast that with Mary Shelley's Monster. One of the most "popular" books of all time
in terms of overall readership, movie adaptation, and general icon recognition is Mary Shelley's
*Frankenstein.* It is considered "Popular Fiction." And yet, Shelley was a serious writer, and
this story is an acknowledged literary masterpiece in many ways. (We will be reading this great
book in our class!)
On the other hand, Marie Belloc Lowndes' *The Lodger* (another text we will be
reading) was a raving success in late Victorian times but is less well known today - even though
the subject matter, Jack the Ripper, continues to inspire retellings!
I use these three examples to illustrate that "popular" fiction does not necessarily mean
156
thousands of pieces of fiction that were once popular that don't hold up so well - and may have
been rather indifferently written, as well. The sheer volume of the fiction that has been
published in the last 200 years leads us, sometimes, to assume that if a work was enormously
popular, it had to necessarily be inferior, too. In this class, I will argue that key pieces of
"popular" fiction are still both fun to read and important to literary study!
So how, then, you might ask, DO we distinguish between real "literary" fiction and
"popular" fiction, if some of the popular ones are also important literature? We can't, really; to a
large extent there are overlaps and special cases and so forth in these classifications.
But in general terms, we can always include in Popular Fiction works that can be
categorized as "Genre" works. [You will note that our study curriculum is organized by genre.]
If a novel fits the criteria of Horror, Crime, Detective, Romance, Western, Science Fiction, or
Fantasy, then we usually can include it in Popular Fiction (even if it also has all the traits of
Literary Fiction). Beyond the large-scale genres that we easily recognize, publishers also define
genre books by very specific sub-genres. British novels, for instance, in which we never see the
murder are called "Tea Cozy Crime Novels"

WHEN DOES POPULAR FICTION BEGIN?

The formal, publishing category of "Popular Fiction" begins in the 19th Century - a time
when wider literacy and cheaper printing make books available to middle-and-lower-class
readers. But, if we just look at the phenomena of popular stories, genre literature goes back to
the earliest folk tales and continues in privately-circulated manuscripts throughout history. We
think of "Tarzan" as being a creature of the 20th Century - a "popular" hero. Still and all, the
concept of the "wild man of the forest" shows up in tales from our earliest beginnings. Enkidu,
the friend of Gilgamesh (in the epic tale of Gilgamesh), was a rough and wild outsider, raised in
the forest. The oldest surviving manuscripts that tell this story are from a couple of eons ago,
but we know they came originally from ancient Sumerian times - 3000 BC or thereabouts!
(This epic also includes an account of "The Flood" - another popular tale!)
So we do know that stories which engage the attention of many people over time have
always existed and continue to inspire popular literature. We have always been fascinated with
Romances, with Adventures, with Ghosts and Monsters and Crimes. However, once the "book"
became a part of entertainment options for the masses, though, we had a flowering of new
stories and themes. Some of these themes (the Science Fiction aspects of *Frankenstein*, for
example) would not have been possible in the world before 1800. The same is true of the
Cowboy/Western genre. It was the rather new and unexplored territory of American expansion
that gave rise to the legends and novels about cowpunchers.
And, after 1900, when American Literature came to be appreciated and American
writers challenged the dominance of British writers in English, the categories, and the
differences between "literature" and "dime fiction" became muddier. Also, after 1900, a wider 157
readership and better distribution of books encouraged the recognition of even more new
movements, genres, and writers.
Jack the Ripper in the London
Fog
Infamous murderer Jack the Ripper killed
at
least five London female prostitutes in
1888. Never captured, his identity is one
of English's most famous unsolved
mysteries.

The Great Gatsby is a story about the impossibility of

recapturing the past and also the difficulty of altering one’s
future.

To Kill a Mockingbird, novel by Harper Lee, published in

1960. Enormously popular, it was translated into some 40
languages and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. In
1961 it won a Pulitzer Prize. The novel was praised for its sensitive
treatment of a child’s awakening to racism and prejudice in the
American South.

The Emergent Literature (21 st

century – present)
In the modern parlance, the term is associated with its academic context, referring to the
enduring works of fiction, philosophy, history, etc. that have been studied for generations and
shaped the foundations of our thought. Yet literature by its definition includes any and all
written works, a fact that has never been more relevant than in our current Internet age, when
the written word is more accessible and democratic than ever before.
The “death of print” has been much heralded over the past decade, precipitated by the
rising accessibility of devices like tablets and smartphones that have made the electronic
medium cheaper and more universal. Book sales, as well as magazine and newspaper
subscriptions, have diminished, but our appetite for information has grown larger and more
impetuous. 158
 Major journalistic sources, which have always thrived off a mixture of concision and
theatrics, have adapted to this shift. Twitter has created something of its own literary form,
offering the use of hash tags to help convey a message within 160 characters. Blogs have
afforded both individual writers and organizations, established or not, the opportunity of free
publication. The hyper-textual nature of the Internet, aided by now ubiquitous social media,
helps keep discussion flowing both around the world and around the clock. Online forums,
which once belonged to a niche of dedicated computer enthusiasts, have been incorporated by
most major news sites.
More “traditional” forms of literature, including novels, plays, and poetry, have been
less successful in conforming to new technology. Various forms of “electronic literature,”
including hypertext (interactive fiction), animated poetry, and even SMS (text-message) fiction
have grown yet still exist within a small niche.
The dynamics commanded by the continuous change of technological progress, the
incredible rate of advancement and the rapid shift of values which run pari passu with it, have
kinesis as their key characteristic: a circulation of information and people where almost
everything is dissolvable and dispensable.
But we have lost the optimism of the unifying potential of this kinesis. It has altered any
notions of romanticism. Such a literary exercise is seen most in how authors have dealt
with a post-9/11 world. Terrorism, clash and binding factors between civilizations or
populist and cheap criticism have dominated these early years of the 21st century.

Science fiction, therefore, has been rising in all its glory. This is because the dialectic
between the world and the materiality of language which “describes” it centers its attention on
the multiple fragmentation of a cultural “I”. The actant and his metamorphoses, in parallel with
technological advancement, become a decanted discourse. It fights against its obsolescence by
swapping our economic and social fabric with the unfamiliar. This destiny has actually been
weaved since the 1950s.
The rise of science fiction is not disconnected from what the Theatre of the Absurd had
already implemented. Entangled between the boundaries of modernism and post-modernism,
Camus’s concept of Absurd, Beckett and Ionesco, among others, depart from the promises of a
better man, his axiomatic language, and run through existential discourses on his failure and
consequent world view. Kerouac’s “Beat Generation”, along with William S. Burroughs, dealt
precisely with the roots of this fragmentation.
The internet has made it possible for students to take these non-traditional texts as
revisit them so that they may analyze them. We are transcending the limitations of print-based
texts into this incredible realm of possibility through advancing technology.
Therefore, although literature has to change with society, authors are still trying to
address immutable human questions in new ways and reconcile them with the ever-changing
technology that surrounds us. 159
 Tribulation of a Cashier by Anna Sam
Tribulations of a Cashier
is a sociological study of the grocery
store world from the viewpoint of the checkout In girl.
a kind of
supermarket Cinderella story, a cashier in France has become a
literary sensation. Anna Sam has turned her ungratifying job
into a humorous memoir. Now, her book has been translated
into 16 languages and turned the 29-year-old into the author she
has always wanted to be.

Indie film Spork, about a female-identified

intersexed person trying to deal with mean girls in
junior high, isn't just a smart comedy with posthuman
overtones. It represents the birth of a new subgenre:
Bitpunk.

Brandon J. Mendelson, author

The
of Falcon
Can Hear The Falconer

160

ACTIVITY 10.1
Direction: As we have tackled the Contemporary, Popular and Emergent Literature.
Group the students into 5 groups and discuss or explain what is being ask below.
1. How will you describe the relationship of Contemporary, Popular and Emergent
Literature? Explain how they are related with each other.

161

168
CHAPTER TEST!

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Direction: Define the following terms based on your understanding. Write your answer on
the space provided.
1. Literature
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
2. Contemporary Literature
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
3. Popular Literature
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
4. Emergent Literature
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
5. Interconnectedness of the three literature
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

162
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
II. REFLECTION
Direction: Based on the discussion, write a reflection on what you have learned and
understand on the lesson.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
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…..

166