Thermodynamic Properties

1. The weight of the object measured in the Mars is 10 N where the observed gravitational acceleration
is 3.40 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Determine the weight of the object in Earth where the gravitational acceleration is
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
Given:
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 10𝑁
𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 3.40𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

Required:
𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ =? (𝑁)

Solution:
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑚=
𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠
10𝑁 10𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚= =
3.40𝑚/𝑠 2 3.40𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚 = 2.94 𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
𝑚
𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = (2.94 𝑘𝑔) (9.81 )
𝑠2
𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 28.84 𝑁

2. The specific weight of an object is 3.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 . Determine the

(a) Density
(b) Mass if the dimension of the object is 6cm x 15 cm x 8cm
(c) Specific volume
(d) Specific gravity

Given:
𝛾 = 3.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Required:

(a) 𝜌 =? (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
(b) 𝑚 =? (𝑘𝑔)
(c) 𝑣̅ =? (𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔)
(d) 𝑆𝐺

Solution:
𝑊 𝑚𝑔
(a) 𝛾 = 𝑣
= 𝑣
= 𝜌𝑔

𝛾
𝜌=
𝑔

3500 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
3500 𝑁/𝑚3 𝑠 2 𝑚3
𝜌= 2
=
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝜌 = 356.78 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚
(b) 𝜌 = 𝑣

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑣

𝑘𝑔 3
1𝑚 3
𝑚 = (356.78 ) ((6𝑥15𝑥8)𝑐𝑚 ( ) )
𝑚3 100𝑐𝑚

𝑚 = 0.257 𝑘𝑔
1 1
(c) 𝑣̅ = 𝜌 = 356.78𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑣̅ = 2.80𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 356.78 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

(d) 𝑆𝐺 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑆𝐺 = 0.35678 = 0.357
3. The fuel tank of a large truck measures 1.2m x 0.9m x 0.6m. If it takes 12 minutes to fill the tank
at a garage fuel pump. What is the mass of flow rate of fuel from the pump? Assume relative
density or specific gravity of the fuel is 0.8
Given:
𝑉 = 0.648𝑚3
𝑡 = 12 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 720 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑆𝐺 = 0.8

Required:
̇ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 =? ( )
𝑠
Solution:
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑆𝐺 = =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑆𝐺 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = (0.8) (1000 )
𝑚3
𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

800𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = (0.648𝑚3 ) ( )
𝑚3
𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 518.4 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚̇ =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
518.4 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ =
720 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑚̇ = 0.72 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
4. A weather research instrument is suspended below a helium filled balloon which is a 3.8m
diameter sphere. If the specific volume of helium is 5.6𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 what is the weight of helium in
the balloon? Explain briefly why the balloon rises in the atmosphere.
Given:
𝑑 = 3.8𝑚
5.6𝑚3
𝑣=
𝑘𝑔
Required:
𝑊 =? (𝑁)
𝑘𝑔
𝜌ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = ? ( )
𝑚3

Solution:

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

4
𝑉 = 𝜋(1.9)3
3

𝑉 = 28.73 𝑚3

𝑉
𝑚ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 =
𝑣

28.73𝑚3
𝑚ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 =
5.6𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 5.13 𝑘𝑔

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚
𝑊 = (5.13 𝑘𝑔) (9.81 𝑠2 )

𝑊 = 50.33 𝑁

1
𝜌ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 =
𝑣
 1
𝜌ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 =
5.6𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 0.178 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
The balloon rises in the atmosphere because the density of helium is less than the
density of atmospheric air.

5. A nuclear submarine is 200 m below the surface of the sea. What is the pressure exerted on the
hull (out casing) by the water at this depth? Assume the density of the water is 1030 kg/m3
Given:
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 200𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1030
𝑚3

Required:
𝑃 =? (𝑘𝑃𝑎)

Solution:
𝐹 𝑚𝑎 𝑊 𝑚𝑔
𝑃= = = =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

-Assume an area of 1𝑚2 of hull surface, and then the volume of sea water above this area is
𝑉 = (1𝑚2 )(200𝑚) = 200𝑚3

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌 = (200𝑚3 ) (1030) = 206000 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
9.81𝑚
𝑚𝑔 (206000𝑘𝑔) ( 𝑠 2 )
𝑃= =
𝐴 1𝑚2

𝑁
𝑃 = 2020860 = 2020860 𝑃𝑎
𝑚2
𝑃 = 2020.86 𝑘𝑃𝑎
6. A pressure gage connected to a steam boiler reads 8.35 bar at a location where the
atmospheric pressure is 1.01 bar. Calculate the absolute pressure of the steam in the boiler.
Given:
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 8.35 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.01 𝑏𝑎𝑟

Required:
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 =? (𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

Solution:
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 8.35 𝑏𝑎𝑟 + 1.01 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 9.36 𝑏𝑎𝑟
100𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = (9.36𝑏𝑎𝑟) ( ) = 936 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1𝑏𝑎𝑟
7. A pump discharges a liquid into a drum at the rate of 0.032 m3/s. The drum, 1.50 m in diameter
and 4.20 m in length, can hold 3000 kg of the liquid. Find the density of the liquid and the mass
flow rate of the liquid handled by the pump.

Given:
𝑉 = 0.032 m3/s
𝑑 = 1.50m
𝐿=4.20m
𝑚=3000kg

Required:
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 =? ( 3 )
𝑚

Solution:
πd2 π x 1.502
𝑉=( 4
) (h) = ( 4
) × (4.2 m)=7.422 𝑚3

mass 3000 kg kg
𝜌 = volume = 7.422 m3 = 404.203 m3

0.032𝑚3 404.203𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 𝑉̇ 𝜌 = ( )( ) = 12.93 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑠 𝑚3
8. A 30m high vertical column of a fluid of density 1878 kg/m3exists in a place where g=9.65 m/s2.
What is the pressure at the base of the column?

Given:
ℎ = 30 𝑚
𝜌 = 1878 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑔 = 9.65 𝑚/𝑠 2

Required:
𝑃 =? (𝑘𝑃𝑎)

Solution:
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃 = (1878 ) × (9.65 ) × (30𝑚) = 543.681 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚3 𝑠2

9. Two liquids of different densities (𝜌1 = 1500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜌2 = 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) are poured together
into a 100-L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3, find the
respective quantities of liquids used. Also, find the weight of the mixture; local 𝑔 =
9.675 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
Given:
𝑘𝑔
𝜌1 = 1500
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌2 = 500
𝑚3
𝑉 = 100𝐿
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 800
𝑚3
𝑔 = 9.675 𝑚/𝑠 2

Required:
𝑚1 =?
𝑚2 =?
𝑉1 =?
𝑉2 =?
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =?
 Solution:

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚 = (800 )(0.100 𝑚3 ) = 80 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑚
𝜌1 𝑉1 + 𝜌2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑚
(1500)𝑉1 + (500)𝑉2 = 80 eq1
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 0.100 eq2
∗ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦,
𝑉1 = 0.03 𝑚3
𝑉2 = 0.07 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 = 𝜌1 𝑉1 = (1500 ) × (0.03 𝑚3 ) = 45𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 = (500 ) × (0.07 𝑚3 ) = 35𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑚
𝑚𝑚∙ 𝑔 (80 𝑘𝑔)(9.675 2 )
𝑠
𝑊𝑚 = = 𝑘𝑔 ∙𝑚 = 78.93 𝑘𝑔𝑓
𝑘 9.8066 𝑚 2
𝑘𝑔𝑓 ∙𝑠

10. Convert the following readings of pressure to kPa.

(a) 8 bar
(b) 10 atm
(c) 2MPa
(d) 112 000 N/m2
(e) 200 kN/m2
(f) 0.05 N/mm2
(g) 1,500 mm of Hg

Given:
(a) 8 bar
(b) 10 atm
(c) 2MPa
(d) 112 000 N/m2
(e) 200 kN/m2
(f) 0.05 N/mm2
(g) 1,500 mm of Hg
Required:
(𝑎)8 𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑏)10 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑐) 2𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑑) 112 000 𝑁/𝑚2 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑒) 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑓) 0.05 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑔)1,500 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 − 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Solution:
𝑃𝑎
(𝑎)8 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = (8𝑏𝑎𝑟) (105 ) = 800,000 𝑃𝑎 = 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1𝑏𝑎𝑟
101325𝑃𝑎
(𝑏)10 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = (10𝑎𝑡𝑚) ( ) = 1 013 250 𝑃𝑎 = 1013.250 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1𝑏𝑎𝑟
(𝑐)2𝑀𝑃𝑎 = (2𝑀𝑃𝑎)(106 𝑃𝑎) = 2 000 000 𝑃𝑎 = 2 000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑑) 112 000 𝑁/𝑚2 = 112 000 𝑃𝑎 = 112 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑒) 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 200 000 𝑁/𝑚2 = 200 000 𝑃𝑎 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑓) 0.05 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = (0.05𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) (1 000 000 𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 50,000 𝑁/𝑚2 = 50,000 𝑃𝑎 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
101.35𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑔) 1500 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 = (1500𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔) ( ) = 199.98 𝑘𝑃𝑎
760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔