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First Report of Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae Causing Mango

Bacterial Canker on Mangifera indica L. in Benin

Article in Plant Disease · June 2015

DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-04-15-0392-PDN

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Canker on Mangifera indica L. in Benin
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C. Zombré and P. Sankara, Université de Ouagadougou, Ecole doctorale Science et Print: 14 Dec 2015
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et Légumes, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; O. Pruvost, C. Boyer and C. Vernière, CIRAD First Look: 30 Jun 2015
About My Password Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, F-97410 France; A. Accepted: 20 Jun 2015

Copyright and Adandonon, Université d’Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou, Bénin; J. F. Vayssières, IITA,
Permissions Cotonou, Bénin; and B. C. Ahohuendo, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences
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ABSTRACT

Bacterial canker (or bacterial black spot) caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae
is a disease threat for mango in tropical and subtropical countries (Gagnevin and Pruvost
2001). X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae causes severe infection in a wide range of mango
cultivars and induces slightly raised, angular, black leaf lesions, sometimes with a chlorotic
halo. Severe leaf infections result in tree partial defoliation. Fruit symptoms appear as small
water-soaked spots around lenticels. These spots later become star shaped, erumpent, and
exude an infectious gum. Severe fruit infections cause premature fruit drop, which can reach
80% on susceptible cultivars. Twig cankers are potential sources of inoculum and weaken
resistance of branches to wind damage (Gagnevin and Pruvost 2001). Mango leaves showing
typical angular, black, raised leaf lesions were first observed and collected in June 2014 in
the major mango-growing areas of Bénin (Atacora, Borgou, and Collines). Nonpigmented
Xanthomonas-like colonies were isolated on KC semiselective medium (Pruvost et al. 2005).
Seven strains from Benin (LL142, LL143, LL145, LL148, LL149, LL151, and LL152) were
compared by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to the type strain of X. citri and the
pathotype strain of several X. citri pathovars, including pvs. anacardii and mangiferaeindicae.
This assay targeted the atpD, dnaK, efp, and gyrB genes, as described previously (Bui Thi
Ngoc et al. 2010). Nucleotide sequences were 100% identical to those of the pathotype
strain of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae whatever the gene assayed (GenBank Accessions Nos.
EU015189, EU015281, EU015373, and FJ376236), but differed from any other assayed X.
citri pathovar. Hardened leaves of mango cv. Maison Rouge from the youngest vegetative
 flush were infiltrated (10 inoculation sites per leaf for three replicate leaves on different
plants per bacterial strain) with the same seven Beninese strains. Bacterial suspensions (∼1
× 105 CFU/ml) were prepared in 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.2) from 16-h-old cultures on YPGA
(Ah-You et al. 2007). The negative control treatment consisted of three leaves infiltrated with
sterile Tris buffer (10 sites per leaf). Plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 30 ± 1°C
by day and 26 ± 1°C by night (12-h/12-h day/night cycle) at 80 ± 5% relative humidity. All
leaves inoculated with the Beninese strains produced typical symptoms a week after
inoculation. No lesions were recorded from the negative control. Mean X. citri pv.
mangiferaeindicae population sizes recovered from leaf lesions 21 days after inoculation
ranged from 2 × 107 to 2 × 108 CFU/lesion, typical of a compatible interaction (Ah-You et al.
2007). Colonies recovered from lesions were reidentified as the target by atpD sequencing
(Bui Thi Ngoc et al. 2010). Koch postulates have therefore been fully verified. High disease
prevalence was observed in Benin, indicating (i) the suitability of environmental conditions
for disease development, (ii) the need for implementing integrated pest management in
groves and nurseries, and (iii) the need for surveying southern administrative divisions where
there is no clear sign of disease presence yet. This fifth report of X. citri pv.
mangiferaeindicae in West Africa further documents the emergence of the pathogen in this
region since its first description in 2010 in Ghana (Pruvost et al. 2011).

References: Section: Choose

Ah-You, N., et al. 2007. Phytopathology 97:1568. 10.1094/PHYTO-97-12-1568 [Abstract]

[ISI]
Bui Thi Ngoc, L., et al. 2010. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515. 10.1099/ijs.0.009514-
0 [CrossRef] [ISI]
Gagnevin, L., and Pruvost, O. 2001. Plant Dis. 85:928. 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.9.928
[Abstract] [ISI]
Pruvost, O., et al. 2005. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02681.x
[CrossRef] [ISI]
Pruvost, O., et al. 2011. Plant Dis. 95:774. [Abstract] [ISI]

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