1.

Look for at least 15 reference books on steel design found in our Mapua Digital E-Textbooks and
METIS. Cope their complete title, author, and copyright year.
a. Book 1
i. Steel Design 6th Edition
ii. William Segui
iii. 2017
b. Book 2
i. Cold-Formed Steel Design 5th Edition
ii. Wei-Wen Yu, Roger A. Laboube, Helen Chen
iii. 2019
c. Book 3
i. Design and Analysis of Connections in Steel Structures
ii. Alfredo Boracchini
iii. 2018
d. Book 4
i. Steel Connection Analysis
ii. Paolo Rugarli
iii. 2018
e. Book 5
i. Design of Joints in Steel and Composite Structures
ii. ECCS – European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
iii. 2016
f. Book 6
i. Design of Steel Structures
ii. ECCS – European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
 iii. 2014
g. Book 7
i. Structural Steel Design
ii. Thomas Burns
iii. 1995
h. Book 8
i. Steel Design Handbook LFRD Method
ii. Akbar R. Tamboli
iii. 1997
i. Book 9
i. Design of Steel Structures: Materials, Connections, and Components
ii. Zhou, Lingyu, Wang, Liping, Jiang, Liqiang.
iii. 2022
j. Book 10
i. Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements
ii. Beswick, John M
iii. 2022
k. Book 11
i. Analysis and Sesign of Steel and Composite Structures
ii. Bhandri, Harshad
iii. 2016
l. Book 12
i. Stainless Steel Surfaces
ii. L. William Zahner
iii. 2019
m. Book 13
i. Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete
ii. Roger P. Johnson
iii. 2018
n. Book 14
i. Structural Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and AISC Specifications
ii. Claudio Bernuzzi; Benedetto Cordova
iii. 2016
o. Book 15
i. Sustainable Steel Buildings
ii. Bernhard Hauke
iii. 2016
2. Give at least 10 advantages and 10 disadvantages of steel as a structural material. Explain each

Advantages
1. Construction speed - Most of the structural steelwork is pre-made, requiring minimal on-site
work except for assembly using bolted connections. This results in rapid construction
timelines and, when combined with careful staged delivery, helps in avoiding crowded
construction sites.
2. Safety - By opting for a steel solution, it's possible to achieve up to a 70% reduction in labor,
contributing to a safer construction site with fewer personnel. The use of prefabrication and
dedicated lifting points in assemblies ensures well-defined and controlled erection
processes.

3. Value for money - Quicker construction leads to earlier handover and occupancy. Reduced
member sizes, especially for columns, result in increased net lettable space. Longer spans
provide greater flexibility in internal spaces.

4. Robustness and ductility - Steel, being inherently ductile, responds to overload in controlled
manner, maintaining load retention. The size and configuration of steel members can be
adjusted to achieve a level of structural robustness that is challenging to attain with other,
more brittle construction materials.

5. Structural Steel Prefabrication - Structural steel prefabrication is the standard practice,

providing fabrication shop oversight for quality and CNC machinery precision. Controlled
quantities minimize waste, and workflows seamlessly integrate with 3D design models to
minimize errors and preserve architectural intent.

6. Weight Reduction in Steel Structures - The inherent lightness of a steel structure, driven by
its superior strength and stiffness compared to concrete, leads to reduced foundation loads.
This results in smaller foundations and improved performance in certain ground conditions.
The weight reduction also facilitates retrofitting onto existing structures for extensions or
refurbishments, such as adding extra floors to accommodate evolving needs.

7. Architectural Freedom with Steel - Steel's versatility grants architects the liberty to realize
ambitious visions, combining form and function. It can span vast distances, providing
slenderness and refinement, resulting in what can be aptly termed 'steel sculpture.'

8. Adaptability of Configuration - As steel is assembled on-site using bolted connections, it can

be easily reconfigured to accommodate changes in the building or structure for various
purposes. The straightforward load transfer lines enable simple on-site welding for
strengthening and retrofitting.
9. Sustainability in Steel Framing - Steel framing, when fabricated by members of the ASI
Environmental Sustainability Charter (ESC) and utilizing higher-strength steel with
Environmental Product Declarations (EPD), offers an economical way to achieve Green Star
(or IS) points.
 10. Industrial Production of Steel Sections - Manufacturing of rolled steel sections occurs in
factories, where members are cut and prepared for assembly. On-site, the components are
joined using rivets, bolts, or welding.

Disadvantages
1. Corrosion Vulnerability and Increased Maintenance Expenses - Corrosion in steel demands
regular painting, incurring extra costs. Weathering steels in stable designs can eliminate this
expense. Improper maintenance may result in steel members losing 1 to 1.5 mm thickness
yearly.
2. Fireproofing Expenses - Steel, though non-combustible, loses strength at fire temperatures,
leading to deflections and potential collapse. Its heat conductivity can ignite other building
parts, necessitating extra fireproofing costs.
3. Vulnerability to Buckling - Slender steel sections are more prone to buckling under
compression due to their smaller dimensions. Using steel for columns can be uneconomical
as significant material is needed to prevent buckling.
4. Elevated Initial Cost and Limited Availability - Limited steel availability and high initial costs in
some countries have led to a decline in the use of steel structures.
5. Expansion Rate Challenge in Steel Structures - Steel exhibits a significant expansion rate with
temperature variations, posing a potential risk to the overall structure.
6. Restrictions on Steel Placement - Steel cannot be employed indiscriminately; it must be used
in structures originally designed for its application in inhabited areas.
7. Limitations in Steel Shaping - Steel cannot be molded in any desired direction; it can only be
utilized in forms where the original sections exist.
8. Exhibits significant expansion with temperature variations.
9. Due to its substantial weight, transportation of steel becomes a costly endeavor.
10. The production of steel requires a considerable amount of energy, making it an energy-
intensive process. The extraction of raw materials, such as iron ore and coal, along with the
various stages of steel manufacturing, including smelting and refining, contributes to the
overall high energy consumption in the steel production industry.

3. Aside from our lecture, enumerate at least 10 different types and properties of structural steel.
Discuss each

Types
a. Stainless Steel:
Properties: Resistant to corrosion, high strength, and durability.
Application: Ideal for structures exposed to corrosive environments, such as coastal
areas.
b. Weathering Steel:
Properties: Develops a protective rust-like surface, eliminating the need for additional
coating.
Application: Suitable for outdoor structures, bridges, and architectural elements.
c. Alloy Steel:
 Properties: Enhanced strength, hardness, and wear resistance due to alloying elements.
Application: Used in high-stress applications like bridges and high-rise buildings.
d. Fire-Resistant Steel:
Properties: Maintains structural integrity at high temperatures.
Application: Essential in structures where fire resistance is a critical consideration.
e. Galvanized Steel:
Properties: Coated with zinc for corrosion resistance.
Application: Widely used in outdoor structures, fencing, and building components.
f. Tool Steel:
Properties: High hardness, resistance to abrasion, and excellent toughness.
Application: Commonly used for cutting tools, dies, and components subjected to wear.
g. Corrosion-Resistant Steel:
Properties: Engineered to withstand corrosive environments.
Application: Suitable for structures in marine environments or chemical processing
plants.
h. Microalloyed Steel:
Properties: Improved strength and toughness due to microalloying elements.
Application: Commonly employed in pipelines, automotive components, and structural
elements.
i. High Carbon Steel:
Properties: Contains a high percentage of carbon for increased hardness and strength.
Application: Used in applications requiring hardness and resistance to wear.
j. Structural Steel with Enhanced Formability:
Properties: Engineered for ease of shaping and forming.
Application: Suitable for applications where intricate shapes are needed, such as
architectural detailing.

Properties
a. Fatigue Strength:
Explanation: Fatigue strength refers to the ability of structural steel to withstand
cyclic loading and repeated stress over time without failure. It is crucial in
applications where structures experience fluctuating loads.
b. Creep Resistance:
Explanation: Creep resistance is the capacity of structural steel to withstand
deformation under constant load over an extended period. This property is
particularly important in structures subjected to sustained loads, such as bridges.
c. Corrosion Resistance:
Explanation: Corrosion resistance is the ability of structural steel to withstand
degradation due to environmental factors, such as moisture and chemicals. This
property is vital for structures in corrosive environments.
d. Fire Resistance:
Explanation: Fire resistance measures how well structural steel can maintain its
strength and integrity under high temperatures. It is a critical consideration in the
design of buildings to ensure safety.
 e. Thermal Expansion:
Explanation: Thermal expansion refers to the ability of structural steel to expand or
contract with changes in temperature. It is crucial in applications where temperature
variations can impact the structural integrity.
f. Electrical Conductivity:
Explanation: Electrical conductivity measures how well structural steel can conduct
electricity. This property is relevant in applications where conductivity is a
consideration, such as in electrical transmission towers.
g. Machinability:
Explanation: Machinability indicates how easily structural steel can be cut, shaped,
and formed during fabrication processes. This property influences the ease of
manufacturing and construction.
h. Abrasion Resistance:
Explanation: Abrasion resistance is the ability of structural steel to withstand wear
and erosion caused by friction and contact with abrasive materials. This property is
crucial in components subjected to abrasive forces.
i. Magnetic Properties:
Explanation: Structural steel can exhibit magnetic properties, impacting its behavior
in certain applications, such as in magnetic shielding or electromagnetic devices.
j. Cost-Effectiveness:
Explanation: Cost-effectiveness considers the balance between the material's
performance and its economic feasibility. It includes factors like raw material costs,
fabrication expenses, and overall project budgeting.

4. Define and differentiate “Building Codes” vs “Design Specifications” discuss and give examples.

Building Code, as a set of legal directives, delineates the minimum prerequisites for building
design and construction. It establishes safety, structural, and performance benchmarks that must
be adhered to throughout construction. These codes are typically embraced by local, state, and
national authorities, with enforcement carried out by building officials and inspectors. Examples
encompass the International Building Code (IBC), the National Building Code of The Philippines.

A design specification is an extensive document that imparts details about a project's features,
outlining criteria that developers must adhere to. Whether it's orchestrating plans for a novel
spacecraft or addressing design considerations for a pencil holder, design specifications serve a
diverse array of purposes. This document not only guides the development team but also
provides the client with a transparent avenue for input throughout the design process. By
establishing expectations upfront, potential confusion on both ends can be mitigated. Example
for Design Specifications are Blueprints, Structural General Notes.

5. Identify and Differentiate ASD from LRFD. Give at least 5 similarities and 5 differences. Give its
Design Concepts and Philosiphies.
 ASD – Member Selection such that properties prevent the maximum applied loads under
service load combinations to exceed an allowable or permissible value to maintain elastic
behavior.

they are selected by Cross-Sectional Area(A), Moment of Inertia (I), and Elastic Section Modulus
(S), uses Ohm (Safety factor)

Based on Available Strength

LRFD – Involves Load factors and Resistance Factors – based on failure at factored loads but
safe under service loads.

Design strength is nominal strength multiplied by a reduction factor or Resistance Factor (Phi),
Loads are factored to bring the members to its limit state

Similarities

1. Both ASD and LRFD should be designed Safely and Economicallyu

2. They are Both based on the LIMIT STATES such as Fracturing, Yielding, Buckling, and
Serviceability
3. Both utilize Nominal Strength based on Limit state
4. Both Consider the Wind and Earthquake Load
5. Both Utilize Specific Load Combinations

Differences
1. ASD has unfactored loads compared to LRFD.
2. LRFD is based on Ultimate Load unlike ASD it is only based on Working/Allowable Load
3. ASD uses Ohm (Safety Factor) and LRFD uses Phi (Resistance Factor)
4. LRFD has higher Capacity in terms of Stress to Strain Relationship compared to ASD Capacity
5. LRFD is more adopted in design codes globally compared to ASD due to statistical methods

Design Philosophy. The ASD method guarantees that stresses under working loads remain below
the allowable stress limits outlined in design codes. In contrast, the LRFD method involves
evaluating potential load effects and ensuring that the structural elements' resistance surpasses
these loads with a specified probability level.

6. Give all safety factors, and load combinations for ASD

Ohm (Gsy)= 1.67
Ohm (Nsf & Bsr)= 2.0
7. Give all load factors, resistance factors, and load combinations for LRFD

FOR PHI

TENSION
Gsy - .9
Nsf - .75
Bsr - .75
COMPRESSION - .9
FLEXURE - .9
Shear case 1 - 1
Shear case 2 - .9
Biaxial - .9
Beam columns - .9
 COLUMN BASE PLATE
bearing - .65
Bending - .9
BEAM BEARING
Web yielding - 1
Web crippling - .75
Bearing - .65
Bending - .9
CONNECTIONS - .75

8. Identify the following acronyms: AISC, UBC, ASCE, ASEP, ASTM, AASHTO, AISI, HSS, WT, MC,
HSLA, SMAW, AREMA, BOCA
a. AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
b. UBC - Uniform Building Code
c. ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers
d. ASEP – Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
e. NSCP – National Structural Code of the Philippines
f. ASTM – American Society for Testing Materials
g. AASHTO – American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
h. AISI – American Iron and Steel Institute
i. HSS – Hollow Structural Sections
j. WT – Wide Flange Tee
i. MC – Miscellaneous Channels
k. HSLA – High-Strength Low-Alloy
l. SMAW – Shielded Metal Arc Welding
m. AREMA – American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
n. BOCA - Building Officials and Code Administrators
Sauce

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