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Lecture 5

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mahbubh914
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STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Department of Civil Engineering

Course : CEN 331-Environmental Engineering-1


Title : Water Supply Engineering

Lecture 5 : Introduction to Water Treatment and Sedimentation

Lecture by
M. Feroze Ahmed Ph.D., FIE, FBAS, MASCE
Professor Emeritus
Stamford University Bangladesh

1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

▪ Water Treatment Methods


▪ Plain Sedimentation
▪ Design of Sedimentation Tank
▪ Design Example
Water Treatment Methods

Natural water contains impurities in different forms. The presence of these


impurities in excess of acceptable limits makes the water unfit for
domestic supplies. The main objectives of water treatment are to make the
water potable i.e. to make water safe to drink, pleasant to taste and
suitable for domestic uses.

The most common water treatment methods are:


• plain sedimentation
• sedimentation with coagulation
• filtration and
• disinfection.
The type of treatment required depends on the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water. The most common steps in water
treatment are clarification and disinfection. Clarification involves removal
of suspended and colloidal particles including colour producing substances
by plain sedimentation, and chemical sedimentation and filtration to
remove visible impurities and make the water attractive to the consumers.
Disinfection means destruction of pathogenic organisms to make the water
3
safe
Water Treatment Methods

Some of the treatments processes/unit operations for removal of specific


impurities are:
• aeration
• water softening
• arsenic removal
• iron removal
• activated carbon application
• fluoridation and defluoridation
• demineralization
• desalinization.

One or a combination of more than one treatment method is employed for


water treatment depending on the quality of raw water.

4
Plain Sedimentation

A particle having specific gravity of more than 1, i.e. heavier than water,
tends to move downward in relatively quiescent water by the force of
gravity, accelerating until the frictional resistance (‘drag’) of the water
equals the gravitational force acting upon the particle. Thereafter the
particle travels with a constant vertical velocity called the ‘terminal
velocity’ or ‘settling velocity’ of the particle. The settling velocity of the
particle depends upon:
• horizontal flow velocity of water
• shape and size of the particle
• specific gravity of the particle
• viscosity of water
• density of water
• temperature of water.

5
Plain Sedimentation
The settling velocity of spherical particles under laminar flow
conditions is given by the simplified equation:
g d2
vs = (S − 1) (Stoke’s Law)
18 
Where vs is the settling velocity, g = acceleration due to gravity, S =
specific gravity of the particle, d = diameter of the particle,  =
kinematic viscosity of water.

The above equation is called Stoke’s Law. Stoke’s Law holds good only
for particle size 0.1cm in diameter and Reynold’s Number 1 or less. For
larger particles having diameter greater than 1cm and Reynold’s
Number above 2,000, Newton’s Law for frictional resistance or drag
applies:
4g
vs = ( S − 1) d (Newton’s Law)
3CD
Where CD is the Newton’s coefficient of drag. The particles in
between the above mentioned sizes or Reynold’s numbers are in
transition settling. 6
Design of Sedimentation Tank
The efficiency of the settling tank in the removal of suspended particles can
be determined using limiting settling velocity vo of a particle which will just
travel the full depth (H) of the tank within the detention time (T). Using the
dimensions and notations used in figure18.2, the following equations can be
written:

vo = H/T

and T = V/Q = BLH/Q

From the above two equations:

vo = Q/BL = Q/surface area (18.3)

Where Q = flow rate, B, L and V are width, length and volume of the
sedimentation zone of the settling tank.

The efficiency of the settling Taank depends on the ratio between the influent
flow rate Q and the surface area of the tank BL 7
Design of Sedimentation Tank

The tank will remove all the particles having settling velocity vs > vo and
the particles with settling velocity vs < vo will be removed in the proportion
vs : vo .

The settling velocity of different fractions of discrete particles can be computed by


Stoke’s Law if the particle size distribution and specific gravity of particle are
determined by suitable methods. The settling velocity of different fractions of
particles in water can be conveniently determined by a settling column test
of a representative sample in the laboratory. In the absence of column test
data, the design guideline given below may generally be followed for good
results:
Surface loading , so = Q/LB = 0.2 - 1 m/hr
Detention time, T = Q/LBH = 1 - 3 hrs
Length/width ratio L/B = 3 - 8
Depth = 1.5 - 2.0 m

8
Design of Sedimentation Tank

Worked Example
Find the dimension of a settling tank to treat 45 m3 of raw water per hour
when the overflow rate is 0.5 m/hr, and the detention time is 3 hours.

Solution:
Overflow rate or surface loading = Q/LB = 0.5 m/hr
or 45/LB = 0.5 m/hr
Therefore, LB = 45/0.5 = 90 m2 (18.4)

Detention time T = LBH/Q = LBH/45 = 3 hrs


Or LBH = 135 m3 (18.5)
From equation (18.4) and (18.5)
H = 1.5 m
Let L = 4 B
Substituting the value of L in equation ( 18.4)
4B2 = 90
B = (90/ 4)1/2
or B = 4.74 m, L = 90/ 4.74 = 18.97 m
The size of the settling tank may be taken as 4.75 m x 19 m x 1.5 m 9
Questions

1. What are the factors influencing settling velocity of particles in


water?
2. Show that the efficiency of a settling tank is dependent of
surface area, not the depth of the settling tank.
3. Calculate the dimension of a rectangular settling tank to treat
100 m3 of water per hour when the overflow rate 0.75 m/hr and
the detention time is 2 hours.

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