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Difference Between Propositional Logic and Predicate Logic - GeeksforGeeks

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Difference Between Propositional Logic and Predicate Logic - GeeksforGeeks

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Vansh
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GEEKSFORGEEKS

Difference between Propositional


Logic and Predicate Logic
Logical reasoning forms the basis for a huge
domain of computer science and mathematics.
They help in establishing mathematical
arguments, valid or invalid.

1. Propositional Logic :
A proposition is basically a declarative sentence
that has a truth value. Truth value can either be
true or false, but it needs to be assigned any of
the two values and not be ambiguous. The
purpose of using propositional logic is to analyze a
statement, individually or compositely.

For example :
The following statements :

1. If x is real, then x2 > 0


2. What is your name?

3. (a+b)2 = 100
4. This statement is false.
5. This statement is true.

Are not propositions because they do not have a


truth value. They are ambiguous.

But the following statements :

1. (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

2. If x is real, then x2 >= 0

3. If x is real, then x2 < 0


4. The sun rises in the east.
5. The sun rises in the west.

Are all propositions because they have a specific


truth value, true or false.

The branch of logic that deals with proposition is


propositional logic.

2. Predicate Logic :
Predicates are properties, additional information to
better express the subject of the sentence. A
quantified predicate is a proposition , that is, when
you assign values to a predicate with variables it
can be made a proposition.

For example :

In P(x) : x>5, x is the subject or the variable and


‘>5’ is the predicate.

P(7) : 7>5 is a proposition where we are assigning


values to the variable x, and it has a truth value,
i.e. True.

The set of values that the variables of the


predicate can assume is called the Universe or
Domain of Discourse or Domain of Predicate.

Difference between Propositional Logic and


Predicate Logic :

Propositional
Predicate Logic
Logic

Propositional
Predicate logic is an
logic is the logic
expression consisting
that deals with a
of variables with a
collection of
1 specified domain. It
declarative
consists of objects,
statements
relations and
which have a
functions between the
truth value, true
objects.
or false.

It is the basic
It is an extension of
and most widely
2 propositional logic
used logic. Also
covering predicates
known as
and quantification.
Boolean logic.

A proposition has
A predicate’s truth
3 a specific truth
value depends on the
value, either true
variables’ value.
or false.

Predicate logic helps


analyze the scope of
the subject over the
predicate. There are
three quantifiers :
Scope analysis
Universal Quantifier
4 is not done in
(∀) depicts for all,
propositional
Existential Quantifier
logic.
(∃) depicting there
exists some and
Uniqueness
Quantifier (∃!)
depicting exactly one.

Propositions are
combined with
Logical
Operators or
Logical
Connectives like Predicate Logic adds

5 Negation(¬), by introducing
Disjunction(∨), quantifiers to the
Conjunction(∧), existing proposition.
Exclusive OR(⊕),
Implication( ),
Bi-Conditional or
Double
Implication( ).

It is a more It is a more
6 generalized specialized
representation. representation.

It cannot deal It can deal with set of


7 with sets of entities with the help
entities. of quantifiers.

Article Tags : Difference Between

Engineering Mathematics

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