<7 rots yn tan > yeni com 202 precy thay bai machen zoe Introduction to Basics of Probability Theory Probability simply talks about how likely is the event to occur, and its value always lies between 0 and 1 (inclusive of 0 and 1). For example: consider that you have two bags, named A and B, each containing 10 red balls and 10 black balls. If you randomly pick up the ball from any bag (without looking in the bag), you don’t know which ball you're going to pick up. So here is the need of probability ball, Note where we find how likely you're going to pick up either a black or a re that we'll be denoting probability as P from now on. P(X) means the probability for an event X to accur. (Red ball)= P(Bag A). P(Red ball | Bag A) + P(Bag B). P(Red ball | Bag B), this, ies on Analytics Vidhya websites to deliver our services, analyze web trafic, and improve your experience on the site, By using Analytics Vidhya, you agree te<7 rots yn tan > - 9 x oye 22 Mpa yb eg woe P(Red ball)= P(Bag A). P(Red ball | Bag A) + P(Bag.B). P(Red ball | Bag B), this equation finds the probabilty of the red bal, Here | have introduced the concept of conditional probability ( which finds probability when we're provided with the condition). P(Bag A) = 1/2 because we've 2 bags out which we've to select Bag A (Red ball | Bag A) should read as “probability of drawing a red ball given the bag A" here "given" word specifies the condition which is Bag A in this case, so itis 10 red balls out of 20 balls ie, 10/20. So let's solve: P(Red Ball)= 1/2, 10/20 + 1/2. 10/20 = 1/2 Similarly, you can try to find the probability of drawing a black ball? Also, find the probability of drawing two consecutive red balls from the bag after transferring one black ball from bag A to Bag B? kis on Analytics Vidhya websites to dalver our services, analyze web traf nd improve: Prwacy Policy and Terms of Use. ar experience on the site, By using A fics Vidhya, you agree te<7 rots yn tan > - 9 x eo iy became en zoe Conditional Probability Formula PUB) P(A|B)=———— mel oo — P(B) Now if you look at the image above, you must be thinking what is it? | haven't introduced the “intersection’ in Set Theory. | have already discussed the concept above, there is nothing new in the image given above. Here we're finding the probability for an event A to occur given that event 6 has already occurred. The numerator of the right-hand side of the equation is the probability for both events to occur, divided by the probability for an event B to occur. The numerator has an inverts hape symbol between A and B which we call “Intersection” in set ther ‘Ges on Analytics Vichya websites to deliver our services, analyze web trafic, and improve your ex ava Pocy and Temsot se, lence on the sita, By using Analytics Vidhya, you agree te<7 rots yn tan > © > 0 apex som peste bene eing zoek Basic concepts of probability theory ‘There are a few key concepts that are important to understand in probability theory. These include: + Sample space: The sample space is the collection of all potential outcomes of an experiment. For example, the sample space of flipping a coin Is theads, tail). K + Event: An event isa collection of outcomes within the sample space. For example, the event of flipping a head Is {heads}. + Probability: The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1 that represents the lkelIhood of the event occurring. A chance of © means that the event is impossible, and a probability of 1 means that the event is specific. PovnaePaierane ime ot ues EE<7 rataeny lyasins > |B rorcan cuneate x) @ Ponsnsrctnennginan | a: © > OS saeantepe/etca igrce en i zoe re Topics » Explore v —suiltTest"? Courses Free Masterclass Sign Probabilistic Reasoning In Artificial Intelligence sy sneha kumar B Py Javas Video Cou > Topics Covered Overview ” i Live Even Probabilistic reasoning isa key aspect of artificial intelligence (Al) that allows for ie handling uncertainty and ambiguity in decision-making, Its a powerful technique t enables Al systams to maka informed decisions even when faced with -omplete or noisy data. Probabilistic reasoning is widely used in various Al applications such as machine learning, natural language processing, robotics, i 1g4 GU Micnd meg orn LJ+1 ray oy Ane > ° ope Topics » Explore v Skit Test Introduction cai Games| @ Pot: cangin as» Alhas made great strides in recent years, and probabilistic reasoning has played a significant role in many of these advancements. Probabilistic reasoning is making decisions based on probabilities and likelihoods rather than absolute facts. Att core, probabilistic reasonin events or outcomes. tall situations in a principled and quantitative manner involves reasoning about probabilities or likelihood: usAl systems to model and reason about uncertain, sidering the inherent id data and evidence. Probabilistic reasoning provides a mathematical framework for dealing with uncertainty and making rational decisions in uncertain environments. Uncertainity From self driving cars to virtual personal assistants, Al technologies have become integral to our daily routines. However, 0 ne key challenges that Al systems face iclors such as Video Cou Pythe & Live Evenny ania gu | Por conan cama 1) @ rot muaanginans > | - 9 x © 9 0 saercomtopeyeicneligece ner potas erg zoe 7 ‘Topics v explore v —skilltest“¥ courses Free Masterclass (sen Uncertainity From self-riving cars to virtual personal assistants, Al technologies have become integral to our daily routines. However, one of the key challenges that Al systems face is dealing with uncertainty. Uncertainty arises due to various factors such as unreliable sources of Information, experimental errors, equipment faults, ‘temperature variations, and climate chant Toaddress this challenge, probabilistic reasoning techniques have gained significant importance in Al, allowing machines to make de sions and predictions in u ity Causes of Uncertainty Live Even Uncertainty in Al can arise from various sources, including: Information Occurred from Unreliable Sources: A systems rely on data to make decisions and predictions. However, data obtained from various sources may not always be reliable. Data can be!7 Ca Ean | @ rts teonngnas > | Topics » Explore v —suiltTest"? Courses Free Masterclass ‘Causes of Uncertainty Information Occurred from Unreliable Sources: Al systems rely on data to make decisions and predictions. However, data obtained ys be reliable. Data: from various sources may not al n be incomplete, inconsistent, or biased, leading to uncertainty in the outcomes generated by Al al Errors + Experime Inscientific research and experimentation, errors can occur at various stages, such as data collect urement, and analysis. These errors can introduce uncertainty in the results and conclusions drawn from the experiments. + Equipment Fault: Inmany Al systems, machines and sensors are used to collect data and make ° te) decisions. However, these machines can be subject to faults, malfu Video cou a" B Java‘ & Live EvenSTF eatin yan > Brora canes @ resmnsnctmanngiean © | - 9 x e090 Tne nn zoe re Topics » Explore v —suiltTest"? Courses Free Masterclass (sen + Equipment Fault: Inmany Al systems, machines and sensors are used fo collect data and make Video Cou decisions. However, these machines can be subject to faults, malfunctions, inaccuracies, leading to uncertainty in the outcomes generated by Al systems, + Temperature Variation: Many real-world applications of Al such as weather prediction, environmental ergy management, are sensitive to temperature variations, ‘monitoring, and en ver, temperature measurements can be subject to uncertainty due to factors such as sensor accuracy, calibration errors, and environmental w fluctuations, (5 Live Even + Climate change: Climate change isa global phenomenon that introduces uncertainty in various aspects of our lives. For example, predicting the impacts of climate change on agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure requires dealing with uncertain eSTF eatin yan > Brora canes @ resmnsnctmanngiean © | - 9 x © > 5 seaeramitapc/anica tligece ntenprotabis resi zoe re Topics » Explore v —suiltTest"? Courses Free Masterclass (sen Probabilistic Reasoning Probabilistic reasoning is a technique used in Alto address uncertainty by modeling and reasoning with probabilistic Information. it allows Al systems to make decisions and predictions based on the probabilities of different outcomes, taking into account uncertain or incomplete Information. Probabilistic reasoning provides a principled approach to handling unc: situations in a rigorous and quantitative manner. tainty, allowing machines to reason about uncertain Need for Probabilistic Reasoning in Al 7 © Live Even The need for probabilistic reasoning in Al arises because uncertainty s inherent in many real-world applications. For example, there is often uncertainty in the symptoms, test results, and patient history in medical diagnosis. In autonomous vehicles, there is uncertainty in the sensor measurements, road conditions, and traffic patterns. In financial markets, there is uncertainty in stock prices, indicators, and investor behavior. Probabilistic rea ing techniq<7 rataeny lyasins > |B rorcan cuneate x) @ Ponsnsrctnennginan | or Topics » Explore v —suiltTest"? Courses Free Masterclass icators, and investor behavior. Probabilistic reasoning techniques allow Al system to deal with these uncertainties and make informed decisions. There Are Two Ways to Solve Problems with Uncertain Knowledge + Bayes! Rule: Bayes’ rule isa fundamental theorem in probability theory that allows updatt probabilities based on new evidence. t provides a principled way to combine o update the probabilities of different knowledge with new outcomes. Bayes' rule has been widely used in Al for classification, predicto and decision-making tasks where uncertainty needs to be addressed Mathematically, Bayes' Theorem is expressed as: sien Video Cou B se Javas | Live Even<7 rataeny lyasins > |B rorcan cuneate x) @ Ponsnsrctnennginan | a: © 9 0 8 carcmtopeetia ntligeree aerate rang zoe re Topics » Explore v —suiltTest"? Courses Free Masterclass Sign Mathematically, Bayes’ Theorem Is expressed a5 Video Cou Pyth Where: + P(AjB) represents the posterior probability, which is the probability of event A Javas + P(BIA) represents the likelihood, which isthe probability of observing event B ven that event A has occurred. 7 (5 Live Even + P(A) represent occurring before considering any new evidence + P(B) represents the marginal likelihood, which s the probability of observing BQ event B, regardless of whether event A has occu! the prior probability, which isthe initial probability of event A<7 rataeny lyasins > |B rorcan cuneate x) @ Ponsnsrctnennginan | a: © > saeramitapc/anica tligece nee protabicresr aoe seas meta ening Vim) esas (se + Bayesian Statistics: Bayesian statistics isa branch of statistics tha probabilistic reasoning to Video Cou analyze and interpret data, It provides a framework for making statistical inferences and estimating probabilities based on data and prior knowledge. PRB evn Bayesian statistics has been applied in various fields, such as medical research, B: environmental modeling, and social sciences, to deal with uncertainty and make informed decisions example t's consider an example of a medical diagnosis system that uses probabilistic a ‘asoning to handle uncertainty. The system is designed to diagnose a specific i Live Even disease based on a patient's symptoms, medical history, and test results. However the symptoms and test results can be ambiguous and sub the diagnosis challenging.<7 rataeny lyasins > |B rorcan cuneate x) @ Ponsnsrctnennginan | a: (wee (se fetes les See locee EE lenin te Video Cou + Pio Probab ot the prevalence of the disease in the population and the patient's risk fa The Javat e prior probabilities represent the initial beliefs about the likelihood of each diagnosis before consi sand test idering the patient's specific symptoi * Likelihoods: The system uses statistical models to estimate the likelihood of the observed [Ei Live Even symptoms and test results given each possible diagnosis. These likelihoods represent the probabilities of observing the symptoms and test results ifthe patient has a particular diagnosis. However, due to uncertainty in the symptoms, and test results, these likelihoods may not be certain and may be modeled with7 pany nena | Bora.) @ rec reamnginan > | a: Se aoe represent the probabliiesof observing the symploms and est resus Re fate ie eat ls agro towever Cie peceteatnny nie priors Wiles Ca and test results, these lkelinoods may note certain and may be modeled with probabilistic distribution B bythe Bayesian Updating: ° ‘The system applies Bayes‘ rule to update the probabilities of diferent aiagnoses Jaret based onthe prior probabilities and the likelihoods. The updated probable : known as posterior probabilities, represent the updated beliefs about the likelihood of eac th diagnosis ater considering the patient's specific symptoms 2 information becomes available, allowing for a dynamic and adaptive diagnosis E Live Even<7 rataeny lyasins > |B rorcan cuneate x) @ Ponsnsrctnennginan | a: cca a meta ening Vim) esas Ce + Deco Making Video cot The system uses the posterior probabilities of different diagnoses to make final diagnosis decision. The decision can be based on a threshold ora decision rth making ulethat considers the uncertainty nthe probablities. For example, i hu the posterior probability ofa speific agnosis exceeds a certain threshold, the sae system may generate a ranked lst of possbl diagnoses based on the posterior probabilities, allowing the clinicians to make an informed decision : Conclusion & Live Even in this article, we talked about Probabilistic Reasoning in Al, We understood that: + Probabilistic reasoning techniques are crucial in addressin ystems,Mi rorcons conn | @ mimmonaiiga 1 |G tepeimieuengina© 3 @ toe Rewen- ata @ teem, 9 | + a: Se aoe sel cree ater eters acne Sor Video courses understanding of something as we gather more even: SS Jo Oe ‘ ena cal soe io (ia) Video courses Python couse P(ALB) the conditional probability of ev 8 Live Events ki Bale a =p= Mi rorcoms cone > | @ mtmineisinps > | 6 tepenseuotgins Taping even event P (|), and he overal prot PUB yap heocem, we an update urbe orp becomes avalable, making ita powerful tolin vai Understanding Bayes' Theorem et omne examples ta understand better how ‘iample a: Medical Diagnosis oh ‘ties on 2 ee tememinnn + = ae Video courses Live Events= Mi rorcony coma > | @ mimmonaniiga 1 |G tepeimieuenginac > @ toe Rewen- a @ teem >| + a: = aoe “ itil abaitihideiia Video Courses: P(A\B) = (P(B\A) # P(A)/PCB) B: > P(BA)=0.95(05% a oa: ota P(A) = 0.01 (1% disease prev ~ » P(B)=P(BIA) + P(A) + PCBinatA)« P(not eto 0.95 + 0.01 + 0.05 «0.9 mae o.os04 a: ——— P(A|B) = (0.95 +0.01)/0.0004 4)= Mi rorcony coma > | @ mimmonaniiga 1 |G tepeimieuenginac > @ toe Rewen- a @ teem >| + a: = aoe Video courses Example: Spam Filtering Python Course 7 P(A|B)=(P(BIA)« P(A)/P es)= Mi rorcony coma > | @ mimmonaniiga 1 |G tepeimieuenginac > @ toe Rewen- a @ teem >| + a: Video courses independent. nal Live Events Seer ear linononarah iis pred es)| © sanonrnaiger 5 | 6 mye 5G ber menen- cat |B Rye | a: a Video courses z nt, and i fae neon a: Live Events= Bi rorcone comet | @ atwtvononinga 5G ber menen- cat |B Rye | a: + P(A|B) represents the condi ot gen event 8 a=: = BA - Live Events occurren B, by incorporat or and conditional probabil a sah aaVideo courses Python couse = Live vents _ . .comer Cont | @ wtwiarneiga x Examples aye Theorem a- oa| © sarong x Suppose arare disease afects in 10,000 people, A cagnostic te he probabil 2 Int Oca ad a: 2 Video coursesBi rorconere-canmrth % | @ wnoronngst % | G ttn rmtnngin © 5 @ Byer nd 0.98 2. email Fitering fiter accuratly lsais Halex pare error: Expected EO at postion 2:2% of legtimateemalisas spam. KaTe OF, go . he incaming emails are spam whats the probably that an emai class spam © ee enemies + = ae Video courses Python Course Live EventsOmens = nt z aoe Video courses Live Events Numerical Example of Bayes Theorem * 2)= Bi rorcone comet | @ atwtvononinga 5G ber menen- cat |B Rye | a: + P(AIB , ; : ; a -Masterthe + P(A) and P(B) baie ovens A and Bocca me tive Live Events P(AIB) is what ng to find out (the posterior probabil Problem: str °Bi rorconie coma > | @ mtmvonanipa |G teeimimuoigina© 3 @ toe ew 2 ippose tl affects 1 ypulation. There's a test for this ea ae . re EventsBi rorconie coma > | @ mtmvonanipa |G teeimimuoigina© 3 @ toe ew Video courses al POCUIV ett errata ren reeeees fe Events + P(BIA) = 0.99 (robably you test postive sven you have theclssaze a” Learn HowTo Desien= Mi rorcony coma > | @ mimmonaniiga 1 |G tepeimieuenginac > @ toe Rewen- a @ teem >| + a: gence teres heey aoe pec = |B) = PLBIA) x PCA) + PLBiotA) x Pl not What Is the History of Bayes’ Theorem?cones conntts | @ niwsonrneiea | G myeimienaniginn © XG Byer Me sats Aertel | - 9 x == zoe learning, and Al systems, enabling more accurate predictions and decision-making in diverse applications. What Does Bayes' Theorem State? Bayes’ theorem states that the probability of an event A given the occurrence of event B can be calculated by combining the prior probability of A, the conditional probability of B given A, and the overall probability of B. It provided a mathematical formula to update our beliefs based on new evidence, incorporating prior knowledge and observed data. By applying Bayes’ theorem, we can make more informed decisions and refine our understanding of the world as we receive new information. This theorem is widely used in fields like statistics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to improve predictions and reasoning under uncertainty. What Is Calculated in Bayes Theorem?| © samnonrnetgar | 6 myst mnaniginn © Rye Mensa Ape Tagen Mat learning to improve predictions and reasoning under uncertainty. What Is Calculated in Bayes Theorem? In Bayes’ theorem, we calculate the conditional probability of event A occurring given the occurrence of event B. It allows us to update our prior beliefs or probabilities based on new evidence or information. The formula considers the prior probability of A, the conditional probability of B given A, and the overall probability of B. By calculating the conditional probability using Bayes’ theorem. After considering the new information event B provides, we can assess the likelihood of event A happening. This calculation is essential for making informed decisions and updating our world understanding. art Loginto check progress and get exclusive| cial-intelligence-tutorial content, Bee)Brom) @ concer noernyin an = a: © > 5 sesamiae gence nec empathy al niece aoe Pa What Is Dempster ~ Shafer Theory (DST)? Video courses with multiple possible events, enabling to represent uncertainty in a more B Prthon Course or ‘meaningful way. DST also provides a more flexib rise approach to handlin 7 & sufficient evidence is present to assign probabilities igle events, the Live Events Adeitionall, one of the mos significant features of DST ists ability toha a= eae imptions. This characteristic enables the direct re tation of uncertainty i 7 eee eretiereneten iim stn check ropecsan gt Sere sre arBrom) @ concer noernyin an = a: thistheory systems con better navigate uncertain cen a soaaingt potential of multiple evidentiary types and effect “ = Events The Uncertaii yin this ModelPore el) 3 @ cone trnyinan ' (4 Serato top ) function. This bel function. Video courses 1 Conflict: nS, uncertainty ares from Infortion. The theory captures these confit 5 mecsnisnct B thon course . Combination Rule: ST employs combination ul ay ombination to merge evicence rom df etvents ons between sources ad determines theo tainty byaBrom) @ concer noernyin an = a: satu Video courses ‘ s jective ito thon course > To address this challange using Dempster-Shaler Theory, we can . Live Events 1 Posty 1: The murderer could be ether, Cor 2. Postblty 2: Allee individuals AC, nd 0 might be Involved in the cro | 2 r tz)Brom) @ concer noernyin an = * scraittotop Video courses h J Live Events Mass function m(K) — Belief in k i)Brom) @ concer noernyin an = soe ae ae ae io i rns Fanti aR : a In Dempster-si T ‘the mass function m(K) rep its evidence for a emma Belief in k The bee in K, denoted calculated by summing the masses o th B: nat belong to K. For example, K d,c}, Bel(K) would sted “ ) + m(e) + m(a, d) + m(a, ) + m(d, e) + mad) re Events GESTS Aa tt Processing Pawsibity in K, denoted as PICK), ie termi n a a thatintrsat with K. Weepresants the cumBrom) @ concer noernyin an = a: Plausibility in K I video courses thatintersect with Kt the cual Live Events ble conclusions nd calculate belie nd plausibties to Characteristics of Dempster Shafer TheoryBrom) @ concer noernyin an = Pa Characteristics of Dempster Shafer Theory related to ignorance, where th on of prababltie fo alevent um upto 1. Thi peculiar a allows the theery to fective adress situation 2. Reduction of gnoranc: inthis theory, ignorance is gradually diminished trough the accumulation of detional evidence By incorporating more and ‘mare evidence, empstr Shafer Theory enables l ystems informe and precze decison, thereby reducing uncertaintie synthesis of diferent pieces of evidence, enabi nsto rive at Video courses fe EventsSB rorca cannd 3 @ cone se ayn e8 = ‘Advantages and Disadvantages Benefits Nevertheless, itis Crucial to Acknowledge Certain Limitations Associated with the Utilization af Demoster haf stn check ope Dempster Shafer Theary in Artificial intelligence (Al) Offers Numerous Video courses Live EventsBrom) @ concer noernyin an = Nevertheless, itis Crucial to Acknowledge Certain Limitations Associated oo = with the Utilization of Dempster Shafer Theory in Artificial intelligence: jifieanty when contonted sie at of combining eidencs 2. Furthermore, he proce Theory necessitates careful modeling and cali accurate and Live Events Conclusion© > stoummcon/sorlaniaintonsta comets -conaits x | @ wats menaetrenin, x | G rpemoncipuming * | 13 ommiinttegenin ¥ @ Yatsomge ny be What is Planning in Al? ite sin Al - Types of inal & Techniques ‘ssontation inl ‘echniques Planning in Al is the process of coming up with a series of actions or procedures to accomplish a particular goal. It entails assessing the existing situation, identifying the intended outcome, and developing a strategy that specifies the steps to take to get there. It is not confined to a particular industry; it may also be used in robots, video games, logistics, as well as healthcare. A Different types of planning in Al S sohovortit Types of planning in Al Classical CEE Tres ac Schol Ween aro Peron w oe ect Pare, xenon acer,Ssoncleriot Types of planning in Al fe ET EU e} Temporal Pei y ene aru) PUTT) KNOW Mo. To get full access i= Mi rorcomr comin > | @ watmenacetmenin > | G vpmimton cing > | 1 Fometondenditn | venromnginn ty > a: Al planning comes in different types, each suitable for a particular situation. Popular different types of planning in ai include: * Classical Planning: In this style of planning, @ series of actions is created to Weed accomplish a goal in a predetermined setting. It assumes that everything is static Raced and predictable. ener eo ‘+ Hierarchical planning: By dividing large problems into smaller ones, hierarchical tte = planning makes planning more effective. A hierarchy of plans must be established, bff cranta| with higher-level plans supervising the execution of lower-level plans. alia sin Al=Typeso + Temporal Planning: Planning for the future considers time restrictions and in Al & Techniqu interdependencies between actions. It ensures that the plan is workable within a esoniation nA certain time lmitby taking into account the duration of tasks Components of planning system in Al A planning system in Al is made up of many crucial parts that cooperate to produce successful plans. These components of planning system in ai consist of:Se ey 0 em a Components of planning system in Al ae ‘A planning system in Al is made up of many crucial parts that cooperate to produce tte A sin Al-Types of inal Techniques ‘echniques successful plans. These components of planning system in ai consist of: ‘+ Representation: The component that describes how the planning problem is represented is called representation. The state space, actions, objectives, and limitations must all be defined + Search: To locate a series of steps that will get you where you want to go, the ‘search component searches the state space. To locate the best plans, a variety of search techniques, including depth-first search & A* search, can be used, + Heuristics: Heuristics are used to direct search efforts and gauge the expense or benefit of certain actions. They aid in locating prospective routes and enhancing the effectiveness of the planning process. Benefits of Al Planning Numerous advantages of Al planning contribute to the efficacy and efficiency of artificial Schol ee Perot, eo eee oy cretex | @ mmesemctramn | 6 mpmenmtectpioing | 1) tomedandietanse & atiomg nt € > 0 stetricon/dsinlenicaincige ye absaming ns Benefits of Al Planning Numerous advantages of Al planning contribute to the efficacy and efficiency of artificial intelligence systems, Some key benefits include: + Resource Allocation: With the help of Al planning, resources can be distributed in the best way possible, ensuring that they are used effectively to accomplish the tte a desired objectives, + Better Decision-Making: Al planning aids in making knowledgeable judgments by in Al~Types of taking @ variety of aspects and restrictions into account. It helps Al systems to inAl& Techniques weigh several possibilities and decide on the best course of action. amen + Automation of Complex Tasks: Al planning automates complicated tasks that ‘echniques would otherwise need a lot of human work. It makes it possible for Al systems to manage complex procedures and optimize them for better results. Applications of Al Planning scrotee>0 ‘echniques © vrminenscctnonsn % |G mpmminenrpioang % | 23 tmdendbatantses x Me erong Applications of Al Planning Al planning is used in many different fields, demonstrating its adaptability and efficiency, A few significant applications are: ‘+ Robotics: To enable autonomous robots to properly navigate their surroundings, carry out activities, and achieve goals, planning is crucial ‘+ Gaming: Al planning is essential to the gaming industry because it enables game Characters to make thoughtful choices and design difficult and interesting gameplay scenarios. + Logistics: To optimize routes, timetables, and resource allocation and achiove effective supply chain management, Al planning is widely utilized in logistics, + Healthcare: Al planning is used in the industry to better the quality and effectiveness of healtheare services by scheduling patients, allocating resources, and planning treatments. ete2) @ wenseene «|S mpmemie *)| Alromewoaee > | 6 ppaarpen x | C mmamny * |G ameam > | = a 8 =a aoe Tipe of Panningin space search. The init the set of target stat Bo DBMS Course - Master the. snsequences, itis possible to explore in either way, as shown in Figure bel . “ Live Events wero | iForward State Space Planning (FSP) Video courses ecauseitmoves ina forward direction, tion of planning ate-space search problem fe Events + sep cost: ach action usualyVideo courses fe Events Advantage Disadvantage2) @ wenseene «|S mpmemie *)| Alromewoaee > | 6 ppaarpen x | C mmamny * |G ameam > | = a 8 Backward State Space Planning (BSSP) Video courses ‘ackward State Space Planning (#SSP is analogous t Backward state space search ieee hichltermines the por action B 8s Course- master or sub goa), Theunormityofthece sub pals need tobe investigate. In thi ce, theaetions must be rlev B vase Corse . Advantage ait rly rein Ic, Live Events Disadvantage A Introduction to oat Target Stack Plan/Goal Stack Planning, —Target Stack Plan/Goal Stack Planning, ‘What is Target Stack Plan/Goal stack Planning? 1ceplnningic among the most important planing methods, which od ely by STRIPS. The stacks eneloyed tio ;usrantes that the elie fll, A knowledge bare is employed ta keep rake he ich branches develop whan an action sche Video courses fe Eventsee ere ea ‘The important steps ofthe Algorithm Video courses The algorithm's critical stapes ares fll: Ietacctop san aeton remove fam the stack, perform it and ate the knowledge bate bated onthe 2 Live Events move the stacktop from th Non-Linear Planning a%@ mnsenet > mpemttin > | F Femandde | 6 ype | teats) x |G aarp | om NOW-UINESY PANT I \ Video courses Advantage arch technique employe Live Events Disadvantage mm Introduction to oat mpicated formula to comprehend GEDAlgorithm Video courses 3. Since all operators on top of opstack prerequisites re ful inthe stat Live EventsSB rorcatin canna 3) @ tare nanny cx = oa eo rites AneteCHS toe 6.5 Partial-Order Planning 3 “The forward and regression planers enforce atta rdaring on actions at all stages ofthe panning process The CSP planner comnts to the particular time thatthe action wl be cared ou, Ths means that those planners have to commit o an ordering of actions when adcing them oa partial plan, even if there is rn particular reason to put one action before another A partial-order planner maintains sparta ordering betwen actions an only comnts to an ordering bbamieen actions when force. Thi is sometimes alto caled a nonlinear planner. whic ¢ 8 misnomer because sch planners often produce a near Pan Because the same ation may be used! a number of ines inthe same plan, for example, the rbot may reed to move clockwise a numberof tes, the partial ordering wil be between action instances, where an action instance f just pair of an action and an integer, which we wll wte a8 oc. By the preconatons and effects ofthe action instance, we ean the precondition and the effects of the action ‘para ordering sa binary relation thats wanstve and asyamettc. A partial-order plans a set of action instances together witha partial orcerng between them, representing a"before elation on action Instances, Wit ets < ac Maton instance at 1s before actonistance act ithe pata order. Ths means that the action of act must occur befor the action of at. The im ofthe planer is o produce a partial ‘ordering of he action instances 50 that any total ordering tat 1 consistent wit the pat oxdsting il solve the goal fom the initial state ‘There ae two spacial avon instances, set that achieve the relations tha re tru nthe inital ett,° 3 © tarensvone any ce ‘There ae two special action instances, soe, that achieves the relations that are tue inthe intial state, and fins, whose precondition isthe goa To be solved Every otter action instance sate stare and before ‘ik inthe pata ordering, The use ofthese as action instances means thatthe algorithm doesnot require ‘pecal cases forthe inal stuation and forthe goals. When the preconditions of fnsh are achieve, the Goal Any action instance ther than stare or fc, will be in a partial-order plan to achieve a precondition of an action instance inthe plan Each preconition P ofan action instance ei the plan is ether true inthe Intl state, and so achieved by tart, or there will be an action instance acts inthe plan that achieves P. The Acton instance ects tha achieves P must be Before ect Mat, ect Local “Avena: se of (9.4) pairs where san atom and an action instance Actions set of actin instances inthe current plan 1: Constrains: Se o temporal constants on action instances