STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SPACING AND

VARIOUS LEVELS OF NITROGEN ON

GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY. BHUBANESWAR
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS .
. -
FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

( HORTICULTURE)

BY
Sanfan" Jean.",. 3laik

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
FACULTV OF AG RICUL TU RE
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology
BHUBANESWAR-751003
1989
iesis ADVISOR ~ Dr. R· S. MISH'RA
 STUDIES ON
mE EFFECT OF SPACING AND VARIOUS
LEVELS OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIEID OF RADISH

BY
santanu Kumar Bill

A
THESIS
. SUBMITrED TO
THE ORISSA UNVIERSI'lY OF AGRICULTURE "AND mCHNOLOOY
BHUBANESWAR
IN PARTIAL FULFlLM&NT OF TIm REQUIREM&NT
FUR THE DEXZREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURB
(HORTICUL'lURE)
1989

APPROVED BY -
Advisory Committee
,~
/~~)O~~.~
Chairman s Dr. R.S. M1shra,
Professor,
Dept. of HorticUl ture
Ph.D. I
~' #
~.O\
!\~.;4-.~-.J'
Members 1. Mr. T. Mohar ana , ~y
Head of the
Dept. of Horticulture

2. Dr. P. Sahoo,
Reader,
Dept. of Seed Techoology.

External L1 o~~ ~~ •. f. 'l-

Ebcam1ner s
 Orissa University of .
Agriculture and Technology
i. Mishra, Ph.D
SHU BANESWAR-751 003
tOFESSOR
It of Horticulture Date .............................. 19

CERTIFICATE - I

This is to certify that the thesis

entitled n Studies on the effect of spaci~ and
various levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of
..
radish" submitted for the degree of Master of
Science (Agricul ture) in the subject of Horticulture
of th~ Orissa Uni ver sity of ~ricul ture & Technology,

Bhubaneswar is a faithful record of bonafide and

original research work carried out by Santanu Kumar
Naik under my guidance and supervision and that IX)

part of the thesis has been submitted for any other

degree or diploma.

The assistance and help recaived

during the course of investigation have been fully

acknov,ledge d.

Major ( R.S. MISHRA )

 CERTIFICAm - II

~is is to certify that this thesis

enti tled" Studies on the effect of spac1~ and
various levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of
radish II subrid. tted bY' Santanu Kumar Naik to the
Orissa University of Agriculture and TechnologY' ,.
.
Bhubaneswar in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science (Agr1cul ture )
1n the subject of Hort1cuJ. ture has been approved by
the student's Advisory Committee after an oral
examination on the same in col~aboration with an
External Examiner.

L..t •. .
~ ~ ...o..'~
. 2,..3- ".,..
EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Head of the Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I avail of this unique opportunity to expres s

my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. R.S.
Mtshra, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,Bhubaneswar
for his valuable guidance, constant supervision, keen
interest and encouragement throughout the course of investi-
g ation and the preparation of this manuscript.
Q

I express my profound respect to Mr. T. lobharana;

M.Sc{Ag) (Hort.), Head or the Department of Horticulture
for providi~ the necessary facilities to carry out this
exper iment.

I am also gratef'u1 to Dr. S.N. Mishra, Senior

scientist ( Horticulture), G. Uadayagiri, for his valuable
suggestions regarding statis~~cal analysis ot the data.

I am indebted to all the respected teachers of

the Department ot Horticulture for their valuable advice
and noble guida~e during the course of my study.

Grateful thanks are due to Dr. P. Saboo, Reader,'

Department of Seed Technology for his kim help and guidance
in preparing the thesis.
Kind help of the Indian Council ot Agricultural
Research, New Delhi, in shape ot Junior Research Fellowship
for my post-graduate studies and research wom is greatly
ackoowledged.
 I feel it a pleasure to express my thanks to
Kalyan, Bipin, Papu, Jaga, Subrat, Subhas, Deepak, Suvendu,
Puro stam , Brajendra, SanUit, Ajay, Basu, ISba and other
younger brothers, for their inexhaustible help and ever
green company.

My thanks are also due to Chan~na, Sash1, ~l~ ;

Jhapsa and Rita for their co-operation in preparat10n ot the
illustrations.
"

Grateful -thanks are due to Mr. D. Patra tor

his
help and Mr. K.C. 1hatoi for neatly typi~ out the tna
nUSCl'ipt
during the preparation of this thesis.

Last but not the least, I express my deep

sense of
grati tude to my parents, brother, sister and othel'
l'e l at1"e
whose blessi~s have always encouraged and inspired s
tneto
proceed on the way of life.

Ibubam swar
Da ted, the ~+h May, 1990
 ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at Horticultural

Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology at Bhubaneswar during the rabi season
( Dec. 1989 tQ Fe". 1990 ) to evaluate' three plan~

spacings ( 10., 15, 20. cm ) and four levels ( 0, ~ ,

..
40, 50 kg/ha ) of nitrogen on growth and yield ot
radish ev. Japanese White. The results showed that
spaci~ or 40 x 20 em with 50 kg N/ha produced the
bes t plant gro''Ith as well as y1eld per plant. \4lh1le
spaci~ of 40 x 10 em with 50 kg N/ha gave highest
total yield per unit area, with maximum. nlmber ot
radish roots.
CHAPTER PAGE

I INTRODmTION 1

..
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5

III MATERIALS Jtl D MEmODS 17

IV EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS

v DISCUSSION 39

VI SIDtfARY 45

VII CO~LUSION 48

BIBLI 00 RAPHY 49

APPENDIX
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PJl}E

1 Cropping history of the experimental plot 17

2 (a) The mechanic al analysis of soil sample 18
of the expertmental plot

(b) The chemical composition of the soil 18

sample of the expertmental plot

3 Meteorological data recorded during the 21

period of experimentation Q

4(a) Mean height of plant' as influenced by 28

different treatments.
( 30 days after sowing )

(b) M3 anheight of plant as infiuenced by 28

different treatments.
( 64 days after sOW'i~ )

5(a) Average number of leaves per plant as 30

influenced by different treatments
( 30 days atter sowing )
(b) Average number of leaves per plant as 31
influenced by different treatments .
( 64 days atter sowing )

6 Mean weight of shoot per plant as influenced 33

b.Y different treatments

7 Average le~th of root per plant as 34

infiuenced by different treatments

8 M9an girth of root per plant as 35

influenced by different treatments

9 Average weight of root per plant as 36

influenced by different treatments

10 Yield per plot as influenced by different 38

trea. tme nts
 · LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE BET';[EEN PAGES

1 Plan or ·lay out 19 - 20

2 Height or plant 27 - 28

3 Number or leaves per plant 30 - 31

4 Weigh t or shoot per plant 32 - 33

5 Length of root 0
3: - 3-

6 Girth or root per plant 35 -36

7 We 19h t of root per plant 3( - 3' .

8 Yield per plot 37 -38

9 Three dimensional graph· 38-39

sowing relationship between
spacings, levels of n1 trogen
and yield of radish roots
( QU1ntals/ha)
 LIST OF PLATES

PLATE NO. PART ICULAlB

1 Effect of spacings at 30 kg Nitrogen

2 Effect of spacings at 40 kg Nitrogen

3 Ef'fec t of spacings at 50 kg Nitrogen

4 Effae t of 40 x 10 em wi th v~i~
levels of Nitrogen

5 Effec t of 40 X 15 em with varyir:g 1 ewls

of NitrOgen

6 Effect of 40 x 20 em with varying levels

of Nitrogen

7 Effect of spacir.g on growth and development

of radish
CHAPTER .1
 Ilf~BODUCTIOli

----,--------------------------------------------.-------

The vegetable crops called the root crops

include carrot, beet, radish, turnip, ,parsnip, salsify,
rutabaga etc. Thes~ crops develop enlarged storage
structures called roots. Amorg the root crops the radish
is considered to have originated in Europe and more
temper~te parts of Asia, but noW it is found widely
distributed through out the tropics, sub-tropics and the
more temperate regions at the world. The chemical" analysis
of radish roots revealed that it contains moisture - 92.4!C,
protein - 0.8~, fat - 0.0'7%, fiber - 0.7%, carbohydrate _
5.2~, calcium - 0.04%, phosphorus - 0.02~ and ascorbic
acid - 15 -40 mg./lOO gm. The carbohydrate consists at
mainly of sugar, glucose, fructose and sucrose. The
characteristic pungent tlavour ot the root is due to the
presence of Isothiocyanates.

Radishes are grown in home gardens, market

gardens, truck gardens as well as by green house growers.
It is used as a salad crop as well as tar curry
preparations. It has a cooling etfect", increases appetite
and possesses medicinal values. ,

Radish belo~s to the family - Cruciterae,

genus - Raphanus, and species - sa t1ws. There are two
distinct genetical groups in radish i.e. asiatic cultlvars
which are primarily for tropical climates prodUce edible
 2

roots in the first season and seeds in the second season as _

a biennial crop, where as European cul t1vars produce roots
in the plains of tropical and sub-tropical climates and
seeds in the hills of temperate climate.

Radish, being the root crop, is grown

rather intens ively, with close rows and many plants per
unit area. Further this requires deep, triable soil, well
drained and well rUled with organic matter. Radish should
grow rapidly for heavy yield and hjgh quality and to ensure
these, there must be an ample supply of 1IDisture. In want
. of this, the roots are likely to be .branched, misshap~.n,.:

tough in texture and unsightly_

Radish spreads i tl s root deep in the soU

and absorbs mtrients in it during a short period ot
cul tivation. It does not require fertilizer in large
quantities, however, the soil in which the radish is
cultivated tends to become less fertile. A recommended
practice is to apply as much organic manure as possible.
Radish absorbs potasium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in increasing
order. Potassium is absorbed in a larger quam ty duri~

the second half ot the growth period than duri~ the first
half, whUe nitrogen is required in larger quantity during
the first halt ot the growth period. Phosphorus is absorbed
in a limited quantity and is required at the initial stage ot
 3

growth. Nitrogenous f'ertilizer has a great effect on

yield but the deficiency with phosphate and potassium
"
fertilizer must be avoided.

Production of' any crop genotype can be

increased by two ways i.e., (1) By cha~ irg the climate
to suit the crop, and (2) To change the technology to suit
the climate. So far the first is concerned it is under
little control of' the plant scientists which is at present
not practicable where as the second. factor can be
manipulated as per the desire. Studies made 1n other root
and tuber crops revealed that s~nificant increase 1n yield
can be obtained by adopti~ proper spacir:g and nutritional
management.

Though radish is one of' the important root

crops, grown through out India in one season or other
and sol d as piece basis and generates more income even
though no systematic works have been done to increase the
productivity i.e. by standardising the planting distance
and economic level of' nitrogen which will make its
cultivation economical viable.

It is therefore felt that the radish, which

is a leading root vegetable crop in India should be exploited
for the experiment. ,The experiment entitled U Studies on the
Effect of spaC ing and vgious levels of' n1 trogen on grol(th
and yield of' radish" was conducted to determine.
 4

(1) Optimum planti~ distance

(2) Optimum nitrogen level

(3) Interact10q ot spac1~ and nitrogen level to

increase the productivity ot crop radiSh under
Bhubaneswar agro-climatic conditions.
CHAPTER II

~
. ~ 11(;"~ll"
/J. :l.(iI) ~ ~ \._'IG~
. . 'j PI.
 REVIBW OF LITERATURE

The relative modification or manipulation

of plant population and economic utilization of nutrients
over existi~ method of cultivation is the need at present.
High density planting in many crops have been successfull)"
implemented to increase the production to many rOlds.
Several experiments conducted on these aspects have Shown
interesti~ resul ts. &lma of the relevant f'ind1~s on
o

effect of planti~ distance and levels of nitrogen in root

crops and radish in pa.t-.ticular have been presented bare.

1. EFFECT OF SPACING AND NITR03EN ON DIFF81E NT PLAN!

CHARACTERS OF RADISH AND OTHKR ROOT CROPS I

In c~arrot, Dhesi II Al. (1964) reported

application of 25.50 or 75 Lbs. or nitrogen along with
25 or 50 Lbs potash per acre increased the lear mmber

and height of the plants and also improved the root le~ th

and diame tar.

Malik and Kanwar (1969) wrki~ on seed

crop of carrot concluded that the plant growth was maximum
wi th 112 kg nitrogen per hectare. They also maintained
that potash was necessary for the growth ot the crop.

Nichols (1971) found that a1. though

n1 trogen had IX) etfect on the growth rate 01" radish, it
increased the dry we1ght 01" plant trom 1 to 35 days atter
sowing.
 6

Singh ~ aJ.. (19'71) worki~ on a seed crop

of radish found that seed yield decreased with application
of 100 and 150 kg nitrogen per hectare when the plants are
spaced widely.

Nordes~aard (19'79) reported that radish

evs. K ben havns Torve and saxe were supplied with
.
. nitrogen at 60, 120, 180 or 240 kg/ha in different forms,
CalCiUJll, Nitrate, Nitrochalk, urea or NPK (16:5112).
No difference in yield response was observed between H
sOlEces, for a given rate the most satisfactory level bei~

120 and 180 kg. Sowi~ rates of 2, 4 and 8 kgs/ha and row
spaci~ . 12, a4 and 48 cm were also investig atad.
Recommendations based on the findings are as tollows.
A density is preferred :i..e. about 30 plants/m 2 at a row
sp aC i~ of 50 cm ( about 15 plants per mt. of row ) on
40 - 50 plants/m S at 12 - 24 cm.

Reports of Hey (1988) revealed that in glass

house trials, seeds ot the cultivars Boy, Nonred saxe Kova;'
Final Nun 2089 and Hun 4452 were sown usi~ a seed drUl,
at densities of 000, 275, 350, 425 or 500/m2 in rows 8.3 em
apart or in a squal"e pattern at dates between 20th Novembe~

and 16th April1 ( dependl~ on cUl tlvar ) with harvest

dates between 12th February and 15th Hay. The percentage
of taUures was lowest (4~) at the widest sowi~ density
and highest (~~) at the olosest. Radish diameter decl1lled
by 17~ and leaf le~th increased by l~ as the sowing
'"
 7

density rose from 200 to roO/m2. Radish unifOrmity and

size were greater with the square pattern qf seed sowi~

and yield were 10 - l5~ greater than with the rows.

In the sam year Hay also repor ted that in a

glass house trials with CV. BoY, sown on 20th November and
harvested on 12th February comparing the effects of sowing
at 5 different densities between 201 and 469 seeds/m2
in 36 rows/3.20 mt span, the leaf length increased and
root diameter declined as sowi~ density increased. The
percentage of roots ( 00 mm in diameter ) also rose from
13 to 50%, the greatest increase ( trom 17 to 34~ ) being
associated with a density increment trom 260 to 350 seeds/m2.
From a 'trial wi th CV. FanaJ. sown on 20th December in 36 on
39 rows/span, with 274 - 417 and 276 - 435 seeds/m,2
respectively.. The effects on leaf le~th and root
diameter at harvest were similar to those of lbvember
sowing for both row densities. ~e percentage of roots
( 20 mm in diameter ), however was greater with the wider
row spaci~, resu! ting in lower yields ot bunches ( ot 12
roots/m2 ) at all seed densities. The highest yields were

o btaine d with the closer row spaCing and the highes t seed
numbers/m2 •

\\'h11e studying in radish, Kobryn (1988)

stated that the seeds sown on 1, 15 or 30th October at
5, 1.5 or 10 x a om to produce densities ot 6EJS., 444 and
333 plants/m2 respectivel,. The effect ot the treatments
 8

on the length of the growing period, total. and marketable

yields; root ~1ght and root : leaf' ratio were determined
and interaction between treatments were statistically
analyse d. 'lhe CV. was found sui table for autumn croppi ~
and g ave the bes t results when sown in early October at
10 x 3 cm.

2. EFFECT OF SPACING A1ID NI'mOGEN ON lIELD

OF RADISH AND OTHER ROOT CROPS :

Cowley and Wene (1955) reported that the

yield ot turnip greens were increased by between 1.16 to
2.01 tons per acre with application ot 100 to 200 Lbs ot
nitrogen.

The nitrogen had a complementary effect wi th

potash was demonstrated by DzebraUov (1.962) in an experiment
on carrot .. Apseron peninsula". The yield increased to 134
per cent, when 45 kg potash per hectare was supplemented with
60 kg nitrogen, from 57 per cent with nitrogen alone.

Forbes and Westgate (1963) conducted an

experiment on fine sand observed that best yields ot carrot
were obtaimd with cQtDbination of 200 to 250 Lbs N and
200 Lbs KgO per aore.

Investlgatl~ the effect of nitrogenous

,
fertilizer on seed crop ot I Japamse radish I Hussain
U Al. (1964) reported that yields were h1gher with 60 and 90
Lbe of nitrogen per acre than its lower doses.
 9

Stephens and Thompson (1964). conductl~ a

tr ial on I Re d G10 be type I of r adlsh In tanks fUle d

wi th peat found that the highest yields were produced with
50 Lbs nitrogen and 120 Lbs potash per acre. They have
also observed from another experiment conducted on muck
solI that nitrogen had no effect on yield while potash
was effective only at the high moisture level.

Dhes 1 ll.al. (1965) round that 50 Lbs each

of nitrogen and potash produced highest yield In carrot glving
maximum return.

Investigati~ the response of carrot to

different levels of nitrogen over 2 years, Verma and Bajpai
(1965) reported that the yield increased with application
of 22.5 kg nl trogen per hectare In both the years. The
increase being 20.10 and 48.75 quintals per hectare
respec ti vely.

Forbes (1966) also noticed imrease in

yi el d of carrot with 150 Lbs of nitrogen and 240 Lbs ot
murlate of' potash per acre.

Bathkal .!! al. (1969) observed a linear

response of' radish to nitrogen application :rr~ 0 to 80 kg
per hectare in respect' ot yield. Results of a trial.
conducted by Borisov and Gusev (1969) on a well cultivated
peat podzollc soll indicated that the yield of • Nantes I
 10

variety aarrot was inareased maximum with application

of 60 kg Nand 90 kg ~O per heatare due to increase
in germination by 22 to 33 per aent.

Matev (1969) noticed the increase in yield

of aarrot by 42.2 per aent due to app11aat1on of 60 kg each

of n1 trogen and phosphorus and 90 kg potash. The yield

further increased by 71.5% with double the above dose of

ni trogen, phosphorus and potash.

A trial conducted by Polach (1969) over

3 years reve aled th~t nitrogen at 60 kg per hectare is

most effective in increasing the yield of carrot, whUe
at higher rates it reduced the average yield. It was
further clear potash at 120 kg per hectare gave the best
yield.

Resul ts ot a trial conducted by' Roy and Seth

(1970) on radish showed that the yield increased in response
to application of nitrogen at 60 and 100 kg per hectare and
also to potash at 30 kg per hectare.

Arora (1971) concluded from an experiment

conducted over 2 years that the yield of radish increased
wi th correspond1r:g increase in the doses up to 120 kg

nitrogen per hectare. He further maintained that application

of 50 kg potash also increased radish yiel d.
 11

earrying out a factorial experiment with

ni trogen, phosphorus and potash, Chauhan and Nanawati (1971)
noticed that the yield as high as 39137.5 ~ per hectare
could be obtained with 75 kg N, 80 kg P205 followed by
75 kg N, 40 kg P20S and 50 kg K2 0. But these yields
are not significantly higher to that obtained with 75 kg
n1 trogen per hectare alone. They theref'ore, remarked
application of' only the above dose of' nitrogen is benef'icial
for increasi~ the radish yield and that phosphorus had no
such major effect and potash may even adversely affect
the yield.

In a sand culture Nelyubova et ale (1972)

npticed that application of 30 kg nitrogen and 90 kg potash
per hectare increased the yield of carrot in presence at
high rates of boron application. But the yield did not
increase :fUrther when the nitrogen was raised to 60 or
120 kg per hectare in presence of 8•• rate of :001'011.

From a trial. conducted with 1.0 cultures

of carrot at various sites over 3 years, Green (1973)
concluded that n1troge~ at 100 kg per hectare was
"
beneficial whUe effect of the crop did not respond to
potassic fertilization.

Lee and Leon (1982) conducted triSl with

a high yielding chinese radish CV. I Sew Mu! • was tested
at 4 plant spac~ ( 10 x 10, 15 x 15, 20 x 20 and 30 x 30 cm)
and three fertilizer treatments. Chicken manure at 15t/ha
 12

or inorg anic fertilizer ( l~ : 10 I 14 ) at 575 or 1150

kg/ha were applied. With increased spacing yield/plant
increased from 71.4 to 216.3 g., however the highest
yie1d/ha (36.4 t/ha) was obtaimd at the c1,osest plant
spacirg. Yield at the widest spacing was only 18 -17t/ha.
The inorganic fertilizers produced higher root yields than
the chicken manure (1.27.1g/p1ant) although there was 00

significant difference between the lower and higher rates

which yielded 146.7 and 152.5 g/p1ant ~espectively.

Gray ~ Al. (1983) observed that the seed

yield ot carrots increased by about 50 - 55% as the plant
density increased from 10 - 80 plan ts/m~ in two trials,
but in another trial plant density had little effect.
!he aver age percentage ot the yield contributed by primary
umbel were 25 and 62 tor the low and high density crops
respectively.

Reports ot Netherlands and Wierlnger (1983)

revealed that carrots were sown mechanically on ri~es

50 or 75 cm wide on 1st Mq thinned to densities ot 30 - 90

p1ants/m2 • salable yields rose markedly as the plant
density increased to" about 70 per mtB. Subsequent
increases above this density being slight, yields were
li ttie affected by the width of the ridges or the number
of row/ridge.
 13

polach (1983) noticed that in a 4 yee:r

trial in carrot CV. I Nuntes • grown .on a soU with
adequate P am medium to low K contents, N at 0 to 180 kg/ha
and K at 0 to 196.8 kg/ha -were applied in 12 different
treatments. Basal N application at 60 kg/ha + top dressir.g
wi th .4% 'urea at 100 L/ha and basal K at 151.2 kg/ha
gave the best yields and quality.

S1r.gh ~.Al. (1983) stated that in two year

trial with radish ey. HR-l, 60, 75 and 90 day old steckli~s

received n1 trogen at 40, 80 or 120 kg/ha. In both ye~

seed yields were highest ( 7.05- 8.58 !J/ha ) on plots with

75 day old steckli~s received 80 kg N/ha.

Chakravarti (19~4) reported that in trials

wi th Turnip CV 'pusa Sweti " the plants receive N at
50 - 150 kg/ha and or P20S at 30 - 90 kg/ha. The plants
responded to N much more than P. The highest seed yield
(1707.17 kg/ha) was obtained trom plants receiv1~ the
highest NP rates and the next highest (1614.58 kg/ha) trom
plants receiving Jl alone at 150 kg/ha.

Rawat and Si~ (1984) observed that radish

plant growirg at 4 diffem nt spacings received N at
50 - 150 kg/ha. The highest seed yield (6.5 Q/ha) was
obtained trom plants spaced at 45 x 45 em and recelv1~ N
at 100 kg/ha in- a spll t dose ( half before soWi~, a quarter
at tl'ansplantiQJ and a quarter at beg inning of fiowerlI1 ).
 14

Reports of Schoneve1d and Schroon (1984)

revealed that beet root planted in soil blocks
containing 1, 2 or 3 seedlings/block and spaced in various
ways to give population at 22, 33 and 44 plants/m2 •
2
Increasing plant numbers/m delayed harvest, but resulted
in higher yields.

Sharma and Singh (1984) reported that

s teck1ings or carrot CV. I Pusa Kesar I, planted on 21st
December at 60 x 15 to 60 x 60 cm received N at 50 - 150 kg/ha
seed yield rose with increasi~ N rates from 10.5 q/ha at
50 kg N/ha to 11.4 q/ha at 1.50 kg N/ha. The control yield
was 9.6 q/ha. Spaci~ had little etrect on seed yield.

Benilam1n ~ Jil.. (1985) observed that the

total yield or beet per un! t area decreased with increas~

plant density. Maximum nelds per unit area or small beet

were achieved at high plant dens! ties, where as maximum
yields or large beet were achieved at low plant densities.
The effect or between<- row spacIng on yield was much smaller
than that of density and was important only for crops
harvested early. Shoot yield per un1 t area was not affected
by row spacing. Shoot yield was rot affected by plant
density in one experiment, but in the other'tended to a
maximum value with increasi~ plant density.

Reports of SLngh and Saimbh1 (1985) revealed

that in 2 year trials with 2 carrot cultivars, sown in r14Jes
 15

or flat ground at different spacings. Sowing in double rows

on 45 cm ridges gave the highest yields of 705.6 q/ha in
selection - 233 and 748.2 q/ba in No. 29.

SiIgh and Saimbhi (1985) also observed that

stackings of turnip CV L-1 were planted in rows 45, 60 or
75 cm apart within row plant spaci~ of 30, 45 or 60 cm •
Spacing at 75 x 30 c!ll gave the highest seed yield of
4.71 q/ha spacing at 75 x 60 cm gave the lowest Yield
(2.5 q/ha).

Bruclmer and Gemiise (1986) observed that in

carrots increasi~ the. N supply ( 0 - 200 kg N/ha) produced
a relatively small increase in yields. N at 100 kg/ha
gave the best yields without increasing the NO a content of
the carrots.

Reports of Mesqul ta .21 Ala. (19861 revealed

that in a dry season ( May - August) trial on a·telayey dark

red latosol, carrot ~ ev. Nantes, were treated wiih
N at 0, 60, 120 or 180 kg/ha and P20S at 0, 300; 600,
or 900 kg/ha the crop was sprinkler-irrigated. The
response curve showed that N at 138 kg/ha and P20S at
731 kg/ha would give the highest yield.

Maurya and Goswami (1988) reported that in

carrot CV. Nantes, N : P2 0 S : K2 0 were applied 40 - 60 I

18 - 32 : 75 - 125 kg/ha. The highest yield, 25.08 t/ha and

good root quality were obtained with 60 : 32 : 125 kg/ha rate.
Only 9.28 t/ha was obtained in the mn fertilized control.

Pandey and Joshua (1988) observed that the

radish ev. HR-1 sown on flat ground or on ridges, received
N at 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg/ha. N at 80 kg/ha with ridge
sowi~ produced the maximum average yield (110.37 ton/ha)
Root quality was also best in this variant.

Skrbic (1988) stated that in trials over

2 years with 2 carrot cultivars basal P205 , ~O at 60 : 90 kg/ha
was applied with varyi~ N rates ( 0 to 150 kg/ha) N at
30 kg/ha gave the highest total and marketable yields.
The ev I Formula' gave a higher yield ot marketable
carrots than • Scarlet Nantes'.

Reports of SoWlda $ll Al. (1989) in radish,

revealed that a field experiment was conducted during the
winter season with 4 N levels ( 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg/ha)
and 3 spacing ( 30 X 5, 30 x 10 and 30 x 15 cm) in a sandy
loam soil. N significantly influenced the yield of marketable
roots, root length, :fresh weight of shoot, root girth,
length of leaves, number and weight ot leaves per plant and
the number ot marke.table roots. Spaci~s also significantly
infiuenced the above indices. The highest yields ot
marketable roots were obtained wi th the highest N level
{ 503.73 qlha) and with the 30 x 10 cm spaci~ <529.06 q/ha).
 CHAPTER III

~III••' . II'
 MATERIAIS AND METHODS

The present experiment entitled

II Studies on the Effect of spaci~ and various levels
ot n:L trogen on growth and yield of radish ( Raphanus
satiyus. L.) II was carried out during the rabi season
of the year 1989-90.

EXPERIMENTAL SITE

The experiment was conducted at Horticultural

Research Station, Orissa Uhiversity of Agriculture and
Technology at lhubanaswar which is situated, 20 0 15 1 North
o I
Latitude and 85 52 Bast Longitude and at an altitude
ot 25.5 meters above the mean sea level, at 62 kills wes t
ot Bay' of Bengal in the state of Orissa.

CROPPING HISTORY OF THE PLOT

A qetaUed croppi~ history of the

experimental plot is presented in Table "1 for two
successive years.
Table 1
Cropping history of the experimental plot
, ,

Crop season
Year T ,.

Khar!f Dab! SUmmer

1988-89 Potato Cabbage Chill!
1989-90 lhend! Radish -
 18

SOIL
The soil of the exper mental plot is a
lateri te sandy loam. The land is· well drained.
Composi te soil samples from a depth of 15 cms were taken
from different pockets of the experimental area, be tore
sowing of seeds. Soi~ analysis was done in the soU
chemistry laboratory to determine its physical and
chemical composition. The results ot which are presented
in Table 2(a) and 2(b) respectively.

Table 2 (a)

The mechanic a1 analysis of soil sample of the experimental plot

---------------,---------------------------------------------------
Mechanic al const! tuents Percentage (on· air
dry basis)

Coarse sand 48.38

Fine sand 27.81
Silt 11.51
Clay 12.30
Textural class Sandy Loam

Mechanical constituents by Bouyoucos Hydrometer

(Bouyoucos, 1962)
Table 2 (b)
The chemical composition ot the soil sample ot the
experimental plot
particulars Amount present
(Chemical const1tusJ).ts) . (Oven drlbas1s )
Total Nitrogen 0.07 ~
Available phosphorus 8.6 kg/ha
AVailable PotaSh 179.5ki/ba
Organic Carbon 0.65 J
__~p~H_____.. __--______~____._~__~5~.~-5~-~-~~..~~~
 19

The chemical analysis o~ the so11 sample was

carried out as per the rollowi~ methods ,

(i) Total nitrogen by Kjeldahl l s method

( Jackson, 1962 )
(ii) Available phosphorus by usi~ Bray's strong
reagent ( Bray, 1948 )
(iil) Available potash by usi~ Morgan's reagent
( Jackson, 1962 )
(iv) Organic carbon by Walkley and Black's rapid
titration method ( Walkley and mack, 1934)
(v) pH by Baclananl s pH meter ( Piper, 1906)

EXPlmIMImTAL DET AILS

The de tail plan of lay our for the experiment

is presented in Fig. 1
i) Design: Randomised mock Design
ii) Number of treatments - 12
(a) Spaci~ - 3 ~ = ( 10 x 40 ) cm
S = ( 15 x 40 ) cm
2
S = ( 20 x 40 ) cm
-3
(b) Nitrogen levels -4
10 = ( 0 kg/ha )

.,..
11 = ( 30 kg/ha )
1f2 = (40 kg/ha )
Us := ( 50 kg/ha )
iii) Number Of. repllca~ions - 3
IV) NUmber ot plQts - 36
v) Number ot rows per plot - 4
 FIG. t. P LAN OF LAVOUT

&. N:a. S,N. 53Ko E W

S,No ~N1 S,N~
N
SPACINGS .
5,~ 5~N5 S~No
s. · 40x10 etA.
~No S,N o StN. 52 • 40 Jt15 C~.
53 a 40,,20 C"'.
5~N5 ~N, SaN~
LEVEL~ OF N1TROGEt
~Ho SaN. SIN, No- N6 NlTQOGEN
S3N, 0 SlN3 % 5aNl. o·
%7
N•• 30 KgN/Ho.
% o
;z.
o
;) -
I-
~ N2:' 40 Kg Nfl·\ci.
- S~Nl c:O
Sa,Nl « Sl~1
M,,. 50 ~9 NI Ho.
I-
<C
o
-
CI
a -

a- ~N, ~Ko d 5.Nl

-
" 5,M3 5.N, SINo

SaK • ~Na 5:a.N1

. -5atb. StN. ~1i5

~

Q1 Q.1l ~ Ul
DE51GN. Q. B. O.
NET PLOT SIZE. i·G M.X t M.
IR.RIGATION C-H~NNE.L - ,40 C~.
SUN o. ~o etA.
 vi) Number of plants per plot:
81 = 40

~=~

S3 = 00
vii) Net plot size - 1.6 m :x: 1 m =1.6 sq. m
= 0.00016 ha.
viii) Width o.r irrigation channel - 40 cm
ix) Width ot eachbmd separating two plot in .
a replication - 20 em
x) Width ot buDd separating two replications - 30 cm 1

xi) Gross exper imental area ,

95.92 sq. m ( 0.09592 ha. )
xii) Net experimental area :
57.6 sq. m (0.00576 ha. )

CLIMATE

The meteorological data ot the research

station dur1ng the period ot experimentation is presented

. in Table 3 •
 Table 3
Meteorological data recorded during the period of experimentation

Temperature °C' Relative humidity Rainfall Sunshine

Month &: (mm) hours/day
year Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean

Current 28.5 14.6 21.5 88 40 64 0 8.4

December ,89 Normal 28.9 15.9 22.4 86 42 64 5.5 8.6
Deviation -0.4 -1.3 ' -0.9 +2 -2 0 -5.5 -0.2

Current 30.1 15.5 23.1 . 89 33 61 0 9.3

January, 1990 Normal 28.9 16.6 22.7 89 44 66.5 7.9 8.8
Deviation +1.8 -1.1 +0.4 0 -11 -5.5 -7.9 ..0.5

Current 31.5 19.5 25.5 94 50 72 59.8 9.9

Fe bruar y,1990 Normal. 31.4 19.1 25.2 90 4:2 66 28.6 9.1
Deviation -to.1 +0.4 +3 +4 ..a -t6 .f{31.2 -to.8

l\:)

"'"
 22

FIELD PREPARATION

The experimental plot was ploughed

to a fine tilth with the help of power tUler. This
was followed by harrowi~ and levelling. It$ per the
plan of layout experimental plots were prepared. Farm.

yard manure was applied in each plot at the rate ot

two baskets i.e. about 15 kg. In each plot four rows
were dr awn by maintaini~ row spacing 40 cm. Half of
the nitrogen in torm ot urea, tull phosphorus and halt
potash were applied in the rows at the time ot see,d
sowing. Fertilizers were mixed in the soil and
finally dressed with compost.

VARIETY AND SOURCE OF SEEm

seeds ot radish CV. Japanese Whi te were

procured from the National Seeds Corporation Ltd. ot
Bhubane swar •

SOWIRl AND THINNING TIME

Seeds ot radish were sown in the rows

on 18.12.1989. Th1nni~ ot seedll~s as per the spacing
shown in each individual plot, was carried out on
2.1.1990 when plants were at two to three lear stage.

FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Chemical fertilizers were calcUlated for

each plot based on the tol1owi~ recommendation.
 ·23

Ni trogen - 0 , 30 , 40 and 50 kg/ha

Phosphorus - 30 kg/ha
potash - 40 kg/ha

As per plan ot layout for each plot,

n1 trogen requirement was calculated. Halt ot nitrogen
was applied as a basal dressing alongwi th full
phosphorus and halt potash at the time of sowi~.

constant dose ot phosphorus and potash were common tor

each plot. One quarter of the ni trogen was apPlied as
Ist top dressi~ atter 00 days ot seeding, whereas
remaining quarter of' n1 trogen and half potash were
applied as 2nd top dressing i.e. 20 days after the
firs t.

INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS AND IRRIGATION

Weeding and hoei~ were carried out twice

before the Ist and 2nd dres sing of ter tUizers and -were
followed by earthing. Timely irrigations wre made
seeing the soU and weather conditions in order to
faci1i tate the growth and root development ot radish.

PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES

During the experimentation crop was attacked

by aphids. To check the aphids and possi ble f'u~ al

diseases the crop was sprayed With Demicron 0.05% and

Dithane M-45 at O.l~ concentration atter 45· days ot
sowing.
 HARVEST 1m

Fully developed roots of· radish with edible

quality intact were harvested on 20.2.1990.

OBSERVATIONS

Five plants selected randomly from each plot

(treatment) in a replication were tagged and maintained
as observational plants for recording growth and yield
attributing characters. Following observations were
recorded during the Qourse of investigation.

PRE-HARVEST STUDIES

1. !f§J.gh t of the pl!.!lt

By means of a meter scale the plant height

was measured at 2 different stages of grOl1th i.e. 3) days
after sowi~ and 64 days after sowing ( after harvest1~ )
and were recorded in centimeter.

2. Number of leaves/plant

The number of leaves per plant were counted

at 2 different stages of growth period. For leaf number
all the observation plants were taken into consideration.

PO ST HARVEST STUDIES

Five observational. plants were harvested 1n

each treatment ot a rep11cation. Plants were washed in
 25

wa ter c are:f'u1ly • Shoo ts and roots were de tached wi th the

help of stainless steel knife. About half centimeter
stub was kept intact with radish roots.

1. We ight of shoot/plant

Atter harve s ti~ t the shoo t a1o~ with

leaves were detached trom the root ot individual plant
and weighed in gm with the help at scale balance
accur ately.

2. Iemth of root/Plant

Atter harvesting, the length at radish root

was measured trom shoulder to the base of the b1 unt end
by means of meter scale in em.

3. Girth ot root/plant

The maximum thickness ot the root was recorded

wi th the help at vernier slide calipers in em.

4. Weight ot root/plant

Atter measuring the root length and maximum

thickness, the weight at individual root was weighed in
gm with the help at scale balance accurately.

5. Yield per plot

Per plot yield was calculated by the average

weight of the five observational. plants in a tre&bnent
in a replication, multiplied with the maber of plants
accommodate~ in a plot as per the treatment and yield
per plot l(cls calculated.

STAXIST.ICAL ANALYSIS

The data of the find1~ s obtained in

different aspects of study were subjected to statistical
~

analysis in randomized block design. 1he 5~ level of F -

test have been used for testing the significance of the
findings. Appropriate standal'd error for each factor
was calculated and to compal'e the two treatment means,
the critical difference (C.D.) was ~rked out at 5% level
of significance usi~ the following formulae.

1. S.E. (m) for treatment = V'/8rrO~ M.S.

Where, Error M.S. = Error mean sum of squares

r =Number of replications.
2. C.D. (0.05) for treatment means
=S.E. (m) :x: 1.414 x I tl value
at error degree of freedom
 CHAPTER IV

.~llli '~I I -Yi. IIBDIM".

 ElPERIMBNTAL FINDINGS

During the' course of investigation number ot

observations on growth and yield attributes of radish
were recorded at regular intervals. The data obtained
were subjected to statistical analysis, keeping in view
to determine the efficacy of different plant density as
well as level of n1 trogen on radish. The results obtained
are presented in the succeeding pages under the follow1~

heads.

1. GROWTH PARAMETERS

-
Under this head, height ot the plant, number
of leaves per plant and mean weight of shoot were recorded.

2. YIELD PARAMBTERS

rus includes, mean length of root, mean

girth of root, mean weight of root and yield per plot.

GROWm PARAMETERS

(i) Height gf plADt ( Table 4(a), 4(b) and Fig. 2 )

Height of plant at. different stages ot growth

as infiuenced by various levels of nitrogen and spacing
was recorded at two stages of growth (i) 3) days atter
sowing and (ii) at final harvest i.e. 64 days atter soWir:g.
From the table, it 1s obviQUS that plant height increased
progressively_
 FIG.-2 HEIGHT OF PLANT
~ 30 DAVS AFTER SOWiNG
o fA OAV5 AFTER SOWING

•
~ 18
'J
Z t~
- 14
I
~ 12
cS iO
~8
1- 6
:C4
o
w2.
:r:
o
1h~~f14
TREATMENTS
 Table 4{a)
Mean height ot plant as influenced by different treatments
( 3) days at tar sow1~),
( Uni t-cm )
 29

At the in! tial stage there was no

sign1f1cant difference amo~ the spac1ngs where as levels
of nitrogen shO\lSd significant differences. N3 , N2 and Nl ,
recorded significant differences over NO. N3 was also
significantlY super10r over Nl , while Nl and N2 as well as
N2 and Na d1d not 1nd1cate s1gnif1cant d1fferences and
they remain at par with each other.

In the final observation maximum spaci~

(27.09 cm plant height) showed significant response as

compared to other two spac 1rgs i.e. medium (~.95 cm plant
he 19ht) and m1nimum (23.95 cm plant he1ght) which were at
par with each other. Amo~ the various levels of nitrogen
N3 (27.63 cm) and N2 (26.07 cm) attained significant
difference over NO (23.17 em). Na also showed significant
plant height (27.63 cm) over Nl (24.45. cm), whereas Nl and
N2 were found at par.

AJnong the trea 'bee n ts maximum and minimum

values of plant height were recorded at SaN3 (29.7 cm) and
SlNo (21.16 em) respectively. S3Na was fOllowed by S3H2
(27.76 cm) SlN 3 (26.83 em) and were at par with. each other
and were signif1c antly supeMor over SlBO' SlNl and S2NO.
other promising treatments were ~N3 (26.36 cm), Yl
(26.00 em), S2Ng (25.36 em) and ~Ng (25.1 em).
 30

In gener al increase in spac1ng as well as

n1 trogen level also resulted increase in plant height.

(ii) Number of leave!-Rer plant

Number of leaves as affected by different

trea tments, was recorded at two stages of growth and
mean values have been presented in Table No. 5(a), 5(b)
and Fig. 3.

Table 5(a)
Average number of leaves per plant as 1nfiuenced by
different treatments
(30 days after sowing)

Levels of
nitrogg,n NO 111 !fa N3 Mean
spaci~

81 7.43 1.60 8.60 9.46 8.27

Sa 8.g; 8.76 8.90 9.56 8.87

S3 8.30 9.06 9.30 9.'76 9.10

Mean 7.99 8.47 8.93 9.59

-
For spac1ng, S.E.lm) =.t 0.358 ~; C.D.(0.05) = 0.1429
For nitrogen, S.E.(m) = .t 0.413 , C.D. (0.05) = 0.8579
For treatment,S.E.(m) = .± 0.506 , C.D. (0.05) = 1.4851
 FIG.3
NUMBER O~ LEAVES PER PLANT.
20 fa 30 DAVS AFTER SOWING
j8 t:'J 64 DA~S AFTER SOWING.
t6
14
~ t2.
>-
~iO
--'
LL 8
o
6
0:::
~4
~2
Zo
 31

Table 5{b)
Average number of leaves per plant as influenced by
different treatments
( 64 days after sowi~ )

Levels of
[l;Ltrogen NO H1 N2 N3 Mean
spacing

9.86 10.90 12.00 13.60 11.64

~
82 11.00 14.00 14.30 16.30 13.95

S3 14.90 16.70 18.60 19.70 17.47

Mean 11.98 13.86 15.03 16.53

For spaci~, S.E.(m) =.± 0.598, C.D. (0.05) =1.2415

For ni troge n, S. E. (m) =.± 0.69:1., C.D.(0.05) =1.433
For trea tment,S.E. em) =.± 0.846, C.D. (0.O5) =2.48g)
At the inti&! observation ~ (9.10) recorded
significant difference over Sl (8.27). ~diUDl spacing is
S2 ( 8.87) showed non signif'icant diff'ere nee over ~ as
well as S3 and was at par with both the spacing. Alnorg
the levels of' nitrogen highest level N3 with 9.59
number of leaves closely followed b.1 N2 (8.93) and were
significantly superior over NO (7.99). Highest level ot
nitrogen also showed superiority- over Xl (8.47). Among
the treatments S3N3 (9.76) and ~NO (7.43) showed
maximum and minimum values f'or number of' leaves per plant.
 32

In the final observation Sa (17.47)

showed significant difference over ~ (13.95) and
8 1 (11.64). While S2 was found significantly superior
over ~. Among the levels of nitrogen, increase in
the level showed increase in the rmmber of leaves per
plant. Highest level of nitrogen established significant
differences over lower levels of nitrogen. N2 and N1
also sho~d significant differences over No. Among the
trea tments maximum and minimum numbers of leaves per
plant were recorded at S3N3 (19.7) and SlNO (9.86)
respectively. SaNa was closely followe~ by S3R 2 (18.6),
S:!l (16.7) and Sila (16.3). .These interactions were
found significantly superior over all the levels of
n1 trogen at minimum spacir:g as well as at S N •
2 0

(ii1) Jtleu ht ot shoot per plant

From the perus a1. of the data shown in

( Table No.6 and Fig. No.4 ) indicated that weight of
shoot established significant difference amo~ the
spacings. Maximum (62.57 gm) and miniml1n (g).17 gm)
were noted at S3 and ~ respectively. In case of
nitrogen 13 (61.93 gm) followed by N2 (44.90 gm )
and were found Significantly superior over N1 (34.03 gm)
and No (28.85 gm).
 F1G.4. FRESH WEIGHT OF SHOOT
PER PLANT.

T. T1.1i14 1; U 17 Ta 1\ TIO"' TI2-

TREATMENT5
is-
FIG.5. LE NGTH OF EDIBLE ROOT.
IE. ,J'-'
14
J~ J..J~"" _J
-11
~iO
-
..J""'"

8'
a,
u..
°4
§t
:z:
~o ~~~~~~~~~

. T. Ta 1;14 . T, Tt. T., Ta T, T.1I Til.

TREATMENTS
 33
Table 6
Mean weight of shoot per plant as influenced by
different treatments
( Unit-gm )

Levels of
nitrogen B'o H1 N2 Na Mean
spacing

81 15.40 19.00 31.50 38.80 ~.11

~ 26.50 34.76 38.56 54.36 38.54

Sa . 44.66 48.33 64.66 92.63 62.57
Mean 28.85 34.03 44.90 61.9a

•
For spaCing, S.E. (m) = .± 3.548 , C.D. (0.05) = 7.3595
For hi trogen, S.E. (m) = .:t 4.097 , C.D.(0.05) = 8.4980
For treatment,S.3~ (m) =:t 5.018 , C.D. (0.05) =14.7168

Among the interactions highest (92.63 gm)

.
and lowes t (15.40 gm) weight of shoot wera marked at
S3Na and SllfO respectively. other promising interactions
in seqUence were S3Na (64.66 gm ) and Y3 ( 54.36 gm).
The first three interactions proved to be significantly
superio~ over all the levels of n1 trogen at 81 and lower
levels of n:f. trogen at Sa-

YIELD P ARAMSTERS·

1. Length of root

Data portrayed in Table No.7, Fig. No.5

showed that there' was significant difference among .the
 34

spacings. S3 and 8 1 recorded maximum (14.01 em) and

minimum (11.53 em) lez:gth of root respectively. As tar
as levels of· ni troge n a:re concerne d the maximum root
length was observed at N3 (13.88 cm) closely followed
by N2 (13.25 cm) and were superior over N1 (12.43 cm)
and NO (11.61 em),

Table 7 .
. Average length ot root per plant as infiuenced by
different treatments
(unit-cm)

--
Levels of
nitrogen No Hl H2 N3 Mean
spaei~

Sl 10.46 11.20 11.50 12.96 U.53

82 11.56 12.96 13.66 13.00 12.84

S3 12.83 13.13 14.60 15.50 14.01

Mean 11.61 12.43 13.25 13.88

Pbr spacing, S.B.(m) = t 0.3355, C.D.(O.05) =0.6760

For nitrogen, S.E.em) =~0.3771, C.D.(0.05) =0.7821
For treatment, S.E.em) = t 0.4618, C.D.(O.05) = 1.3519

While studying the treatments effect, the

maximum (15.5 em) and min1mtn (10.46 em) were recQrded
at SaN3 and ~No respectively. Othel" prospective
treatments were S:/'2 (14.6 cm), Si'2 (13.66 em), Y3
(13.2 CUl) and ':iNl (13.13 em). These trea'bnents were
found significantly superior with the lower levels ot
ni trogen atSl a.s well as ¥o.
 35

(ii) Girth of root per plant (Table No.8 and Fig.No. 6)

From the table it is clear that significant

differences were noticed among the spacings. S3 and 81
recorded highest (2.89 cm) and lowest (1.9? cm) girth of
root respectively. In case of nitrogen Na recorded
highes t root girth (2.83 cm) and proved significantly
superior over others. In lower levels of nitrogen
N2 (2.48 em) scored significant differences over No'
while Nl (2.27 em) was at par with K2 as well as NO
(2.08 cmS, the l~~st.

Table 8
Mean girth of root_p~r plant as influenced by
d1tr~ent treatments
(Unit-cm)

Levels of
n;f. trO!!D H H1 12 H3 Mean
spacing 0

81 1.69 1.?2 1.95 2.53 1.97

82 2.05 2.32 2.36 2.80 2.38

S3 2.50 2.?7 3.13 3.17 2.89

Mean 2.08 2.Z7 2.48 2.83

• .~

Pot- spacing, S.E.(m) = Z 0.0912, C.D. (0.05) = 0.1893

For n1 trogen, S.E.Cm) =.:t 0,1054, C.D. (0.05) =0.2].86
For treatment, S.E. em) = .t O.l29O, C.D .(0.05) = 0.3'786
 ~ FIG_6. GiRTH OF EDIBLE ROOT
PER PLANT.
4

Tal;T,T. 1;li171i Tt Ta.liTI1

T~EATMENTS
I F1G_7
9 WEIGHT OF
EDIBLE ROOT PER
PLANT .
en
.
~
o
-
%

1i Ta1jT4 TJ 161;16 r, T..1; lil

TREATMENTS
 36

Among the treatments SaN3 had the maximum

(3.17 cm), closely followed by S3N2 ( 3.13 cm),
~N3 ( 2.80 cm) and SaN1 (2.77 cm), while S:J.NO had the

minimum (1.69 cm) girth of root. The promisi~ treatments

were also found significantly super.ior over lower levels of
nitrogen at 9.a as well as 81 spacing.

(iii) ~1ght of root per plant

This is one of the most important attripute

contributi~ towards the yield of radish root. Relevant
data have been presented in Table No.9 and Fig. No.7.

Table 9
Average weight of root per plant as influenced bY'
different treatments
(Unit-cm)

Levels of
nitrogen NO Nl 112 13 Mean
spacing

81 12.00 17.86 24,26 50.73 26.26

82 29,86 40,46 47,20 63.53 45,26

S3 48,00 63.16 83.40 94,60 72.30

Mean 30.02 40.50 51.64 69.62

For spacing, S.S. 'lit) =.:t 3.9393, C.D. (0.05) = 6.1805

For ni trogen, S.Rem) =.:t 3.775 , C.D. (0.05) = 1.8293
For treatment, S.E. (m) = .:t 4.6234, C.D. (0.05) = 13.5590
 Data shown in the table indicated that
there was significant difference among the various
spacings. Maximum (72.3:> gm) and minimum (26.26 gm)
of root weight were observed at S3 and 31 spaci~
respectively. Highest (69.62 gm) and lowest (30.02 gm)
weight of root were recorded at N3 and NO level of
ni trogen re speCftively. Big nificc;l.nt superiority was
established by each higher laval, over their lower
levels of n1 trogen.

Among the treatments Sil3 scored the maximum

(94.6 gm) closely followed by S3Ng (83.4 gm) and were
found s:lgn1ficantlY superior over rest 'of the trea'bnents.
some other promising treatments such as ~N3 (63.53 gm),
saNl (63.16 gm) and 811'3 (50.73 gm) were found
significantly superior over the lower levels of n1 trogen
at ~ as well as a/o' ~h1ch were at par with each. other.
Minimum root weight (12.2 gm) was observed at SrNO.

(iv) Yield per plot

Yield ot radish roo~s per. plot has been

presented in Table No.lO and Fig. 1'0.8. Data shown in
the table indicate that sig nificant difference exist
among the spacings. Maximum (J.446.J.6 gm) and min1ml.lll
(J.050.66 gm) yield per plot were recorded at spaci~
S3 and S1 respectively. S3 and S2 did not show a~
 FIG.S. TOTAL lJ1ELD PER PLOT.

<f)
.
:E
<!>'

-
'Z
(,
9
-
w
:>
i50
o~~~~~~~~_

T. Ta1i14 li 1617li -,; Tao1ili,.

TREATMENTS
 38

sig nif'icant dif'ference and remained at par. Among

the n1 trogen levels H3 scored highest (1900.08 gm)
fol19wed by !fa and lil , where as NO had the lowest
('761.42 gm). There was significant difference amo~
the various levels of n1 trogen.

Table 10
Yield per plot as influenced bY' different
treatments
(Un1t-gm)

Levels of'
n~trogen NO N1 112 113 Mean
spacing

488.00 114,66 970,66 2029,33 1050.66

~
82 836.26 1133.06 1321.60 17'78.93 1267.46

S3 960.00 1263.33 1669.33 1892,00 1446.16

Mean 761.42 1031.01 1320.53 1900.08
,
For spacing, 8.3. (11.)
Co
=.:: 93.2232, C.D. (0.05) =193.3449
For nitrogen, S.B.(lI) I: .:t 107,6448, C.D.(0.05) =223.2555
For treatment,s.S.(m) =.t 131.8375, C.D. (0.05) = 386.6314

As far as inte~action of spacing x nitrogen is

concerned SlB3 with 2029.33 gm yield scored the highest
closelY' followed by: S3'1a (lB92 ga), where as Sl110 had the
lo,..es~ (488 gm). other impQrtant interactions i.e. S2Ba
(1778.93 gm) and SaNa (1669.33 gm) rema1md at par and were
significantlY' superior over lower levels at n.1 trogen at
Sl' where as at 8 2 aDd Sa both at .0 and "1 level at
nitrogen.
 CHAPTER V

II @ III •
 ,
DISCUSSION

In the preceediQ5 chapter effect of

spaci~ and nitrogen :fertilization on various attributes
of growth and yield of radish have been presented.
To study how far the variations in these attributes
could be ascribed to the effects of different trea'bnents
and to undE)rstand the cause and effect relationship
among them. The findings reported have been. discussed
in this chapter. Radish being the root crop, the
economiC yield of the crop.is the result of the swelling
of th·e tap root (modified)., due to accumulation ot
carbohydrates.

1. HEIGHT OF THE PLANT

The observations reported on the height

ot the plant have been presented in Table No. 4 (a) t
4 (b) and Fig. No.2. The data presented in the table
reveaJ.ed that initi'8l1y spaci~s vere mn significant '
where as nitrogen showed distinction. In the final
observatlonmaximum spaci~ also recorded significant
response over other spaci~s alo~ with highest dose
of n1 trogen. The present find1~s are in contormi ty
wi th the works of Sidhu .tU Al. (1982) in potato,
Dhesi .!U JIl. (1964) in carrot and Sounda U.ll.. (1989)
in radish.
 40

At the initial stage the increase in

plant height was less conspicuous due to the fact
that there was comparatively less absorption of nutrients
wi th poor root growth and less leaf surface avaUable
for manufacture and assimilation of carbohydrates due
to less utUisation of space provided at its yourg stage.
As the plants attained age, the quantity ot carbohydrates
increases in the leaves as it depends upon chlorophill
content in which nitrogen also forms an integral part.
Thus application of' n1 trogen resUl ts in a rapid cell
division in the meristematic regions and increases
the growth of' the plant. The increase in plant height
by wider spacing may be due to the less competition
among the plants f'or nutrients, moisture and sunshine.

2. NUMBER OF LEAVIm ( Table Bo. 5(a), 5(b) and Fig.No. 3)

Data presented in the table indicate

that increase in spacing and n1 trogen singly or il;1
combination dif'f'er signif'icantly among themselvas.
The results of' the eXperiment have been supported by
Dhesi !! Al. (l964) in carrot, Matiar !U.!J.. (1985)
in garlic, lOy and Seth (1970) and Sounda J3 Al. (1989)
in radish.

The reason ascribed f'or plant height also

implies for this growth parameter ( number of leaves ).
 41

3. FRESH WEIGHT OF SHOOT (Table No.6 and Fig. No.4)

Fresh weight of the shoot is the

resul tant of number of leaves, . their area
.
and thickness.
Fresh weight of shoot is the indicative of vegetative
virour of the plant under a specific space, light and
nutri tion, From the perusal of the data presented in
the table, it is clear that fresh we;Lght of shoot
incre~e$ with the increase in spacing so also with
nitrogen. Highest and lowest weight ot shoot were
observed at maximum spaci~ with high dose ot nitrogen
and minimum spacing with zero nitrogen respectively.
These findings are in confirmation with the resu]. ts or
Das and D1)yani (1956) in onton, and Sounda ~.a.1,. (1989)
in radish.

!he increase in tresh shoot weight ot the

plant is due to increase in number ot leaves and their
size. Nitrogen enters into the tormation ot many
compounds made by plants. It is part ot the molecule.
of all proteins and enzymes ot chlorophYll A and ~, ot
certain acids ot the nucleus and certain hormones.
The increasing dose ot nitrogen probably enriched the
plant with the aforesaid contents, which might be the
cause or increase in tresh weight ot shoot as eVidenced
in the present experiment.
 42

4. LENGTH OF ROOT

Both le~th and girth of the edible root

contribute towards yield of radish. More the swelling

of the root grea tar will be the size ( length and bredth )
to produce higher yield. Data shown in Table No. 1 and
Fig. No.5 indicate that increase in spaciJ;lg and nitrogen
increase the length ot root and vice-versa. Results
obtained are in agreeme~t with the find1rgs of Dhasi
~ AL •. (1964) incarro.t, ~lva1le and Haromo~ (1968)
in turnip and Sounda !!.al. (1989) in radish •

. The increase in root le~ tb. may be attri-

buted to the increased physio1ogi~al activity of the
plant caused by high levels ot n:1 trogen wi th 1nereasing
spacing and thereb~ induce be tter root growth 'Which was
a prerequisite for subsequent translocation ot surplus
carbOhydrates along a greater le~th of root.

5. GIRTH OF ROOT (Table No.8 and Fig. No.6)

The increase in girth of the edible root

is a better indication ot intensity ot carbohydrates
depos1 tation. The girth ot the edible root improv~d with
the increase in spacirg as well as by the application ot
nitrogenous tertU1zer. Dhes1 et al. (1964), ..De~valle
and Harmon 0 ..968), Chauhan and Hanawat1 (1971) and
sounda ~ AL. (1989) working on different root crops have
 43

also reported that the girth of edible root increased

wi th nitrogen application at higher spaciIl6 s.

The role of ni trogen in increasing the

number of leaves and their surface, there by maximising
the photosynthetic potentiality have already been
established in the present exper:ilnent. The manufacture
of a resonab1e amount of carbohydrates with a
correspondir.g. storage in roots is reflected in increasing
the girth.

6. WEIGHT OF ROOT (Table No.9 and Fig. No.7)

A close appraisal of the data makes it

clear that there was significant difference in root
we ight ( yield per plant ) as influenced by the sPacing
as well as levels of nitrogen. Similar resuJ. ts have
been shown by Cowley and Wane (1955) in turnip,
Bathkal .f11.§J.. 0.969), Si~h ~ AL. Cl.97l) and BOUnda

at Al. (1989) in radish.

Increase in spacing as well as 1avels of

nitrogen in-variably increased plant height, number of
leaves, fresh shoot weight and size of root. Increase
in all these yield attributes finally contributed to the
significant increase in yield of radish.
 44

7. YIELD PER PLOT

Dita presented in Table No. 10 and Fig.

No. 8 indicate that lsignificant differences exist
aJIlong the spacing as W911 as levels of n1 trogen.
Higher spaci~ as well as levels of n1 trogen singly or
in combination did not indicate any significant
differences and remain at par with each other. It was
noticed that a close spaciIg between plant alo~ with
high levels of nitrogen emrmously increased the total
yield per plot. The above findi~s are in conto~ty

wi th those of BenjaDlin J!.a!. (1985) in red beet, Lee

and Leong (1982) and Sounda ll.!J.. (1.989) in radish.

The obvious reason of havi~ more. number of

plants compensated the total yield per unit area. Thus
application of nitrogen 1s beD3fic1al for increas1~ the
radish yield and spaci~ had no such major effect and
may even adversely affect the yield.
CHAPTER VI

._.Br ~.==-,
 SUMMARY

.An experiment entitled II Studies on

the effect of spacing and variQus levels of nitrogen
on growth and yield ot radish .. was conducted in the
Department of Horticulture, orissa University ot
AgricuJ. ture and Technology, Bbubaneswar. For field
experiment purpose three spaci~ with four levels of
nitrogen were taken into consideration. By these
treatments, positive chaIges were noticed on growth
and yield parameters.

Plant height increased with the increase

in spaci~ as well as levels ot n1 trogen. In tinal
observation maximum plant height was 1X)ticed with maximum
spacing. Among different levels ot n1 troge~ Ha -.s
producing h~gher plant height. Maximum (29.7 cm) and
minimum (21.16 cm)plant height was observed at SaNa .
and SlNO respective~y. Si'a was tOllowd by 8:/'2 (27.76 em)
atd S:t.Na (26 .83 em).

As far as number ot leaves was concerned,

it was observed that both at initial as wll as in final
observation maximum number ot leaves was recorded in Sa •
ADlong the nitrogen levels, it's highest level produced
maximum number ot leaves. Kaximum and min1lllllll munber
ot leaves were recorded at SaBa (l9,7)and S:tNo (9.86)
 46

respectively. Other trel;l.tments were 8#2 (18.6),

SaNl (16.7) and S2Na (16.3) which followed the best.

AJJ regards weight of fresh shoot was

concerned highest (92.6a gm) and lowest (15.40 gm)

values were recorded at SSNa and SlBO respectively.
Si12 (64 .66 gm) ani &}ia (54.36 gm) -were other promising
intera.c tions which followed the bes t.

. ~ and 81 were responsible for highest

and lowest average length of root respectively, whereas
amo~ different levels of nitrogen Na produced maximum
length of root. MaxilQum (15.5 em ) and minimum (10.46 em)
length of root were produced at SaNa and ~NO respectively.
Among th~ treatments 8:/2 (14.6 cm), S2N2 (13.66~cm),
S N (la.2 cm) and SaNl (13.13 em) wre next to maximum.
2 a
While consideri~ root girth it Was found
that Si'a attained maximum (3.17 cm) root girth, while
S:LNo had the minimum (1.69 cm).

AJDollg different spaei~ Sa and 8:L produced

maximum and minimum root weight respectively. While
consideri~ nitrogen levels, it was found that Ba and
No were responsible for highest and lowest root weight

per plant • . MQ:imum weight of root per plant was observQd

in SaNa (94.6 8m), where as BJ.No showed the minimum (1.2.2 gm)
 47

roo~ weight. SaN2 (83.4 gm), S~3 (63.53 gm), SaNl

(6a.16 gm) and BJ.B a (50.73 gm) were other encouraging
trea tments.

As r~ as yield was concerned ~N3

wi th 2029.33 gm scored the highest yield per plot and

closely followed by SaBa ( 1892 gm); whereas 81No had
the lowest ( 488 gm ).
 CHAPTER VII

@.lIilgIIIB
 CONCLUSION

To increase the yield of radish in

marginal conditions standardization of spacirg and
level of nitrogen is essential. In this context the
present experiment revealed the following facts.

(1) Spacing of 40 em x a> cm, with 50 kg N/ha

g ave the bes t plant growth as well as yield
per plant.

(2) While spaci ng of 40 cm x 10 cm with 50 kg N/ha

sho\~d the best yield per unit area, with
maximum number! of radish roots.

Thus it is interred that application of

n1 trogen is benet:icial for increasi~ the radish yield
and spacing has no such major effect and may even
adversely affect the yield per unit area.
CHAPTER VIII
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-
Arora, P.N. 1971. Effect of Nitrogen l Potash and seed
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"'", Jom-nal ot Research Punjab Agril.
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Bathkal, B.G., C.B. Patil, & B.R. Patil. 1969. Effect ot

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Benjamin, L. R., R.A. Sutherland &: D. Senior. 1985. nte

infleWlCe or SOlfing rate and row '$P~cing
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Black, C.A., D.D. Evans, J.L. 'Ilh1te, L.E. 3nsm1rger c!c

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Borisov, V.A. & M.l. 3usev. 1969. Dlfferent methods of

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Bruckner, U. 1986. Nutrient supply to carrots Gemuse (1986)

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 50

Chakrailarti, A.K. 1984. Effect <;>f Nitrogen and Phosphorus

on tl,U9nip seed crop. Seed Research (1983)
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Chauhan, K.S. & N.K. Nanawati. 1971. Effect of Nitrogen t

Phospho~us and Potassium on the yield
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138-140.

Cowley, W.R. 8c G.P. Wene. 1955. Response of the yield of

turnip greens to various fertilizer
treatments. Froc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
78 : 485-488.

Das, B.C. & K.C.ll1yani. 1.956. Inf'luence of differential spacing

and nitrogen fertllization on growth and .
yield of onion. Phyton. 6 : 47-56, bIbl.8

Delvalle, C.G. 8c S.A. Harmon. 1968. Turnip growth and

miner at composition as influenced by
soll tempera~ure and two fertility
1evals. Froc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
92 : 578-582.

Dhesi, S.N., D.S. Padda & B.S. Malik. 1~. Effect of different
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Jour. Res. Ludhiana 11(1) : 50-55.

Dhasi, N.S., D.S. Padda & B.S. Malik, 1965. Effect ot nitrogen,
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Dzebrailo v , M.G. 1962. The efficiency of fertilizers

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Forbes, R.B., dk P.J. Westgate. 1963. Carrot fertilization

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 51

Forbes, R.B. 1966. Nitrogen sources for carrots. Proc.

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Gray, D.,' J .R.A. steckel &: J.A. Ward. 1983. Studies on

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...L"'958 ·
Jackson, M L Eb11 Chemical Analysis.

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 52

Kanwar. 1969. Spaci~ cum fertilizer

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sensitivity of carrots to boron Wlder
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 53

Pandey, u.e. & S.D. Joshua. 1988. Ef'f'ect of nitrogen levels

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 54

Singh, K.P., Y.S. Malik & P.S. Yadav. 1983. Effect of

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 APPENDIX - I

Showing the degree of :f'reedom, mean sum of square and .

observed 'FI value due to sources of variation of
different observations

- t Height of p1EO t
Source D.F. a
a M.s. 30 dal,;s I .
~ d5!.Y:§
of § • FI value I M. S. • F' value
variance
- I Q
C

Rep11eation 2 8.04 2.52 1.00 0,34

Spacing 2 0,54 0.17 30.45 10,36 *
Nitrogen 3 24.95 I) 7.82* 35.02 11,91*
Spaci~ X 6 3.27 1.02 1.25 0.42
B1trogen
Error 22 3.19 2.91 -
* Indicates significant at 5% level

APPEND IX - II
Showir:g the degree of freedom, mean sum of square and
observed IF- value due to sources of variation of
different observations
G
~ ______~~_N_um
__ __r_·_o~f~l_e_av_es~~~_____
·be
Source of Q 30 days j 64_dayS
variance D.F. a-------------- j ~----
(M.S-~ IF' value J M.S. ,IF' value
I I
Replic ation 2 8,55* 43,53 00.24*
Spaci~ 2 2.87 103.79 48,27*
Ni trogen 3 5.42* 33,10 15.39*
Spacing X 6 0.32 0.65 0.30
Nltrogen
Error
-
22 0.77 - 2.15 ...
Indicates significant at S% level
 APPEND IX - II I

Showing the de~ree of f'reedom, mean sum of s~e

and observed II' value due to sources of variation
of different observations

-
Source ot Weight of shoot Le~ th of root
variance D.P.
H.8. IFI value M.S. IF' value

Replication 2 211,64 2,80 2,09 3,26

Spacing 2 4102,09 54.29· 18.51 28.92·
Nitrogen 3 1922,83 25,45· 8,85 13,82·
s~aci~ X 6 136.45 1.80 0.86 1.34
N trogen
Error 22 75.55 - 0.64
-
•
• Indicates significant at 5~ level
 APPENDIX - IV

Showing the degrea of freedom, mean sum of square and observed I F' value due to
som-cas of variation of different
observations

..'------..----~----------------------------------------------.------------,
Girth of root Weigh t of root Yield per plot
Source of
variance D.F.
- -----_ .. _- ----- --~--

-
M.S. 'F' value' M.S. II'I value. M.S. IF' value
--
Replication 2 0.02 0.5 409.62 6,,38* 206354 3.95*
Spaci~ 2 2.54 50.8* 6424 .17 100.17* 470712.34 9.02*
lie
Nitrogen 3 0.92 18.53* 2580.72 40.24 2134702.2 40.93*
Spacing X 6 0.053 1.06 91.91 1.43 122929.09 2.35
Nitrogen
Error 22 0.055 - 64.13 52143

.-------- .. --~~

* Indicates significant at 5% level