 Submitted By: Muhammad Annas

 Submitted To: Sir Jahansher

 OOMYCETES
 The oomycetes, also known as “water molds”, are a group of several hundred
organisms that include some of the most devastating plant pathogens. The
diseases they cause include seedling blights, damping-off, root rots, foliar
blights and downy mildews.

 Morphology
 Most oomycetes produce self-motile zoospores with two flagella. One
flagellum has a "whiplash" morphology, and the other a branched "tinsel"
morphology. The "tinsel" flagellum is unique to the Kingdom Heterokonta.
Oomycetes are characterized by cellulose containing coenocytic hyphae,
biflagellate zoospores, and usually contain no chitin. Sexual reproduction can
occur between gametangia (antheridia and oogonia) on the same or different
hyphae.

 Classification
 The Saprolegniales are the most widespread. Many break down decaying
matter; others are parasites.
 The Leptomitales have wall thickenings that give their continuous cell body
the appearance of septation. They bear chitin and often reproduce asexually.
 The Rhipidiales use rhizoids to attach their thallus to the bed of stagnant or
polluted water bodies.
 The Albuginales are considered by some authors to be a family
(Albuginaceae) within the Peronosporales, although it has been shown that
they are phylogenetically distinct from this order.
 The Peronosporales too are mainly saprophytic or parasitic on plants, and
have an aseptate, branching form. Many of the most damaging agricultural
parasites belong to this order.
 The Lagenidiales are the most primitive; some are filamentous, others
unicellular; they are generally parasitic.

 Economic Importance
 In addition, both plant and animal pathogenic oomycetes can cause serious
economic impact by destroying crop, ornamental, and native plants as well as
fish and other aquatic organisms. As such, oomycetes play an important role
in the decomposition and recycling of decaying matter.

 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
 Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi,
informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek
χυτρίδιον, meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased
zoospores.

 Morphology
 The Chytridiomycota, commonly called the chytrids, are a group of mostly
water-inhabiting organisms, although some are plant pathogens. In aquatic
environments they mostly form scanty filaments with sporangia.

 Classification
1. Order Chytridiales:
- Family Chytriaceae
- Family Cladochytriaceae
- Family Rhizophlyctidaceae
- Family Synchytriaceae
2. Order Rhizophydiales:
- Family Rhizophydiaceae
3. Order Spizellomycetales:
- Family Spizellomycetaceae
4. Order Blastocladiales:
- Family Allomycesaceae
- Family Blastocladiaceae

5. Order Monoblepharidales:
- Family Monoblepharidaceae

 Economic Importance
 The most important ecological function chytrids perform is decomposition.

 ZYGOMYCOTA
 Commonly called the bread molds, the Zygomycota are terrestrial fungi
whose fruiting bodies are mostly microscopic in nature, although their
asexually produced sporangia can reach greater than 5 cm tall in some
species.

 Morphology
 Zygomycota is a group of fungi characterized by thread-like structures
(hyphae), asexual reproduction through sporangia, and sexual reproduction
involving the formation of specialized structures called zygosporangia. These
fungi often have root-like structures (rhizoids) for anchoring and may produce
molds commonly found on decaying organic matter.

 Classification
1. Order Mucorales:
- Family Mucoraceae
- Family Thamnidiaceae
- Family Cunninghamellaceae
- Family Pilobolaceae
- Family Mortierellaceae
2. Order Entomophthorales:
- Family Entomophthoraceae
3. Order Kickxellales:
- Family Kickxellaceae
4. Order Zoopagales:
- Family Zoopagaceae

 Economic Importance
 They live close to plants, usually in soil and on decaying plant matter.
Because they decompose soil, plant matter, and dung,

 GLOMEROMYCOTA
 The Glomeromycota is a monophyletic group of soil-borne fungi that are
among the most important microorganisms on Earth, not only because they
form intimate mycorrhizal associations with nearly 80% of land plants

 Morphology
1. Arbuscules: Highly branched structures formed inside plant root cells,
facilitating nutrient exchange.
2. Vesicles: Storage structures within the fungal mycelium, storing lipids and
carbohydrates.
3. Coenocytic Hyphae: Hyphae lacking septa, with multiple nuclei in a continuous
cytoplasmic mass.
4. Asexual Reproduction: Formation of multinucleate spores called sporangia,
released into the soil for germination.

 Classification
 As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the classification of
Glomeromycota is relatively simple compared to some other fungal groups.
Glomeromycota consists of a single order:
 Order Glomerales:
- Family Glomeraceae

 Economic Importance
 Members of the Glomeromycota, are responsible for forming mutualistic
associations called endomycorrhizae with the roots of about 70% of the
world's plants

 ASCOMYCOTA
 Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the
Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly
known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with
over 64,000 species.

 Morphology
 Ascomycota is a group of fungi characterized by septate hyphae and the
formation of sac-like structures called asci, which contain sexual spores called
ascospores. These fungi can have various reproductive structures, including
ascocarps, and may also reproduce asexually through conidia. Examples
include yeast, molds, and truffles.

Classification
1. Subphylum Pezizomycotina:
- Class Pezizomycetes:
- Order Pezizales: Includes cup fungi and truffles.
- Order Sordariales: Includes various saprophytic and plant-pathogenic fungi.
- Class Leotiomycetes:
- Order Erysiphales: Contains powdery mildew fungi.
- Class Orbiliomycetes:
- Order Orbiliales: Includes fungi that parasitize other fungi.
- Class Lecanoromycetes:
- Order Lecanorales: Primarily contains lichen-forming fungi.
- Class Eurotiomycetes:
- Order Eurotiales: Includes molds like Aspergillus.
- Class Dothideomycetes:
- Order Pleosporales: Contains various plant pathogens and saprophytes.
2. Subphylum Saccharomycotina:
- Class Saccharomycetes:
- Order Saccharomycetales: Includes many yeasts, including Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
3. Subphylum Taphrinomycotina:
- Class Taphrinomycetes:
- Order Taphrinales: Includes fungi causing plant diseases like peach leaf
curl.

 Economic Importance
 Ascomycetes are economically very important. We get fermented food
(bread, cheese, alcoholic beverages), antibiotics (Penicillin) and various
chemicals.

 BASIDIOMYCOTA
 The fungal group basidiomycota is best known for the production of large
fruitbodies such as the mushrooms, puffballs, brackets, etc.

 Classification
1. Subphylum Agaricomycotina:
- Class Agaricomycetes:
- Order Agaricales: Includes many familiar mushrooms, such as Amanita and
Agaricus.
- Order Russulales: Includes fungi with a diverse range of forms.
- Order Boletales: Includes boletes, fungi with pores instead of gills.
- Order Polyporales: Contains polypore fungi, often found on wood.
- Order Corticiales: Includes crust fungi.
- Class Tremellomycetes:
- Order Tremellales: Contains jelly fungi.
- Class Dacrymycetes:
- Order Dacrymycetales: Includes fungi with gelatinous fruiting bodies.
- Class Exobasidiomycetes:
- Order Exobasidiales: Contains parasitic fungi causing galls on plants.
2. Subphylum Pucciniomycotina:
- Class Pucciniomycetes:
- Order Pucciniales: Includes rust fungi, often causing plant diseases.
3. Subphylum Ustilaginomycotina:
- Class Ustilaginomycetes:
- Order Ustilaginales: Contains smut fungi, which are plant pathogens.

 Morphology
 Basidiomycota are fungi characterized by club-shaped structures called
basidia, which produce external spores (basidiospores). They often form
visible fruiting bodies like mushrooms. The hyphae are septate, and these
fungi play key roles in ecosystems as decomposers and mycorrhizal
associates with plants. Examples include mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket
fungi.

 Economic Importance
 Basidiomycetes like Mushrooms are of great economic value as food.

 PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA
 The Phytomyxea are a class of parasites that are cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic
protist parasites of plants, diatoms, oomycetes and brown algae.

 Morphology
 Plasmodiophoromycota are tiny organisms that cause plant diseases. They
have a life cycle that includes a mobile stage called a plasmodium, and they
form thick-walled resting spores. These organisms lack typical fungal
structures and are known for causing diseases like clubroot in certain plants.

 Classification
1. Class Phytomyxea:
- Order Phagomyxida:
 - Family Plasmodiophoridae: This family includes various genera of plant
parasites, some of which are known to cause diseases in crops.

 Economic Importance
 The best-known examples attack higher plants, causing economically significant
diseases such as club-root of brassicas, powdery scab of potato.