13-1 Hot exhaust gases are used in the reheat section of a Rankine cycle.

le. Consider a commercial steel tube 5-cm

outside diameter, 4.5-cm inside diameter used to convey the steam. The air side heat transfer coefficient is
85 W/m2·K, and that of the steam side is 200 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside tube area (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube area (in W/m2·K)
c. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area if air side fouling is 0.0015 m2·K/W and
steam side fouling is 0.0005 m2·K/W (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
Use Eq. 13-3 and Eq. 13-4, which give the overall heat
transfer coefficient in terms of its component parts.

Assumptions:
1. There are no fins.
2. There is no fouling.

Solution:
The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated with Eq. 13-3 and Eq. 13-4:
1 1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= = + i + Rw + +
Ui Ai Uo Ao ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo, o Ao ηo, o ho Ao
No fins are used, so ηo ,i = ηo ,o = 1 .
ln ( ro ri ) ln ( Do Di )
For a circular tube Rw = =
2π kL 2π kL
From Appendix A-2, the thermal conductivity of commercial steel is k = 60.5 W/mK.
The areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L

a) Incorporating the above expressions into the equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the
inside area, noting that the length cancels, and ignoring fouling:
1 A π Di L ln ( Do Di ) π Di L
= i + +
Ui hi Ai 2π kL hoπ Do L
1 1 ( 0.045 m ) ln ( 0.050 0.045 ) 1 0.045 m
= + + = 0.005 + 3.92 × 10−5 + 0.0106
2
Ui 200 W m K 2 ( 60.5 W mK ) 2
85 W m K 0.050 m
Ui =64.0 W m 2 K Answer
b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area is:
A ⎛ W ⎞⎛ 0.045 ⎞ W
U o = U i i = ⎜ 64.0 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ =57.6 2 Answer
Ao ⎝ m K ⎠⎝ 0.050 ⎠ mK
c) With fouling on both sides of the heat exchanger, we obtain

1 1 m 2 K ( 0.045 m ) ln ( 0.050 0.045 ) ⎛ m 2 K ⎞⎛ 0.045 m ⎞ 1 ⎛ 0.045 m ⎞

= +0.0005 + + ⎜ 0.0005 ⎟⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
2
Ui 200 W m K W 2 ( 60.5 W mK ) ⎝
2
W ⎠ ⎝ 0.050 m ⎠ 85 W m K ⎝ 0.050 m ⎠

Ui =60.3 W m 2 K Answer

Comment:
The overall heat transfer coefficient is low, so the effect of fouling is small. If the overall heat transfer coefficient
had been large, then the addition of fouling would have had a much greater effect.

13- 1
13-2 A two shell pass, eight tube pass heat exchanger with a surface area of 8,300 ft2 is used to heat 1,700
lbm/min of water from 75 °F to 210 °F. Hot exhaust gases enter at 570 °F and exit at 255 °F. Assuming
the exhaust gases have the same properties as air, determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient if fouling on both sides equivalent to 0.005 hr·ft2·°F/Btu is
present in the heat exchanger (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F).

Approach:
With all temperatures known, along with the area and
one flow rate, sufficient information is given to
evaluate the heat transfer rate and the LMTD.
Therefore, Eq. 13-21 can be used to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → U=
AF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )
From Appendix B-6, at Tavg = (75+210)/2= 142.5 ºF, cp = 1.00 Btu/lbmR.
Q = (1700 lbm min )(1.00 Btu lbmR )( 210-75 ) R=2.30 × 105 Btu min
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 570 − 210 = 360 o F ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 255 − 75 = 180 o F
∆T1 − ∆T2 360 − 180
∆TLM ,cf = = = 259.7 o F
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 360 180 )
Using Figure 13-7b to determine F:
570 − 255 210 − 75
R= = 2.33 P= = 0.273
210 − 75 570 − 75
So from Figure 13-7b, F ≈ 0.97
Finally,

U=
( 2.30 × 105 Btu min ) ( 60 min 1hr )
= 6.59
Btu
Answer
(8300ft ) ( 0.97 )( 259.7R )
2
hrft 2 R
b) Using Eq. 13-3 and rearranging it, ignoring fouling and wall resistance (since no wall thickness is given
2
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ hrft R
= + R ′′ = ⎜ + 0.005 ⎟
U dirty U clean ⎝ 6.59 ⎠ Btu
Btu
U dirty = 6.38 Answer
hrft 2 R

Comments:
Because the overall heat transfer coefficient is small, the addition of the fouling does not have a significant
effect. If the overall heat transfer coefficient had been large, then the addition of fouling would have had a
larger effect.

13- 2
13-3 In a desalination plant, salt water is used to create pure water. Salt water is boiled, and salt concentrates in
the boiler; the salt water solution is drained from the boiler, and the pure water vapor is condensed for use.
Condensing vapor at a high pressure is used to boil salt water at a lower pressure. Consider an experiment
on a single tube; condensing steam at 105 ºC inside the tube is used to boil salt water at 85 ºC. The 304
stainless steel tube is 3-m long, 2.5-cm inside diameter, and 2-mm thick. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inside area is 830 W/m2·K, and the condensing coefficient is 1500 W/m2·K.
Determine the heat transfer coefficient of the boiling salt water (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. No information is given about
fouling, so we ignore those resistances. Likewise, no
fins are used so the overall surface efficiencies are
unity, ηo,o = ηo,i=1.

Assumptions:
1. There is no fouling and no fins.
2. The heat transfer is one dimensional.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There is no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and ηo,o = ηo,i=1.
For 304 stainless steel, from Appendix A-2, kss = 14.9 W/mK.
The wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL . The areas are Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these
expressions into the overall heat transfer coefficient equation, simplifying, and solving for the outside heat
transfer coefficient:
1 1 Ao 1 Ao ln ( Do Di ) 1 Do 1 Do ln ( Do Di )
= − − Ao = − − Do
ho U i Ai hi Ai 2π kL U i Di hi Di 2k
1 0.029 m 1 0.029 m ( 0.029 m ) ln ( 0.029 m 0.025 m )
= - -
(830 W m K ) 0.025 m (1500 W m K ) 0.025 m
2 2
2 (14.9 W mK )
ho = 2080 W m 2 K Answer

13- 3
13-4 The performance characteristics of a finned, crossflow heat exchanger are determined in a laboratory. The
heat exchanger has 100 tubes that have inside diameters of 12 mm and lengths of 2.6 m; a dense array of
continuous plate fins is attached to the outside of the tubes. At one particular operating condition,
measurements on the heat exchanger are: hot water inlet temperature 174 °C, hot water outlet temperature
121 °C; hot water flow rate 0.00051 m3/s, cold air inlet temperature 25 °C, cold air inlet pressure 97 kPa,
cold air inlet flow rate 2.2 m3/s. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside tube
area (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate, the LMTD, and the inside surface area.
Therefore, Eq. 13-22 can be used to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Air and water are ideal fluids with constant specific
heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → Ui =
Ai F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water. Assuming steady, no work,
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = ρVc p (TH ,in − TH ,out )
From Appendix A-6, at 174 ºC, ρ = 893.1 kg/m3; at Tavg = (174+121)/2= 147.5 ºC, cp = 4.267 kJ/kgK.
Q = ( 893.1kg m3 )( 0.00051m3 s ) ( 4.267 kJ kgK )(174-121) K=103kW
The area is Ai = Nπ Di L = (100 ) π ( 0.012m )( 2.6m ) =9.8m 2
The LMTD requires four temperatures. We can calculate the air outlet temperature from an energy balance
similar to that done with the water. Therefore:
Q Q
Q = ma c p , a (TC , out − TC ,in ) → TC , out = TC ,in + = TC ,in +
ma c p , a ρVc p , a

Using the ideal gas equation: ρ=

PM
=
( 97 kN m2 ) ( 28.97 kg kmol ) =1.134 kg
RT ( 8.314 kJ kmolK )( 25+273) K m3
The air specific heat should be evaluated from Appendix A-7 at the air average temperature. Because we are
calculating the air outlet temperature, to evaluate cp,a we assume TC,out = 100 ºC, and Tavg = (25+100)/2= 62.5 ºC,
cp = 1.008 kJ/kgK.
(103kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = 25 o C+ =66.0 o C
(1.134 kg m3 )( 2.2 m3 s ) (1.008 kJ kgK )
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 174 − 66.0 = 108 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 121 − 25 = 96 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 108 − 96
∆TLM ,cf = = = 101.9 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (108 96 )
25 − 66.0 121 − 174
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F: R = = 0.77 P = = 0.36 . So, from Figure 13-7c, F ≈ 0.85.
121 − 174 25 − 174
(103kW )(1000 W kW ) W
Finally, Ui = = 121.3 2 Answer
( 9.8m 2
) ( )(
0.85 101.9K ) m K

13- 4
13-5 Water at 200 °F flows inside a 1-in. inside diameter 304 stainless steel tube with wall thickness of 0.05 in.
Air flows over the outside surface of the tube. The water side heat transfer coefficient is 80 Btu/hr·ft2·°F,
while that of the air side is 40 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient if the air side fouling factor is 0.0007 hr·ft2·°F/Btu and that on
the water side is 0.0003 hr·ft2·°F/Btu (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F).

Approach:
Because of the given information, we can use Eq. 13-
3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional
2. The heat transfer coefficients are uniform over the
heat exchanger.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
Multiplying through by Ai, incorporating Ai = π Di L, Ao = π Do L , and recognizing there are no fins
(ηo ,i = ηo,o = 1)
1 1 π Di ln ( Do Di ) ⎛D ⎞ 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + Ri′′+ + Ro′′ ⎜ i ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2π k ⎝ Do ⎠ ho ⎝ Do ⎠
a) With no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and from Appendix B-2 the thermal conductivity of 304 stainless steel of 8.6
Btu/hrftR, so that
1 1 (1 12 ft ) ln (1.1 1) 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i 80 Btu hrft 2 R 2 ( 8.6 Btu hrftR ) 40 Btu hrft 2 R ⎝ 1.1 ⎠
U i = 28.0 Btu hrft 2 R Answer
b) With fouling, obtain estimates of the fouling factors from Table 13-1
1 1 D 1 hrft 2 R hrft 2 R ⎛ 1 ⎞ hrft 2 R
= + Ri′′+ Ro′′ i = 2
+0.0003 +0.0007 ⎜ ⎟ =0.0366
U dirty U clean Do 28.0 Btu hrft R Btu Btu ⎝ 1.1 ⎠ Btu
U dirty = 27.3Btu hrft 2 R Answer

Comments:
Because the overall heat transfer coefficient is low, the addition of the fouling did not have much of an effect on
the overall heat transfer coefficient. If the clean overall heat transfer coefficient were high, then the addition of
fouling would have had a much larger effect.

13- 5
13-6 A heat exchanger tube 25-mm outside diameter has 20 longitudinal fins with rectangular cross sections
equally spaced around the circumference of the tube. The fins are 25-mm from base to tip and 1.6-mm
thick. The tube has a 2-mm wall thickness, and tube and fins are both made of plain carbon steel (k = 60.5
W/m·K). The inside and outside convective heat transfer coefficients are 1000 W/m2·K and 200 W/m2·K,
respectively. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
With the given information, we can use Eq. 13-3 to
determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. First,
though the overall surface efficiency for the fins must
be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Hydrogen and water are ideal fluids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
a) We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins on the inside (ηo,i = 1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is
Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kWN . The areas are: Ai = π DiW and Ao = π DoW + 2 NLW . Substituting these expressions
into the equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ π Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ηo ,o ho ⎝ π Do + 2 NL ⎠
The given wall thermal conductivity is k = 60.5 W/mK.
For the fins, we use the equation for a fin with an adiabatic tip and correct the length to account for
NAf
convection at the fin tip. The overall surface efficiency is (Eq. 11-94): ηo ,o = 1 −
Atot
(1 − η f )
With a corrected fin length L* = L + t 2 = 0.025 + 0.0016 2 = 0.00258m , Atot = Ao , and Af = 2 LW . From
Table 11-5, Case A, with mL = ( hp kAx ) : η f = tanh ( mL ) mL
0.5

2 ( 200 W m 2 K )
0.5
⎛ h2 L ⎞
0.5 ⎡ ⎤
Therefore, mL* = L * ⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.0258m ) ⎢ ⎥ = 1.66
⎝ ktL ⎠ ⎢⎣ ( 60.5 W mK )( 0.0016m ) ⎥⎦
tanh (1.66 ) 20 ( 2 )( 0.0258 )
ηf = = 0.561 and ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.561) = 0.592
1.66 π ( 0.025 ) + 2 ( 20 )( 0.0258 )
1 1 ( 0.021m ) ln ( 0.025 m 0.021m ) 1 ⎡ π ( 0.021m ) ⎤
= + + ⎢ ⎥
2
U i 1000 W m K 2 ( 60.5 W mK ) ( 0.592 ) ( 200 W m K ) ⎢⎣ π ( 0.025 m ) +2 ( 20 )( 0.0258 m ) ⎥⎦
2

U i = 653 W m 2 K Answer
b) For the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area:
A ⎛ W ⎞⎡ π ( 0.021m ) ⎤ W
U o = U i i = ⎜ 653 2 ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ = 38.8 2 Answer
Ao ⎝ m K ⎠ ⎢⎣ π ( 0.025 m ) +2 ( 20 )( 0.0258 m ) ⎥⎦ mK
Comments:
Because of the significantly different areas on the inside and outside surfaces, the magnitudes of the overall heat
transfer coefficients are similarly significantly different.

13- 6
13-7 Very thin-walled low chromium steel (k = 37 W/m·K) tubes of diameter 10 mm are used in a condenser. A
convection coefficient of hi = 5000 W/m2·K is associated with condensation on the inner surface of the
tubes, while a coefficient of ho = 100 W/m2·K is maintained by airflow over the tubes. For a 1-m long
section of tube with 286 fins, determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient if the tubes are unfinned (in W/m2·K)
b. the fin efficiency and overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner area if low chromium steel
annular fins of thickness t = 1.5 mm, outer diameter Do = 20 mm, and axial spacing S = 3.5 mm are
added to the outer tube surface (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. The overall surface efficiency,
ηo,o, must be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional.
Solution:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
Using Eq. 13-3: = + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There is no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and wall thickness is not specified, so Di = Do and Rw = 0.
a) With no fins and Di = Do,
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = + = + → U = 98.0 W m 2 iK Answer
U i U o hi ho 5000 100
b) With annular fins, we can determine the fin efficiency using Figure 11-18 and the overall surface efficiency
NAf
with Eq. 11-94: ηo ,o = 1 −
Atot
(1 − η f )
12 0.5
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛h⎞
12 ⎡ 100 W m 2 K ⎤
32
L ⎜ ⎟⎟ = ( L + t 2) ⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.005m+ 0.0015m 2 ) ⎢ ⎥ =0.244
⎜ kA ⎢⎣ ( 37W m 2 K ) ( 0.0015m ) ⎥⎦
c
⎝ p ⎠ ⎝ kt ⎠
From Figure 11-18, ( r2 + t 2 ) r1 = ( 0.010 + 0.0015 2 ) 0.005 = 2.15 , so that ηf ≈ 0.92.
Total area is: Aunfinned + Afin
Area of one fin: Afin = 2π ( r22 − r12 ) + 2π r2 t = 2π ( 0.012 − 0.0052 ) + 2π ( 0.01)( 0.0015 ) = 0.000566 m 2 fin
Total fin area: Afin = ( 0.000566 m 2 ) ( 286 ) =0.162 m 2
Unfinned area: Aunfinned = N ( S − t ) π D1 = 286 ( 0.0035m-0.0015 m ) π ( 0.010 m ) =0.0180 m 2
Total area: Atot = 0.0180 + 0.162 = 0.180 m 2
0.162
Overall surface efficiency: ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.92 ) = 0.928
0.180
1 1 1
The overall heat transfer coefficient is: = +
U i π DiW hi π DiW ηo ,o ho Ao
1 1 π ( 0.01m )(1m )
= +
U i 5000 W m K ( 0.928 ) (100 W m 2 K )( 0.180 m 2 )
2

U i = 481W m 2 K Answer
Comments:
Because of the addition of the fins, the overall heat transfer coefficient increases dramatically.

13- 7
13-8 A double pipe heat exchanger consists of a 4-cm pipe inside a 6-cm pipe; the heat exchanger is 2-m long.
The water inside the inner pipe has an average temperature of 40 ºC and a flow rate of 0.016 m3/s. In the
annulus (between the inner and outer pipes), unused engine oil has an average temperature of 147 ºC and a
flow rate of 0.01 m3/s. The inner tube has a wall thickness of 1-mm and is made of 304 stainless steel.
Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the inner tube (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside surface area of the inner tube if the water
and oil sides are fouled; choose representative fouling factors from Table 13-1 (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. Sufficient information is given
to calculate the two heat transfer coefficients with
appropriate correlations.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The flows are fully developed.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1. The two areas are Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L = π ( Di + 2t ) L . Substituting in
these expressions and simplifying:
1 1 ⎛ D + 2t ⎞ ⎛ Di + 2t ⎞ ( Di + 2t ) ln ⎣⎡( Di + 2t ) Di ⎦⎤ 1
= ⎜ i ⎟ + Ri′′⎜ ⎟+ + Ro′′ +
U o hi ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎝ Di ⎠ 2k ho
The thermal conductivity of 304 stainless steel from Appendix A-2 is 14.9 W/mK.
The heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m m 4m 4 ρV
Water: Re = → V= = → Re = =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di πµ Di
For water from Appendix A-6 with Tw = 40 o C : µ = 6.34 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.631 W/mK; Pr = 4.19;
ρ = 992.2 kg/m3.
4 ( 992.2 kg m3 )( 0.016 m3 s )(1Ns 2 kgm )
Re = = 797, 000
π ( 6.34×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.04 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 797000 ) ( 4.19 )
0.8 0.4
= 2150
Nuk ( 2150 )( 0.631W mK ) W
hw = = =33,900 2
Di 0.04m mK
For the oil Reynolds number and Nusselt number, we need to use the hydraulic diameter as the
characteristic length:
4 (π 4 ) ⎡ D32 − ( D1 + 2t ) ⎤
2
4 Ax ⎣ ⎦ = D − D + 2t = 0.06 − 0.04 + 2 × 0.001 = 0.0180m
Dh = = ( 1 ) ( )
π D3 + π ( D1 + 2t )
3
Pwetted
V V 0.01m3 s m
V= = = =6.93
Ax (π 4 ) ⎡ D32 − ( D1 + 2t )2 ⎤ ( π 4 ) ⎡ 0.062 - ( 0.04+0.002 )2 ⎤ m 2 s
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
For oil from Appendix A-6 with To = 147 o C : µ = 56.4 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.133 W/mK; Pr = 103; ρ = 812.1 kg/m3.

13- 8
 Re =
(812.1kg m3 ) ( 6.93m s )( 0.018m ) (1Ns 2 kgm )
= 18, 000
56.4×10-4 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so again using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 (18, 000 ) (103)
0.8 0.4
= 372
Nuk ( 372 )( 0.133 W mK ) W
ho = = =2750 2
Di 0.018m mK
The wall resistance is:
( Di + 2t ) ln ( ( Di + 2t ) Di ) ( 0.04+0.002 ) ln ( 0.042 0.04 ) m2 K
Rw = = =0.000069
2k 2 (14.9 W mK ) W

a) Without fouling the overall heat transfer coefficient is (with consistent units omitted for brevity):
1 1 ⎛ 0.042 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000069 + = 0.000031 + 0.000069 + 0.000364
U o 33,900 ⎝ 0.04 ⎠ 2750
U o = 2160 W m 2 K Answer
b) With fouling using fouling factors estimated from Table 13.1 of:
′′ ≈ 0.000175 m 2 K W and
Roil Rw′′ ≈ 0.0004 m 2 K W
1 ⎛ 0.042 ⎞
= 0.000031 + 0.0004 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000069 + 0.000175 + 0.000364 = 0.00106 m K W
2

Uo ⎝ 0.040 ⎠
U o = 944 W m 2 K Answer

Comments:
The oil side heat transfer coefficient dominates the situation when there is no fouling. Adding fouling has a
significant effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient.

13- 9
13-9 Ethylene glycol enters a double pipe heat exchanger at 17 °C with flow rate of 1.5 kg/s. It is heated with
water that enters the heat exchanger at 100 °C with a flow rate of 0.04 kg/s. The inner pipe is 2.5-cm in
diameter, the outer pipe is 3.75-cm in diameter, and the length is 3 m. Determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient (in W/m2·K) if:
a. the water flows in the inner tube
b. the water flows in the annular space between the two tubes.

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. Sufficient information is given to
calculate the two heat transfer coefficients with
appropriate correlations.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Wall resistance is negligible.

Solution:
a) Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i= 1, and we assume negligible fouling. With no wall thickness given, the two areas
are Ai = π DL and Ao = π DL . Substituting in these expressions, simplifying, and solving for the overall heat
transfer coefficient, U:
−1
⎡1 1 ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥
⎣ hi ho ⎦
The fluid properties must be evaluated from Appendix A-6 at the appropriate temperatures:
Ethylene glycol: µ =247×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.248 W/mK; Pr = 236; ρ = 1118.8 kg/m3.
Water: µ = 2.76 ×10-5 Ns/m2; k = 0.681 W/mK; Pr = 1.71; ρ = 958.3 kg/m3.
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m ( 0.04 kg s ) 4 m
Re = → V = = =0.085
µ ρ Ai ( 958.3kg m3 ) π ( 0.025m )2 s

Re =
( 958.3kg m3 ) ( 0.085 m s )( 0.025 m )
= 73,800
2.76×10-5 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 73,800 ) (1.71)
0.8 0.3
= 212
Nuk ( 212 )( 0.681W mK ) W 1 m2 K
hi = = =5770 2 = 5.68 × 10−4
Di 0.025m mK hi W
For ethylene glycol in the annulus:
m (1.5 kg s ) 4 m
V = = =2.185
ρ A (1118.8 kg m ) π ⎡( 0.0375m ) − ( 0.025m ) ⎤
3 2 2
s
⎣ ⎦
We need the hydraulic diameter for the annulus to calculate the Reynolds number:
Dh = 4 Ax Pwetted = D2 − D1 = 0.0375 − 0.025 = 0.0125m
ρ VDh (1118.8 kg m ) ( 2.185 m s )( 0.0125 m )
3

Re = = = 1240
µ 247 × 10-4 Ns m 2
This is laminar flow, so we need to check the entrance length:
Lent = 0.037 RePrDh = 0.037 (1240 )( 236 )( 0.0125m ) =135m
Therefore, entrance effects must be taken into account. Using the Seider-Tate correlation:

13- 10
 Nu = 1.86Gr1 3 ( µ µ s ) = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µs )
0.14 13 0.14

Assuming the wall temperature is Ts ≈ (17 + 100 ) 2 = 58.5 o C , µs = 54.2×10-4 Ns/m2

⎡ (1240 )( 236 )( 0.0125 ) ⎤ ⎛ 247 × 10−4 ⎞
13 0.14

Nu = 1.86 ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ −4 ⎟
= 24.6
⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎝ 54.2 × 10 ⎠
Nuk ( 24.6 )( 0.248 W mK ) W
ho = = =488 2
Do 0.0125 m m K
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ W
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥ = 450 m 2 K Answer
⎣ 5770 488 ⎦

b) Now putting the water on the annulus side:

m ( 0.04 kg s ) 4 m
V = = =0.0680
ρ A ( 958.3kg m3 ) π ⎡( 0.0375m )2 − ( 0.025m )2 ⎤ s
⎣ ⎦
ρ VDh ( 958.3kg m ) ( 0.0681m s )( 0.0125 m )
3

Re = = = 29,500
µ 2.76 × 10-5 Ns m 2
This is still turbulent flow, so:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 29,500 ) (1.71)
0.8 0.3
= 102
Nuk (102 )( 0.681W mK ) W
hi = = =5550 2
Di 0.0125m m K
For the ethylene glycol:
m (1.5 kg s ) 4 m
V = = =2.73
ρ Ai (1118.8 kg m3 ) π ( 0.025m )2 s

ρ VD (1118.8 kg m ) ( 2.73m s )( 0.025 m )

3

Re = = = 3090
µ 247 × 10-4 Ns m 2
The ethylene glycol is now turbulent, but this is a low Reynolds number so we will use the Gnielinski correlation:
−2 −2
f = ⎣⎡ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = ⎣⎡0.79 ln ( 3090 ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = 0.0451
( f 8)( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0451 8)( 3090 − 1000 )( 236 )
Nu = = = 76.3
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0451 8 ) ( 2362 3 − 1)
12 23 12

Nuk ( 76.3)( 0.248 W mK ) W

So that h = = =756
Di 0.025m m2 K
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ W
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥ = 666 2 Answer
⎣ 5550 756 ⎦ mK

Comments:
Just by putting the two fluids on different sides of the heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer coefficient
increased by 48%, which would translate into a significantly higher heat duty.

13- 11
13-10 A heat exchanger used to heat air with hot water is constructed of individually finned tubes, as shown in the
figure below. The tube (1-m long, 10-mm inside diameter, 13-mm outside diameter) and fins (12-mm long,
0.5-mm thick spaced on 5-mm centers) are constructed of brass. Air flows over the tubes with a heat
transfer coefficient of 100 W/m2·K. Water with a velocity of 2 m/s enters the tube at 80 °C. Determine the
overall heat transfer coefficients based on the inside area, Ui, and the outside area, Uo, (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. The water side heat transfer
coefficients and the fin efficiency must be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Fouling is negligible.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( r1 ro ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai 2π kW ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Atot
There are no fins on the inside, so ηo,i= 1, and we assume negligible fouling.. The inside area is Ai = π Di L .
For the wall resistance, the thermal conductivity of brass from Appendix A-2 is 110 W/mK, so that:
ln ( r1 ro ) ln ( 0.0065 0.005 )
= =3.80×10-4 m 2 K W
2π kW 2π (110 W mK )(1m )
With annular fins, we can determine the fin efficiency using Figure 11-18 and the overall surface efficiency
with Eq. 11-94: ηo ,o = 1 − ( NAf Atot )(1 − η f ) . The total area requires the number of fins, N, over the total length
W:
W −S 1m-0.005m
W = N (S + t) + S → N= = = 180.9
S +t 0.005m+0.0005m
Therefore, we use N = 180 (an integer number of fins).
The total area will take into account the tip area by using the corrected length, so we need the corrected
radius:
r2 c = r2 + t 2 = 0.0185m+ 0.0005 2 =0.01875m
Area of one fin Afin = 2π ( r22c − r12 ) = 2π ( 0.018752 − 0.00652 ) = 1.943 × 10−3 m 2 fin
Total area: Atot = 2π r1 (W − Nt ) + NAf = 2π ( 0.0065m ) ⎡⎣1m- (180 )( 0.0005m ) ⎤⎦ + (180 ) (1.943×10-3 m 2 ) = 0.387 m 2
Now for the parameters in Fig. 11-18:
r2 c r1 = 0.01875 0.0065 = 2.88
L* = L + t 2 = 0.012m+ 0.0005m 2 =0.01225m
Ap = L * t = ( 0.01225m )( 0.0005m ) =6.125×10-6 m 2
12 12
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 100 W m 2 K ⎞
= ( 0.01225m ) ⎜
32
32
L ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.522
c ⎜ kA ⎟
⎝ p⎠ ⎜ (110W m 2 K )( 6.125×10-6 m 2 ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
From Figure 11-18, so that ηf ≈ 0.78.
(180 ) (1.943×10-3 m 2 )
Overall surface efficiency: ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.78) = 0.801
0.387m 2
The finned side resistance is:
1 1
= =0.03225 K W
ηo ,o ho Atot ( 0.801) (100 W m 2 K )( 0.387m 2 )

13- 12
 The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number. Water properties from Appendix A-
6 at T = 80 o C : µ = 3.48 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.670 W/mK; Pr = 2.18; ρ = 971.8 kg/m3.:
ρ VD ( 971.8 kg m ) ( 2 m s )( 0.010m )
3

Re = = = 55,900
µ 3.48×10-4 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 55,900 ) ( 2.18)
0.8 0.3
= 182
Nuk (182 )( 0.670 W mK ) W
hi = = =12,200 2
Di 0.01m mK
2
1 1 −3 m K
= = 2.61 × 10
hi Ai (12,200 W m 2 K ) π ( 0.01m )(1m ) W
The inside overall heat transfer coefficient is (with consistent units omitted for brevity):
1 −1
Ui = ⎡⎣ 2.61× 10−3 + 3.80 × 10 −4 + 0.03225⎤⎦ = 903 W m 2 K Answer
π ( 0.01m )(1m )
The outside overall heat transfer coefficient is
⎛A ⎞ ⎡ π ( 0.01m )(1m ) ⎤
U o = U i ⎜ i ⎟ = ( 903 W m 2 K ) ⎢ 2 ⎥ = 73.3 W m K
2
Answer
A
⎝ o⎠ ⎣ 0.387m ⎦
Comments:
Because the surface areas are significantly different on both sides of the tube, the overall heat transfer coefficients
are similarly different. This illustrates well that the side on which the overall heat transfer coefficient is based
must be specified.

13- 13
13-11 Hot water at 100 °C flows at a rate of 4.5 × 10-4 m3/s through a horizontal 316 stainless steel pipe with a 5-
cm inside diameter and a 5-mm wall thickness. Outside of the pipe is still air at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere.
Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside and outside surface areas of the pipe (in
W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. Sufficient information is given to
calculate the two heat transfer coefficients with
appropriate correlations.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Fouling is negligible.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i= 1, and we assume negligible fouling.. The two areas are Ai = π Di L and
Ao = π Do L . Substituting in these expressions , simplifying, and solving for the overall heat transfer coefficient,
Ui:
−1
⎡ 1 ( D ) ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞ ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + i + ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠ ⎦
For the wall resistance, the thermal conductivity of 316 stainless steel from Appendix A-2 is 13.4 W/mK,
so that:
Di ln ( Do Di ) ( 0.05m ) ln ( 0.06 0.05 )
= =3.40×10-4 m 2 K W
2k 2 (13.4 W mK )
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m m 4m 4 ρV
Water: Re = → V = = → Re = =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di πµ Di
For water from Appendix A-6 with Tw = 100 o C : µ = 2.76 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.681 W/mK; Pr = 1.71;
ρ = 958.3 kg/m3.
4 ( 958.3kg m3 )( 4.5×10-4 m3 s )(1N•s 2 kg•m )
Re = = 39,800
π ( 2.76×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.05 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 39800 ) (1.71)
0.8 0.3
= 129.2
Nuk (129.2 )( 0.681W mK ) W 1 m2 K
hi = = =1760 2 = 5.68 × 10−4
Di 0.05m mK hi W
The air side is natural convection. We must assume a surface temperature to calculate a Rayleigh number.
We know natural convection heat transfer coefficients are low compared, for example, to forced convection of
water. Hence, the wall temperature will be closer to the water temperature than the air temperature, so we assume
an outside wall temperature that is only slightly lower than the water temperature, Ts ≈ 95 ºC. Therefore,
T film = ( 95 + 25 ) 2 = 60 o C , and the air properties from Appendix A-7 at this temperature are approximately:
µ = 1.99 ×10-5 Ns/m2; k = 0.0288 W/mK; Pr = 0.700; ρ = 1.060 kg/m3.

Ra =
g βρ 2 (Ts − T f ) Do3 Pr
=
( 9.81m s ) (1 333K ) (1.060 kg m ) ( 95-25) K ( 0.06m ) ( 0.700 ) = 885, 000
2 3 2 3

µ2 (1.99×10 Ns m ) -5 2 2

13- 14
 Using Table 12-3 for natural convection on a horizontal circular cylinder:
2 2
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
0.387 ( 885, 000 )
16
⎪ 0.387 Ra1 6 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
Nu = ⎨0.6 + ⎬ = ⎨0.6 + ⎬ = 14.0
9 16 8 27 9 16 8 27
⎪ ⎡1 + ( 0.559 Pr ) ⎤ ⎪ ⎪ ⎡1 + ( 0.559 0.700 ) ⎤ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭ ⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
Nuk (14.0 )( 0.0288 W mK ) W ⎛ Di ⎞
1 1 ⎛ 0.05 ⎞ m2 K
ho = = =6.73 2 ⎜ ⎟= 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.124
Do 0.06m mK ⎝ Do ⎠ 6.73 W m K ⎝ 0.06 ⎠
ho W
The inside overall heat transfer coefficient is (with consistent units omitted for brevity):
−1
U i = ⎡⎣5.68 × 10−4 + 3.4 × 10−4 + 0.124 ⎤⎦ = 8.02 W m 2 K Answer
The outside overall heat transfer coefficient is
⎛A ⎞ ⎛ 0.05 ⎞
U o = U i ⎜ i ⎟ = ( 8.02 W m 2 K ) ⎜ ⎟ = 6.68 W m K
2
Answer
⎝ Ao ⎠ ⎝ 0.06 ⎠
Comments:
Note that the water and wall resistances are negligible, and our assumed wall surface temperature will be close to
the actual wall temperature, so no iteration is required.

13- 15
13-12 Ethylene glycol flows inside a copper tube that has a 0.5-in. inside diameter and a 0.65-in. outside
diameter. The heat transfer coefficient for the ethylene glycol is 300 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Water flows outside the
tube and has a heat transfer coefficient of 550 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube area (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube area if fouling is present on both the
water and ethylene glycol sides (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F). (Estimate fouling factors from Table 13-1.)
c. Discuss how much the overall heat transfer coefficient can vary depending on the choice of fouling
factor.

Approach:
Because of the given information, we can use Eq. 13-3
to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Fouling factors are estimated from Table 13-1.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional
2. The heat transfer coefficients are uniform over
the heat exchanger.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do D ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo, o Ao ηo, o ho Ao
Multiplying through by Ao, incorporating Ai = π Di L, Ao = π Do L , and recognizing there are no fins
(ηo ,i = ηo,o = 1)
1 1⎛D ⎞ ⎛ D ⎞ D ln ( Do Di ) 1
= ⎜ o ⎟ + Ri′′⎜ o ⎟ + o + Ro′′ +
U o hi ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎝ Di ⎠ 2k ho
a) With no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and the thermal conductivity of copper from Appendix B-2 of 231.7 Btu/hrftR,
so that
1 1 ⎛ 0.0542 ⎞ ( 0.0542ft ) ln ( 0.0542 0.0417 ) 1
= ⎜ ⎟+ +
2
U o 300 Btu hrft R ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ 2 ( 231.7 Btu hrftR ) 550 Btu hrft 2 R
U 0 = [ 0.00433 + 0.000031 + 0.00182] = 162 Btu hrft 2 R
−1
Answer
b) With fouling, obtain estimates of the fouling factors from Table 13-1
Water: Ro′′ = 0.0009 → 0.00053m 2 K W OR 0.00051 → 0.0030hr ft 2 R Btu
Ethylene glycol: Ri′′ = 0.00035 m 2 K W =0.002hr ft 2 R Btu
Using the maximum fouling resistance:
−1
⎡ ⎛ 0.0542 ⎞ ⎤
U 0 = ⎢ 0.00433 + 0.002 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000031 + 0.003 + 0.00182 ⎥ = 84.9 Btu hrft R
2
Answer
⎣ ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ ⎦

Using the minimum fouling resistance:

−1
⎡ ⎛ 0.0542 ⎞ ⎤
U 0 = ⎢ 0.00433 + 0.002 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000031 + 0.00051 + 0.00182 ⎥ = 108 Btu hrft R
2
Answer
⎣ ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ ⎦

Comments:
The choice of the magnitude of the fouling resistance can have a large effect on a heat exchanger design or rating
problem. Care must be exercised, and the effect of the choice must be evaluated.

13- 16
13-13 To use as much energy as possible from the combustion of natural gas, heat exchangers are often placed in
exhaust stacks to recover waste energy. Consider a single pass crossflow heat exchanger. Exhaust gases
(assume air properties) enter at 180 °F with a flow rate of 0.31 lbm/s and exit at 130 °F. Fresh air enters at
70 °F with a flow rate of 0.62 lbm/s. The heat exchanger construction is such that both fluids are unmixed,
and the overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 35 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine the required area of
the heat exchanger (in ft2).

Approach:
Because we want to determine the heat exchanger
area, this is a design problem. We use the LMTD
method for the analysis. The fresh air outlet
temperature needs to be calculated so that the log
mean temperature difference can be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The fresh air and exhaust gases are ideal with
constant specific heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the exhaust gas flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . We also assume that the exhaust gases can be approximated as air. Therefore, evaluating the
specific heat from Appendix B-7 at the average temperature (180+130)/2 = 155 ºF, cp = 0.241 Btu/hrftºF.
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ Btu
⎟ (180-130 ) F=3.74
o
Q = mc p ∆T = ⎜ 0.31 ⎟ ⎜ 0.241
⎝ s ⎠⎝ hrftR ⎠ s
To calculate the LMTD, we need to calculate Tc,out. Applying conservation of energy to the fresh air as
before:
Q
Q = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in +
mc p
Assuming Tc,out = 100 ºF, so that Tavg = 85 ºF, cp = 0.240 Btu/hrftºF, and:
3.74 Btu s
TC ,out = 70+ =95.1 o F
( 0.62 lbm s )( 0.240 Btu lbmR )
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 180 − 95.1 = 84.9 o F ∆T2 = 130 − 70 = 60 o F
84.9 − 60
∆TLM ,cf = = 71.7 o F
ln ( 84.9 60 )
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F:
180 − 130 95.1 − 70
R= = 1.99 P= = 0.228
95.1 − 70 180 − 70
Therefore, F ≈ 0.96
Finally,
( 3.74 Btu s )( 3600s 1hr )
A= = 5.59 ft 2 Answer
( 35 Btu hrft 2
R ) ( )(
0.96 71.7R )

13- 17
13-14 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger has tubes with 18-mm outside diameter and a wall thickness of 1.2 mm.
Cold water outside the tubes with a flow rate of 250 kg/min is heated from 30 ºC to 50 ºC with hot water
that enters the heat exchanger at 105 ºC with a flow rate of 150 kg/min. The company design specification
is to use a fluid velocity inside the tubes of about 0.4 m/s. From previous designs, the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inside surface area is estimated to be 1800 W/m2·K. Determine the number of
tubes and the required tube length if the heat exchanger is:
a. counterflow
b. parallel flow
c. one shell pass and two tube passes
d. two shell passes and four tube passes.

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate. Because we are seeking the area, this
is a design problem. We use the LMTD method for
the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The number of tubes is obtained from conservation of mass and the definition of mass flow rate:
m = N ρ VAx → N = m ρ VAx
For the hot water assuming an outlet temperature of 65 ºC, Tavg = (105 + 65 ) 2 = 85 o C , so that the hot water
properties from Appendix A-6 at this temperature are cp ≈ 4.198 kJ/kgK and ρ = 968.6 kg/m3. Therefore,
( 50 kg min )(1min 60s )
N= = 33.8
( 968.6 kg m3 ) ( 0.4 m s )( π 4 )( 0.0156m )2
So use N = 38 and V = 0.397 m/s.
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf with Ai = Nπ Di L → L=
U i N π Di F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the cold water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . From Appendix A-6 for water at an assumed average temperature of 40 ºC, cp ≈ 4.175 kJ/kgK.
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1min ⎞
Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) = ⎜ 250 ⎟ ⎜ 4.175 ⎟ ( 50-30 ) K ⎜ ⎟ =348kW
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ kgK ⎠ ⎝ 60s ⎠
The hot water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same
assumptions as used as before and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Q
Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → TH , out = TH ,in −
mw c p , w
348kW
TH ,out = 150 o C- =116.8 o C
(150 kg min )( 4.198k J kgK )(1min 60s )
The LMTD for counterflow is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 105 − 50 = 55 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 116.8 − 30 = 86.8 o C
55 − 86.8
∆TLM ,cf = = 69.8 o C
ln ( 55 86.8 )
The LMTD for parallel flow is:

13- 18
 ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,in = 105 − 30 = 75 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC , out = 116.8 − 50 = 66.8 o C
75 − 66.8
∆TLM , pf = = 70.8 o C
ln ( 75 66.8 )
Finally,
( 348kW )(1000 W kW ) 116mK
L= =
(1800 W m2 K ) ( 34 ) π ( 0.0156m ) F∆TLM F∆TLM
The value of F depends on the heat exchanger configuration:
30 − 50 116.8 − 105
R= = 1.69 P= = 0.157
116.8 − 105 30 − 105
Using Figure 13-7 for the F factors and using the appropriate LMTD, we calculate the tube lengths:
Counterflow: F = 1 ∆TLM ,cf L = 1.662 m
Parallel flow: F = 1 ∆TLM , pf L = 1.638 m Answers
1 shell/2 tube: F ≈ 0.95 ∆TLM ,cf L = 1.696 m
2 shell/4 tube: F ≈ 1 ∆TLM ,cf L = 1.662 m

Comments:
For this combination of conditions, the variation in length with different heat exchanger configurations is not
large. However, with other conditions, the length can vary significantly.

13- 19
13-15 A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water from 20 °C to 80 °C using hot oil,
which is supplied to the annulus at 160 °C and discharged at 140 °C. The thin-walled inner tube has a
diameter of Di = 20 mm, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2·K. The design condition
calls for a total heat transfer rate of 3000 W. Determine the length of the heat exchanger (in m). After 3
years of operation, performance is degraded by fouling on the water side of the exchanger, and the water
outlet temperature is only 65 °C for the same fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures. What are the
corresponding values of the heat transfer rate, outlet temperature of the oil, the overall heat transfer
coefficient, and the water side fouling factor?

Approach:
Because we want to determine the tube length, which
is equivalent to finding the heat exchanger area, this is
a design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The oil and water are ideal liquids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
Q
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → L=
U π DF ∆TLM ,cf
∆T1 − ∆T2
Because this is counterflow, F = 1, and ∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
80 − 120
∆T1 = 160 − 80 = 80 o C ∆T2 = 140 − 20 = 120 o C ∆TLM ,cf = = 98.7 o C
ln ( 80 120 )
( 3000W )
Finally, L= = 0.97 m Answer
( 500 W m 2
K ) π ( 0.020m )( 98.7K )
1 1 1 1
b) With the fouling resistance: = + R ′′ → R ′′ = −
U dirty U clean U dirty U clean
We need to determine the dirty overall heat transfer coefficient, and to do that we need the heat transfer rate.
The new heat transfer rate after three years of operation can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to
the water flow. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with
constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T : Qnew = mc p ∆Tnew = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )new
For the original: Qold = mc p ∆Told = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )old
Taking the ratio of these two heat transfer rates:
Qnew mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )new (TC ,out − TC ,in )new 65 − 20
= = = = 0.75 → Qnew = ( 0.75 )( 3000W ) =2250W
Qold mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )old (TC ,out − TC ,in )old 80 − 20
For the new oil outlet temperature, we use the same approach:
Qnew (TH ,in − TH ,out )new Q
= → TH ,out , new = TH ,in − new (TH ,in − TH ,out )old = 160 − 0.75 (160 − 140 ) = 145 o C
Qold (TH ,in − TH , out )old Qold
The overall heat transfer coefficient is U = Q A∆TLM , cf
95 − 125
∆T1 = 160 − 65 = 95 o C ∆T2 = 145 − 20 = 125 o C → ∆TLM , cf = = 109.3 o C
ln ( 95 125 )
2250W W 1 1 m2 K
U= =338 2 → R ′′ = − = 0.000955 Answer
π ( 0.020m )( 0.97m )(109.3K ) mK 338 500 W

13- 20
13-16 In a cogeneration plant, the exhaust from the turbine in a Brayton cycle is used in a crossflow heat
exchanger to heat pressurized liquid water inside tubes from 300 °F to 400 °F. The exhaust gas flow enters
the heat exchanger at 850 °F with a flow rate of 18 lbm/s and is considered unmixed. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 80 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. The tubes are 1-in. diameter and 16-ft long. If the heat exchanger
effectiveness must be at least 75%, determine:
a. the water flow rate (in lbm/s)
b. the number of tubes.

Approach:
Using the definition of effectiveness, the given
information to calculate the heat transfer rate, and
assuming the hot gas has the minimum heat capacity
rate, the hot outlet temperature and the water flow rate
can be obtained. Finding the number of tubes is
equivalent to determining the area, so this is a design
problem, and the preferred approach is the LMTD
method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) The definition of effectiveness is:
ε = Q Qmax where Qmax = Cmin (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to either of the flows. Assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T
If we assume the hot exhaust gas has the minimum heat capacity rate, then Q = mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out ) . Combining
this expression with the definition of effectiveness and the maximum heat transfer rate, we obtain:
TH ,out = TH ,in − ε (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = 850 o F-0.75 ( 850-200 ) o F=437.5 o F
To find the water mass flow rate, equate the heat transfer rate expressions for the gas and water:
mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out )
mw =
c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
Assuming the hot gas can be approximated with air properties, and evaluating specific heats from
Appendix B-7 at average temperatures:
Gas: Tavg = ( 850 + 437.5 ) 2 = 644 o F, c p,g =0.251Btu lbm o F
Water: Tavg = ( 300 + 400 ) 2 = 350 o F, c p,w =1.05 Btu lbm o F
⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ 0.251 ⎞⎛ 850-437.5 ⎞ lbm
mw = ⎜18 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =17.75 Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎝ 1.05 ⎠⎝ 400-300 ⎠ s
Checking the heat capacity rate as a check on the assumption above:
Cw = (17.75lbm s ) (1.05 Btu lbm o F ) =18.8 Btu s o F
Cg = (18lbm s ) ( 0.251Btu lbm o F ) =4.52 Btu s o F
Therefore, our assumption above that the gas had the minimum heat capacity rate is valid.
b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf .

13- 21
 Q
With A = Nπ DL , solving for the number of tubes: N = .
U π DLF ∆TLM ,cf
Using the energy balance on the gas from above:
Q = mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = (18lbm s ) ( 0.251Btu lbm o F ) ( 850-437.5 ) o F=1864 Btu s
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 (850 − 400 ) − ( 437.5 − 300 )
∆TLM ,cf = = = 263.6 o F
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 850 − 400 ) ( 437.5 − 300 ) ⎤⎦
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F for crossflow with both fluids unmixed:
850 − 437.5 400 − 300
R= = 4.125 P= = 0.182
400 − 300 850 − 300
Therefore, F ≈ 0.87.
Finally,
(1864 Btu s )( 3600s 1hr )
N= =87.4 tubes
(80Btu hrft R ) π ( 0.0833ft )(16ft )( 0.87 ) ( 263.6 o F)
2

Therefore, choose N = 88 tubes (an integer number) Answer

13- 22
13-17 In a refrigeration unit, R-134a at 0.18 MPa is evaporated inside in a long, thin-walled tube. The refrigerant,
whose flow rate is 0.001 kg/s, enters the tube as a saturated liquid and exits as a saturated vapor, and its
heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2·K. Air at 27 °C flows with velocity of 6 m/s perpendicular to the
outside the tube. Shown in the figure below is the aluminum tube (k = 177 W/m·K) that has eight
rectangular fins inside the tube. Each fin is 5-mm long and 1-mm thick. The tube diameter is 3 cm.
Determine the required tube length (in m).

Approach:
Both fluids have constant temperatures, so
the basic heat transfer rate equation,
Q = ∆T Rtot , can be used to determine
the required length, since each of the
resistances involve area, and length is
used to calculate area. The outside (air)
heat transfer coefficient must be evaluated
from the given information.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional.
2. The system is steady.
3. No work is done or by the control
volume.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are
negligible.

Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional heat transfer, the rate equation is:
∆T T f − TR
Q= =
Rtot Rair + R fins
Note that no wall thickness is given, so we ignore the wall resistance. The air side resistance is:
1 1
Rair = =
ho Ao hoπ DLT
The air side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number with fluid properties evaluated from Appendix
A-7 at Tfilm. Assuming Tfilm ≈ 300 K, ρ = 1.1774 kg/m3, µ = 1.846×10-5 Ns/m2, k = 0.02624 W/mK, Pr = 0.708.
ρ VD (1.1774 kg ms )( 6 m s )( 0.03m )
Re = = = 11,500
µ 1.846×10-5 Ns m 2
Nu = 0.193Re0.618 Pr1 3 = 0.193 (11500 ) ( 0.708)
0.618 13
From Table 12-1, = 55.5
Nuk ( 55.5 )( 0.2624 W mK ) W
ho = = = 48.6 2
D 0.03m mK
1 0.2184 mK
Rair = =
( 48.6 W m K ) π ( 0.03m ) LT LT W
2

The refrigerant side resistance is: R fins = 1 ηo ,i hi Ai

NAf
where ηo = 1 −
Atot
(1 − η ) .
f Assuming a rectangular fin with an adiabatic tip and using a corrected length to

account for convection at the tip: η f = tanh ( mL ) mL and m = ( hp kAx ) .

0.5

Evaluating the parameters in the equations:

Ax = tLT = 0.001LT , p = 2 LT , L* = L + Ax p = L + t 2 = 0.005 + 0.001 2 = 0.00505m
Area of one fin: Af = LT ( 2 L + t ) = LT ⎣⎡ 2 ( 0.005m ) +0.001m ⎦⎤ = 0.011LT
Total area: Atot = π DLT + N 2 LLT = LT ⎡⎣π ( 0.03m ) +8 ( 2 )( 0.005m ) ⎤⎦ = 0.174 LT

13- 23
 ⎡ ( 500 W m 2 K ) ( 2LT ) ⎤
0.5

m=⎢ ⎥ =75.16m -1 and mL* = ( 75.16m -1 ) ( 0.00505m ) = 0.3796

⎢⎣ (177 W mK )( 0.001LT ) ⎥⎦
8 ( 0.011LT )
η f = tanh ( 0.3796 ) 0.3796 = 0.955 and ηo = 1 − (1 − 0.955) = 0.977
0.174 LT
1 1 0.01176 mK W
R fins = = =
ηo,i hi Ai ( 0.977 ) ( 500 W m 2 K ) ( 0.174 LT ) LT
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from an energy balance on the refrigerant. Assuming steady, no
work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, we obtain:
Q = mh fg
From the saturated liquid table, Tsat = -12.73 ºC and hfg = 206.25 kJ/kg
Q = ( 0.001kg s )( 206.26 kJ kg ) =0.206 kJ s
Substituting this into the main equation to determine the tube length:
kJ ⎡⎣ 27- ( -12.73) ⎤⎦ o C
0.206 =
s 0.2184 mK W + 0.01176 mK W
LT LT
( 0.206 kJ s )( 0.2184 mK W + 0.01176 mK W )(1000 J kJ )
LT = =1.14m Answer
⎡⎣ 27- ( -12.73) ⎤⎦ o C (1J Ws )
Comments:
Note that the fin resistance is essentially negligible compared to the air side resistance.

13- 24
12-18 A one shell pass, four tube pass heat exchanger contains 20 thin-walled 25-mm tubes. It must be designed
to heat 2.5 kg/s of water from 15 °C to 85 °C. The heating is to be accomplished with hot oil (cp = 2.35
kJ/kg·K), which enters the shellside of the heat exchanger at 160 °C. The oil heat transfer coefficient is 400
W/m2·K. The oil leaves the heat exchanger at 100 °C. Determine the length of the shell (in m).

Approach:
The length of the shell is required, which is equivalent
to requiring the tube length and heat transfer area.
This is a design problem, and the preferred analysis
approach is the LMTD method. The water side heat
transfer coefficient must be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The flow is steady, and there is no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Water is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf . No tube thickness is given, so
A = N π DLt = N π DN p L p , where N = number of tubes, and Np = number of tube passes. Substituting into the heat
Q
transfer rate equation and solving for the pass length: Lp =
U i Nπ DN p F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . Evaluating the water properties from Appendix A-6 at the average temperature (15+85)/2 = 50 °C:
µ = 5.29 ×10-4 Ns/m; k = 0.643 W/mK; Pr = 3.44, cp = 4.178 kJ/kgK.
Q = mc p ∆T = ( 2.5 kg min )( 4.178 kJ kgK )( 85-15 ) K (1kJ s kW ) =732 kW
∆T1 − ∆T2 75 − 85
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = 160 − 85 = 75 o C, ∆T2 =100-15=85 o C ∆TLM ,cf = = 79.9 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 75 85 )
160 − 100 85 − 15
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F: R = = 0.857 P = = 0.483 . So, from Figure 13-7a, F ≈ 0.87.
85 − 15 160 − 15
We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), the wall resistance is Rw = 0 , and no wall thickness, so
1 1 1
that simplifying this equation, we obtain: = + . The water side heat transfer coefficient requires
U hi ho
ρ VD m m 4m
the Reynolds number: Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di
Remember that the given mass flow rate is for 20 tubes and the Reynolds number must be calculated for one tube.
4 ( 2.5 kg s )
Re = = 12, 030
( 20 ) π ( 5.29×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.025 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nuk ( 69.3)( 0.643 W mK ) W
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 (12030 ) ( 3.44 )
0.8 0.4
= 69.3 h= = =1780 2
D 0.025m mK
1 1 1 W
Therefore, = + → U = 327 2
U 400 1780 mK
( 732kW )(1000 W kW )
Lp = = 5.12m Answer
( 327 W m K ) ( 20 ) π ( 0.025m )( 4 )( 0.87 )( 79.9K )
2

13- 25
13-19 Because of its construction, the heat transfer area of a plate heat exchanger can be changed easily by adding
or removing plates; in addition, counterflow can be achieved, which results in good performance. Consider
the counterflow plate heat exchanger shown below. The plates are 304 stainless steel 1-mm thick and 2-m
wide and 3-m long. The channels on the hot and cold sides have 5-mm gaps. Engine oil enters at 80 °C
with a flow rate of 0.03 m3/s and should leave at 55 °C. Water, in counterflow, enters at 20 °C and should
leave no hotter than 30 °C. Determine:
a. the required water mass flow rate (in kg/s)
b. the number of channels required.

Approach:
The water flow rate can be determined from an
energy balance. Because we are seeking the number
of channels and we know the channel dimensions,
this is equivalent to determining the area, which
makes this a design problem. We use the LMTD
method for the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) Apply energy balances to both fluids. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy
effects, and ideal liquids with constant specific heats so that ∆h = c p ∆T :
Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = mo c p , o (TC , out − TC ,in )
Evaluating all the fluid properties, from Appendix A-6 for the oil at Tavg = ( 80 + 55 ) 2 = 67.5 o C ,
ρ = 859.9 kg/m3, µ = 531 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.139 W/mK; Pr = 793; cp = 2.076 kJ/kgK. For water at
Tavg = ( 20 + 30 ) 2 = 25 o C , ρ = 997 kg/m3, µ = 8.72 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.611 W/mK; Pr = 5.97; cp = 4178 J/kgK.
Q = mo c p ,o ∆To = ( 859.9 kg m3 )( 0.03m3 s ) ( 2.076 kJ kgK )( 80-55 ) K=1340kW
Q 1340kW
mw = = =32.0 kg s Answer
c p , w ∆Tw ( 4.178 kJ kgK )( 30-20 ) K
b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf where A = NLW
Assuming equal number of channels for the oil and water, and solving for the number of channels:
Q
N= (1)
ULWF ∆TLM ,cf
Since this is a counterflow heat exchanger, F = 1.
The LMTD is:
(80 − 30 ) − ( 55 − 20 )
∆TLM ,cf = = 42.1 o C
ln ⎡⎣( 80 − 30 ) ( 55 − 20 ) ⎤⎦
We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient assuming no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling
( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = t kA . Substituting these expressions into the equation for the
overall heat transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
−1
⎡1 t 1 ⎤
U =⎢ + + ⎥ (2)
⎣ hi k ho ⎦
From Appendix A, for 304 stainless steel, k = 14.9 W/mK.
To calculate both heat transfer coefficients, we need the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter:

13- 26
 ρ VDh 4 Ax 4 SW
Re = where Dh = = ≈ 2S = 2 ( 0.005m ) =0.01m
µ pwetted 2 ( S + W )
The velocity depends on the number of channels:
m ρV
V = =
ρ Ai ρ NWS
So writing the velocity for both fluids in terms of what is known:
0.03m3 s 3 m
Oil Vo = =
N ( 2m )( 0.005m ) N s

Reo =
(859.9 kg m3 ) ( 3 N m s )( 0.01m )
=
486
531×10-4 Ns m 2 N
For any N, the oil flow is laminar.
32.0 kg s 3.21 m
Water Vw = =
N ( 997 kg m ) ( 2m )( 0.005m ) N s
3

Rew =
( 997 kg m3 ) ( 3.21 N m s )( 0.01m )
=
36,700
8.72×10-4 Ns m 2 N
For any N < 18, the flow is turbulent, so we will assume turbulent.
Checking the oil entrance length, even if N is reasonably large, the entrance length is much longer than the
heat exchanger length. We don not have a constant wall temperature or a constant wall heat flux boundary
condition, so we will assume the Seider-Tate equation is valid:
Nu = 1.86Gz1 3 ( µ µ s ) = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µs )
0.14 13 0.14

Assuming Ts = ⎡⎣( 80 + 55 ) 2 + ( 20 + 30 ) 2 ⎤⎦ 2 = 45o C , µs = 1630×10-4 Ns/m2

13 0.14
⎡ 486 0.01 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 531× 10−4 ⎞
(1.86 ) ⎢⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ( 793) ⎛⎜
Nuk 0.139 W mK 240 W
ho = = ⎟⎥ ⎜ −4 ⎟
= 13 2 (3)
Dh 0.01m ⎣⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 1630 × 10 ⎠ N m K
For the water also use the Seider Tate equation. Solving for the heat transfer coefficient
13 0.14
⎡ 36900 ⎞ ⎛ 0.01 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 8.72 ⎞
(1.86 ) ⎢⎛⎜
Nuk 0.611W mK 1090 W
ho = = ⎟ ( 5.97 ) ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟ = 13 2 (4)
Dh 0.01m ⎣⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 5.97 ⎠ N mK
Now iterating Equations (1) through (4) with the known information:
N = 140.4 therefore, use N = 140 parallel channels Answer
ho = 46.2 W/m2K
hw = 210 W/m2K
U= 37.7 W/m2K

13- 27
13-20 In a counterflow heat exchanger, 3.6 kg/s of an organic fluid flows with a specific heat of 850 J/kg·K; it
enters the heat exchanger at 12 °C and leaves at 340 °C. A high temperature oil with a specific heat of
1900 J/kg·K enters at 650 °C with a flow rate of 3 kg/s. If the outlet temperature of the cooler fluid must be
increased to 450 °C, with everything else remaining constant, determine the percentage increase in the heat
transfer area required.

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate, and we want to determine area, so this is
a design problem, and the preferred approach is the
LMTD method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
For a counterflow heat exchanger F = 1. Between the two cases, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the flow
rates remain constant. The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the organic
fluid flow. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with
constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )
For the old case: Qold = ( 3.6 kg s )( 850 J kgK )( 340-12 ) K=1.004×106 W
For the new case: Qnew = ( 3.6 kg s )( 850 J kgK )( 450-12 ) K=1.34×106 W
For the LMTD, the oil outlet temperature is obtained by conservation of energy on the oil. With the same
assumptions as before:
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TH ,in − TH ,out ) → TH ,out = TH ,in − Q mc p
For the old case: TH ,out = 650 o C- (1.004×106 W ) ⎡⎣( 3kg s )(1900 J kgK ) ⎤⎦ =473.9 o C
For the new case: TH ,out = 650 o C- (1.34×106 W ) ⎡⎣( 3kg s )(1900 J kgK ) ⎤⎦ =414.9 o C
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 ( 650 − 340 ) − ( 473.9 − 12 )
∆TLM ,cf , old = = = 380.9 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 650 − 340 ) ( 473.9 − 12 ) ⎤⎦
( 650 − 450 ) − ( 414.9 − 12 )
∆TLM ,cf , new = = 289.7 o C
ln ⎣⎡( 650 − 450 ) ( 414.9 − 12 ) ⎦⎤
Therefore, the ratio of areas is:
Anew ⎣⎡Q UF ∆TLM ,cf ⎦⎤ new ⎣⎡Q ∆TLM ,cf ⎦⎤ new ⎣⎡1.34 × 10 289.7 ⎦⎤ new
6

= = = = 1.75
⎣⎡Q UF ∆TLM ,cf ⎦⎤ old ⎣⎡Q ∆TLM , cf ⎦⎤ old ⎡⎣1.004 × 10 380.9 ⎤⎦ old
Aold 6

Therefore, a 75% increase in area is required. Answer

Comments:
Note that while the heat transfer rate increased by about 34%, the required area increased by 75%. This is a
consequence of the decreasing average temperature different between the two fluids.

13- 28
13-21 The water flow in Problem P 13-5 is 130 lbm/min. The air enters the heat exchanger at 700 °F and leaves
at 500 °F with a flow rate of 300 lbm/min. If no fouling is present, determine the inside heat transfer area
(in ft2) if the heat exchanger is:
a. counterflow
b. parallel flow.

Approach:
We can evaluate the heat transfer rate from the given
information. We want to determine area, so for this a
design problem, the LMTD approach is preferred.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady with no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
Using the LMTD method, F = 1 for both counterflow and parallel flow. Hence, the governing equations for the
LMTD method are: Qcf = U i Ai ,cf ∆TLM ,cf and Q pf = U i Ai , pf ∆TLM , pf
∆T1 − ∆T2
The LMTD is: ∆TLM =
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
where for counterflow: ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out and ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
and for parallel flow: ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,in and ∆T2 = TH , out − TC , out
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the air flow. Assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = ma c p , a ∆T = ma c p , a (TH ,in − TH ,out )
For air from Appendix B-7 at Tavg = ( 700 + 500 ) 2 = 600 o F → c p , a = 0.250 Btu hrft 2 R
Q = ( 300 lbm min )( 0.250 Btu lbmR )( 700-500 ) R=15,000 Btu min
The water outlet temperature is obtained by conservation of energy on the water. With the same assumptions as
before: Q = mw c p , w ∆T = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mw c p , w
For water from Appendix B-6 assuming Tout ≈ 300 ºF, Tavg = ( 200 + 300 ) 2 = 250 o F → c p , w = 1.01Btu hrft 2 R .
Therefore, TC ,out = 200 o F+ (15000 Btu min ) ⎡⎣(130 lbm min )(1.01Btu lbmR ) ⎤⎦ =314.2 o F
385.8 − 300
For counterflow: ∆T1 = 700 − 314.2 = 385.8 o F and ∆T2 = 500 − 200 = 300 o F ∆TLM ,cf = = 341 o F
ln ( 385.8 300 )
For parallel flow: ∆T1 = 700 − 200 = 500 o F and ∆T2 = 500 − 314.2 = 185.8 o F
500 − 185.8
∆TLM , pf = = 317.4 o F
ln ( 500 185.8 )
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
The inside heat transfer coefficient, with no fouling or fins, using Eq. 13-3 is: = + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix B-2, for 304 stainless steel, k = 8.6 Btu/hrftR.
−1
⎡ 1 ( 0.0833ft ) ln ( 0.0917 0.0833) 1 ⎛ 0.0833 ⎞ ⎤ Btu
Ui = ⎢ + + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 28.0
⎣⎢ 80 Btu hrft 2
R 2 ( 8.6 Btu hrftR ) 40 Btu hrft 2
R ⎝ 0.0917 ⎠ ⎦⎥ hrft 2
R
Qcf (15000 Btu min )( 60 min 1hr )
Ai ,cf = = =94.3ft 2
U i ∆TLM ,cf ( 28 Btu hrft 2 R )( 341 o F)
Therefore, Answers
Qcf (15000 Btu min )( 60 min 1hr )
Ai , pf = = =101.3ft 2

U i ∆TLM , pf ( 28 Btu hrft R )( 317.4 F)

2 o

13- 29
13-22 The counterflow heat exchanger in Problem P 13-21 is operated for a year. All flows and inlet
temperatures remain constant, but the hot fluid exits at 550 °F. Determine the magnitude of the fouling
factor (in hr·ft2·°F/Btu).

Approach:
Using the information given in Problem 13-20, we can use
the governing equation for the LMTD method to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient. Comparison of the “dirty”
to the “clean” overall heat transfer coefficient will give the
fouling factor.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Air and water are ideal fluids with constant specific heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → Ui =
Ai F ∆TLM ,cf
For counterflow, F = 1.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the air flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = ma c p , a (TH ,in − TH ,out )
For air from Appendix B-7 at an average temperature of 625ºF, cp ≈ 0.250 Btu/lbmR.
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ Btu
Q = ⎜ 300 ⎟ ⎜ 0.250 ⎟ ( 700-550 ) R=11,250
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ lbmR ⎠ min
To calculate the LMTD, we need the cold water outlet temperature, which is obtained with an energy balance on
the water using the same assumptions as used for the air and the heat transfer rate calculated above:
Q
Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in +
mw c p , w
For water from Appendix B-6 at an assumed average temperature of 240 ºF, cp ≈ 1.01 Btu/lbmR.
11250 Btu min
TC ,out = 200 o F+ =285.7 o F
(130 lbm min )(1.01Btu lbmR )
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 700 − 285.7 = 414.3 o F ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 550 − 200 = 350 o F
414.3 − 350
∆TLM ,cf = = 381.2 o F
ln ( 414.3 350 )
Therefore
(11250 Btu min )( 60min 1hr ) Btu
Ui = =18.8 Answer
( 94.3ft 2 ) ( 381.2R ) hrft 2 R
When fouling has occurred:
1 1 1 1
= R ′′ + → R ′′ = −
U dirty U clean U dirty U clean
1 1 hrft 2 R
R ′′ = 2
- 2
=0.0175 Answer
18.8 Btu hrft R 28.0 Btu hrft R Btu

13- 30
13-23 A closed feedwater heater is used in a Rankine cycle power plant. The feedwater (150 kg/s) is to be heated
from 30 °C to 90 °C using steam extracted from the turbine at 200 kPa at a quality of 0.987, and the
condensate should leave as a saturated liquid at 200 kPa. The overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated
to be 2000 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the required heat transfer area (in m2)
b. the condensate flow rate (in kg/s).

Approach:
Enough information is given to calculate the heat
transfer rate. We want to find the required area, so
this is a design problem, and the preferred approach is
the LMTD method. The condensation rate and the
heat transfer rate are determined using conservation of
energy.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
Because of the constant temperature condensation process, F = 1.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the feedwater flow.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific
heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T , where the specific heat from Appendix A-6 is evaluated at the average temperature,
(30+90)/2 = 60 ºC, cp,w = 4.181 kJ/kgK:
Q = mc p ∆T = (150 kg s )( 4.181kJ kgK )( 90-30 ) K=3.76 × 104 kW
The LMTD is calculated with the given feedwater temperatures and the saturation temperature at 200 kPa, Tsat =
120.23 ºC:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 120.23 − 90 = 30.23 o C ∆T2 = 120.23 − 30 = 90.23 o C
30.23 − 90.23
∆TLM ,cf = = 54.9 o C
ln ( 30.23 90.23)

A=
( 3.76 ×10 kW ) (1000 W kW ) =343m
4
2
Answer
( 2000 W m K ) ( 54.9K )
2

b) An energy balance on the steam with assumptions similar to those used on the feedwater gives us:
Q = msteam ( hsteam ,in − hsteam ,out )
From the steam table, Appendix A-11, at 200 kPa, the inlet enthalpy is
hsteam ,in = h f + xh fg = 504.7 + ( 0.987 )( 2201.9 ) = 2678.0 kJ kg
For the outlet enthalpy
hsteam, out = h f = 504.7 kJ kg

msteam =
( 3.76 ×10 kW ) (1kJ 1kWs ) =17.3kg s
4

Answer
( 2678.0-504.7 ) kJ kg

13- 31
13-24 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is to be constructed with 0.75-in. outside diameter, 0.03-in. thick tubes.
Cold water inside the tubes has a flow rate of 500 lbm/min and is to be heated from 80 ºF to 110 ºF. Hot
water with a flow rate of 350 lbm/min enters the heat exchanger at 210 ºF. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the outside area is 300 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. For one shell pass, tube side water velocity of 1
ft/s, and a maximum tube length of 8 ft, determine:
a. the number of tubes per pass
b. the number of tube passes
c. the length of the tubes (in ft).

Approach:
The number of tubes, N, is obtained from application
of conservation of mass. For the number of tube
passes, assume one pass, and then analyze to see if the
heat exchanger is less than the maximum length of 8
ft. Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate. Because we seek the tube length, which
is equivalent to area, this is a design problem. We use
the LMTD method for the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady with no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The number of tubes is obtained from conservation of mass and the definition of mass flow rate:
m = N ρ VAx → N = m ρ VAx
For the cold water at Tavg = 95 ºF, the properties from Appendix B-6 are cp ≈ 1.00 Btu/hrftR and ρ = 62.0 lbm/ft3.
( 500 lbm min )(1min 60s )
Therefore, N= = 51.6
( 62.0 lbm ft 3 ) (1ft s )( π 4 )( 0.0575ft )2
So use N = 52. Answer
b, c) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U o Ao F ∆TLM ,cf with Ao = N π D0 L → L=
U o Nπ Do F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the cold water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 60min ⎞ Btu
∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in ) = ⎜ 500 ⎟ ⎜ 1.00 ⎟ (110-80 ) R ⎜ ⎟ =900,000
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ hrftR ⎠ ⎝ 1hr ⎠ hr
For the LMTD we need TH,out. The hot water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the
water using the same assumptions as used as before and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → TH ,out = TH ,in − Q mw c p , w
From water at an assumed average temperature of about 190 ºF, cp ≈ 1.00 Btu/hrftR
900,000 Btu hr
TH ,out = 210 o F- =167.1 o F
( 350 lbm min )(1.0 Btu lbmR )( 60min 1 hr )
The LMTD for counterflow is: ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 210 − 110 = 100 o F ∆T2 = TH , out − TC ,in = 167.1 − 80 = 87.1 o F
100 − 87.1
∆TLM ,cf = = 93.4 o F
ln (100 87.1)
The value of F depends on the heat exchanger configuration. We assume 1 shell pass, 1 tube pass in
counterflow, so F = 1. Finally,
900,000 Btu hr
L= = 3.15ft Answer
( 300 Btu hrft R ) ( 52 ) π ( 0.0625ft )(1) ( 93.4 o F)
2

Because this is less than 8 ft, the assumed configuration works, and the length is 3.15 ft.

13- 32
13-25 A crossflow heat exchanger is to be designed to heat hydrogen gas with hot water. The water is on the tube
side and enters at 150 ºC at a flow rate of 3 kg/s with a heat transfer coefficient of 1250 W/m2·K. The
hydrogen (cp = 14.4 kJ/kg·K) is on the shell side and enters at 30 ºC at a flow rate of 120 kg/min with a heat
transfer coefficient of 1800 W/m2·K. The required hydrogen outlet temperature is 60 ºC. The heat
exchanger has 100 1.5-cm inside diameter, 2.5-mm thick tubes made of 347 stainless steel. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area (in W/m2·K)
b. the required tube length (in m).

Approach:
Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Hydrogen and water are ideal fluids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
a) We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .
The areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these expressions into the equation for the overall heat
transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix A-2 for 347 stainless steel, k = 14.2 W/mK.
1 1 ( 0.015 m ) ln ( 0.020 m 0.015 m ) 1 ⎛ 0.015 m ⎞
= + +
U i 1250 W m K2
2 (14.2 W mK ) (1800 W m K ) ⎜⎝ 0.020 m ⎟⎠
2

U i = 731W m 2 K Answer
b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → L=
U i Nπ Di F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the hydrogen flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T , with the hydrogen specific heat from Appendix A-7:
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1min ⎞⎛ 1kW ⎞
Q = mc p ∆T = ⎜ 120 ⎟ ⎜14.4 ⎟ ( 60-30 ) K ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =864 kW
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ kgK ⎠ ⎝ 60s ⎠⎝ 1kJ s ⎠
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
The water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same assumptions as used
for the hydrogen and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Note that because we defined heat transfer in is
positive, Qhyd = −Qwater . Therefore,

13- 33
 Qwater Qhyd
Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → TH , out = TH ,in + = TH ,in −
mw c p , w mw c p , w
From Appendix A-6 for water at an assumed average temperature of 120 ºC, cp ≈ 4.232 kJ/kgK
(864 kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TH ,out = 150 o C- =81.9 o C
( 3kg s )( 4.232 kJ kgK )
∆T1 = 150 − 60 = 90 o C ∆T2 = 81.9 − 30 = 51.9 o C
90 − 51.9
∆TLM ,cf = = 69.2 o C
ln ( 90 51.9 )
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F:
30 − 60 82.1 − 150
R= = 0.44 P= = 0.57
82.1 − 150 30 − 150
The tube side is unmixed; the shellside is mixed, so from Figure 13-7d, F ≈ 0.93
Finally,
(864kW )(1000 W kW )
L=
( 731W m K ) (100 ) π ( 0.015m )( 0.93)( 69.2K )
2

L = 3.90 m Answer

13- 34
13-26 A small oil refinery uses river water to cool some of the fluid streams in the refinery. Consider a two shell
pass, four tube pass heat exchanger that uses 25 kg/s of river water at 10 °C on the shell side to cool 20 kg/s
process fluid (cp = 2300 J/kg·K) from 80 °C to 25 °C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 600
W/m2·K, determine:
a. the outlet temperature of the coolant (in °C)
b. the heat transfer area required (in m2).

Approach:
The water outlet temperature can be obtained from
conservation of energy. Sufficient information is
given to evaluate the heat transfer rate. We want to
determine area, so this is a design problem, and the
preferred approach is the LMTD method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) The outlet water temperature is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mc p
The heat transfer rate is obtained by conservation of energy on the process fluid. With the same assumptions as
before:
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = ( 20 kg s )( 2300 J kgK )( 80-25 ) K=2.53×106 W
For water from Appendix A-6 at an assumed average temperature of 25 ºC, cp = 4.178 kJ/kgK. Therefore,
TC ,out = 10 o C+ ( 2.53×106 W ) ⎡⎣( 25 kg s )( 4.178 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ ) ⎤⎦ =34.2 o C Answer

b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:

Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 (80 − 34.2 ) − ( 25 − 10 )
∆TLM ,cf = = = 27.6 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 80 − 34.2 ) ( 25 − 10 ) ⎤⎦
Using Figure 13-7b to determine F for 2 shell passes and 4 tube passes:
10 − 34.2 25 − 80
R= = 0.44 P= = 0.79
25 − 80 10 − 80
Therefore, F ≈ 0.99.
Finally,
2.53×106 W
A= =154.3m 2 Answer
( 600W m2 K ) ( 0.99 ) ( 27.6 o C )

13- 35
13-27 Water is heated from 25 °C to 80 °C in a one shell pass, two tube pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The
hot fluid is oil (cp = 1750 J/kg·K) with a flow rate of 1 kg/s that enters the tubeside of the heat exchanger at
175 °C and exits at 145 °C. With an overall heat transfer coefficient of 350 W/m2·K, determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in W)
b. the water flow rate (in kg/s)
c. the required heat transfer area (in m2).

Approach:
The heat transfer rate and the water flow rate can be
determined using conservation of energy. Because we
want to determine the area, this is a design problem,
and the preferred approach is the LMTD method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The fluids are an ideal fluid with constant specific
heats.

Solution:
a) The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the oil flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mo c p ,o (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = (1.0 kg s )(1750 J kgK )(175-145 ) K=52,500W Answer
b) The water flow rate is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same assumptions as used for
the oil and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Being careful with signs on the heat transfer rate
Qw
Qw = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → mw =
c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
From Appendix A-6 for water at the average temperature of (80+25)/2 = 52.5 ºC, cp ≈ 4.179 kJ/kgK
52500W
mw = =0.228 kg s Answer
( 4.179 kJ kgK )(80-25) K (1000 J kJ )
c) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD is calculated with:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 175 − 80 = 95 o C ∆T2 = 145 − 25 = 120 o C
95 − 120
∆TLM ,cf = = 107 o C
ln ( 95 120 )
Using Figure 13-7a to determine F:
25 − 80 145 − 175
R= = 1.833 P= = 0.20
145 − 175 25 − 175
From Figure 13-7a, F ≈ 0.97.
52500W
A= =1.45m 2 Answer
( 350 W m2 K ) ( 0.97 )(107K )

13- 36
13-28 Car radiators are single-pass crossflow heat exchangers with both fluids unmixed. Water at 0.05 kg/s
enters the tubes at 125 °C and leaves at 55 °C. Air enters the heat exchanger at 35 m3/min, 25 °C, and 97
kPa. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 225 W/m2·K. Determine the required heat transfer area (in
m2).

Approach:
Because we want to determine the area, this is a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. We need to determine the heat transfer rate
using conservation of energy on the water flow.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. No work is done or by the control volume.
3. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
4. Air is an ideal gas.

Solution:
Q
The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T :
Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out )
From Appendix A-6 for water at an average temperature of (125+55)/2 = 90 ºC, cp,w ≈ 4.206 kJ/kgK:
Q = ( 0.05 kg s )( 4.206 kJ kgK )(125-55 ) K (1kW 1kJ s ) =14.72 kW
For the LMTD we need TC,out. The air outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the air
using the same assumptions as used for the water and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Q = ma c p , a (TC , out − TC ,in ) → TC , out = TC ,in + Q ma c p , a
From Appendix A-7 for air with an estimated Tout ≈ 45 ºC, Tavg = (25+45)/2 = 35 ºC, cp ≈ 1.006 kJ/kgK:
For the mass flow rate ma = V va . Assuming air is an ideal gas:
RT (8.314 kJ kmolK )( 25+273) K m3
v= = =0.882
PM ( 97 kN m 2 ) ( 28.97 kg kmol )(1kJ 1kNm ) kg

ma =
( 35 m 3
min ) (1min 60s )
=0.66
kg
0.882 m3 kg s
(14.7kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = 25 o C+ =47.1 o C
( 0.66 kg s )(1.006 kJ kgK )
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 125 − 47.1 = 77.9 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 55 − 25 = 30 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 77.9 − 30
∆TLM ,cf = = = 50.2 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 77.9 30 )
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F:
25 − 47.1 55 − 125
R= = 0.32 P= = 0.70
55 − 125 25 − 125
From Figure 13-7c for crossflow with both fluids unmixed, F ≈ 0.99
Finally,
(14.7kW )(1000 W kW )
A= = 1.32m 2 Answer
( 225 W m K ) ( 0.99 )( 50.2K )
2

13- 37
13-29 A small Rankine cycle power plant is used in a ship. The condenser is cooled by seawater. Consider a one
shell pass (steam side), four tube pass (seawater side) shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Steam enters the
condenser at 50 °C with a quality of 95% and a flow rate of 0.75 kg/s and exits as a saturated liquid; its
condensing heat transfer coefficient is approximately 7,500 W/m2·K. Seawater enters the condenser at 18
°C, and its temperature at the exit should be no higher than 40 °C. Assume seawater properties can be
approximated with fresh water properties. The heat exchanger has 20 brass tubes, 2.5-cm inside diameter,
2.8-cm outside diameter. Determine:
a. the water side heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area (in W/m2·K)
c. the tube length required (in m)
d. the tube length required if after a long time in service both sides of the heat exchanger have been
fouled (in m).

Approach:
Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the heat transfer rate and the waterside flow rate using
an energy balance.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Seawater is an ideal fluid with constant specific
heat.

Solution:
a) We need the water flow rate to calculate the water side heat transfer coefficient. So, applying conservation of
energy to the seawater, assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid
with constant specific heat:
Q
Q = mw c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in ) → mw =
c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in )
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the steam flow. Assuming steady,
no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Q = msteam xh fg
From Appendix A-10 at 50 ºC, hfg = 2382.7 kJ/kg. Therefore,
Q = ( 0.75 kg s )( 0.95 )( 2382.7 kJ kg ) =1698kW
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for one tube with properties evaluated at the
average temperature. For water from Appendix A-6 at Tavg = (18 + 40 ) 2 = 29 o C : µ = 7.98 ×10-4 Ns/m2;
k = 0.617 W/mK; Pr = 5.40; cp = 4.176 kJ/kgK.
1,698kW kg
mw = =18.5
( 4.176 kJ kgK )( 40-18) K s
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ N ρ Ai N ρ (π 4 ) D i
2
N πµ Di
4 (18.5 kg s )
Re = = 59, 000
( 20 ) π ( 7.98×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.025 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 59, 000 ) ( 5.40 )
0.8 0.4
= 296
Nuk ( 296 )( 0.617 W mK ) W
hi = = =7300 2 Answer
Di 0.025m mK

13- 38
 b) We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .
The areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these expressions into the equation for the overall heat
transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix A-2, for brass, k = 110 W/mK.
1 1 ( 0.025 m ) ln ( 0.028 m 0.025 m ) 1 ⎛ 0.025 m ⎞
= + +
U i 7300 W m 2 K 2 (110 W mK ) ( 7500 W m K ) ⎜⎝ 0.028 m ⎟⎠
2

U i = 3720 W m 2 K Answer
c) Combining the expression for A = N π Di L and the governing equation for the LMTD method:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → L=
U i Nπ Di F ∆TLM ,cf
Because of the condensing steam, F = 1. The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 50 − 40 = 10 o C ∆T2 = 50 − 18 = 32 o C
10 − 32
∆TLM ,cf = = 18.9 o C
ln (10 32 )
Finally,
(1698kW )(1000 W kW )
L= = 15.4m Answer
( 3720 W m2 K ) ( 20 ) π ( 0.025m )(18.9K )
d) With fouling on both sides of the heat exchanger, we estimate the fouling factors from Table 13-1:
Seawater: Ri′′ ≈ 0.0003m 2 K W
Steam: Ro′′ ≈ 0.0003m 2 K W
1 1 ⎛D ⎞ 1 m2 K ⎛ m 2 K ⎞ ⎛ 0.025 ⎞
= + Ri′′+ Ro′′ ⎜ i ⎟ = 2
+0.0003 + ⎜ 0.0003 ⎟⎜ ⎟
U dirty U clean ⎝ Do ⎠ 3720 W m K W ⎝ W ⎠ ⎝ 0.028 ⎠
U dirty = 1200 W m 2 K
(1698kW )(1000 W kW )
L= = 47.9m Answer
(1200 W m2 K ) ( 20 ) π ( 0.025m )(18.9K )
Comments:
Because the clean overall heat transfer coefficient was very large, the additional of any fouling will have a large
effect.

13- 39
13-30 The oil cooler in a large Diesel engine is a one-shell pass, four-tube pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger
with 15 brass tubes 10-mm outside diameter, 1-mm wall thickness. Oil enters the tubes at 135 °C and 0.5
kg/s and leaves at 95 °C. Water enters the shell at 15 °C with a flow rate of 2 kg/s and a heat transfer
coefficient of 1100 W/m2·K. Determine the shell length (in m).

Approach:
Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf . Using the inside area
Ai = Nπ Di LT = Nπ Di 4 Ls , where LT is the tube length and LS is the shell length. Combining this with the
governing equation, and solving for the shell length:
Ls = Q 4U i Nπ Di F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the oil flow. Assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T :
Q = mo c p ,o (TH ,in − TH ,out )
From Appendix A-6 for oil at an average temperature of (135+95)/2 = 115 ºC, cp ≈ 2.294 kJ/kgK, µ = 110×10-4
Ns/m2; k = 0.135 W/mK; Pr = 187:
Q = mc p ∆T = ( 0.5 kg s )( 2.294 kJ kgK )(135-95 ) K (1kW 1kJ s ) =45.9 kW
For the LMTD we need TC,out. The water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the water
using the same assumptions as used for the oil and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mw c p , w
From Appendix A-6 for water at an assumed outlet temperature of 20 ºC, Tavg = (15+20)/2 = 17.5 ºC, cp ≈ 4.185
kJ/kgK:
( 45.9kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = 15 o C+ =20.5 o C
( 2 kg s )( 4.185 kJ kgK )
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 135 − 20.5 = 114.5 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 95 − 15 = 80 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 114.5 − 80
∆TLM ,cf = = = 96.2 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (114.5 80 )
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F:
15 − 20.5 95 − 135
R= = 0.138 P= = 0.333
95 − 135 15 − 135
From Figure 13-7a, F ≈ 1.0
We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .

13- 40
 For a single tube, the areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these expressions into the equation for
the overall heat transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix A-2, for brass, k = 110 W/mK.
To calculate the oil side heat transfer coefficient, we need the Reynolds number for one tube:
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V = = → Re =
µ N ρ Ai N ρ (π 4 ) Di2 Nπµ Di
4 ( 0.5 kg s )
Re = = 482
(15) π (110 ×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.008m )
This is laminar flow, so check the entrance length:
Lent ,t ≈ 0.037 RePrD = ( 0.037 )( 482 )(187 )( 0.008m ) =26.7m
We will assume that the tube length is shorter than this and that entrance effects must be taken into account.
Using the Seider-Tate equation, and assuming the wall temperature is approximately equal to the average water
temperature because the water side heat transfer coefficient is so large, for the oil µ w= 9990×10-4 Ns/m2. For a
first estimate of LT ≈ 10m = 4 Ls
Nu = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µ w ) = 1.86 ⎡⎣( 482 )(187 )( 0.008 10 )⎤⎦ (110 ×10 9990 × 10−4 )
13 0.14 13 −4 0.14
= 4.12
Nuk ( 4.12 )( 0.135 W mK ) W
h= = =69.5
Di 0.008m m2 K
−1
⎡ 1 ( 0.008 m ) ln ( 0.010 m 0.008 m ) 1 ⎛ 0.008 m ⎞ ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + + ⎥ = 66.1W m 2 K
⎢⎣ 69.5 W m K
2
2 (110 W mK ) (1100 W m2 K ) ⎜⎝ 0.010 m ⎟⎠⎥⎦
Finally, the first estimates of the shell and tube lengths are:
( 45.9kW )(1000 W kW )
Ls = = 4.79m → LT = 4 Ls = 19.1m
4 ( 66.1W m 2 K ) (15 ) π ( 0.008m )(1)( 96.2K )
This is much longer than our assumed value. Using the calculated value in the Seider-Tate equation gives a value
of the Nu < 3.66, so using the fully developed (and minimum) value Nu = 3.66, h = 61.8 W/m2K, Ui = 59.1
W/m2K, Ls = 5.36 m, and LT = 21.4 m. Answer

Comments:
Note that the water side resistance is very small compared to the oil side resistance.

13- 41
13-31 The regenerator in a small Brayton cycle is a single-pass crossflow heat exchanger with both fluids
unmixed. Compressed air enters the exchanger at 300 °C at 1.5 kg/s. Hot exhaust gases enter the
exchanger at 850 °C at 1.6 kg/s; assume the properties can be estimated as air. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 250 W/m2·K. If we want a heat exchanger effectiveness of 75%, determine the surface area
required (in m2).

Approach:
Because we want to determine the area, this is a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. We need to determine the heat transfer rate
using the given heat exchanger effectiveness.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
3. The hot gas behaves as air.

Solution:
Q
The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD requires all four temperatures. We have two temperatures given and the information that the heat
exchanger effectiveness is 0.75.
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
To determine the minimum heat capacity rate, evaluate the specific heats at the average temperature. Assume
TH,out ≈ 350 ºC, so Tavg = ( 850 + 350 ) 2 = 600 o C , so from Appendix A-7 cp,g ≈ 1.115 kJ/kgK. For the cold air,
assume TC,out ≈ 800 ºC, so Tavg = ( 300 + 800 ) 2 = 550 o C , so cp,a ≈ 1.104 kJ/kgK. The heat capacity rates are:
Cg = (1.6 kg s )(1.115 kJ kgK ) =1.784 kJ sK and Ca = (1.5 kg s )(1.104 kJ kgK ) =1.656 kJ sK
Therefore, Ca = Cmin , and Q = ( 0.75 )(1.656 kW K )( 850-300 ) K=683kW
To obtain the actual outlet temperatures, apply conservation of energy to the air and hot gas flows.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific
heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T , Q = mc p ∆T . Solving for the outlet temperatures:
Q 683kW
Gas: TH ,out = TH ,in − =850 o C- =467.1 o C
mg c p , g 1.784 kW K
Q 683kW
Air: TC ,out = TC ,in + =300 o C+ =712.5 o C
ma c p , a 1.656 kW K
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 850 − 712.5 = 137.5 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 467.1 − 300 = 167.1 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 137.5 − 167.1
∆TLM ,cf = = = 151.8 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (137.5 167.1)
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F:
850 − 467.1 712.5 − 300
R= = 0.93 P= = 0.75
712.5 − 300 850 − 300
From Figure 13-7c for crossflow with both fluids unmixed, F ≈ 0.67
Finally,
( 683kW )(1000 W kW )
A= = 26.9m 2 Answer
( 250 W m K ) ( 0.67 )(151.8K )
2

13- 42
13-32 A boiler is constructed as an unfinned crossflow heat exchanger. Hot gases at 1200 °C enter the heat
exchanger and flow over 400 25-mm diameter tubes at 12 kg/s; assume the hot gas properties as those of
air. Saturated liquid water enters the tubes at 8 MPa with a flow of 3.5 kg/s and leaves as saturated vapor.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 75 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the gas outlet temperature (in °C)
b. the required tube length (in m).

Approach:
The heat transfer rate and the gas outlet temperature
can be determined from energy balances on the two
fluids. Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Hydrogen and water are ideal fluids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
a) The gas outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the gas assuming steady, no work, negligible
potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T
Q = ma c p , a (TH ,in − TH ,out ) → TH ,out = TH ,in − Q ma c p , a
For an assumed outlet temperature of 800 ºC, Tavg = (1200 + 800 ) 2 = 1000 o C , and cp,a ≈ 1.185 kJ/kgK.
The heat transfer rate is determined by applying conservation of energy to the vaporizing water, with the
same assumptions as before (except for ideal gas):
Q = mw h fg
From the saturated steam table, Appendix A-11, at 8 MPa, Tsat = 295.06 o C and h fg = 1441.3kJ kg
Q = ( 3.5 kg s )(1441.3kJ kg ) =5050kW
( 5050 kW )
TH ,out = 1200 o C- =845 o C Answer
(12 kg s )(1.185 kJ kgK )
b) With an area of Ai = Nπ Di L incorporated into the governing equation for the LMTD method:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → L=
UNπ Di F ∆TLM , cf
Because the water is evaporating (constant temperature), F = 1.
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 1200 − 295.06 = 904.9 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 845 − 295.06 = 549.9 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 904.9 − 549.9
∆TLM ,cf = = = 713 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 904.9 549.9 )
Finally,
( 5050kW )(1000 W 1kW )
L= = 3.00m Answer
( 75 W m2 K ) ( 400 ) π ( 0.025m )( 713K )

13- 43
13-33 To condense 3 kg/s of saturated steam at 40 °C, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass (steam
side) and several tube passes is used. The condensing heat transfer coefficient is 11,000 W/m2·K. Cooling
water enters the 19-mm thin wall tubes at 15 °C and exits at 24 °C; the maximum velocity allowable is 1.5
m/s. Determine:
a. the number of tubes required
b. the number of passes required if the maximum shell length is 2 m
c. the actual length per pass (in m)
d. the percent increase in heat transfer rate if the water velocity is increased to 1.75 m/s and all other
conditions remain the same as in parts (a), (b), and (c).

Approach:
The number of tubes depends on the total water mass
flow rate and the maximum allowable velocity. The
mass flow can be obtained from energy balances on
the steam and liquid water. Finding the required tube
length is equivalent to finding the area, so this is a
design problem, and the preferred approach is the
LMTD method. For part (d), if the water mass flow
rate is increased, holding everything else constant,
then we have a rating problem, and the preferred
approach is the ε-NTU method. We need to calculate
the water side heat transfer coefficient, so that the
overall heat transfer coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.

Solution:
a) The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the steam flow. Assuming
steady, no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects: Q = mh fg . From the saturated steam table,
Appendix A-10, at 40 ºC, hfg = 2406.7 kJ/kg. Therefore,
Q = ( 3kg s )( 2406.7 kJ kg ) =7,220kW
To determine the number of tubes required, apply an energy balance on the liquid water using the same
assumptions as used for steam, plus ideal liquid with constant specific heat, and using the heat transfer rate
calculated above and the maximum velocity. Therefore,
Q
Q = mw c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in ) → mw =
c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
From the definition of mass flow rate: mw = N ρ VAx = N ρ Vπ D 2 4 → N = 4mw ρ Vπ D 2
For water from Appendix A-6 at Tavg = (15 + 24 ) 2 = 19.5 o C : µ = 9.98 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.602 W/mK; Pr = 6.94;
cp = 4.182 kJ/kgK, ρ = 998.5 kg/m3. Therefore,
7,220kW kg
mw = =192
( 4.182 kJ kgK )( 24-15) s
4 (192 kg s )
N= =451.7 tubes
( 998.5 kg m3 ) (1.5 m s ) π ( 0.019m )
2

So we use N = 454 tubes.

b) If the maximum tube length is 2 m, we need to evaluate the tube length. The governing equation for the
LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → L=
UNπ DF ∆TLM ,cf
Because of the condensing steam, F = 1. The LMTD is:

13- 44
 ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 40 − 24 = 16 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 40 − 15 = 25 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 16 − 25
∆TLM ,cf = = = 20.2 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (16 25 )
For the overall heat transfer coefficient, using Eq. 13-3, there are no fins (ηo,o = ηo,i=1), no fouling, or wall
resistance so:
1 1 1
= +
U hi ho
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD ( 998.5 kg m ) (1.5 m s )( 0.019m )
3

Re = = = 28,500
µ 9.98×10-4 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 28,500 ) ( 6.94 )
0.8 0.4
= 183
Nuk (183)( 0.602 W mK ) W
h= = =5,800 2
D 0.019m mK
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
U =⎢ 2
+ 2 ⎥ = 3,800 W m K
2

⎣ 11,000 W m K 5,800 W m K ⎦
( 7,220kW )(1000 W kW )
L= = 3.49m
( 3,800 W m 2
K )( ) (
452 π 0.019m )(1)( 20.2K )
Because L > 2 m, two tube passes are required.
c) The actual pass length is 3.49/2 = 1.745 m.
d) If the maximum velocity is increased to 1.75 m/s, this now becomes a rating problem. The governing equation
for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
Because of the condensing steam, Cmin = ( mc p ) water , ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) , and NTU = UA Cmin . The new overall
heat transfer coefficient requires a new water side heat transfer coefficient. Taking the ratio of the Dittus-Boelter
equation for the new and old conditions:
0.8 0.8
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ W ⎞ ⎛ 1.75 ⎞ W
hnew = hold ⎜ new ⎟ = ⎜ 5,800 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 6,560
⎝ Vold ⎠ ⎝ m K ⎠ ⎝ 1.0 ⎠ m2 K
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
U =⎢ 2
+ 2 ⎥ = 4,110 W m K
2

⎣ 11,000 W m K 6,560 W m K ⎦
UA ( 4,110 W m K ) ( 452 ) π ( 0.019m )( 3.49m )
2

NTU = = = 0.482
Cmin ( 4.182 kJ kgK )(192 kg s )(1000 J kJ )
ε = 1 − exp ( −0.482 ) = 0.382
Therefore,
Q = ( 0.382 )( 4.182 kJ kgK )(192 kg s )( 400-15 ) K=7,680kW
7, 680 − 7, 220
% increase = × 100% = 6.4% Answer
7, 220

13- 45
13-34 The regenerator in a Brayton cycle power plant is a crossflow heat exchanger. Air enters the regenerator at
200 °C and exits at 380 °C with a flow rate of 10 kg/s. Exhaust gases enter at 580 °C and leave at 325 °C;
their properties can be approximated with those of air. The overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated to
be 150 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the required heat transfer area if both fluids are unmixed (in m2)
b. the heat transfer area if the air is unmixed and the exhaust gas is mixed (in m2)
c. the heat exchanger effectiveness in parts (a) and (b).

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate, and we want to determine the required
area, which makes this a design problem. We use the
LMTD method for the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A = Q UF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the cold air flow. Assume steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . From Appendix A-7 for the cold air at its average temperature of 290 ºC, cp ≈ 1.0056 kJ/kgK
Q = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in ) = (10 kg s )(1.0056 kJ kgK )( 380-200 ) K (1000 J kJ ) =1.81× 106 W
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 ( 580 − 380 ) − ( 325 − 200 )
∆TLM ,cf = = = 159.6 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 580 − 380 ) ( 325 − 200 ) ⎤⎦
Using Figure 13-7 for crossflow, both fluids unmixed to determine F:
580 − 325 380 − 200
R= = 1.42 P= = 0.47
380 − 200 580 − 200
From the figure, F ≈ 0.87
1.81×106 W
A= =86.9m 2 Answer
(150 W m 2
K ) ( 0.87 )(159.6K )
b) Using Figure 13-7 for crossflow, one fluid mixed and one unmixed to determine F, R and P do not change:
From the figure, F ≈ 0.77
1.81×106 W
A= =98.2m 2 Answer
(150 W m K ) ( 0.77 )(159.6K )
2

c) The definition of effectiveness is: ε = Q Qmax where Qmax = Cmin (TH ,in − TC ,in ) . We need the hot gas heat
capacity rate, so applying an energy balance to the complete heat exchanger using the same assumptions as
before:
mH c p , H (TH ,in − TH , out ) = mC c p ,C (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → mH c p , H = mC c p ,C ⎡⎣(TC ,out − TC ,in ) (TH ,in − TH ,out ) ⎤⎦
mH c p , H = (10 kg s )(1.0056 kJ kgK ) ⎡⎣( 380-200 ) ( 580-325 ) ⎤⎦ = (10.056 J sK )( 0.706 ) =7.098 kJ sK
Because mH c p , H mC c p ,C = 0.706, the exhaust gas has the minimum heat capacity rate, and the effectiveness is:
mH c p , H (TH ,in − TH ,out ) (T H , in − TH ,out ) 580 − 325
ε= = = = 0.671 Answer
mH c p , H (TH ,in − TC ,out ) (T H ,in − TC ,out ) 580 − 200

13- 46
13-35 An oil cooler operates in counterflow mode. Oil (cp = 0.5 Btu/lbm·°F) enters the heat exchanger at 195 °F
and leaves at 125 °F with a flow rate of 400 lbm/min. Water enters at 80 °F. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 100 Btu/hr·ft2·°F, and the heat transfer area is 360 ft2. Determine the water flow rate (in
lbm/min).

Approach:
Several approaches could be use. We will use the
LMTD method. Three of the four temperatures
needed to calculate the LMTD are given. Sufficient
information is given to calculate the heat transfer rate.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Oil and water are ideal fluids with constant specific
heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf
For counterflow, F = 1.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the oil flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mo c p ,o (TH ,in − TH ,out )
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 60min ⎞ Btu
Q = ⎜ 400 ⎟ ⎜ 0.50 ⎟ (195-125 ) R ⎜ ⎟ =840,000
⎝ min ⎠⎝ lbmR ⎠ ⎝ 1hr ⎠ hr
The LMTD is
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf =
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
We do not know TC,out. However, we can calculate the LMTD from the governing equation:
Q 840,000 Btu hr
∆TLM ,cf = = =23.33 o F
U i Ai F (100 Btu hr ft 2 R )( 360ft 2 ) (1)
However,
∆T1 = 195 − TC ,out ∆T2 = 125 − 80

∆TLM ,cf =
(195 − T ) − (125 − 80 ) = 23.33
C , out o
F → TC ,out = 185 o F
ln ⎡⎣(195 − T ) (125 − 80 )⎤⎦
C , out

Applying an energy balance on the water using the same assumptions as used for the air and the heat transfer rate
calculated above:
Q
Q = mw c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in ) → mw =
c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
For water at an average temperature of (185+80)/2 = 132.5 ºF, cp ≈ 1.00 Btu/lbmR.
(840,000 Btu hr )(1hr 60min ) lbm
mw = =134 Answer
(1.00 Btu lbmR )(185-80 ) R min

13- 47
13-36 A single pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger in counterflow is to be used to heat 5,000 gal/min of water
from 50 °F to 90 °F using condensing steam on the shell side at one atmosphere. The condensing heat
transfer coefficient is 2000 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. The tubes are carbon steel with a 1.32-in. outside diameter and a
1.05-in. inside diameter. The maximum pressure drop through the tubes is 5 lbf/in2. Determine the
required number of tubes in parallel and the tube length (in ft).

Approach:
There are heat transfer requirements and a pressure
drop limitation. For the heat transfer part, we are
seeking both the tube length and the number of tubes.
This is equivalent to determining the area, which
makes this a design problem. We use the LMTD
method for the analysis. The basic pressure drop
equation can be used to address the pressure drop
restriction.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf (1)
Because the steam is condensing, F = 1. Sufficient information is given to calculate Q, U , and ∆TLM ,cf . The area
is A = Nπ DL , where the number of tubes, N, and the tube length, L, are unknown.
For pressure drop, we can use:
L V2
∆P = f ρ (2)
D 2
For N tubes, the velocity is V = m ρ Ax = 4m ( N ρπ D 2 ) , and the friction factor depends on the Reynolds
number, Re = ρ VD µ . Again, we have two unknowns, N and L. Thus, the problem requires the simultaneous
solution of the two main equations. We must evaluate the terms in the equations.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the liquid water flow.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific
heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )
For water from Appendix B-6 at Tavg = ( 50 + 90 ) 2 = 70 o F , the properties are: ρ = 62.2 lbm/ft3,
µ = 65.8 ×10-5 lbm/fts; k = 0.347 Btu/hrftR; Pr = 6.82; cp = 1.00 Btu/lbmR.
⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ gal ⎞ ⎛ ft 3 ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ o ⎛ 60min ⎞ 7 Btu
Q = ⎜ 62.2 3 ⎟⎜ 5000 ⎟ ⎜ 0.1337 ⎟ ⎜ 1.00 ⎟ ( 90-50 ) F ⎜ ⎟ =9.98×10
⎝ ft ⎠⎝ min ⎠⎝ gal ⎠⎝ lbmR ⎠ ⎝ 1hr ⎠ hr
The LMTD is:
( 212 − 90 ) − ( 212 − 50 )
∆TLM ,cf = = 141.1 o F
ln ⎡⎣( 212 − 90 ) ( 212 − 50 ) ⎤⎦
The overall heat transfer coefficient is evaluated with Eq. 13-3. There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling
( Ri = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .
′′
The areas are: Ai = Nπ Di L and Ao = Nπ Do L . Therefore:
1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + + (3)
U o Ao hi Ai 2π kLN ho Ao
From Bppendix B-2, for carbon steel, k = 35 Btu/hrftR.
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
13- 48
 ρ VDi m m
Re = → V = = (4)
µ ρ Ai N ρ (π 4 ) Di2
4m
Re = (5)
Nπµ Di
We will assume that the flow is turbulent, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
⎛ k ⎞
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 → h = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.023) Re0.8 Pr 0.4 (6)
⎝ Di ⎠
For the friction factor, we will use:
−2
f = ⎡⎣ 0.790 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ (7)
The above seven equations can be solved with the given information for N, L, V, Re, f, hi, and UA. Using
appropriate software to do the calculations, we obtain:

N = 140.3 tubes → N = 140 tubes

L = 21.2 ft
V = 13.2 ft/s
Re = 109,200 Answer
f = 0.0177
hi = 2110 Btu/hrft2R
UA = 705,880 Btu/hrR

Comments:
Iterative solutions are not uncommon. This is a good example to show how all the parts work together. While
such an iteration can be solved by hand, appropriate software makes the task much easier.

13- 49
13-37 A counterflow heat exchanger is designed to cool 2.0 kg/s of air from 70 °C to 40 °C. Cold air at 10 °C
enters on the other side with a flow rate of 2.6 kg/s. For a modified application, the basic design of the heat
exchanger will remain the same, as will the two air flow rates and the cold air inlet temperature. However,
the hot air now enters at 67 °C and must leave at 25 °C. Assume the fluid properties of the air are constant
and equal on both sides. Determine the ratio of the length of the new heat exchanger to the length of the
original heat exchanger.

Approach:
The flow and operating conditions are given, and the
tube length is sought. This is equivalent to finding
the are, so this is a design problem. We use the
LMTD method for the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf with A = π DL . Combining and solving for
area: L = Q U π DF ∆TLM ,cf . For counterflow F = 1. With the fluid properties and flow rates the same in the old
and new operating conditions, U new = U old . Taking the ratio of the lengths:

Lnew
=
(
Q U π DF ∆TLM ,cf ) ⎛Q
= ⎜ new
⎞ ⎛ ∆TLM ,cf , old ⎞
⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
new

Lold (
Q U π DF ∆TLM ,cf ) old
⎝ Qold ⎠ ⎝ ∆TLM ,cf , new ⎠

The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the hot air flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mH c p (TH ,in − TH ,out )

Qnew mH c p (TH ,in − TH ,out )new 70 − 40

Therefore: = = = 0.714
Qold mH c p (TH ,in − TH ,out )old 67 − 25
To calculate the LMTD we need Tc,out. Using an energy balance on the hot and cold air streams with the
same assumptions as above, plus an adiabatic heat exchanger:
mH c p (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = mC c p (TC , out − TC ,in ) → TC , out = TC ,in + ( mH c p mC c p ) (TH ,in − TH , out )
Old condition: TC ,out = 10 o C + ( 2 2.6 )( 70 − 40 ) o C = 33.07 o C
( 70 − 33.07 ) − ( 40 − 10 )
∆TLM ,cf = = 33.35 o C
ln ⎡⎣( 70 − 33.07 ) ( 40 − 10 ) ⎤⎦
New condition: TC ,out = 10 o C + ( 2 2.6 )( 67 − 25 ) o C = 42.31 o C
( 67 − 42.31) − ( 25 − 10 )
∆TLM ,cf = = 19.44 o C
ln ⎡⎣( 67 − 42.31) ( 25 − 10 ) ⎤⎦
Therefore,
Lnew ⎛ 33.35 ⎞
= ( 0.714 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.224 Answer
Lold ⎝ 19.44 ⎠

13- 50
13-38 Saturated steam at 100 °C condenses in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (one shell pass, two tube passes)
with a surface area of 0.5 m2 and an overall heat transfer coefficient of 2000 W/m2·K. Water enters at 0.5
kg/sec and 15 °C. Determine:
a. the outlet temperature of the water (in °C)
b. the rate of steam condensation (in kg/sec).

Approach:
We seek the water outlet temperature, which is
equivalent to seeking the heat transfer rate. Therefore,
this is a rating problem, and the preferred approach is
the ε-NTU method. The condensation rate can be
determined from an energy balance on the steam once
the heat transfer rate is calculated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The system is steady.
3. No work is done on or by the steam or liquid water.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
5. Liquid water is an ideal liquid with a constant
specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
Because the steam is condensing (constant temperature), Cmin is on the cooling water side and
ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) and Qmax = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The cooling water outlet temperature can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the water.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant
specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
ε Qmax
Combining the above equations and solving for the cooling water outlet temperature: TC ,out = TC ,in +
mw c p , w
From Appendix A-6 for water assuming Tout = 45 ºC, Tavg ≈ 30ºC , cp,w = 4.176 kJ/kgK.
Qmax = ( 0.5 kg s )( 4.176 kJ sK )(100-15 ) K=177.5 kJ s=177.5kW
To calculate the NTU, we use the given information:

NTU =
UA
=
( 2000 W m2 K )( 0.5m2 ) = 0.479
Cmin ( 0.5 kg s )( 4.176 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )
ε = 1 − exp ( −0.479 ) = 0.381
( 0.381)(177.5 kJ s )
TC ,out = 15 o C+ = 47.4 o C Answer
( 0.5 kg s )( 4.176 kJ kgK )
b) The steam condensation rate is obtained from an energy balance on the steam. Using the same assumptions as
was used for the water (except for ideal liquid):
Q = mh fg → m = Q h fg
From Appendix A-10 at 100 ºC, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.381)(177.5 kJ s ) =67.6 kJ s
67.6 kJ s kg
m= =0.030 Answer
( 2.257 kJ kg ) s

13- 51
13-39 A crossflow condenser for a two-speed air conditioning system has both fluids unmixed. At the highest fan
speed, the heat transfer rate is 35 kW and the refrigerant condenses at 65 °C. The air inlet temperature is 40
°C and the air cannot have more than a 5 °C temperature rise; the overall heat transfer coefficient is 150
W/m2·K. At the lower fan speed, the air velocity is half of that at the high speed, and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 125 W/m2·K. Determine the percentage decrease in heat transfer rate at the low fan
speed compared to the high fan speed.

Approach:
At high speed, we have sufficient information to
evaluate ma , HS and the area A. Because of the
condensing steam, ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) and air has the
minimum heat capacity rate. From the original
condition, we can determine ε and NTU . Once
those are known, the new operating heat transfer rate
can be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
5. No work is done by the system.
6. Ideal gas with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε − NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
For the high-speed case, we can determine the effectiveness from its defining equation:
Q ( mc p )a (TC ,out − TC ,in ) TC ,out − TC ,in 45 − 40
ε HS = = = = = 0.200
Qmax ( mc p ) (TH ,in − TC ,in ) TH ,in − TC ,in 65 − 40
a

Applying conservation of energy to the air, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects,
no work, and constant specific heat:
Q 35,000W W
Q = ma c p , a (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → Cmin = ma c p , a = = =7000
TC , out − TC ,in ( 45-40 ) K K
Because of the condensing, we know that ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) and NTU = UA Cmin , so combining these
equations and solving for area:
C 7000 W K
A = − min ln (1 − ε ) = − ln (1 − 0.2 ) = 10.4m 2
U 150 W m 2 K
For the low-speed operation which has half the flow rate as the high-speed operation:
UA (125 W m K )(10.4m )
2 2

NTU = = = 0.372
Cmin ( 0.5 )( 7000 W K )
ε LS = 1 − exp ( −0.372 ) = 0.311
Because the two inlet temperatures are the same:
QLS ε LS Qmax , LS ε LS ( mc p )min, LS ⎛ 0.311 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= = =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.776 Answer
QHS ε HS Qmax , HS ε HS ( mc p ) ⎝ 0.2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
min , HS

13- 52
13-40 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with single shell and tube passes in counterflow is used to cool the oil of a
large marine engine. Lake water (shell side fluid) enters the heat exchanger at 2.0 kg/s and 15 °C, while the
oil enters at 1.0 kg/s and 100 °C. The oil flows through 100 brass tubes, each 500-mm long and having
inner and outer diameters of 6- and 8-mm, respectively. The shell side heat transfer coefficient is 500
W/m2·K. Determine the oil outlet temperature (in ºC).

Approach:
We seek the oil outlet temperature, which is
equivalent to seeking the heat transfer rate. Therefore,
this is a rating problem, and the preferred approach is
the ε-NTU method. We need to calculate the oil side
heat transfer coefficient, so that the overall heat
transfer coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The system is steady.
3. No work is done on or by the oil.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
5. Oil is an ideal liquid with a constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The oil outlet temperature can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the oil. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant specific heat:
Q = mo c p ,0 (TH ,in − TH ,out )
Combining the two equations and solving for the outlet temperature:
ε Qmax
TH ,out = TH ,in −
mo c p ,o
If we determine Cmin = ( mc p )min , Cmin Cmax , and NTU = UA Cmin , then we can evaluate ε.
From Appendix A-6, for water assuming Tout =30 ºC, Tavg = 20o C , cp = 4.182 kJ/kgK. For oil assuming
Tout =90 ºC, Tavg = 370 K , the properties are: µ = 186×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.137 W/mK; Pr = 300; cp = 2.206 kJ/kgK.
The heat capacity rates are:
Cw = ( 2 kg s )( 4.182 kJ kgK ) =8.364 kJ sK and Co = (1kg s )( 2.206 kJ kgK ) =2.206 kJ sK
Therefore, Co = Cmin → Cmin Cmax = 2.206 8.364 = 0.253 .
Qmax = ( 2.206 kJ sK )(100-15 ) K=187.5 kJ s=187.5kW
To calculate the NTU, we need the overall heat transfer coefficient. So using Eq. 13-3, assuming no
fouling and no fins so ηo,o = ηo,i=1:
1 1 1
= + Rw +
UA hi Ai ho Ao
Wall resistance uses the metal thermal conductivity. From Appendix A-2 for brass, k = 110 W/mK.
ln ( Do Di ) ln ( 0.008 0.006 )
Rw = = = 8.32 × 10−6 K W
2π kLN 2π (110 W mK )( 0.50m )(100 )
The water side resistance is:
1 1
= =1.59×10-3 K W
ho Ao ( 500 W m 2 K ) π ( 0.008m )( 0.50m )(100 )
The oil side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for one tube with properties evaluated at the
average oil temperature:

13- 53
 ρ VD m N m N 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di N
4 (1kg s ) 100
Re = = 114
π (186 × 10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.006 m )
This is laminar flow, so checking the entrance length:
Lent ,t ≈ 0.037 RePrDi = 0.037 (114 )( 300 )( 0.006m ) =7.6m
Because the tubes are only 0.5 m long, entrance effects must be taken into account. Using the Seider-Tate
correlation:
Nu = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µw )
13 0.14

Assuming the wall temperature is Twall ≈ (Tw,in + Tw,out ) 2 ≈ 330 K , µ (Twall ) = 836 × 10−4 Ns m 2

Nu = 1.86 ⎡⎣(114 )( 300 )( 0.006 0.5 ) ⎤⎦ (186 × 10−4 836 × 10−4 )

13 0.14
= 11.2
Nuk (11.2 )( 0.137 W mK ) W
h= = =256 2
Di 0.006m m K
1 1
The oil side resistance is: = =4.15×10-3 K W
hi Ai ( 256 W m K ) π ( 0.006m )( 0.50m )(100 )
2

The overall heat transfer coefficient is:

−1
UA = ⎡⎣ 4.15 × 10−3 + 8.32 × 10 −6 + 1.59 × 10 −3 ⎤⎦ W K = 174 W K
UA 174 W K
NTU = = = 0.0789
Cmin 2206 W K
For a counterflow heat exchanger, from Table 13-3:
1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.0789 )(1 − 0.253) ⎤⎦
ε= = = 0.0752
1 − C *exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − 0.253exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.0789 )(1 − 0.253) ⎤⎦

Therefore,
( 0.0752 )(187.5kW )
TH ,out = 100 o C- =93.6 o C Answer
2.206 kW K
Comment:
Note that with this very low effectiveness, this is a poorly designed heat exchanger.

13- 54
13-41 Water enters a heat exchanger at 70 °C with a flow rate of 2 kg/s. On the other side, air enters at 25 °C
with a flow rate of 3 kg/s. The heat transfer area is 15 m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 200
W/m2·K. Determine the heat transfer rate (in kW) if the heat exchanger is:
a. counterflow
b. parallel flow
c. crossflow with one flow the air flow mixed
d. crossflow with both flows unmixed.

Approach:
The fluids and geometry are given, and we want the
heat transfer rate, so this is a rating problem. The
preferred approach is the ε-NTU method. The
appropriate relation for the heat exchanger
effectiveness for the specific geometry must be used.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax
where Qmax = Cmin (TH ,in − TC ,in ) . The effectiveness, ε, depends on Cmin, Cmax, and NTU = UA/Cmin. The heat
capacity rates use the specific heat from Appendix A-6 and A-7 evaluated at the average temperature. Assuming
TC,,out ≈ 50 ºC, Tavg ≈ 37.5 ºC, cp,a ≈ 1.0064 kJ/kgK and TH,out ≈ 60 ºC, Tavg ≈ 65 ºC, cp,w ≈ 4.184 kJ/kgK
Ca = ma c p , a = ( 3kg s )(1.0064 kJ kgK ) =3.019 kW K and Cw = mw c p , w = ( 2 kg s )( 4.184 kJ kgK ) =8.368 kW K
Therefore, Ca = Cmin and Cw = Cmax . Therefore,

C* =
3.019
= 0.361 and NTU =
UA
=
( 200 W m 2 K )(15 m 2 )
= 0.993
8.368 Cmin ( 3.019 kW K )(1000 W kW )
Qmax = ( 3.019 kW K )( 70-25 ) K=135.9 kW
a) From Table 13-3 for counterflow
1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ −0.993 (1 − 0.361) ⎤⎦
ε= = = 0.581
1 − C *exp ⎣⎡ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎦⎤ 1 − 0.361exp ⎣⎡ −0.993 (1 − 0.361)⎦⎤
Q = ( 0.581)(135.9 kW ) =79.0 kW Answer
b) From Table 13-3 for parallel flow
1 − exp ⎣⎡ − NTU (1 + C *) ⎦⎤ 1 − exp ⎣⎡ −0.993 (1 + 0.361) ⎦⎤
ε= = = 0.545
1+ C * 1 + 0.361
Q = ( 0.545 )(135.9kW ) =74.0 kW Answer
c) From Table 13-3 for crossflow with air flow mixed
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡
(1 − exp [ −0.993 • 0.361])⎤⎥ = 0.566
1
ε = 1 − exp ⎢ − (1 − exp [ − NTU • C *]) ⎥ = 1 − exp ⎢ −
⎣ C* ⎦ ⎣ 0.361 ⎦
Q = ( 0.566 )(135,900 W ) =76900 W Answer
d) From Table 13-3 for crossflow with both fluids unmixed
⎡ NTU 0.22 ⎤ ⎡ 0.9930.22
ε = 1 − exp ⎢
⎣ C *
( )
exp ⎣⎡ −C * NTU 0.78 ⎦⎤ − 1 ⎥ = 1 − exp ⎢
⎦ ⎣ 0.361
( )⎥⎦⎤ = 0.566
exp ⎣⎡ −0.361 • 0.9930.78 ⎦⎤ − 1

Q = ( 0.566 )(135,900 W ) =76900 W Answer

13- 55
13-42 A two shell pass, eight tube pass heat exchanger uses liquid water at 100 ºC to heat 2.4 kg/s of a fluid (cp =
2.7 kJ/kg·K) from 25 ºC to 50 ºC. The water exits the heat exchanger at 50 ºC. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 700 W/m2·K. Determine the heat transfer area (in m2) using:
a. the LMTD method
b. the ε-NTU method.

Approach:
The basic equations for the LMTD method and the ε-
NTU method are used. The water flow rate needs to
be determined using conservation of energy.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → A = Q U i F ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD is calculated with: ∆TLM ,cf = ( ∆T1 − ∆T2 ) ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
∆T1 = 100 − 50 = 50 C o
∆T2 = 50 − 25 = 25 o C ∆TLM ,cf = ( 50 − 25 ) ln ( 50 25 ) = 36.1 o C
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F: R = (100 − 50 ) ( 50 − 25 ) = 2 P = ( 50 − 25 ) (100 − 25 ) = 0.33
From Figure 13-7b, F ≈ 0.95.
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the tubeside flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mc p ∆T = ( 2.4 kg s )( 2.7 kJ kgK )( 50-25 ) K (1kW 1kJ s ) =162 kW
(162kW )(1000W 1kW )
A= =6.75m 2 Answer
( 700 W m2 K ) ( 0.95)( 36.1K )
b) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
If we determine Cmin = ( mc p ) , then we can calculate ε. This can be used with Cmin Cmax to determine
min

NTU = UA Cmin , which would give us A.

The water flow rate is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same assumptions as used for
the tubeside fluid and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Being careful with signs on the heat transfer
Qw
rate Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → mw =
c p , w ∆T
From Appendix A-6 for water at the average temperature of 75 ºC, cp ≈ 4.190 kJ/kgK
(162kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
m= =0.77 kg s
( 4.190 kJ kgK )(100-50 ) K
The heat capacity rates are:
CH = ( 0.77 kg s )( 4.190 kJ kgK ) =3.24 kJ sK and CC = ( 2.4 kg s )( 2.7 kJ kgK ) =6.48 kJ sK
Therefore, CH = Cmin → Cmin Cmax = 3.24 6.48 = 0.5 .
Q (162kW )(1kJ kWs )
ε= = =0.67
( mc )
p min (TH ,in − TC ,in ) ( 3.24 kJ sK )(100-25) K
From Figure 13-8d, NTU ≈ 1.5 . Therefore,
( NTU ) Cmin (1.5 )( 3.24 kJ sK )(1000 J kJ )
A= = =6.94m 2 Answer
U ( 700 W m K ) (1J 1Ws )
2

Comments:
The difference in the two answers is due to inaccuracies in reading the figures.

13- 56
13-43 Hot air at 250 ºC, 100 kPa with a flow rate of 0.8 kg/s leaves a counterflow heat exchanger at 100 ºC. On
the other side of the heat exchanger oil (cp = 2100 J/kg·K) enters at 35 ºC and leaves at 110 ºC. The overall
heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 85 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the required heat transfer area (in m2)
b. the oil and air outlet temperatures if the area is increased to 25 m2 (in ºC).

Approach:
With given information we can calculate the heat
transfer rate. We want the area in part (a), which makes
this a design problem and the LMTD method is used.
Part (b) is a rating problem since the heat transfer rate is
sought, and the preferred approach is the ε-NTU method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady with no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Hydrogen and water are ideal fluids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A = Q UF ∆TLM ,cf
Because this is counterflow, F = 1.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the air flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . For air from Appendix A-7 at an average temperature of (250+100)/2 = 175 ºC, cp ≈ 1.0207 kJ/kgK
Q = mc p ∆T = ( 8 kg s )(1.0207 kJ kgK )( 250-100 ) K=122kW
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 250 − 110 = 140 o C ∆T2 = TH , out − TC ,in = 100 − 35 = 65 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 140 − 65 (122kW )(1000 W kW )
∆TLM ,cf = = = 97.8 o C → A= =14.7m 2 Answer
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (140 65 ) (85 W m K ) (1)( 97.8K )
2

b) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
We need to determine which fluid is Cmin. The oil mass flow rate can be obtained from conservation of mass and
energy applied to the oil. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal
liquid with constant specific heat:
Q (122kW )(1000 W kW ) kg
Q = mo c p ,o (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → mo = = =0.775
c p ,o (TC , out − TC ,in ) ( 2100 J kgK )(110-35 ) K s
Heat capacity rates:
Ca = ( 0.8 kg s )(1.0207 kJ kgK ) =0.817 kJ sK and Co = ( 0.778 kg s )( 2.100 kJ kgK ) =1.631kJ sK
Therefore, Ca = Cmin → Cmin Cmax = 0.817 1.631 = 0.50 ,
Qmax = ( 0.817 kJ sK )( 250-35 ) K=176 kJ s=176kW
NTU = UA Cmin = ⎡⎣( 85 W m 2 K )( 25m 2 ) ⎤⎦ ( 817 W K ) = 2.60
For a counterflow heat exchanger, from Table 13-3:
1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ − ( 2.60 )(1 − 0.50 ) ⎤⎦
ε= = = 0.842
1 − C *exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − 0.50 exp ⎡⎣ − ( 2.60 )(1 − 0.50 ) ⎤⎦
Q = ( 0.842 )(176kW ) =148kW
Therefore, using the energy balances above for the air and water:
Q 148kW
Oil: TC ,out = TC ,in + = 35 o C+ =125.6 o C Answer
mc p 1.631kW K
Q 148kW
Air: TH ,out = TH ,in − = 250 o C- =68.9 o C Answer
mc p 0.817 kW K

13- 57
13-44 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger has 135 tubes (12.5-mm I.D., 0.4-mm wall thickness) in a double-pass
arrangement. Each tube pass is 4.48-m long. Total inside surface area is 47.5 m2. Hot exhaust gas (cp =
1.02 kJ/kg·K) at 250 ºC flows outside of the tubes at 10 kg/s; the gas side heat transfer coefficient is 700
W/m2·K. Boiler feedwater enters the tubes at 65 ºC and flows at a total flow rate of 5 kg/s. The fouling
factor on the water side is 0.0002 m2·K/W. The air side fouling factor has the same value. Ignoring wall
resistance, determine the heat transfer rate (in kW).

Approach:
Because the heat transfer rate is sought, this is a rating
problem, and the preferred approach is the ε-NTU
method. We need to calculate the water side heat
transfer coefficient, so that the overall heat transfer
coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )

If we determine Cmin = ( mc p )min , Cmin Cmax , and NTU = UA Cmin , then we can evaluate ε.
The exhaust gas specific heat is given. We need the water properties at the average temperature and
estimate the outlet temperature as 120 ºC, and Tavg = (120 + 65 ) 2 = 92.5 o C , and the properties from Appendix A-
6 are: µ = 2.99×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.6775 W/mK; Pr = 1.86; cp = 4.204 kJ/kgK. The heat capacity rates are:
Cw = ( 5 kg s )( 4.204 kJ kgK ) =21.0 kJ sK and Cgas = (10 kg s )(1.02 kJ kgK ) =10.2 kJ sK
Therefore, Cgas = Cmin → Cmin Cmax = 10.2 21.0 = 0.485 .
Using Eq. 13-3, and ignoring wall resistance since the type of tube material is not given:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo , o Ao ηo , o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1. The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2
πµ Di
Remember that the given mass flow rate is for 135 tubes and Reynolds number must be calculated for one tube.
4 ( 5 kg s ) 135
Re = = 12, 600
π ( 2.99×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.0125 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nuk ( 56.3)( 0.6775 W mK ) W
h= = =3050 2
Di 0.0125m mK
1 1 0.0002 m 2 K W 0.0002 m 2 K W 1
= + + +
UA ( 3050 W m K )( 47.5m )
2 2
47.5m 2
( 47.5m ) (13.3 12.5) ( 700 W m K )( 47.5m2 ) (13.3 12.5)
2 2

UA 23,070 W K
UA = 23, 070 W K → NTU = = =2.26
Cmin (10.2 kW K )(1000W 1kW )
From Figure 13-8c, ε ≈ 0.69 . Therefore, Q = ( 0.69 )(10.2 kW K )( 250-65 ) K=1302 kW Answer
Comments:
Using the appropriate effectiveness equation from the table, the effectiveness could be evaluated more accurately
that what can be read from the figure. However, there are uncertainties in the heat transfer coefficient correlation
and fluid properties, so the additional effort probably is not justified.

13- 58
13-45 An engine oil cooler is made from a single tube (10-mm diameter, 3-m long) laid out in a serpentine path
with fins on the tube outside surface; both fluids are unmixed in this crossflow heat exchanger. The air side
effective area is twelve times the inside area. Air at 35 °C blows perpendicular to the plane of the
serpentine fin-covered tube with a flow rate of 0.6 kg/s and a heat transfer coefficient of 120 W/m2·K. Oil
enters the tube at 75 °C with a flow rate of 0.025 kg/s. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area assuming fully developed flow
(in W/m2·K)
b. the oil exit temperature (in °C)
c. the oil exit temperature if entrance effects are taken into account (in °C).

Approach:
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be determined
with Eq. 13-3 once the inside heat transfer coefficient
is evaluated. Finding the oil outlet temperature is
equivalent to determining the heat transfer rate, so this
is a rating problem, and the preferred approach is the
ε-NTU method.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. Oil and water have constant specific heats.
3. The system is steady.
4. No work is done or by the control volume.
5. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.

Solution:
a) Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient with no fins on the inside (ηo,o = 1), fouling
( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), or wall resistance (since we have no information about the tube thickness or material):
1 1 1
= +
UA hi Ai ηo,o ho Ao
We are told that the the outside effective area is 12 times that of the inside, so:
1 1 1
= +
U i hi 12ho
To calculate the inside heat transfer coefficient, we need the Reynolds number using the oil properties from
Appendix A-6 evaluated at the average temperature. Assuming the outlet temperature is 50 ºC,
Tavg = ( 75 + 50 ) 2 = 62.5 o C : µ = 623 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.140 W/mK; Pr = 917; cp = 2.055 kJ/kgK.
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di
4 ( 0.025 kg s )
Re = = 51.1
π ( 623×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.010m )
This is laminar flow. Initially assuming fully developed flow and noting that for this crossflow heat exchanger,
the boundary condition is equivalent to a constant wall temperature, then:
Nuk ( 3.66 )( 0.140 W mK ) W
Nu = 3.66 → hi = = =51.2 2
D 0.01m mK
-1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥ =49.5 W m 2 K Answer
⎢⎣ 51.2 W m K 12 (120 W m 2 K ) ⎥⎦
2

b) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:

Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
First, we will evaluate Cmin. From Appendix A-7 for air at 40 ºC, cp = 1.007 kJ/kgK. The heat capacity
rates are:

13- 59
 Cair = mc p = ( 0.6 kg s )(1.007 kJ kgK ) =0.604 kW K
Coil = mc p = ( 0.025 kg s )( 2.055 kJ kgK ) =0.0514 kW K
Therefore, Coil = Cmin and Cmin Cmax = 0.0514 0.604 = 0.0851
Qmax = ( 0.0514 kW K )( 75-35 ) K=2.055kW

UA ( 49.5 W m K ) π ( 0.01m )( 3m )
2

NTU = = = 0.091
Cmin ( 0.0514 kW K )(1000 W kW )
For both fluids unmixed in crossflow:
⎡ ( 0.091)0.22 ⎤
⎡ NTU 0.22
ε = 1 − exp ⎢
⎣ C *
(
exp ⎡⎣ −C * NTU 0.78 ⎤⎦ − 1 ) ⎤
⎥
⎦
= 1 − exp ⎢
⎣⎢ 0.0851
(
exp ⎡ − ( 0.0851)( 0.091) ⎤ − 1 ⎥ = 0.0863
⎣
0.78
⎦ ⎥⎦
)
Q = ( 0.0863)( 2.055kW ) = 0.177kW
Using an energy balance on the oil, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no
work, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat, and solving for the oil outlet temperature:
Q 177W
TH ,out = TH ,in - =75 o C+ =71.5 o C Answer
mc p ( 0.025 kg s )( 2055 J kgK )
c) If entrance effects are taken into account use the Seider-Tate equation. Assuming the wall temperature is about
35 ºC, µw = 3000 ×10-4 Ns/m2
Nu = 1.86Gr1 3 ( µ µ w ) = 1.86 ⎣⎡( 51.1)( 917 )( 0.01 3) ⎦⎤ ( 623 ×10 3000 × 10−4 )
0.14 13 −4 0.14
= 8.04
Nuk ( 8.04 )( 0.140 W mK ) W
h= = =113 2
Di 0.01m mK
-1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥ =104 W m 2 K
⎢⎣113 W m K 12 (120 W m K ) ⎥⎦
2 2

UA (104 W m K ) π ( 0.01m )( 3m )
2

NTU = = = 0.191
Cmin 51.4 W K
⎡ ( 0.191)0.22 ⎤
ε = 1 − exp ⎢
⎣⎢ 0.0851
( exp ⎡⎣− ( 0.0851)( 0.191) 0.78
⎦ )
⎤ − 1 ⎥ = 0.172
⎦⎥
Q = ( 0.172 )( 2.055kW ) = 0.354kW
0.354kW
TH ,out = 75 o C+ =81.9 o C Answer
( 0.025 kg s )( 2.055 kJ kgK )
Comments:
Taking into account entrance effects doubled the heat transfer rate. This problem is a good illustration of the need
to check entrance effects in laminar flows.

13- 60
13-46 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and 20 tube passes uses hot water on the tube side to
heat unused engine oil on the shell side. The single 304-stainless steel tube has inner and outer diameters
of 20 and 24 mm, respectively, and a length per pass of 3 m. The water enters at 87 °C and 0.2 kg/s. The
oil enters at 7 °C and 0.9 kg/s. The shellside (oil) heat transfer coefficient is 1880 W/m2·K, and the
tubeside (water) heat transfer coefficent is 3250 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the outlet temperature of the oil (in °C)
b. the new outlet temperature of the oil if over time, the oil fouls the surface such that a fouling factor
of 0.003 m2·K/W can be assumed (in °C).

Approach:
The outlet temperature is sought, which is equivalent
to determining the heat transfer rate. This means that
this is a rating problem, and the preferred approach is
the ε-NTU method. The overall heat transfer
coefficient must be evaluated from the given
information.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. No work is done or by the control volume.
5. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
6. Oil is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
If we determine Cmin = ( mc p )min , Cmin Cmax , and NTU = UA Cmin , then we can evaluate ε.

Once we have Q , we apply conservation of energy to the oil flow to obtain the outlet temperature.
Assume steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy, and an ideal liquid with constant specific heat so
that ∆h = c p ∆T : QC = mC c p ,C (TC ,out − TC ,in )
Equating the energy equation and the rate equation, and solving: TC .out = TC .in + ε Qmax mc p ,C
We evaluate the oil specific heat at its average temperature. We estimate the oil outlet temperature to be 33
ºC, and Tavg = ( 7 + 33) 2 = 20 o C , so that from Appendix A-6 cp = 1.880 kJ/kgK. Likewise, estimate for water,
Tavg = 55 ºC, and cp = 4.179 kJ/kgK. The heat capacity rates are:
CH = ( 0.2 kg s )( 4.179 kJ kgK )(1kWs 1kJ ) =0.835 kW K and CC = ( 0.9 kg s )(1.880 kJ kgK )(1kWs 1kJ ) =1.692 kW K

Therefore, CH = Cmin → Cmin Cmax = 0.835 1.692 = 0.494 .

Qmax = ( mc p ) (T
H , in − TC ,in ) = ( 0.835 kW K )( 87-7 ) K=66.8 kW
min

Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient with no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1 or fouling
( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the thermal conductivity of 304 stainless steel from Appendix A-2 is k = 14.9 W/mK:

1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + +
UA hi Ai 2π kNL ho Ao
1 ln ( 0.024 0.020 ) 1
= + +
( 3250 W m K ) π ( 0.02m )( 20 )( 3m ) 2π (14.9 W mK )( 20 )( 3m )
2
(1880 W m2 K ) π ( 0.024m )( 20 )( 3m )
= 0.0000816 + 0.0000325 + 0.000118
UA = 4320 W K

13- 61
 4320 W K
NTU = = 5.17
835 W K
From Figure 13-8c, ε ≈ 0.76.
( 0.76 )( 66.8kW )
TC .out = 7 o C+ =37.0 o C Answer
1.692 kW K
b) With the addition of fouling, the overall heat transfer coefficient changes. Therefore,
1 0.003m 2 K W
= 0.0000816 + 0.0000325 + 0.000118 +
UA π ( 0.024m )( 20 )( 3m )
UA = 1120 W K
1120
NTU = = 1.34
835
ε ≈ 0.60
( 0.60 )( 66.8kW )
TC .out = 7 o C+ =30.7 o C Answer
1.692 kW K

Comments:
As calculated, fouling can have a significant detrimental effect on the heat transfer in a heat exchanger.

13- 62
13-47 Air at 27 °C, 100 kPa approaches a crossflow heat exchanger with a velocity of 3.4 m/s. Hot water enters
the tubes at 93 °C; mass flow rate is 1.66 kg/s. The heat exchanger (mixed on the shell side) has 70 3-cm
diameter, 2-m long tubes. (Neglect wall resistance.) The tubes are placed five deep in an in-line array with
longitudinal and transverse distances between tube centers of 3.75 cm. The air side heat transfer coefficient
is 125 W/m2·K. Determine the heat transfer rate (in W).

Approach:
We are given the heat exchanger geometry and the inlet
conditions, and we want to determine the heat transfer rate.
Therefore, this is a rating problem, and the preferred
approach is the ε-NTU method. We need to calculate the
water side heat transfer coefficient, so that the overall heat
transfer coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the
heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are ignored.
5. No work is done on or by the pressurized water.
6. The water is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.
7. Air is at one atmosphere.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The evaluation of the heat exchanger effectiveness requires Cmin/Cmax and NTU = UA/ Cmin. The air mass flow
rate and the water side heat transfer coefficient need to be calculated. We need water and air properties to
calculate these two quantities. For air, its density should be evaluated at the inlet temperature, while its specific
heat should be evaluated at its average temperature. For air from Appendix A-7 at 27 ºC, ρ = 1.177 kg/m3.
Assuming TC,out ≈ 47 ºC, Tavg ≈ ( 27+47 ) 2 ≈ 37 o C , cp,air = 1007 J/kgK. For the water from Appendix A-6,
assuming TH,out ≈ 60 ºC, Tavg ≈ ( 93+60 ) 2 ≈ 76.5 o C , µ = 3.63 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.667 W/mK; Pr = 2.28; cp =
4.191 kJ/kgK.
With 70 tubes in 5 columns, there are 14 tubes in each column, so that =tThe air mass flow rate is:
mair = ρ VA = ρ V 14 SL = (1.177 kg m3 ) ( 3.4 m s )(14 )( 0.0375m )( 2m ) =4.20 kg s
The heat capacity rates are:
Cw = (1.66 kg s )( 4.191kJ kgK ) =6.96 kJ sK and Cair = ( 4.20 kg s )(1.007 kJ kgK ) =4.23kJ sK
So the air has the minimum heat capacity rate, and C* = Cmin Cmax = 4.23 6.96 = 0.608
The heat transfer rate can be evaluated once NTU = UA Cmin is determined. To calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient, we use Eq. 13-3. There are no fins (ηo,o = ηo,i=1), we ignore fouling, and no wall thickness is
1 1 1 1⎛1 1 ⎞
given, so that: = + = ⎜ + ⎟
UA hi Ai ho Ao A ⎝ hi ho ⎠
The water side the heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for a single tube:
ρ VD m N m N 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di 2
Nπµ Di
4 (1.66 kg s )
Re = = 2770
( 70 ) π ( 3.63×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.03m )
This is turbulent flow but a low Reynolds number, so using the Gnielinski correlation:
−2 −2
f = ⎡⎣ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣0.79 ln ( 2770 ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ = 0.0468

13- 63
 ( f 8 )( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0468 8 )( 2770 − 1000 )( 2.28 )
Nu = = = 13.8
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0468 8 ) ( 2.282 3 − 1)
12 23 12

Nuk (13.8 )( 0.667 W mK ) W

So that h = = =307
Di 0.03m m2 K
−1
1 ⎡ m2 K m2 K ⎤ UA 1170 W K
UA = + =1170 W K NTU = = = 0.277
( 70 ) π ( 0.03m )( 2m ) ⎢⎣125W 307W ⎥⎦ Cmin 4230 W K
From Table 13-3 for crossflow heat exchanger with Cmin mixed:
⎡ 1
(1 − exp [ − NTU iC *])⎤⎥ = 1 − exp ⎡⎢ − 0.608 (1 − exp [−0.277i0.608])⎤⎥ = 0.225
1
ε = 1 − exp ⎢ −
⎣ C * ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.225 )( 4.23kW K ) [93-27 ] K=62.8kW Answer

13- 64
13-48 A low-pressure boiler is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes with 100
thin-walled tubes, each with a diameter of 20 mm and a length (per pass) of 2 m. Pressurized liquid water
enters the tubes at 10 kg/s and 185 °C and is cooled by boiling the water at 1 atm on the outer surface of the
tubes. The heat transfer coefficient of the boiling water is 4,000 W/m2·K. Determine the liquid water
outlet temperature (in °C).

Approach:
We want to determine the hot pressurized water outlet
temperature, which is equivalent to finding the heat
transfer rate. Hence, this is a rating problem, and the
preferred approach is the ε-NTU method. We need to
calculate the water side heat transfer coefficient, so
that the overall heat transfer coefficient can be
evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady with no work, and potential
and kinetic energy effects are ignored.
4. Water is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
Because the steam is boiling (constant temperature), Cmin is on the hot pressurized water side and
ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) and Qmax = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The hot pressurized water outlet temperature can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the
water. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with
constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out )
Combining the above equations and solving for the cooling water outlet temperature: TH ,out = TH ,in − Q mw c p , w
The heat transfer rate can be evaluated once NTU = UA Cmin is determined. To calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient, we use Eq. 13-3. No wall thickness is given, so ignore wall resistance. There are no fins (ηo,o
1 1 1
= ηo,i=1), and we ignore fouling so that: = +
UA hi Ai ho Ao
The hot pressurized water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for a single tube with
properties evaluated at the average temperature. Assuming Tout ≈ 130 o C, so that Tavg ≈ 157.5 o C , the properties
from Appendix A-6 are: µ = 1.71 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.685 W/mK; Pr = 1.07; cp = 4.282 kJ/kgK.
ρ VD m N m N 4m 4 (10 kg s )
Re = → V = = → Re = = = 37, 200
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di 2
Nπµ Di (100 ) π (1.71×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.02 m )

This is turbulent flow, so using Dittus-Boelter equation: Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 37, 200 ) (1.07 )
0.8 0.3
= 106
So that h = Nuk Di = ⎡⎣(106 )( 0.685 W mK ) ⎤⎦ 0.02m =3650 W m 2 K
1 1 ⎛1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ + ⎟= ⎜ + ⎟ → UA = 47,900 W K
UA Nπ D 2 L ph
⎝ i ho ⎠ ( ) (
100 π 0.02m ) ( )⎝
2 2m 3650 W m 2
K 4000 W m 2
K ⎠
UA 47,900 W K
NTU = = = 1.120 and ε = 1 − exp ( −1.120 ) = 0.674
Cmin (10 kg s )( 4.282 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.674 )(10 kg s )( 4.282 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )(185-100 ) K=2.452 × 106 W
2.452 × 106 W
TH ,out = 185 o C- =127.7 o C Answer
(10 kg s )( 4.282 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )

13- 65
13-49 After the low-pressure boiler described in Problem P 13-48 has operated for six months, fouling occurs
such that the fouling factor is 0.0005 m2·K/W. Determine:
a. the new outlet temperature (in °C)
b. the percent decrease in heat transfer rate.

Approach:
Fouling affects the overall heat transfer coefficient, U.
Changes in U cascade through all the calculations,
reducing the effectiveness and the heat transfer rate,
and raising the pressurized water outlet temperature.
Once the dirty U is calculated, then the same
calculations done in Problem P13-48 can be repeated
here.

Assumptions:
These are the same as in Problem P13-48.

Solution:
a) Using Eq. 13-3 and the information given in Problem P13-43 we can determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ 1 1 R ′′
= + + = +
UA hi Ai A ho Ao (UA )clean A
Using data from Problem P13-43
1 1 0.0005 m 2 K W
= +
(UA)dirty 47,900 W K (100 ) π ( 0.02m )( 2 )( 2m )
(UA)dirty = 24,500 W m2 K
UA 24,500 W m 2 K
NTU = = = 0.573
Cmin (10 kg s )( 4.282 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )
ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) = 1 − exp ( −0.573) = 0.436
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.436 )(10 kg s )( 4.282 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )(185-100 ) K=1.59 × 106 W
1.59 × 106 W
Tout =185 o C- = 147.9 o C Answer
(10 kg s )( 4.282 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )
b) The decrease in the heat transfer rate is:

2, 452, 000 − 1,590, 000

% decrease in Q = × 100% = 35.2% Answer
2, 452, 000

13- 66
13-50 Liquid R-134a (cp = 1260 J/kg·K) flows inside the inner tube of a double pipe heat exchanger at –20 °C
with a flow rate of 0.265 kg/s; the heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2·K. In counterflow, water at 25 °C
has a flow rate of 0.14 kg/s. The thin-wall inner tube has a diameter of 2 cm, and the outer tube has a
diameter of 3 cm; both are 8-m long. Determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in W)
b. the water and refrigerant outlet temperatures (in °C)
c. if ice will form. (Hint: calculate wall temperatures.)

Approach:
We are given the heat exchanger geometry and want
to determine the heat transfer rate. Therefore, this is a
rating problem, and the preferred approach is the ε-
NTU method. We need to calculate the water side
heat transfer coefficient, so that the overall heat
transfer coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are ignored.
5. No work is done on or by the pressurized water.
6. The water is an ideal liquid with constant specific
heat

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The evaluation of the heat exchanger effectiveness requires Cmin/Cmax and NTU = UA/ Cmin. We need water
properties (from Appendix A-6) to calculate these two quantities, so assuming TH,out ≈ 5 ºC,
Tavg ≈ ( 25+5 ) 2=15 o C , µ = 11.2 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.595 W/mK; Pr = 7.90; cp = 4.184 kJ/kgK, ρ = 999 kg/m3.
The heat capacity rates are:
Cw = ( 0.140 kg s )( 4187 J kgK ) =586 J sK and Cref = ( 0.265 kg s )(1260 J kgK ) =334 J sK
So the refrigerant has the minimum heat capacity rate, and C* = Cmin Cmax = 334 586 = 0.57
To calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for use in NTU, we use Eq. 13-3. There are no fins (ηo,o =
1 1 1 1⎛1 1 ⎞
ηo,i=1), we ignore fouling, and no wall thickness is given, so that: = + = ⎜ + ⎟
UA hi Ai ho Ao A ⎝ hi ho ⎠
The water side the heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number using the hydraulic diameter as the
characteristic length: Re = ρ VDh µ . The hydraulic diameter is:
4 Ax 4 (π 4 ) ( D22 − D12 )
Dh = = = D2 − D1 = 0.03 − 0.02 = 0.01m
Pwetted π ( D2 + D1 )
m 0.140 kg s m
V = = =0.357
ρ Ax ( 999 kg m ) ( π 4 ) ⎡( 0.03m ) - ( 0.02m ) ⎤
3 2 2
s
⎣ ⎦

Re =
( 999 kg m3 ) ( 0.357 m s )( 0.01m )
= 3180
11.2×10-4 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow but a low Reynolds number, so using the Gnielinski correlation:
−2 −2
f = ⎡⎣ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣0.79 ln ( 3180 ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ = 0.0447
( f 8 )( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0447 8)( 3180 − 1000 )( 7.90 )
Nu = = = 25.3
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0447 8 ) ( 7.90 2 3 − 1)
12 23 12

13- 67
 Nuk ( 25.3)( 0.595 W mK ) W
So that h = = =1500 2
Di 0.01m m K
−1 -1
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ m2 K m2 K ⎞ W
UA = A ⎜ + ⎟ = π ( 0.02m )(8m ) ⎜ + ⎟ =262
⎝ hi ho ⎠ ⎝ 1500W 800W ⎠ K
UA 262 W K
NTU = = = 0.786
Cmin 334 W K
From Table 13-1 for counterflow:
1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.786 )(1 − 0.57 ) ⎤⎦
ε= = = 0.483
1 − C * exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − 0.57 exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.786 )(1 − 0.57 )⎤⎦
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.483)( 334 W K ) ⎣⎡ 25- ( -20 ) ⎦⎤ K=7260W Answer

b) The water outlet temperature can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the water.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant
specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out ) . Solving the above equation:
7260W
TH ,out = TH ,in − Q mc p = 25 o C- =12.6 o C Answer
( 0.140 kg s )( 4.184 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )
7260W
Likewise, TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mref c p , ref = −20 o C+ =1.74 o C Answer
( 0.265 kg s )(1260 J kgK )

13- 68
13-51 Saturated steam at 0.15 bar is condensed in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and two
tube passes with 130 brass tubes (k = 114 W/m·K), each with a length per pass of 2 m. The tubes have
inner and outer diameters of 13.4 and 15.9 mm, respectively. Cooling water enters the tubes at 20 °C with
total flow rate of 23.0 kg/sec. The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on the outer surfaces of the
tubes is 10,000 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2·K) based on the outside surface area
b. the cooling water outlet temperature (in ºC)
c. the steam condensation rate (in kg/s).

Approach:
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated
with Eq. 13-3 once the water side heat transfer
coefficient is evaluated. Because we seek the outlet
cooling water temperature, that is equivalent to
finding the heat transfer rate. This is a rating problem,
and the preferred approach is the ε-NTU method.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. No work done on or by the control volume.
5. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.

Solution:
The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated using Eq. 13-3. There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1.
or fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), so that:
1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + +
U o Ao hi Ai 2π kNL ho Ao
1 1 ⎛ D ⎞ D ln ( Do Di ) 1
= ⎜ o ⎟+ o +
U o hi ⎝ Di ⎠ 2k ho
To calculate the inside heat transfer coefficient, we need the Reynolds number. From Appendix A-6 and
assuming the cooling water average temperature is 30 ºC: µ = 7.79 ×10-4 Ns/m; k = 0.618 W/mK; Pr = 5.26; cp =
4.176 kJ/kgK.
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di
Remember that the given mass flow rate is for 130 tubes and the Reynolds number must be calculated for one
tube.
4 ( 23kg s ) 130
Re = = 21, 600
π ( 7.79×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.0134 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 21, 600 ) ( 5.26 )
0.8 0.4
= 131
Nuk (131)( 0.618 W mK ) W
h= = =6040 2
Di 0.0134m m K
1 1 ⎛ 15.9 ⎞ ( 0.0159m ) ln (15.9 13.4 ) 1
= ⎜ ⎟+ +
U o (10,000 W m K ) ⎝ 13.4 ⎠
2
2 (114 W mK ) 6040 W m 2 K
U o = 3380 W m 2 K Answer

b) The cooling water outlet temperature can be found once we have the heat transfer rate, which is calculated with
the governing equation for the ε-NTU method:

13- 69
 Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The condensing steam has Cmax → ∞ , so that Cmin = ( mc p )cooling
water

Cmax = ( 23kg s )( 4.176 kJ kgK ) =96.0 kJ sK

The hot inlet temperature is the saturation temperature evaluated at 15 kPa, so that from Appendix A-11
TH ,in = Tsat (15 kPa ) =53.97 o C .
Qmax = ( 96.0 kW K )( 53.97-20 ) K=3260 kW
For a heat exchanger with one constant fluid temperature: ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU )
UA ( 3380 W m K ) (130 ) π ( 0.0159m )( 2 )( 2m )
2

NTU = = =0.915
Cmin ( 96.0 kW K )(1000W 1kW )
ε = 1 − exp ( −0.915 ) = 0.599
Q = ( 0.599 )( 3260 kW ) =1950 kW
From an energy balance on the cooling water assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy
effects, and an ideal liquid with constant specific heat:
Q = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )
Solving for the outlet temperature:
Q (1950 kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = TC ,in + = 20 o C+ =40.3 o C Answer
mc p ( 23kg s )( 4.176 kJ kgK )
c) An energy balance on the steam with assumptions similar to those used on the cooling water gives us:
Q = msteam h fg
From the steam table, Appendix A-11, at 15 kPa, hfg = 2373 kJ/kg, so that
Q (1950kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
msteam = = =0.82 kg s Answer
h fg 2373kJ kg

Comments:
Using the appropriate effectiveness equation from the table, the effectiveness could be evaluated more accurately
that what can be read from the figure. However, there are uncertainties in the heat transfer coefficient correlation
and fluid properties, so additional effort probably is not justified.

13- 70
13-52 Milk is pasteurized in a plate heat exchanger with hot water. The two parallel passages in the heat
exchanger are formed with 1-mm thick 304 stainless steel plates that are 3-m high and 1.2-m wide. The
gap between the plates for both the water and milk flows is 5 mm. Water at 85 °C enters the heat
exchanger at a flow rate of 4 kg/s. The milk enters the heat exchanger at 5 °C with a flow rate of 3 kg/s.
The milk properties are: ρ = 1040 kg/m3, µ = 0.0021 N·s/m2, cp = 3900 J/kg·K, k = 0.65 W/m·K. Determine
the exit temperature (in °C) of the milk if the heat exchange is:
a. counterflow
b. parallel flow.

Approach:
We are given the geometry and the inlet conditions,
and we want to find the milk’s exit temperature, which
is equivalent to finding the heat transfer rate. This is a
rating problem, and the preferred approach is the ε-
NTU method. We need to determine both heat
transfer coefficients.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The system is steady, with negligible potential and
kinetic energy effects, no work, and ideal gas with
constant specific heat.

Solution:
The milk outlet temperature can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the milk. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant specific heat so
that ∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mm c p , m (TC ,out − TC ,in ) . Solving the above equation:
TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mm c p , m
The heat transfer rate is unknown. Using the governing equation for the ε-NTU method:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
Combining these two equations:
TC ,out = TC ,in + ⎡ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in ) ⎤ mm c p , m = TC ,in + ε (TH ,in − TC ,in )
⎣ ⎦
We need to evaluate the effectiveness, and for that we need the NTU and Cmin/Cmax..
From Appendix A-6 and assuming the water exits at TH,out ≈ 35 ºC, Tavg ≈ ( 85+35 ) 2=60 o C ,
µ = 4.52 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.653 W/mK; Pr = 2.89; cp = 4.181 kJ/kgK, ρ = 983.2 kg/m3.
The heat capacity rates are:
Cm = mm c p , m = ( 3kg s )( 3900 J kgK ) =11,700 J sK
Cw = mw c p , w = ( 4 kg s )( 4.181kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ ) =16,724 J sK
Therefore, Cw = Cmin → Cmin Cmax = 11700 16724 = 0.70 .
We need to evaluate NTU = UA Cmin .
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient with no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1 or fouling
( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the thermal conductivity of 304 stainless steel (from Appendix A-2) is k = 14.9 W/mK:
1 1 t 1
= + +
UA hi Ai kL ho Ao
For the areas: Ai = Ao = LW .
The heat transfer coefficients on both sides need the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter as
the characteristic length: Re = ρ VDh µ . The hydraulic diameter for both sides is:
4 Ax 4WS 4 (1.2m )( 0.005m )
Dh = = = = 0.00996m
pwetted 2 (W + S ) 2 (1.2+0.005 ) m
The velocities are:

13- 71
 m 3kg s m
Milk: Vm = = =0.481
ρ Ax (1040 kg m3 ) ( 0.005m )(1.2m ) s
m 4 kg s m
Water: Vw = = =0.678
ρ Ax ( 983.2 kg m 3
) ( 0.005m )(1.2m ) s
The Reynolds numbers are:

Milk: Rem =
(1040 kg m3 ) ( 0.481m s )( 0.00996m )
= 2370
0.0021Ns m 2

Water: Rew =
( 983.2 kg m3 ) ( 0.678 m s )( 0.00996m )
= 14, 700
4.52 × 10 −4 Ns m 2
The milk Reynolds number is just above the transition. With entrance effects , the flow is probably turbulent, so
we will use the Gnielinski correlation for both milk and water:
−2 −2
Milk: f = ⎣⎡ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = ⎣⎡0.79 ln ( 2370 ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = 0.0494

Pr =
µcp
=
( 0.0021Ns m ) ( 3900 J kgK ) = 12.6
2

k 0.65 W mK
( f 8 )( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0494 8)( 2370 − 1000 )(12.6 )
Nu = = = 19.7
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0494 8 ) (12.6 2 3 − 1)
12 23 12

Nuk (19.7 )( 0.65 W mK ) W

hm = = =1290
Dh 0.00996m m2 K
−2 −2
Water: f = ⎡⎣ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ 0.79 ln (14700 ) − 1.64 ⎤⎦ = 0.0283
( f 8 )( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0283 8 )(14700 − 1000 )( 2.89 )
Nu = = = 78.9
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0283 8 ) ( 2.892 3 − 1)
12 23 12

Nuk ( 78.9 )( 0.653 W mK ) W

hw = = =5170 2
Dh 0.00996m m K
The overall heat transfer coefficient-area product is:
−1
⎛ 1 0.001m 1 ⎞
UA = ⎜ + + ⎟ = 4050 W K
⎜ (1290 W m K )( 4.2m ) (14.96 W mK ) ( 4.2m ) ( 5170 W m K )( 4.2m ) ⎟
2 2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠
UA 4050 W K
NTU = = =0.347
Cmin 117000W K
For a counterflow heat exchanger:
1 − exp ⎣⎡ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎦⎤ 1 − exp ⎣⎡ − ( 0.347 )(1 − 0.70 ) ⎦⎤
ε cf = = = 0.099
1 − C * exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − ( 0.70 ) exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.347 )(1 − 0.70 ) ⎤⎦
For a parallel flow heat exchanger:
1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.347 )(1 − 0.70 ) ⎤⎦
ε pf = = = 0.058
1+ C * 1 + 0.70
Outlet milk temperature
Counterflow: TC ,out = 5 o C+ ( 0.099 )( 85-5 ) o C=12.9 o C Answer
Parallel flow: TC ,out = 5 o C+ ( 0.058 )( 85-5 ) o C=9.65 o C Answer

Comments:
This heat exchanger does not raise the milk temperature sufficiently, so additional area needs to be added.

13- 72
13-53 For the heat exchanger described in Problem P 13-52 if the flow length is doubled (for example, by having
a 180° bend at the end of one pass so that the overall length of the heat exchanger remains 3 m), determine
the milk exit temperature for a counterflow arrangement (in °C).

Approach:
If the heat exchanger in Problem P 13-52 has its area
doubled, the the NTU, ε, and TC,out will change.
Everything else remains the same, so

Assumptions:
These are the same as in Problem P13-52.

Solution:
Using the results from Problem P 13-49, the new NTU is:
NTU new = 2 NTU old = 2 ( 0.347 ) = 0.694
For counterflow:
1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.694 )(1 − 0.7 ) ⎤⎦
ε= = = 0.436
1 − C * exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − ( 0.7 ) exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.694 )(1 − 0.7 ) ⎤⎦
TC ,out = 5 o C+ ( 0.436 )( 85-5 ) o C=39.8 o C Answer

For parallel flow:

1 − exp ⎡⎣ − NTU (1 − C *) ⎤⎦ 1 − exp ⎡⎣ − ( 0.694 )(1 − 0.7 ) ⎤⎦
ε= = = 0.111
1+ C * 1 + 0.7
TC ,out = 5 o C+ ( 0.111)( 85-5 ) o C=13.8 o C Answer

13- 73
13-54 In a processing plant, a single pass heat exchanger uses condensing saturated steam at 20 psia to heat
45,000 lbm/hr of air from 70 °F to 170 °F. The owners of the plant want to increase production, and to do
so, the air flow rate must be doubled. If the same heat exchanger is to be used, the outlet temperature must
remain at 170 °F. Assuming the overall heat transfer coefficient increases by 20% at the higher flow,
determine the new required steam pressure (in psia).

Approach:
For the original condition, we can evaluate Q1 and
U1 A1 , where the subscript 1 indicates the original
condition. Also from the given information, we know
Q2 and U 2 A2 . We can use the ε − NTU method to
find the required temperature, because with the
condensing steam, ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) . Using the
definition of Qmax , we can calculate the hot
temperature, from which the corresponding saturation
pressure can be found.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The system is steady with no work.
3. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
4. Ideal gas with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The definition of effectiveness is: ε1 = Q1 Qmax ,1 and ε 2 = Q2 Qmax ,2

ε1 Q1 Qmax ,2 Q1 ( mc p )min ,2 (TH ,in,2 − TC ,in ) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ TH ,in ,2 − TC ,in

Taking the ratio: = = =
ε 2 Q2 Qmax ,1 Q2 ( mc p ) (TH ,in,1 − TC ,in ) ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ TH ,in ,1 − TC ,in
min ,1

Solving for the new required temperature: TH ,in ,2 = TC ,in + ( ε1 ε 2 ) (TH ,in,1 − TC ,in )
Because of the condensing steam (constant temperature), we know that ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) , so we need to
evaluate NTU = UA Cmin . For the first condition, applying conservation of energy to the air, assuming steady,
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no work, and constant specific heat:
Q = ma c p , a (TC , out − TC ,in ) → Q ma c p , a = TC ,out − TC ,in
From the governing equation for the LMTD method: UA = Q F ∆TLM ,cf
UA Q T −T
Dividing by Cmin: = NTU = = C ,out C ,in
Cmin ma c p , a F ∆TLM , cf F ∆TLM , cf
For condensing steam, F = 1, and from the saturated steam table, Appendix B-11, Tsat(20 psia) = 227.96 ºF.
( 227.96 − 170 ) − ( 227.96 − 70 )
∆TLM ,cf = = 99.7 o F
ln ⎡⎣( 227.96 − 170 ) ( 227.96 − 70 ) ⎤⎦
T −T (170-70 ) R
NTU1 = C ,out C ,in = =1.003 and ε1 = 1 − exp ( −1.003) = 0.633
F ∆TLM ,cf (1)( 99.7R )
U 2 A2 (1.2U1 )( A1 )
NTU 2 = = = 0.6 NTU1 = 0.602 and ε 2 = 1 − exp ( −0.602 ) = 0.452
Cmin ,2 2Cmin ,1
0.633
TH ,in ,2 = 70 o F + ( 227.96 − 70 ) o F = 291.2 o F
0.452
Therefore, from the saturated steam table (Appendix B-10) at this temperature (by interpolation)
P2 = 59.6 psia Answer

13- 74
13-55 A space heater used in a university gymnasium is constructed of 60 brass tubes with 0.63-in. outside
diameter, 0.48-in. inside diameter, and 3-ft length. The air blower provides 2000 ft3/min of air at 65 °F and
the heat transfer coefficient is 50 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Inside the tubes, 10 psig saturated steam is condensed with
a heat transfer coefficient of 750 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in Btu/hr)
b. the air exit temperature (in °F)
c. the steam condensation rate (in lbm/min).

Approach:
We are given the geometry and the inlet conditions,
and we want to find the heat transfer rate. This is a
rating problem, and the preferred approach is the ε-
NTU method.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The system is steady, with negligible potential and
kinetic energy effects, no work, and ideal gas with
constant specific heat.
3. Air is at one atmosphere.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )

Because of the condensing steam, ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) , where Cmin = ( mc p )air and NTU = UA Cmin .
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient with no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1 or fouling
( Ri = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the thermal conductivity of brass from Appendix B-2 is k = 63.6 Btu/hrftR:
′′
1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + +
UA hi Ai 2π kNL ho Ao
We estimate the air outlet temperature to be 95 ºF, and Tavg = ( 65 + 95 ) 2 = 80 o F , so from Appendix B-7
cp = 0.240 Btu/lbmR. Also, from the saturated steam table, Appendix B-11, at 24.7 psia, Tsat = 239.4 ºF and hfg =
952.7 Btu/lbm. For the heat capacity rate, we need the air mass flow rate m = ρV . Assuming an ideal gas:
PM (14.7lbf in. ) ( 28.97 lbm lbmol ) (144in. ft )
2 2 2
lbm
ρ= = =0.0756 3
RT (1545ft lbf lbmolR )( 65+460 ) R ft
m = ( 0.0756 lbm ft 3 )( 2000 ft 3 min ) =151lbm min
Cmin = (151lbm min )( 0.240 Btu lbmR )( 60 min hr ) =2180 Btu hrR
The areas are: Ai = N π Di L = ( 60 ) π ( 0.040ft )( 3ft ) =22.6ft 2 and Ao = N π Do L = ( 60 ) π ( 0.0525ft )( 3ft ) =29.7ft 2
The overall heat transfer coefficient-area product is:
−1
⎛ 1 ln ( 0.0525 0.040 ) 1 ⎞
UA = ⎜ + + ⎟ = 1360 Btu hrR
⎜ ( 750 Btu hrft 2 R )( 22.6ft 2 ) 2π ( 63.6 Btu hrftR )( 60 )( 3ft ) ( 50 Btu hrft 2 R )( 29.7ft 2 ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
NTU = UA Cmin = (1360 Btu hrR ) ( 2180Btu hrR ) =0.625 → ε = 1 − exp ( −0.625 ) = 0.465
Q = ( 0.465 )( 2180Btu hrR )( 239.4-65 ) F=1.77 × 105 Btu hr
o
Answer
b) Using an energy balance on the air, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no work,
and ideal gas with constant specific heat, and solving for the air outlet temperature:
TC ,out = TC ,in + Q Cmin =65 o F+ (1.77 × 105 Btu hr ) ( 2180Btu hr R ) =146 o F Answer
c) For the steam condensation rate, apply conservation of energy to the steam, and using the same assumptions as
before (except the ideal gas assumption):
Q = mh fg → m = Q h fg = (1.77×105 Btu hr ) (1hr 60min ) ( 952.7 Btu lbm ) =3.10 lbm min Answer

13- 75
13-56 A proposed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plant uses ammonia as the working fluid in
a Rankine cycle. Warm water from the surface of the ocean (80 °F) is the heat source used to vaporize the
ammonia; cold water (45 °F) pumped from low ocean depths is used to condense the ammonia. Because of
the small temperature difference between the warm and cold water, the cycle thermal efficiency is very
low. The cycle has four identical evaporators. Each evaporator has 120,000 tubes made of aluminum (k =
92 Btu/hr·ft·°F) that is 2.0-in. outside diameter, 0.04-in. wall thickness, and 55.2 ft-long. Water enters the
evaporator at 80 °F with a velocity in each tube of 5.3 ft/s. The ammonia evaporates at 72 °F with a heat
transfer coefficient of 1,500 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. The water side fouling factor is 0.0003 hr·ft2·°F/Btu. Seawater
properties are: ρ = 64.1 lbm/ft3, µ = 2.32 lbm/hr·ft, cp = 0.94 Btu/lbm·°F, k = 0.340 Btu/hr·ft·°F. Determine:
a. the heat transfer rate in one evaporator (in Btu/hr)
b. the maximum theoretical power output from a plant using four evaporators (in kW).

Approach:
We are given the geometry and the fluid inlet
temperatures, and the heat transfer rate is sought.
This is a rating problem, and the preferred approach
is the ε-NTU method. For part (b) the maximum
theoretical cycle thermal efficiency can be
determined assuming a Carnot cycle. Using that and
the evaporator heat transfer rate, the maximum
theoretical power output can be calculated.

Assumptions:
1. There is no fouling on the ammonia side.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is: Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
Because of the evaporating ammonia (constant temperature), Cmin = ( mc p ) water and ε = 1 − exp(− NTU ) where
NTU = UA Cmin . Using the given seawater properties, the mass flow rate is:
m = N ρ VA = (120,000 ) ( 64.1lbm ft 3 ) ( 5.3ft s )( π 4 )( 0.160ft ) =8.197×105 lbm s
2

The heat capacity rate is: Cmin = ( 8.197 × 105 lbm s ) ( 0.94 Btu lbmR ) =7.705 × 105 Btu sR
Using Eq. 13-3 with no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1, and no fouling on the ammonia side:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + i+ +
UA hi Ai Ai 2π kLN ho Ao
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD ( 64.1lbm ft ) ( 5.3ft s )( 0.160ft )
3

Re = = = 84, 400
µ ( 2.32 lbm hrft )(1hr 3600s )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nuk ( 351)( 0.340 Btu hrftR ) Btu
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 84400 ) ( 6.41)
0.8 0.3
= 351 and hi = = =745
Di 0.16ft hrft 2 R
Ai = Nπ Di L = (120000 ) π ( 0.16ft )( 55.2ft ) = 3.33 × 106 ft 2 . Similarly, Ao = 3.47×106 ft2
1 1 0.0003hrft 2 R Btu
= +
UA ( 745 Btu hrft 2 R )( 3.33 × 106 ft 2 ) 3.33 × 106 ft 2
ln ( 0.167 0.160 ) 1
+ +
2π ( 92 Btu hrftR )( 55.2ft )(120000 ) (1500 Btu hrft R )( 3.47 ×10 ft )
2 6 2

UA = 1.44 × 109 Btu hrR

13- 76
 UA 1.44 × 109 Btu hrR
NTU = = =0.518 and ε = 1 − exp(−0.518) = 0.404
Cmin ( 7.705 × 105 Btu sR ) ( 3600s 1hr )

Q = ( 0.404 ) ( 7.705 × 105 Btu sR ) ( 80-72 ) R=2.49 × 106 Btu s =8.97×109 Btu hr Answer
b) For a Carnot cycle with four evaporators:
ηcycle = Wnet Qin = 1 − TL TH = 1 − ( 45 + 460 ) ( 80 + 460 ) = 0.0648
Wnet = 4 ( 8.97×109 Btu hr ) ( 0.0648 )(1W 3.412 Btu hr ) = 6.81× 108 W Answer

Comments:
While the cycle efficiency will be low, the energy source is free. Hence, economics (the trade off between capital
costs, interest on borrowed money, maintenance, etc. and the sale of electricity using the free “fuel”) will dictate
whether or not an OTEC plant would be built.

13- 77
13-57 A one shell pass, two tube pass heat exchanger uses condensing steam on the shell side with a heat transfer
coefficient of 3000 W/m2·K to heat liquid water from 27 °C to 68 °C. The water flow rate is 5 kg/s. The 2-
m long heat exchanger has 25 tubes of 304 stainless steel, each 2-cm inside diameter with 1-mm wall
thickness. Determine the required steam pressure (in kPa).

Approach:
Enough information is given to calculate the heat transfer
rate, and the geometry is given. The steam pressure can be
evaluated if we determine the required steam temperature
to produce the given heat transfer for the given geometry.
Several approaches can be used, and we will use the ε-
NTU method. We need to calculate the water side heat
transfer coefficient, so that the overall heat transfer
coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the
heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are ignored.
5. No work is done on or by the pressurized water.
6. The water is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
Because the steam is condensing (constant temperature), Cmin is on the liquid water side and
ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) and Qmax = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the water. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant specific heat so
that ∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out )
Combining the above equations and solving for the steam temperature: TH ,in = TC ,in + (TC ,out − TC ,in ) ε
The heat transfer rate can be evaluated once NTU = UA Cmin is determined. To calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient, we use Eq. 13-3. There are no fins (ηo,o = ηo,i=1), and we ignore fouling so that:
1 1 1
= + Rw +
UA hi Ai ho Ao
For the wall resistance, the 304 stainless steel thermal conductivity from Appendix A-2 is 14.9 W/mK:
ln ( Do Di ) ln ( 0.024 0.020 )
Rw = = =1.95×10-5 K W
2π kLN 2π (14.9 W mK )( 2m )( 2 )( 25 )
The condensing resistance is:
1 1
= =4.42×10-5 K W
ho Ao ( 3000 W m 2 K ) ( π )( 0.024m )( 2m )( 2 )( 25 )
The liquid water side the heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for a single tube with properties
evaluated at the average temperature. With Tavg ≈ ( 27 + 68 ) 2 = 47.5 o C , the properties from Appendix A-6 are:
µ = 5.53 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.640 W/mK; Pr = 3.61; cp = 4.177 kJ/kgK.
ρ VD m N m N 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 Nπµ Di
4 ( 5 kg s )
Re = = 23, 000
( 25 ) π ( 5.53×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.02 m )

13- 78
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter
equation: Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 23, 000 ) ( 3.61)
0.8 0.4
= 119
Nuk (119 )( 0.640 W mK ) W
So that h = = =3800 2
Di 0.02m m K
1 1
= =4.19×10-5 K W
hi Ai ( 3800 W m K ) ( π )( 0.02m )( 2m )( 2 )( 25 )
2

−1
UA = ⎡⎣ 4.19 × 10−5 + 1.95 × 10−5 + 4.42 × 10−5 ⎤⎦ W K =9470 W K

UA 9470 W K
NTU = = = 0.453 and ε = 1 − exp ( −0.453) = 0.364
Cmin ( 5 kg s )( 4.177 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ )
TH ,in = 27 o C+ ( 68-27 ) o C 0.364 =140 o C
From the saturated liquid table: Psat(140 ºC) = 0.361 MPa = 361kPa Answer

13- 79
13-58 Hot exhaust gases are used on the shellside of a two shell pass, four tube pass shell-and-tube heat
exchanger to heat 2.5 kg/sec of liquid water from 35 ºC to 85 ºC. The gases, assumed to have the
properties of air, enter at 200 ºC and leave at 100 ºC. The overall heat transfer coefficient when the
exchanger is clean is 180 W/m2·K. If a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2·K/W is known to exist after operating
for a period of time, determine the additional area required in the heat exchanger to have the same heat
transfer rate (in m2).

Approach:
Because areas are sought, this is a design problem and
the preferred approach is the LMTD method. We need
to determine the required area with and without the
influence of fouling.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. No work is done on or by the control volume.
3. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
4. Water is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD is calculated with:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 200 − 85 = 115 o C ∆T2 = 100 − 35 = 65 o C
115 − 65
∆TLM ,cf = = 87.6 o C
ln (115 65 )
Using Figure 13-7b to determine F:
200 − 100 85 − 35
R= =2 P= = 0.303
85 − 35 200 − 35
From Figure 13-7b, F ≈ 0.97.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . From Appendix A-7 at the average water temperature of 60 ºC, cp = 4.181 kJ/kgK.
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000W ⎞
Q = mc p ∆T = ⎜ 2.5 ⎟ ⎜ 4.181 ⎟ (85-35 ) K ⎜ ⎟ =522,600W
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kgK ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ s ⎠
( 522,600W )
Aclean = =34.2m 2 Answer
(180 W m2 K ) ( 0.97 )(87.6K )
When fouling has occurred:
1 1 1
= R ′′ + = 0.0006 + → U dirty = 162 W m 2 K
U dirty U clean 180
( 522,600W )
Adirty = =37.9 m 2 Answer
(162 W m 2 K ) ( 0.97 )( 87.6K )
Therefore, the additional area required because of fouling.
A = 37.9 - 34.2 = 3.7 m2 Answer
Comments:
Because the clean overall heat transfer coefficient was low, the addition of the fouling did not change the required
area very much. However, if the clean overall heat transfer coefficient is high, even a small amount of fouling can
have a dramatic effect.

13- 80
13-59 A crossflow heat exchanger has 50 tubes made from 302 stainless steel, and each tube is 2.5-cm inside
diameter, 2.5-mm wall thickness, and 4-m long. Water enters the tubes at 27 °C with a total flow rate of
150 kg/min. Air flow on the shell side (mixed) enters at 260 °C with a flow rate of 100 kg/min; the shell
side heat transfer coefficient is 525 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in W)
b. the water outlet temperature (in °C).

Approach:
We are given the heat exchanger geometry and want
to determine the heat transfer rate. Therefore, this is a
rating problem, and the preferred approach is the ε-
NTU method. We need to calculate the water side
heat transfer coefficient, so that the overall heat
transfer coefficient can be evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are ignored.
5. No work is done on or by the pressurized water.
6. The water is an ideal liquid with constant specific
heat

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The evaluation of the heat exchanger effectiveness requires Cmin/Cmax and NTU = UA/ Cmin. We need water
properties from Appendix A-6 to calculate these two quantities, so assuming TC,out ≈ 60 ºC,
Tavg ≈ ( 27+60 ) 2 ≈ 44 o C , µ = 5.88 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.636 W/mK; Pr = 3.86; cp = 4.176 kJ/kgK. Likewise, from
Appendix A-7, assuming TH,out ≈ 100 ºC, Tavg ≈ (100+260 ) 2 ≈ 180 o C , cp,air = 1.0207 kJ/kgK.
The heat capacity rates are: Cw = (150 kg min )( 4.176 kJ kgK )(1min 60s ) =10.44 kJ sK
Cair = (100 kg min )(1.0207 kJ kgK )(1min 60s ) =1.700 kJ sK
So the air has the minimum heat capacity rate, and C* = Cmin Cmax = 1.700 10.44 = 0.163
The heat transfer rate can be evaluated once NTU = UA Cmin is determined. To calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient, we use Eq. 13-3. There are no fins (ηo,o = ηo,i=1), and we ignore fouling so that:
1 1 1
= + Rw +
UA hi Ai ho Ao
For the wall resistance, the 302 stainless steel thermal conductivity from Appendix A-2 is 15.1 W/mK:
ln ( Do Di ) ln ( 0.030 0.025 )
Rw = = =9.61×10-6 K W
2π kLN 2π (15.1W mK )( 4m )( 50 )
The air side resistance is:
1 1
= =1.01×10-4 K W
ho Ao ( 525 W m 2 K ) ( π )( 0.030m )( 4m )( 50 )
The water side the heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for a single tube:
ρ VD m N m N 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 Nπµ Di
4 (150 kg min )(1min 60s )
Re = = 4330
( 50 ) π ( 5.88×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.025 m )
This is turbulent flow but a low Reynolds number, so using the Gnielinski correlation:

13- 81
 −2 −2
f = ⎡⎣ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = ⎣⎡0.79 ln ( 4330 ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = 0.0404
( f 8 )( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0404 8)( 4330 − 1000 )( 3.86 )
Nu = = = 28.0
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0404 8 ) ( 3.862 3 − 1)
12 23 12

Nuk ( 28.0 )( 0.636 W mK ) W

So that h = = =712 2
Di 0.025m m K
The water side resistance is:
1 1
= =8.94×10-5 K W
hi Ai ( 712 W m K ) ( π )( 0.025m )( 4m )( 50 )
2

−1 UA 5000 W K
UA = ⎡⎣8.94 × 10−5 + 9.61× 10−6 + 1.01× 10−4 ⎤⎦ W K =5000 W K NTU = = = 2.94
Cmin 1700 W K
From Table 13-3 for crossflow heat exchanger with Cmin mixed:
⎡ 1
(1 − exp [ − NTU iC *])⎤⎥ = 1 − exp ⎡⎢ − 0.163 (1 − exp [ −2.94i0.163])⎤⎥ = 0.903
1
ε = 1 − exp ⎢ −
⎣ C * ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.903)(1.700 kW K ) [ 260-27 ] K=358kW Answer

b) The water outlet temperature can be obtained from conservation of mass and energy applied to the water.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and an ideal liquid with constant
specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out ) . Solving the above equation:
358kW
TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mw c p , w = 27 o C+ = 61.3 o C Answer
10.44 kW K

13- 82
13-60 In a crossflow heat exchanger, the hot and cold sides are separated by a plate 1.0-mm thick. The hot side of
the plate has straight rectangular cross section fins 5-mm long and 0.1-mm thick, spaced 4-mm on center.
The cold side of the plate also has straight rectangular cross section fins 5-mm long, 0.1-mm thick, and
spaced 3-mm on center. The hot side fluid (cp = 1.3 kJ/kg·K) has a flow rate of 70 kg/hr, enters at 250 ºC,
and has a heat transfer coefficient of 80 W/m2·K. The cold side fluid (cp = 2.1 kJ/kg·K) has a flow rate of
90 kg/hr, enters at 70 ºC, and has a heat transfer coefficient of 80 W/m2·K. The height of both the hot and
cold side flow passages is 5 mm. The heat exchanger length in the direction of hot flow is 1 m and that in
the cold flow direction is 0.75 m. The separating plate and fins are 2024-T6 aluminum. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the hot side area (in W/m2·K)
b. the fluid outlet temperatures (in ºC).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to
determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. The overall
surface efficiencies on both sides
of the heat exchanger need to be
evaluated. Finding the fluid
outlet temperature is equivalent
to finding the heat transfer rate,
so this is a rating problem and
the ε-NTU method is preferred.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. Fouling is negligible.

Solution:
a) Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and assuming negligible fouling:
1 1 ∆x 1
= + +
U H AH ηo, H hH AH kAwall ηo,C hC AC
Multiplying through by AH and rearranging:
−1
⎡ 1 ∆x AH 1 AH ⎤
UH = ⎢ + + ⎥
⎣⎢ηo, H hH k Awall ηo,C hC AC ⎦⎥
For the wall resistance, the thermal conductivity of aluminum from Appendix A-2 is 177 W/mK.
The overall surface efficiency is evaluated with Eq. 11-94: ηo ,o = 1 − ( NAf Atot )(1 − η f ) . We will assume
an adiabatic tip fin and take into account the tip area by using a corrected length:
LH * = LC * = LH + t 2 = 0.005m+ 0.0001m 2 =0.00505m
The area of one fin is:

Af , H = 2 L * DH = 2 ( 0.00505m )(1m ) =0.0101m 2 and Af ,C = 2 L * DC = 2 ( 0.00505m )( 0.75m ) =0.00758m 2

The width (W) of each side is equal to the length of the other side, so the number of fins is:
DH 1m
WC = DH = N C ( SC + t ) + S → NC = = = 250 fins
SC + t 0.003m+0.001m
DC 0.75m
NH = = = 150 fins
S H + t 0.004m+0.001m
The total area:
Atot , H = N H Af , H + N H S H DH = 150 ⎡⎣0.0101m 2 + ( 0.004m )(1m ) ⎤⎦ = 2.115m 2
Atot ,C = N C Af ,C + N C SC DC = 250 ⎡⎣0.00758m 2 + ( 0.003m )( 0.75m ) ⎤⎦ =2.456 m 2
Awall = DH DC = (1m )( 0.75m ) =0.75m 2

13- 83
 η f = tanh ( mL ) mL where m = ( hP kAx ) = ( 2h kt )
0.5 0.5
The fin efficiency is:

2 ( 80 W m 2 K )
0.5
⎡ ⎤
mL* = L * ( 2h kt ) = ( 0.00505m ) ⎢
0.5
Hot side: ⎥ = 0.1518
⎢⎣ (177 W m 2 K ) ( 0.001m ) ⎥⎦

tanh ( 0.1518 ) (150 ) ( 0.0101m 2 )

η f ,H = = 0.992 → ηo , H = 1 − (1 − 0.992 ) = 0.995
0.1518 2.115m 2
2 ( 50 W m 2 K )
0.5
⎡ ⎤
mL* = L * ( 2h kt ) = ( 0.00505m ) ⎢
0.5
Cold side: ⎥ = 0.120
⎢⎣ (177 W m 2 K ) ( 0.001m ) ⎥⎦

tanh ( 0.120 ) ( 250 ) ( 0.00758m 2 )

η f ,C = = 0.995 → ηo , C = 1 − (1 − 0.995 ) = 0.996
0.120 2.456m 2
-1
⎡ 1 ( 0.001m ) 2.115 1 2.115 ⎤ W
UH = ⎢ + + ⎥ =33.5 2 Answer
⎢⎣ ( 0.995 ) ( 80 W m K ) (177 W mK ) 0.75 ( 0.996 ) ( 50 W m K ) 2.456 ⎥⎦
2 2
mK
b) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The heat capacity rates are:
CH = mc p = ( 70 kg hr )(1300 J kgK )(1hr 3600s )(1000J 1kJ ) =25.3 W K
CC = mc p = ( 90 kg hr )( 2100 J kgK )(1hr 3600s )(1000J 1kJ ) =52.5 W K
Therefore, CH = Cmin and Cmin Cmax = 25.3 52.5 = 0.482
Qmax = ( 25.3 W K )( 250-70 ) K=4550W

UA ( 33.5W m K )( 2.115m )
2 2

NTU = = = 2.80
Cmin 25.3 W K
For both fluids unmixed in crossflow:
⎡ ( 2.80 )0.22 ⎤
ε = 1 − exp ⎢
⎡ NTU 0.22
⎣ C *
(
exp ⎡⎣ −C * NTU 0.78 ⎤⎦ − 1 ) ⎤
⎥
⎦
= 1 − exp ⎢
⎣⎢ 0.482
( ⎣ ⎦ ⎥⎦
)
exp ⎡ − ( 0.482 )( 2.80 ) ⎤ − 1 ⎥ = 0.820
0.78

Q = ( 0.820 )( 4550W ) = 3730W

Using an energy balance on the oil, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no
work, and ideal liquids with constant specific heat, and solving for the outlet temperatures:
Q 3730W
TH ,out = TH ,in - =250 o C- =102.5 o C Answer
mH c p , H 25.3 W K
Q 3730W
TC ,out = TC ,in + =70 o C+ =141.1 o C Answer
mC c p ,C 52.5 W K

13- 84
13-61 Your supervisor assigns you the task of purchasing a heat exchanger to cool 85 gal/min of oil (µ = 139 ×
10-5 lbm/ft·s, k = 0.074 Btu/hr·ft·°F, cp = 0.52 Btu/lbm·°F, ρ = 53 lbm/ft3) from 250 °F using 18,750 ft3/min
of air at one atmosphere and 70 °F. However, in the storage building you find a new single-pass crossflow
heat exchanger that has a 25 × 25 array of 2-ft long, 0.5-in. outside diameter, 0.025-in. thick 304 stainless
steel tubes (k = 9.4 Btu/hr·ft·°F). The air side (outside the tubes) heat transfer coefficient is 80
Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the possible heat transfer rate (in Btu/hr)
b. the oil outlet temperature (in °F)
c. the new heat transfer temperature and oil outlet temperature if an oil fouling factor of 0.005 hr·ft2·
°F/Btu and an air fouling factor of 0.002 hr·ft2·°F/Btu are used.

Approach:
The heat transfer rate is sought, so this is a rating
problem, and the preferred approach is the ε-NTU
method. Once the heat transfer rate is determined,
then the oil outlet temperature can be calculated
with an energy balance.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. Oil and water have constant specific heats.
3. The system is steady.
4. No work is done or by the control volume.
5. Potential and kinetic energy effects are
negligible.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )

If we determine Cmin = ( mc p )min , Cmin Cmax , and NTU = UA Cmin , then we can evaluate ε.
First, we will evaluate Cmin. Oil properties are given. At the air inlet temperature from Appendix B-7,
ρ = 0.075 lbm/ft3. We estimate the air outlet temperature to be 130 ºF, and Tavg = ( 70 + 130 ) 2 = 100 o F , so that
cp = 0.24 Btu/lbmR.
The heat capacity rates are:
mair = ρV = ( 0.075lbm ft 3 )(18750 ft 3 min ) = 1406 lbm min
Cair = mair c p = (1406lbm min )( 0.24 Btu lbmR ) =338 Btu minR
moil = ρV = ( 53lbm ft 3 ) ( 85gal min ) ( 0.1337 ft 3 gal ) = 602 lbm min
Coil = moil c p = ( 602lbm min )( 0.52 Btu lbmR ) =313Btu minR
Therefore, Coil = Cmin .
Qmax = ( 313Btu minR )( 250-70 ) R=56,340 Btu min
For the effectiveness, we need NTU = UA/Cmin. Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer
coefficient with no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1 or fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the thermal conductivity of 304 stainless
steel is k = 9.4 Btu/hrftR:
1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + +
UA hi Ai 2π kNL ho Ao

To calculate the inside heat transfer coefficient, we need the Reynolds number using the given oil properties..
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di 2
πµ Di

13- 85
 Remember that the given mass flow rate is for 625 tubes and the Reynolds number must be calculated for one
tube.
4 ( 602 lbm min )(1min 60s ) 625
Re = = 392
π (139×10-5 lbm fts ) ( 0.0375ft )
This is laminar flow, so check the entrance length:
µ c p (139×10 lbm fts ) ( 3600s hr )( 0.52 Btu lbmR )
-5

Pr = = = 35.2
k 0.074 Btu hrftR
Lent ,t ≈ 0.037 RePrD = ( 0.037 )( 392 )( 35.2 )( 0.0375ft ) =19.1ft
Because the tubes are only 2 ft long, entrance effects must be taken into account. Using the Seider-Tate equation
(and ignoring the influence of the wall to bulk viscosity difference since no data are given):
Nu = 1.86Gr1 3 ( µ µ w ) = 1.86 ( RePrD L )
0.14 13

⎡ ( 392 )( 35.2 )( 0.0375 ) ⎤

13

Nu = 1.86 ⎢ ⎥ = 11.9
⎣ 2 ⎦
Nuk (11.9 )( 0.074 Btu hrftR ) Btu
h= = =23.4
Di 0.0375ft hrft 2 R
1 1 ln ( 0.0417 0.0375 ) 1
= + +
UA ( 23.4 Btu hrft 2 R ) π ( 0.0375ft )( 2ft )( 625 ) 2π ( 9.4 Btu hrftR )( 625 )( 2ft ) ( 80 Btu hrft 2 R ) π ( 0.0417ft )( 2ft )( 625 )
1
= 0.000291 + 0.00000144 + 0.0000763
UA
UA = 2720 Btu hrR
2720 Btu hrR
NTU = = 0.144
( 313Btu minR )( 60s 1min )
Using Figure 13-8f, Cmixed Cunmixed = Cair Coil = 338 313 = 1.08 , ε ≈ 0.1.
Q = ( 0.1)( 56340 Btu min ) =5630 Btu min Answer

b) Using an energy balance on the oil and solving for the oil outlet
Q 5630 Btu min
temperature: TH ,out = TH ,in - =250 o F+ =232 o F Answer
mc p ( 602 lbm min )( 0.52 Btu lbmR )
c) With the addition of fouling, the overall heat transfer coefficient changes. Therefore,
1 R ′′ R ′′ 1 0.005 0.002 1
= i+ o+ = + +
U dirty A Ai Ao U clean A π ( 0.0375 )( 2 )( 675 ) π ( 0.0417 )( 2 )( 675 ) 2720
U dirty A = 2410 Btu hrR
2410
NTU = = 0.128
( 313)( 60 )
From the figure, ε ≈ 0.1 , which is about the same as before, so both the heat transfer rate and the outlet
temperature would be about the same. However, in reality, they both would be slightly lower, but because the
reading of the accuracy of the figure, we cannot determine how much lower with any accuracy.

Comments:
Because the overall heat transfer coefficient is low, adding fouling did not have much affect on the heat transfer
rate. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is large, fouling can have a significant detrimental effect on the heat
transfer in a heat exchanger.

13- 86
13-62 A steam condenser is constructed of 100 brass tubes, each 1.25-in. outside diameter, 1.0-in. inside
diameter, and 8-ft long. Water enters the tubes at 60 °F with a total flow rate of 800 gal/min. Saturated
steam at 5 psia is condensed on the shell side of the heat exchanger and has a heat transfer coefficient of
1250 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in Btu/hr)
b. the outlet temperature of the water (in °F).

Approach:
We are given the geometry, and we want to find the
heat transfer rate , so this is a rating problem, and the
preferred approach is the ε-NTU method. We need to
calculate the water side heat transfer coefficient, so
that the overall heat transfer coefficient can be
evaluated.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water side flow is fully developed.
3. The system is steady, with negligible potential and
kinetic energy effects, no work, and ideal liquid
with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the ε-NTU method is:
Q = ε Qmax = ε ( mc p )min (TH ,in − TC ,in )

Because of the condensing steam (constant temperature), ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU ) and Cmin = ( mc p ) water . We need to
evaluate NTU = UA Cmin .
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient with no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1 or fouling
( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the thermal conductivity of brass from Appendix B-2 is k = 63.6 Btu/hrftR:
1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + +
UA hi Ai 2π kNL ho Ao
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for one tube with properties
evaluated at its average temperature. We estimate the liquid water outlet temperature to be 120 ºF, and
Tavg = ( 60 + 120 ) 2 = 90 o F , so that from Appendix B-6 cp = 1.00 Btu/lbmR, ρ = 62.1 lbm/ft3, µ = 51.4 ×10-5
lbm/fts; k = 0.359 Btu/hrftR; Pr = 5.13. Also, from Appendix B-11 at 5 psia, Tsat = 162.21 ºF
ρ VD m m 4m 4 ρV
Re = → V = = → Re = =
µ N ρ Ai N ρ (π 4 ) Di2 Nπµ Di Nπµ Di
4 ( 62.1lbm ft 3 ) ( 800 gal min ) ( 0.1337 ft 3 gal ) (1min 60s )
Re = = 32,920
(100 ) π ( 51.5×10-5 lbm fts ) ( 0.0833ft )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 32920 ) ( 5.13)
0.8 0.4
= 182
Nuk (182 )( 0.359 Btu hrftR ) Btu
hi = = =784
Di 0.0833ft hrft 2 R
1 1 hrR
= = 6.09 × 10−6
hi Ai ( 784 Btu hrft R ) (100 ) π ( 0.0833ft )( 8ft )
2
Btu
The wall resistance is:
ln ( Do Di ) ln ( 0.1042 0.0833) hrR
= = 7.00 × 10−7
2π kNL 2π ( 63.6 Btu hrftR )(100 )( 8ft ) Btu
The condensing steam resistance is:

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 1 1 hrR
= = 3.055 × 10−6
ho Ao (1250 Btu hrft 2 R ) (100 ) π ( 0.1042ft )( 8ft ) Btu
The overall heat transfer coefficient-area product is:
UA = ( 6.09 × 10−6 + 7.00 × 10−7 + 3.055 × 10 −6 ) Btu hrR = 101,500 Btu hrR
−1

The heat capacity rate is:

Cmin = ( 62.1lbm ft 3 ) ( 800 gal min ) ( 0.1337 ft 3 gal ) ( 60min 1hr )(1.00 Btu lbmR ) = 3.99 ×105 Btu hrR
UA 101,500 Btu hrR
NTU = = =0.255
Cmin 3.99 × 105 Btu hrR
ε = 1 − exp ( −0.255 ) = 0.225
Q = ( 0.225 ) ( 3.99 × 105 Btu hrR ) (162.21-60 ) F=9.16 × 106 Btu hr
o
Answer
Using an energy balance on the water, assuming steady, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, no
work, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat, and solving for the water outlet temperature:
Q 9.16 × 106 Btu hr
TC ,out = TC ,in + =60 o F+ =83.0 o F Answer
Cmin 3.99 × 105 Btu hr R

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13-63 The condenser tubes described in Problem P 13-62 are retrofitted with annular exterior fins. The brass fins
are 0.25-in. long, 0.125-in. thick, and spaced 0.375-in apart. All other dimensions remain the same, as does
the heat transfer coefficients on both sides. Determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in Btu/hr)
b. the outlet temperature of the water (in °F).

Approach:
The addition of fins to the tubes in Problem P13-62
changes the overall heat transfer coefficient. We use Eq.
13-3 to determine it. The fin efficiency must be
determined.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Fouling is negligible.

Solution:
Following the solution of Problem P13-62, we use Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient,
but now incorporate the overall surface efficiency on the outside surface:
1 1 ln ( Do Di ) 1
= + +
UA hi Ai 2π kWN ηo, o ho Atot
The thermal conductivity of brass from Appendix B-2 is 63.6 Btu/hrftR, and the wall resistance is the same:
ln ( Do Di ) ln ( 0.1042 0.0833) hrR
= =7.003×10-7
2π kWN 2π ( 63.6 Btu hrftR )( 8ft )(100 ) Btu
The inside thermal resistance is the same:
1 1 hrR
= = 6.091× 10−6
hi Ai ( 784 Btu hrft R ) (100 ) π ( 0.0833ft )( 8ft )
2
Btu
With annular fins on the outside, we can determine the fin efficiency using Figure 11-18 and the overall
surface efficiency with Eq. 11-94: ηo ,o = 1 − ( NAf Atot )(1 − η f ) . The total area requires the number of fins, N, over
the total length W:
W −S 8ft-0.0313ft
W = N (S + t) + S → N= = = 191.2 tubes
S +t 0.0313ft+0.0104ft
Therefore, we use N = 191 (an integer number of fins).
The total area will take into account the tip area by using the corrected length, so we need the corrected
radius:
r2 c = r2 + t 2 = 0.0729ft+ 0.0104ft 2 =0.0781ft
Area of one fin Afin = 2π ( r22c − r12 ) = 2π ( 0.07812 − 0.05212 ) = 0.0213ft 2 fin
Total area: Atot = 2π r1 (W − Nt ) + NAf = 2π ( 0.0521ft ) ⎡⎣8ft- (191)( 0.0104ft ) ⎤⎦ + (191) ( 0.0213ft 2 ) = 6.031ft 2
Now for the parameters in Fig. 11-18:
r2 c r1 = 0.0781 0.0521 = 1.5
L* = L + t 2 = 0.0208ft+ 0.0104ft 2 =0.026ft
Ap = L * t = ( 0.026ft )( 0.0104ft ) =0.00027ft 2
12 12
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 1250 Btu hrft 2 R ⎞
= ( 0.026ft ) ⎜
32
L ⎜32
⎟ ⎟ = 1.13
c⎜ kA ⎟
⎝ p⎠ ⎜ ( 63.6 Btu hrftR ) ( 0.00027ft ) ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
From Figure 11-18 ηf ≈ 0.57.
(191) ( 0.0213ft 2 )
Overall surface efficiency: ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.57 ) = 0.71
6.013ft 2

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The finned side resistance is:
1 1 hrR
= =1.868 × 10-6
ηo ,o ho Atot ( 0.71) (1250 Btu hrft 2 R )( 6.013ft 2 ) (100 ) Btu
The overall heat transfer coefficient/area product is:
−1
⎡ hrR hrR hrR ⎤ Btu
UA = ⎢ 6.091× 10 −6 +7.003 × 10−7 + 1.868 × 10 −6 ⎥ = 115, 000
⎣ Btu Btu Btu ⎦ hrR
UA 115, 000 Btu hrR
NTU = = =0.290
Cmin Btu hrR
ε = 1 − exp ( −0.290 ) = 0.251
Q = ε Qmax = ( 0.251) ( 3.99 × 105 ) (162.21-60 ) =10.24 × 106 Btu hr Answer
Q 10.24 × 106 Btu hr
TC ,out = TC ,in + = 60 o F+ =85.7 o F Answer
mw c p , w 3.99 × 105 Btu hr R

13- 90