‫‪1‬‬

‫برنامج‬
‫مهندس ممارس للتنمية المستدامة‬
‫دكتور استشاري شادي نبيل حليم‬

‫‪Dr.Shady Nabil Halim‬‬ ‫‪5/29/2024‬‬

 ENERGY MIX AND SUSTAINABILIY

BY

SHADY NABIL HALIM ,Ph D

TECHNICAL QUALITY A GENEAL MANAGER
PETROLEOUM & ENVIRONMENT CONSALTANT

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim ‫مزيــــــــــج الطــــــاقة واالســـــــتــدامة‬ 5/29/2024

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COURSE OUTLINES
i. INTRODUCTION.
ii.AIR POLLUTION.
iii.CLIMATE CHANGE.
iv.Global Clean Energy .
v.NATURAL GAS & LNG.
vi.GREEN HYDROGEN.
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INTRODUCTION

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 I.INTRODUCTION 5

1-What does Sustainability mean?

➢“The ability to meet today’s global economic,

environmental and social needs without
compromising the opportunity for future
generations to meet theirs.”-Brundtland
Commission, 1987
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 I.INTRODUCTION 6

1-What does Sustainability mean?

The definition of sustainability has always been discussed by experts.

❖In 1972, definitions stressed restrictions on ecological systems, carrying out functions such as
absorption and recycling of waste of anthropogenic activities, with the concomitant problems of
improving social, educational, health, and employment.

❖In 1987, sustainable development was defined as “development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

❖In 2019, it was defined as satisfying the needs of current and future
generations, depending on appropriate circumstances of human,
natural, and economic capital to provide for human welfare.
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I.INTRODUCTION

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 I.INTRODUCTION 8

2-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

❑Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

❑Goal2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.

❑Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.

❑Goal 4:Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.

❑Goal 5:Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
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 I.INTRODUCTION 9

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

❑Goal 6:Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
❑Goal 7:Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
❑Goal 8:Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.
❑Goal 9:Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and foster innovation.
❑Goal 10:Reduce inequality within and among countries.
❑Goal 11:Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
❑Goal 12:Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
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❑Goal 13:Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
 I.INTRODUCTION 10

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

❑Goal 14:Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development.
❑Goal 15:Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
❑Goal 16:Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
❑Goal 17:Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership
for Sustainable Development.
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 I.INTRODUCTION

17 SDGS GOALS

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 I.INTRODUCTION
12

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 I.INTRODUCTION 13

POWER-TO-X

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 I.INTRODUCTION 14

ROADMAP TOWARDS NET ZERO EMISSIONS

GOVERNMENT

NET ZERO

ACADMIA INDUSTRY
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AIR POLLUTION

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II.AIR POLLUTION

❑AIR POLLUTION is now considered to be the world’s

largest environmental health threat, accounting for seven
million deaths around the world every year.
❑ AIR POLLUTION causes and aggravates many diseases,
ranging from asthma to cancer, lung illnesses and heart
disease.
❑The estimated daily economic cost of air pollution has
been figured at $8 billion (USD), or 3 to 4% of the gross
world product.
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❑Emissions of pollutants into the air can result in changes to the climate.

❑Ozone in the atmosphere warms the climate, while different components

of particulate matter (PM) can have either warming or cooling effects on
the climate.

For example, black carbon, a particulate pollutant from combustion,

contributes to the warming of the Earth, while particulate sulfates cool the
earth's atmosphere.
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❑ Air pollution affects those that are most

vulnerable the most. It is estimated that in
2021, the deaths of 40,000 children under
the age of five were directly linked to
PM2.5 air pollution.
❑ And in this age of COVID-19,
researchers have found that exposure to
PM2.5 increases both the risk of
contracting the virus and of suffering
more severe symptoms when infected,
including death.
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❑In September 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO)

released a timely and ambitious update to its global air quality
guidelines, 15 years after the last update released in 2006.

❑ Acknowledging the significant impact of air pollution

on global health, the WHO cut the recommended
annual PM2.5 concentration by half, from 10 µg/m3
down to 5 µg/m3 , with the ultimate goal of preventing
millions of deaths.
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❑The worldwide evidence on airborne

particulate matter and its public health
impact consistently shows adverse
effects to exposures that are currently
experienced by urban populations in
both developed and developing
countries. The epidemiological evidence
shows impacts following both short‐term
and long‐term exposures .

❑ The range of health effects is broad but predominantly relates to the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems. The entire population is affected, but susceptibility to pollution
may vary
Dr.Shady with health or age .
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❑Particulate matter (PM)

and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
the major air pollutants in
urban environments.
❑ Small particles pose the greatest risk to human
health. While the nose can filter most coarse
particles ,fine and ultrafine particles are inhaled
deeper into the lungs where they can be
deposited or even pass into bloodstream.

Particulate
matter
Polycyclic
aromatic
N-alkanes
hydrocarbons

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II.AIR POLLUTION

➢In 2005
released an estimate that two million premature deaths per
year can be attributed to air pollution and issued stricter
worldwide guidelines.

➢In 2014* air pollution accounts for seven million deaths around
the world every year.
*World Health Organization. (2014). Burden of disease from the joint effects of household and ambient air
pollution for 2012. https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/AP_joint_effect_BoD_results_May2018.pdf
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 II.AIR POLLUTION
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2021 global map color coded by annual average PM2.5 concentration

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 II.AIR POLLUTION
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❑ A CARBON FOOTPRINT (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated

value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount
of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to
the atmosphere.
❑ Carbon footprints are usually reported in tones of emissions (CO2-
equivalent) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example tones
CO2-eq per year, per kilogram of protein for consumption, per kilometer
travelled, per piece of clothing and so forth.
❑ A product's carbon footprint includes the emissions for the entire life cycle.
These run from the production along the supply chain to its final
consumption and disposal.
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❖ A formal definition of carbon

footprint is as follows: "A measure of
the total amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions of
a defined population, system or activity,
considering all relevant sources, sinks
and storage within the spatial and
temporal boundary of the population,
system or activity of interest. Calculated
as carbon dioxide equivalent using the
relevant 100-year global warming
potential (GWP100).

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III. CLIMATE CHANGE

❑One of the essential global

phenomena that affect the
quality of human life,
economy and welfare in
recent years is the climatic
changes.
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III. CLIMATECLIMATE
CHANGECHANGE
❑ Climate change occurs when changes in the Earth's climate system lead to
the emergence of new climate patterns that persist for a long period of time,
and this period of time may be as short as several decades or even millions of
years.
❑ Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during the Earth's
geological history, and more recently, since the Industrial Revolution,
climate is increasingly affected by human activities that lead to global
warming, so it is common to use the two terms as synonyms in this context.
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III. CLIMATE CHANGE

What is the United Nations Conference on Climate Change?

❑ It is an annual summit attended by 197 countries to discuss

climate change, and what these countries are doing, to
address this problem.
❑ The conference is part of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an
international treaty signed by most countries of the world
with the aim of reducing the impact of human activity on
climate.
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III. CLIMATE CHANGE

❑ These conferences have been organized by the United
Nations as a global summit since the adoption of the Kyoto
Protocol in 1997 and the convening of the first global
climate conference in Geneva, Switzerland, while the first
negotiations to strengthen the response to climate change
began in Berlin in 1995.
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III. CLIMATECLIMATE
CHANGECHANGE
❑ Since that year, 21 conferences have been held, the most
important of which is the Copenhagen Climate Change
Conference 2009, during which the common goal of
limiting global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius
was approved.
❑ without signing any new international agreement.
Developed countries have also committed to mobilizing
$100 billion annually by 2020 for developing countries to
deal with climate change.
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III. CLIMATECLIMATE
CHANGECHANGE
❑ 2011: Durban Conference
COP17 held in 2011 in Durban. The Durban Platform was mandated to reach a
legal agreement. Its adoption was expected in 2015 (the Paris Agreement) and its
implementation, starting in 2020, and the Cancun Accords were drafted and
approved at COP 16.
She stressed the need to reduce emissions so that the increase in global

temperatures does not exceed two degrees Celsius. The Green Climate
Fund was established in 2010.
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III. CLIMATECLIMATE
CHANGECHANGE
❖ 2014: Lima Conference:The 2014 UN Climate Change Conference,
organized in Lima on the sidelines of the General Assembly, aimed to start announcing
pledges from Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) countries to reduce
greenhouse gases before COP21, concluded with the Lima Declaration of Climate
Action and a careful framing of the NDCs that each country must communicate in
preparation for the Paris Agreement.

❖ 2015: Paris Conference: The Paris Conference of December 2015, which

produced the Paris Agreement and was signed in New York on April 22, 2016.

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WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?

❑ Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed since the
pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities,
primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas
levels in Earth’s atmosphere. This term is not interchangeable with the term
"climate change."
❑ Since the pre-industrial period, human activities are estimated to have
increased Earth’s global average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius (1.8
degrees Fahrenheit), a number that is currently increasing by more than
0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) per decade.
❑ The current warming trend is unequivocally the result of human activity since
the 1950s and is proceeding at an unprecedented rate over millennia.
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WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?

This graph illustrates the change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980 average temperatures, with the year 2020
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statistically tying with 2016 for hottest on record (Source: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies).
 III. CLIMATE CHANGE
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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE
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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE
III. Climate change39

❖This phenomenon is due to the gradual increase of

long-lived, greenhouse gases molecules:
➢ 1-CO2
➢ 2-CH4
➢ 3-NO
➢ 4-O3
➢ 5-Water vapor H2O
➢ 6-The chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in the atmosphere, due to the
high rates of growth of energy generation, human overconsumption, and
industrial development, in most countries.

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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE
40

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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE
❑ The atmosphere currently contains more than 400 parts
per million of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas,
Change in the compared to the 275 parts per million that existed in the
proportion of gases atmosphere before the Industrial Revolution.
in the atmosphere ❑ The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
about 30% higher than it was before the Industrial
Revolution.
❑ Its absorption rate of infrared radiation is 55%.

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 II. CLIMATE CHANGE
❑The concentration of methane has increased to
double its concentration before the Industrial
Revolution. It is produced in coal mines, when
producing natural gas and when disposing of
Change in the garbage, and its absorption rate of infrared radiation
is 15%.
proportion of gases
❑CFC is increasing by 4% per year from current
in the atmosphere levels. Infrared absorption rate 24%.
❑Nitrous oxide is about 18% higher than its pre-
industrial concentration (according to the latest
World Meteorological Organization press releases).
It is formed by agricultural fertilizers and nylon
products, the absorption rate of infrared radiation is
6%.
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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE

43

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44

❑ These so-called
greenhouse gases allow the
solar radiation in the visible,
to reach the earth’s surface
but do not allow the
longwave emitted radiation
from the warmed earth’s
surface, in the infrared, to

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escape to space. 5/29/2024
 III. CLIMATE CHANGE 45

Expected phenomena as a result of global warming

1. Melting ice will lead to sea level rise.

2. Low-lying islands and coastal cities drowned.
3. Increased flooding.
4. The occurrence of droughts and desertification of large areas of land.
5. Increase the number and intensity of storms and hurricanes.
6. The spread of infectious diseases in the world.
7. The extinction of many living organisms.
8. The occurrence of agricultural disasters and the loss of some crops.
9. Increased likelihood of extreme weather events.
10.Increased forest fires.

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III. CLIMATE CHANGE
46

❑ This imbalance of radiation reflectance is causing the

observed increase in the average global temperature.
❑ Almost all of these gases are gradually increasing in
the atmosphere, except for CFC, which are controlled
by Montreal Protocol.

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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE
47

❑In particular, CO2 has increased dramatically

from 380 ppm in 2006 to over 400 ppm in 2018 (Fig.
1.1 top). Figure 1 also illustrates the change in
global surface temperature relative to 1951–1980
average temperatures.
❑Seventeen of the 18 warmest years in the 136-year
record all have occurred since 2001, except for of
1998 (NASA 2011).
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 III. CLIMATE CHANGE 48

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Fig. 1 Top: Monthly CO2 concentration since 2005 (average seasonal cycle removed).
Bottom: Global land-ocean temperature anomaly since 1880 (NASA 2011) 5/29/2024
 III. CLIMATE CHANGE 49

❑ So far, the average global temperature increase did not exceed 0.85 Degree Celsius over the past 100 years (IPCC-AR4
2014a). The observed increase in temperature is associated with an increase in sea level due to the melting of the polar
caps. The accelerated temperature is also associated with a correspondingly accelerated sea level rise. The
phenomenon is evident in the accelerated temperature over the past 15 years and the corresponding acceleration in the
rate of sea level rise (Fig. 2 a, b).

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Fig. 2 a Global representation of a temperature acceleration (Solomon et al. 2007) and b global mean
5/29/2024
sea level from satellite altimetry (Nerem 2016)
 III. CLIMATE CHANGE 50

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON ALEXANDRIA DUE TO SEA LEVEL RISE

❑Several studies conducting regarding the vulnerability of Alexandria

Governorate , indicated that an event of a rise of half a meter, it is
expected that 30% of the city will be inundated, which will lead to
displacement of nearly 1.5 million people or more ,195,000 jobs will
be lost, and land and property loses estimated to be $ 30 trillion.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 51

❑Global clean Energy deployment scaled new heights in 2023, with annual additions of
solar PV and wind growing 85% and 60% respectively.
❑ Capacity additions for these two technologies reached almost 540 GW, with China
accounting for the majority of both.
❑ Clean energy deployment in 2023, however, remained too concentrated in advanced
economies and China, with the rest of the world continuing to lag well behind.
❑ In 2023, China and advanced economies accounted for 90% of capacity additions for wind
and solar PV, and more than 95% of global sales of electric cars.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 52

❑ Electric car sales grew around 35% in 2023, reaching 14

million vehicles or one-in-five sales globally. China again
led the way, with one-in-three cars sold being electric, while
in the European Union it was one-in-four.
❑By contrast, heat pump sales globally saw a marginal
decline from the record levels of 2022, as squeezed
consumers avoided spending on big ticket items and
concerns around high gas prices eased somewhat. The
slowdown of heat pump sales highlights the importance
of supportive policies to help cash-strapped consumers
and reduce the gap between electricity and gas prices.
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 Global Clean Energy
53

IV.

❑Hydrogen electrolyzer capacity

additions grew by 360% in 2023, but from

a very low base. This increase was due
largely to China, as the European Union
ceded its leading position. The United
States also increased the speed of
deployment, but annual additions remained
modest in absolute terms.
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 IV. GLOBAL CLEAN ENERGY 54

❑ The deployment of five key clean energy

technologies – solar PV, wind power, nuclear power,
electric cars and heat pumps – from 2019 to 2023
avoids annual fossil fuel energy demand of around

25 EJ. This is equivalent to 5% of total global fossil

fuel demand in all sectors in 2023, or almost the
combined total energy demand of Japan and Korea
from all sources last year.
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 IV. Global Clean Energy 55

❑ The deployment of wind

❑ Avoided demand for and solar PV provides
natural gas is around 180 the largest share of this ❑ The avoided gas
bcm annually on an avoided natural gas demand is more than the
energy equivalent basis. demand (155 bcm), pre-invasion pipeline
This is nearly two times although heat pump exports of natural gas
more than the actual
deployment also avoids from Russia to the
increase in global annual
around 15 bcm of European Union, which
natural gas demand of
annual demand and
around 100 bcm from were around 150 bcm in
nuclear power also
2019 to 2023. 2021
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contributes.
 IV. Global Clean Energy 56

❑The deployment of solar

❑ At the global level, the
❑Avoided demand for oil PV, wind power, nuclear deployment of solar PV over
amounts to almost 1 mb/d power, electric cars, and the last five years avoids
in energy equivalent heat pumps from 2019 to around 1.1 Gt of emissions
terms. Without this, oil 2023 avoids around 2.2 annually, equivalent to the
annual emissions of Japan’s
demand would have risen billion tonnes (Gt) of
entire energy sector.
above the pre-pandemic emissions annually. ❑ In some markets the impact is
level instead of hovering Without them, the even more significant. In
still slightly below it in increase in CO2 emissions Australia and New Zealand,
2023 on an energy globally over the same deployment of solar PV over
the last five years avoids
equivalent basis. period would have been
annually an amount of CO2
❑Electric cars provided the more than three times equivalent to almost 10% of
majority of avoided oil larger. the region’s total annual
demand. emissions from energy in 2023.
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IV. Global Clean Energy

❑Avoided annual emissions from wind power amount to around

830 Mt of CO2; from nuclear 160 Mt CO2; from electric cars
and heat pumps 60 Mt and 50 Mt CO2 respectively.
❑Although the reductions from electric cars and heat pumps are
lower than the other technologies studied, they will increase in
coming years as stock turnover raises the share of these
technologies not just in annual new sales, but also in the much
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larger total stock of equipment in use.
 IV. Global Clean Energy 58

Global growth in clean energy and fossil fuels, 2019-2023

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 59

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 60

❑Growing global momentum is accelerating the energy transition. This was

recently evidenced by the UAE Consensus, delivered at COP28 on December
13, 2023, that called on Parties to implement several key steps:

i. Triple renewable energy capacity globally and

ii. Double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency

improvements by 2030;

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 61

iii. Accelerate efforts toward the phase-down of unabated coal power;

iv. Accelerate efforts globally toward net zero emission energy systems by utilizing
zero- and low-carbon fuels well before or around mid-century; and

v. Transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly, and equitable manner
and accelerate action in this critical decade to achieve net zero by 2050.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 62

RENEWABLES WILL MAKE UP THE BULK OF THE POWER MIX BY 2050

❑Renewables are expected to continue their rapid growth, driven in
part by their cost competitiveness—in many regions they are already
the lowest-cost option for incremental new-build power generation.
❑Renewable energy sources are expected to provide between 45 and
50 percent of global generation by 2030, and between 65 and 85
percent by 2050.
❑In all scenarios, solar is the biggest contributor of renewable energy,
followed by wind.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 63

RENEWABLES WILL MAKE UP THE BULK OF THE POWER MIX BY 2050

❑ The ramp-up of renewables could see emissions from power generation reduced by between 17 and 71 percent by 2050
compared to present levels, despite a doubling or even tripling of demand.

❑ However, the renewables build-out faces challenges, from supply-chain issues to slow permitting and grid build-out
implications.

❑ The uptake of nuclear and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies could lower the burden on the
renewables build-out, but depends on the political landscape and future cost development.

❑ Coal (without CCUS) is expected to be phased out gradually.

❑ Power generation from hydrogen-ready gas plants—which support grid stability—is likely to increase.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 65

FOSSIL FUEL DEMAND IS PROJECTED TO PEAK SOON, BUT THE OUTLOOK REMAINS UNCERTAIN
❑Total demand for fossil fuels is projected to peak by 2030 in
all scenarios. Although a sharp decline in coal demand is
expected under all scenarios, natural gas and oil are expected
to grow further in the next few years and then remain a core
part of the world’s energy mix for decades to come.
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 IV. Global Clean Energy 66

FOSSIL FUEL DEMAND IS PROJECTED TO PEAK SOON, BUT THE OUTLOOK REMAINS UNCERTAIN
❑Total natural gas demand to 2040 is projected to increase under most
scenarios, driven in large part by the balancing role that gas is expected to play
for renewables-based power generation until batteries are deployed at scale.

❑In the decade to 2050, the outlook for gas demand differs widely by scenario,
from a steady increase under slower transition scenarios to a steep decline under
scenarios in which renewables and electrification advance faster.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 67

FOSSIL FUEL DEMAND IS PROJECTED TO PEAK SOON, BUT THE OUTLOOK REMAINS UNCERTAIN
❑For oil, total demand is projected to continue growing for much of this decade and then to fall after
2030—but the extent of the decline differs significantly across scenarios.

❑In the Achieved Commitments scenario, oil demand almost halves by 2050, mainly driven by the
slowdown in car-parc growth, enhanced engine efficiency in road transport, and the continued
electrification of transport.

❑In the Fading Momentum scenario, oil demand would decline by just 3 percent over the same period;
this reflects much slower electrification of the global car parc and lower penetration of alternative fuels
in the aviation, maritime, and chemicals sectors as bottlenecks on materials and infrastructure limit
their growth.
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 IV. Global Clean Energy 68

MAJOR INVESTMENTS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR WILL BE NEEDED, BUT REMAIN STABLE AS A SHARE OF GDP
❑Despite the increasing regulatory push for decarbonization and a declining demand for fossil
fuels, between 25 and 40 percent of energy investments in 2040 will still be deployed in fossil fuels
and conventional power generation to meet demand, offset declines in existing production fields,
and balance the energy system.

❑There will be a gradual but continued shift of investment focus from fossil fuels to green
technologies and electric transmission and distribution. While accounting for only 20 percent of
total investments in 2015, power renewables and decarbonization technologies are projected to
make up between 40 and 50 percent of total investments by 2040.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 69

MAJOR INVESTMENTS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR WILL BE NEEDED , BUT REMAIN STABLE AS A SHARE OF GDP
❑Decarbonization technologies show the highest growth at between 6 and 11 percent per annum,
mainly driven by the strong uptake of EV charging infrastructure and CCUS, which together are
projected to account for the bulk of decarbonization investments by 2040.

❑In the more progressive scenarios, higher energy investments are mostly offset by lower total
operating expenditure for fuels like coal and gas due to the shift towards more capital expenditure-
intensive technologies like renewables.

❑Despite the absolute increase, energy investments as a share of GDP remain stable at between 1.2 and
2.2 percent across all years and scenarios.

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 IV. Global Clean Energy 70

ACHIEVING A SUCCESSFUL ENERGY TRANSITION WOULD REQUIRE A MAJOR COURSE CORRECTION TO

OVERCOME BOTTLENECKS AND REACH THE GOALS ALIGNED WITH THE PARIS AGREEMENT

❑To deliver on the steep climate commitments made globally, substantial pivots are
needed across industries and geographies. Even the more modest transition scenarios
require that multiple bottlenecks are overcome.
Potential bottlenecks include
i. land availability,
ii. energy infrastructure,
iii. manufacturing capacity,
iv. consumer affordability,
v. investment willingness, and
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 IV. Global Clean Energy 71

ENHANCING EGYPTIAN ENERGY MIX

❑The future energy strategy should be based on a

balanced energy mix of all sources of energy.

❑Innovation and investment into reducing the harmful
emissions from fossil fuels to make them cleaner.

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 72

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 73

IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG

❑In the 21st century, natural gas has emerged as one of the fastest growing sources of
primary energy and the fastest growing fossil fuel.

❑This trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future because the world’s natural

gas resource base has been transformed by the exploitation of unconventional gas.

❑Spearheaded by the unexpected boom in shale gas production in North America, this
game-changing development may spread elsewhere, significantly adding to global gas
supplies.

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 NL GN G 74

IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

❑In June 2011, the IEA released a report titled “Are We Entering a Golden Age
of Gas?” lauding the potential of unconventional gas.
❑The IEA concluded that “natural gas is poised to enter a golden age, but will do so only
if a significant proportion of the world’s vast resources of unconventional gas—shale
gas, tight gas, and coalbed methane—can be developed profitably and in an
environmentally acceptable manner.”
❑The report made the general public aware of what the energy industry had already
concluded: gas is not merely a bridge to a clean energy future; it is almost certainly an
integral part of it.
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IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

❑According to the IEA, natural gas is the only fossil fuel that will increase its share of
the global primary energy mix over time, a trend that is already under way in many
key markets.
❑ In the IEA base case, natural gas will increase from 21% of primary energy in 2010 to 25% by 2035.
❑ Although oil remains the largest component of primary energy, accounting for about 32% of total world energy demand in 2010, its share has
slipped from over 40% in the early 1980s, while the share of natural gas has increased from 19% to nearly 21% in the same time frame.
❑ Oil will maintain its top ranking through 2035, but its share will slide to 27%, only slightly ahead of natural gas. Coal will slip to third place,
dropping from 28% to 24% as natural gas displaces coal as the preferred fuel for power generation.

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 NATURAL GAS & LNG
76

IV.

Global primary energy sources. (Source: IEA, Poten & Partners.)

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IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

❑The IEA forecasts gas demand to grow by more than half, from 3.4 trillion cubic meters/year (Tcm/y)
2016 to 5 Tcm /y by 2040.

❑In the IEA’s view, such growth will primarily be driven by the power sector, which accounts for about
40% of incremental gas demand. Lower prices in some key markets, coupled with the advent of
competition in traditional gas and power markets, have promoted increased gas usage .

❑Advances in CCGT technology in particular have enhanced the economics of generating electricity
from gas, as lower capital costs and markedly higher operating efficiencies of CCGT plants, along with
lower emissions, have given natural gas a competitive edge over coal.

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IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

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 NL G N GAS 79

IV. IV.ATURAL
IQUIFIEDAS &ATURAL
LNG

❑100 years to appreciate the gas value.

❑1856 Oil Discovery for commercial use.
❑1930’s Peak shaving gas plants in UK & USA.
❑Early 1950’s huge gas reserves discovered in Algeria but no means
to export.

❑October 1956 Suez war lead to Suez Canal closure and Energy crisis.
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IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

❑Base Load Gas Liquefaction ( similar concept to Air

Liquefaction) was then considered as means of export
of gas.
❑Camel Plant (1964) in Algeria was the first LNG base
load plant in the world.
❑1967 & 1973 Middle East wars energy crisis had lead
to a boost in constructing gas liquefaction plants.
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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 81

❑ All fossil fuels—coal, crude oil, and natural gas—release pollutants into the atmosphere when
burned to provide energy.
❑ Natural gas—being composed predominantly of methane which combusts to carbon dioxide
and water—is considered the most environment-friendly fossil fuel.
❑ It is cleaner burning than coal or petroleum because it contains less carbon than some of its
fossil fuel cousins.
❑ Natural gas once cleaned also contains much less sulfur and nitrogen compounds than, say coal,
and when burned natural gas emits less ash (particulate matter) and soot into the air than coal or
petroleum fuels.
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IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

❑Natural gas is the third most used energy source in the United States

at 23% of the energy requirements, after crude oil and coal.

❑Industry consumers are, by far, the largest consumer of natural gas in

manufacturing goods, followed by utilities for electric power

generation, residential consumers for heating homes and cooking , and

then commercial users mainly for building heating .

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NL
IV.IV. IQUIFIED GN& LNG AS
ATURAL ASATURAL G

❑Industrial use of natural gas contribute to manufacturing a wide variety of

goods including plastics, fertilizers, photographic films, inks, synthetic
rubber, fibers, detergents, glues, methanol, ethers, insect repellents, and
much more. Natural gas is popularly used in electric power generation.

❑Natural gas burns cleaner and more efficiently than coal. It has less emission-
related problems than other popular fossil fuels.

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 IV. LIQUIFIED
NIV.ATURAL GAS N&ATURAL
LNG GAS
85

❑Thus, as with other fuels, natural gas also affects the

environment when it is produced, stored, and transported.

❑Because natural gas is made up mostly of methane (another

greenhouse gas), there is the potential for leaks of methane
into the atmosphere from wells, storage tanks, and pipelines.
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IV.IV. ATURAL & LNG AS

IQUIFIED ASATURAL

❑In addition, exploring and drilling for natural gas will always have some impact on
land and marine habitats but new technologies have greatly reduced the number and
size of areas disturbed by drilling (often referred to as environmental footprints).

❑Satellites, global positioning systems, remote sensing devices, and 3-D and 4-D
seismic technologies make it possible to discover natural gas reserves while drilling
fewer wells. Plus, use of horizontal drilling and directional drilling make it possible
for a single well to produce gas from much bigger areas of the reservoirs.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 87

EMISSIONS AND POLLUTION

❑Natural gas is an extremely important source of energy for reducing pollution and
maintaining a clean and healthy environment. In addition, natural gas offers an abundant and
secure source of energy in the world as well as a number of environmental benefits over other
sources of energy, particularly other fossil fuel In fact, the role that natural gas can play in the
future of global energy is inextricably linked to its ability to help address environmental
problems.

❑ With an increase in the concerns about air quality and climate change looming large, natural
gas offers many potential benefits if it is used to displace energy-producing fuels that cause
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024
more pollution.
 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 88

EMISSIONS AND POLLUTION

❑The flexibility that natural gas brings to an energy system can also make it a good fit for the
rise of variable renewable source of energy.

❑Natural gas burns more cleanly than other fossil fuels. It has fewer emissions of sulfur, carbon,
and nitrogen than coal or oil, and it has almost no ash particles left after burning. Being a clean
fuel is one reason that the use of natural gas, especially for electricity generation, has grown so
much and is expected to grow even more in the future.

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IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG

Egypt
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89
 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 90

❑HISTORY OF THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN EGYPT

1. Late 1960’s - Early discovery of Natural Gas.
2. 1970 -1st commercial product of Natural Gas (Abu-Madi).
3. 1980 - Start of Natural Gas distribution to end-users (Households).
4. 1983 - Establishment of Egypt Gas (1st Local Distribution
Company LDC).
5. Mid 80s - Start to develop the National Gas Grid.
6. 1995 - Establishment of Gastec and Car Gas (1st Compressed
Natural Gas CNG companies).
7. 1996 - Start of CNG activities.
8. 1997 - Establishment of Egyptian Natural Gas Company (GASCO).
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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 91

9. 2001 - Establishment of Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS).

10. 2003 -1st Pipeline Export project “Arab Gas pipeline ”.
11. 2004 –1st Liquified Natural Gas LNG Export Cargo from SEGAS-Damietta.
12. 2005 –1st Liquified Natural Gas LNG Export Cargo from ELNG-Idku.
13. 2015 -1st Floating Storage Re-gasification Unit (FSRU) terminal “Hoegh” 500
MMSCFD and 2nd FSRU terminal “BW” 750 MMSCFD.
14. 2015 – Discovery Zohr -1 with added reserve about 21.5 TSCF gas.
15. Dec. 2017 - Early product of Egypt’s giant discovery (Zohr).
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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 92

❑Egypt is a mature oil & gas producer having long history in Hydrocarbon Exploration &
Production for more than a century. However, the Mediterranean Sea, Nile Delta and North Sinai
are still underexplored basins with anticipated large volumes of hydrocarbon resources especially
within the Pre-Messinian deeper targets.

❑In the early sixties, exploration for gas was started in the Mediterranean, Nile Delta and Western
Desert with major activities leading to the discovery of an outstanding number of gas fields.

❑The first gas field (Abu Madi Field) was discovered onshore the northeastern portion of the Nile
Delta Cone in 1967. This was followed, in 1969, by the discovery of the Abu Qir gas field
offshore Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Alexandria city.
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❑The major Abu-Gharadig gas field was discovered in 1971 onshore the North Western Desert of
Egypt.

❑In 1975, Egypt started utilizing Natural Gas with the Abu Madi field put on production in 1978.

❑At the early 1980’s, EGPC started to introduce new gas articles to the (by then) current and new
concession agreements, in order to encourage prospecting for natural gas as well as for crude oil.

❑The discovered gas potential of these fields, by that time, encouraged the spread of exploration
activities onshore Nile Delta, offshore Mediterranean Sea (shallow water) and onshore Western
Desert.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 96

❑Recently, in 2015, the giant Zohr gas field was discovered by Eni through the drilling of the Zohr-1
well in the deep water of the Mediterranean Sea, some 160km to the NE of Port Said city.

❑The field was classified as the world’s largest gas find during that year as it was estimated to host
substantial in-place gas volumes of 30 Tcf.

❑It was also considered as a new play opener with first time in Egypt to encounter gas-bearing reservoir
in Cretaceous carbonate build-up.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 97

❑Total number of residential consumers connected with natural gas reached 11.15 million
consumers since commencing the activity in 1980 till June 2020.

❑During the fiscal year 2019/2020 number of residential consumers connected with natural
gas reached about 1070 thousand consumers including 188 thousand in Upper Egypt
governorates, (Gas connection rates were 50 thousand units annually during 80s and 90s).

❑Commercial consumers reached 1820 including 428 bakeries bringing total to 22437
commercial consumers till June 2020, (Including 8421 bakeries).

❑Industrial gas consumers reached 54 including 15 brick kilns bringing total number to 2585
Industrial consumers including 432 brick kilns till June 2020.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 99

Compressed Natural Gas "CNG"

1. Within the framework of achieving the national strategic goal to preserve the environment, the activity of

using Compressed Natural Gas in vehicles has expanded as environmental clean fuel, to reduce liquid fuel

imports by gradual replacement of natural gas for all vehicles, through the coordination between the Ministry

of Environment and local administrations all over the governorates.

2. Total converted vehicles reached 318260 since starting CNG activity till June 2020.

3. Converted vehicles during 2019/2020 reached 42292 vehicles. these vehicles were converted throughout 78

conversion centers, and they are being fuelled through 206 CNG stations, affiliated to 6 CNG companies.

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IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG

❑Local Gas Consumption
As for providing the needed energy for community development, a reflection of the increase
in the rate of economic growth, mirroring a rapid increase in consumption across all sectors
of the country. The strategy of Egyptian petroleum sector focuses on the local market demand
and gives it absolute priority. Total local consumption of natural gas in 2019/2020 reached
2106 BCF.
❑Natural Gas Consumption Sectors (2019/2020):
Electricity Sector
Electricity Sector is the largest gas consumer, where natural gas consumption reached 1273
BSCF (3478 MMSCFD) representing about 60 % of total local gas consumption.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 102

❑Industry Sector
❑Natural gas consumption by industry sector reached 479 BSCF (1309 MMSCFD)
representing about 23% of total local gas natural (Fertilizer 235 BSCF - Iron & Steel 58
BSCF - other industries, Refractories & Cement 186 BSCF).

❑Petroleum Sector
❑Natural gas consumption by petroleum sector (Petroleum & Petrochemical Companies –
Methanol & Gas derivatives) reached 234 BSCF (639 MMSCFD) representing 11% of total
local natural gas consumption.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 103

❑Residential Sector
❑Natural gas consumption by residential sector reached 99 BSCF (271 MMSCFD)
representing 5% of total local natural gas consumption.

❑CNG Sector
❑Natural gas consumption by CNG sector reached about 21 BSCF (57 MMSCFD)
representing 1% of total local natural gas consumption.

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 IV. NATURAL GAS & LNG 104

MID-STREAM COMPANIES:

1. Egyptian Natural Gas Company (GASCO)

2. United Gas Derivatives Company (UGDC)
3. Egyptian Bahraini Gas Derivatives Company (EBGDCO)
4. Egyptian LNG (ELNG)
5. Spanish Egyptian Gas Company (SEGAS)
6. East Gas Company (EGC)

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UPSTREAM

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DOWNSTREAM

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Present oil refineries

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Dr.Shady Nabil Halim FUTURE OIL REFINERIES 5/29/2024

 GREEN HGreen
YDROGEN
Hydrogen as a future sustainable Energy Source.

110

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Dr.Shady Nabil Halim
V.GREEN HYDROGEN
Green hydrogen: an alternative that reduces emissions and
cares for our planet

 Decarbonizing the planet is one of the goals that countries

around the world have set for 2050. To achieve this,
decarbonizing the production of an element like hydrogen,
giving rise to green hydrogen, is one of the keys as this is
currently responsible for more than 2 % of total global
CO2 emissions.
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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
➢ Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in nature. As noted by
the IEA, the global demand for hydrogen for use as a fuel has tripled since
1975 and reached 70 million tones a year in 2018.
➢ In addition, green hydrogen is a clean energy source that only emits water
vapor and leaves no residue in the air, unlike coal and oil.
 Hydrogen has a long-standing relationship with industry. This gas has been used to fuel
cars, airships and spaceships since the beginning of the 19th century. The decarburization
of the world economy, a process that cannot be postponed, will give hydrogen more
prominence. In addition, if its production costs fall by 50 % by 2030, as predicted by the
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 112

World Hydrogen Council, we will undoubtedly be looking at one of the fuels of the future.
V.GREEN HYDROGEN

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 V.GREEN HYDROGEN

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 114

V.GREEN HYDROGEN Sustainable Paths to Hydrogen
1 RENEWABLE ENERGY 3 4
2

HEAT

BIOMASS
MECHANICAL ENERGY

ELECTRICITY
CONVERSION
THERMOLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS
ELECTROLYSIS

HYDROGEN
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V.GREEN HYDROGEN

Classification Of Hydrogen
 BROWN HYDROGEN.
 GREY HYDROGEN.
 BLUE HYDROGEN.
 GREEN HYDROGEN.
 PINK HYDROGEN.

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 V.GREEN HYDROGEN

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
Brown and Grey Hydrogen Production

5/29/2024
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 118
V.GREEN HYDROGEN
Blue Hydrogen Production

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
Green Hydrogen Production

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
 Green Hydrogen is produced from electrolysis powered by electricity
generated from renewable sources, mainly hydro ,solar or wind generation.

 This means it does not emit any greenhouse gases, making it a remarkable
carbon-zero fuel source.

 Green Hydrogen is produced through water electrolysis ,where an electrical

current splits water into its components of Hydrogen and Oxygen.

 Due its eco-friendly production and its potential for powering heavy
industry and transport, many experts think Green Hydrogen will
become an increasingly significant energy source globally in the
next five to ten years.
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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
 Green hydrogen, generated from electrolysis powered by renewable
energy, has emerged in the past years as one of the promising
solutions to achieve a net-zero energy and industrial system.

 Amid notable controversies, green hydrogen is viewed by many

governments as a transformative force in their green industrialization
agenda, as it presents versatile solutions for various industrial end
users and applicable scenarios, ranging from energy storage to
transportation .I

 In the past decade, renewable energy generation, hydrogen, and fuel

cell technologies have all experienced significant progress regarding
their cost, efficiency, and reliability.

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
 For developing countries with abundant and exploitable renewable energy
sources, the green hydrogen solution provides an alternative pathway
towards a low-carbon energy landscape and development trajectory.

 As a result, an increasing number of countries in the Global South have

announced ambitious strategies for developing green hydrogen capacities.

 It is noted that Middle East and North African (MENA) and sub-Saharan
African (SSA) regions in particular, including countries like Morocco, Oman,
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Kenya, and Egypt, to name but a few, have
exhibited tremendous enthusiasm in piloting green hydrogen activities,
given the unparalleled renewable energy potential in these regions.

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
TECHNOLOGY (1/3): RENEWABLE POWER TO POWER/ HYDROGEN
NEW H2 technology converts power from renewable energies (solar, wind, hydro) into
hydrogen, stores and transports it in LOHC and releases it for power generation (via Fuel
Cell) of for direct use in industry and/or mobility sectors

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
TECHNOLOGY (2/3): WASTE TO POWER/ HYDROGEN
H2 technology converts organic waste, including plastic waste into hydrogen, stores
and transports it in LOHC and releases it for power generation (via Fuel Cell) of for
direct use in industry and/or mobility sectors

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
According to World bank, the world generates 2

billion tons of municipal solid waste annually ,

with at least 33 percent of that – extremely

conservatively - not managed in an environmentally

safe manner.

H2 technology provides a solution to contribute

towards managing this increasingly important

problem and to convert waste into clean hydrogen.

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
TECHNOLOGY
GENERATING (2/3 CONT.):
HYDROGEN FROM WASTE TO POWER/
ORGANIC without releasing any emissions into the
WASTE HYDROGEN
atmosphere
 A Waste-to-Hydrogen plant uses a HYDROGEN THERMOLYSIS process, converting plastic and other organic
waste at high temperature in the absence of oxygen into hydrogen and CO2.
 The process is a two-stage process comprising of a steam reforming, followed by a water gas reaction and a membrane
separation of H2 and CO2.
 At the end of the process only CO2 (100% captured) and H2 (ideally stored safely in LOHC) remain.
 These products can be sold to domestic or international off-takers and/or can be processed to synthetic fuels (e Diesel
or Sustainable Aviation Fuel): CO2-emission free energy!

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
TECHNOLOGY (3/3): FLARING GAS TO HYDROGEN/ POWER
 H2 technology Flaring-to-Hydrogen plant converts environmentally harmful
gases right at or near the site of flaring to create clean hydrogen and solid
carbon. The clean hydrogen can be bound in LOHC and the solid carbon be
shipped, globally, using 20” ISO container tanks. The technology will be built in
20” or 40” ISO containers and can be produced in semi serial production

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN

❑ 141,377 million m³/a flaring worldwide regarding

World bank emitting 377 million tons CO2/a
Detailed view on H2-Industries Flaring-to-Hydrogen
installation on an oil rig, consisting of pyrolysis
reactors, LOHC tanks for hydrogen and solid carbon
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim containers (simulation). 5/29/2024 129
V.GREEN HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORT FOR ALL OUR SOLUTIONS: LOHC

 All our H2-Industries product solutions to

involving clean hydrogen generated from
different sources and releasing it at the point of
use either as hydrogen (molecules) or as
electrical power (electrons), use LOHC (Liquid
Organic Hydrogen Carrier) for storage and
transportation of hydrogen gas, currently the
most simple, safe and effective way to store,
transport and release large quantities of
hydrogen or electricity in an environmentally
friendly, harmless way.
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V.GREEN HYDROGEN

 LOHC technology from H2-Industries can help facilitate the energy

transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy beyond just
transporting hydrogen to its off-taker. Specifically, it can make
renewable energy baseload capable, which means it provides
enough power to the grid so that grid energy stays stable and
continuous, or it provides clean electrical power to off-grid users.

H2-Industries STORE & RELEASE units for storing and releasing hydrogen from its carrier LOHC for
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim
usage as pure hydrogen or electrical Power 5/29/2024 131
V.GREEN HYDROGEN
INNOVATION BASED ON INHOUSE R&D
OUTLOOK: FUTURE H2-INDUSTRIES EMISSION-FREE SHIPPING WITH LOHC

Ocean Cleaner: Waste-to Hydrogen ship

collecting plastic waste on oceans and
converting it on board into hydrogen and
capturedCO2. (Concept design in cooperation with
TECHNOLOG)

First Emission-free LOHC Superyacht 29m/95ft in

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024
Construction132
V.GREEN HYDROGEN

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
➢ ONE OF THE IMPORTANT TAKEAWAYS FROM THE
COP26 WAS THAT IN ORDER TO GET TO NET-ZERO
IT IS NECESSARY TO FOCUS ON CLEAN HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION, TRANSPORTATION AND
DISTRIBUTION

➢ THE GLOBAL GREEN HYDROGEN MARKET WAS

US$0.58 BILLION IN 2020 AND IS EXPECTED TO
SURPASS AROUND US$ 89.18 BILLION BY 2030

➢ GREEN HYDROGEN BASED ECONOMY CAN BE A

GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR MANY INDUSTRIAL,
BUT ALSO EMERGING AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES TO DECARBONIZE THEIR MULTIPLE
SECTORS INCLUDING TRANSPORTATION,
SHIPPING, ENERGY, AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim

5/29/2024 134
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 135
V.GREEN HYDROGEN

 Egypt is one of the fastest-growing economies in the

region, the country is trying to be a friendly eco-system
for investors worldwide to innovate and base their
technologies.
 Egypt manages to achieve all of the announced green
energy and sustainable plans and be able to join the
MENA countries committed to Net-Zero including UAE,
Saudi Arabia, and Oman.

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN

Source: ourworldindata.com

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V.GREEN HYDROGEN
 Egypt plans have been declared to increase the share of renewables by 20 percent
in 2022 and 42 percent by 2035. Besides already existing mega projects like
Benban solar park and Zafarana wind farm, the Egyptian Solar Plan aims to add
3.5GW of solar energy by 2027, while the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable
Energy has signed various memoranda of understanding worth $500 million for
solar and wind projects, and large spaces have been reserved for wind energy
projects.

 Recently, Egypt launched the national climate change strategy 2050 for which the
country is seeking to attract $324 billion in international funding to implement.
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 138
V.GREEN HYDROGEN
❑ Egypt is actively pursuing short-term goals in the hydrogen industry up to
2030, focusing on supporting and incentivizing renewable energy projects
for electricity generation.

❑ This includes facilitating entrepreneurs to expand renewable energy

capacities and reducing investment costs for electrolyzer production
through grants and soft loans.

❑ Additionally, Egypt aims to secure financial support from potential

importers for electrolyzer manufacturing and infrastructure projects.

❑ The country is establishing a comprehensive financing platform for green

hydrogen initiatives and providing financial incentives to both consumers
and producers to promote the adoption of greener technologies
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 139
V.GREEN HYDROGEN

Egypt unveiled its national low-carbon hydrogen

strategic framework during COP27 in November 2022,

signaling its ambitions to spearhead the supply of
hydrogen and its derivatives. With aspirations to
become a prominent hub for low-carbon hydrogen,
Egypt aims to achieve an export capacity of 12.5
million tones of green hydrogen by 2035, positioning
itself competitively in the global hydrogen market.
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 140
V.GREEN HYDROGEN

With a dedicated focus on carbon emission reduction and the promotion of

renewable and alternative energy sources, Egypt is strategically advancing
its National Climate Strategy 2050, aiming to integrate green hydrogen into
its energy landscape. As part of this comprehensive strategy, Egypt’s
ambition is to lead in global green hydrogen production, targeting a cost of
$1.7 per kilogram by 2050 and capturing 8 percent of the global hydrogen
market share. These ambitious goals underscore Egypt’s commitment to
becoming a prominent player in the rapidly evolving hydrogen industry
worldwide
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 141
 V.GREEN HYDROGEN

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 142

V.GREEN HYDROGEN

project
development
pipeline for Waste-
to-Hydrogen plants
USA
Saudi Arabia
Algeria
Uganda
Egypt
Tanzania
South Africa
Oman
Chile
Gambia
Italy
UAE
India …
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 143
QUIZ

Q1: Main advantages of decarbonization and electrification of the

economy are -------------------------

i. Boost energy efficiency.

ii. Improve air quality.
iii. Reduces dependence on oil and gas
iv. All of the above.

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 144

QUIZ

Q2: The following definition is Right or wrong

“A CARBON FOOTPRINT (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a
calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the
total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product,
company or country adds to the atmosphere.

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 145

QUIZ

Q3:“The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 2009,

during which the common goal of limiting global warming to
less than ----------- degrees Celsius was approved.
i. 4.
ii. 2.
iii. 1.
iv. 3.

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 146

QUIZ

Q3:“Natural gas being composed predominantly

of ------------------ which combusts to carbon
dioxide and water is considered the most
environment-friendly fossil fuel.

i. Ethane.
ii. Methane.
iii. Butane.
iv. All of the above.

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 147

QUIZ

Q4:“Green Hydrogen is produced from electrolysis

powered by electricity generated from renewable
sources, mainly -----------------------.

i. hydro.
ii. solar.
iii. wind generation.
iv. All of the above.
Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 148
QUIZ

Q4:“Egypt unveiled its national low-carbon

hydrogen strategic framework during ----------
i. COP 26.
ii. COP 27.
iii. COP 28.
iv. All of the above.

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024 149

Dr.Shady Nabil Halim 5/29/2024
150