Digital Cellular Transmission

Digital Modulation for Mobile Radio

Modulation:

• Modulation is process of encoding information from a message

Source in a manner suitable for transmission.
• Generally the base band message signal (source-modulating signal)
translated into bandbass signal (modulated signal) at high
frequencies compared to base band frequency.
• Types of Analog modulations :
o Frequency Modulation (FM)
o Amplitude Modulation (AM)
o Phase Modulation (PM)

• Types of Digital modulations:

o Amplitude Shift keying (ASK)
o Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)
o Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

• Base band signal (digital signal of the source) is not suitable for
transmission.
• To transmit the digital bit stream, binary signal/binary data should
be modulated (i.e., Changing any characteristics
(amplitude/frequency/Phase) of signal) before transmission
• Suitability of modulation techniques for digital transmission :
o Amplitude modulation for digital signal i.e., ASK is not
suitable for digital transmission
o modulation and Phase modulation for digital signal/data i.e.,
FSK/PSK are suitable digital modulation techniques for digital
transmission
i.e., FSK and PSK are suitable for digital transmission
• commonly used modulation schemes
o GMSK is the modulation scheme used in GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900, and digital enhanced cordless telecommunications
(DECT)
o LTE uses 4 types of modulations schemes BPSK
o
2G Multiple Modulation
networks Access
GSM TDMA/FDD GMSK 270.833kbps

cdmaOne, CDMA/FDD BPSK with 1.2288Mchips/sec

IS-95,ANSI quadrature
J-STD-008 spreading
NADC, IS- TDMA/FDD 𝜋/4 DQPSK 48.6kbps (IS-136)
54/IS-136, (42kbps for PDC)
ANSI J-STD-
011, PDC

2.5G Multiple Modulation

networks Access
EDGE for 8-PSK (used in Peak
2.5G GSM addition to GSM’s throughput
GMSK) 547.2kbps -
8-PSK (high data 8PSK
rate) 384kbps(GSM
GMSK (low data channel)
rate)
GPRS

3G networks Multiple Access Modulation

Cdma2000 QPSK (forward
 channel)
OQPSK(reverse
channel)
UMTS WCDMA QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
HSDPA Adaptive
(3.5G) modulation
depending on
signal quality
QPSK (1.8Mbps)
16QAM (3.6Mbps)

4G Multiple Modulation
networks Access
LTE BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,64QAM

WLAN Data Rate Modulation

networks
802.11 basic 1/2Mbps 1 Mbit/s (DBPSK)
or 2 Mbit/s
(DQPSK)
802.11b 5.5Mbps/11Mbps QPSK
802.11a 54Mbps 64QAM
802.11n 300Mbps 64QAM
802.11ac Gbps 256QAM

Signal
Maximum Data Rate:

• Nyquist Data Rate for Noiseless Channel

o C = 2 B log2M
o Bandwidth necessary to pass M-ary digitally modulated
carriers B=(C/2*log2M)=( C/2*N)
▪ N- number of bits encoded into each symbol
o Baseband signal is information signal
 o Nyquist bandwidth is the minimum bandwidth than can be
used to represent a signal
o If not filtered, Signal in RF is twice the baseband
signal/Nyquist bandwidth

source : File:Baseband to
RF.svg - Wikimedia Commons

o Eg:
Assume that you have discovered a novel material that has
negligible electrical noise. What is the maximum data rate that
this material could achieve over a phone wire having a
bandwidth of 3100 Hz if data was encoded with 64-QAM?

Solution We have B = 3100 M = 64 Data rate = 2 × 3100 × log264

= 37,200 bps

• Shannon Capacity
o C = B log2(1+SNR)=3.22Blog10(1+SNR)
o SNR-Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Example :

For a standard telephone circuit with a signal-to-noise power ratio of 1000

(30 dB) and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz, the Shannon limit for information
capacity is:

I = (3.32)(2700) log10 (1 + 1000) = 26.9 kbps

M-ary Encoding:
N = log2 M

N - Number no. of bits required to represent a symbol

M-No . of levels

Baud=symbol rate = 1/ts

#baud -rate of change of signal on the transmission after encoding and

modulation

ts=symbol duration

DataRate = Math.round((Rate * FEC *

Guard * REED)*100)/100;
SymRate = Math.round((DataRate /
ModFac)*100)/100;

Modulation

• Translating baseband message signal to bandpass signal at higher

frequencies.
• Baseband signal is called Modulating signal
• Bandpass signal is called modulated signal

Performance of modulation scheme:

• Power efficiency (ηp)

o Trade-off between fidelity (acceptable bit error probability) and
Signal Power
o Energy per bit to noise power spectral density (Eb/No) at the
receiver
• Bandwidth efficiency (ηB)
 o Ability of modulation scheme to accommodate data within
limited bandwidth
o ηB=R/B bps/Hz => throughput per Hertz
o ηB = C/B = log2(1+SNR)

R- data rate , B-bandwidth occupied by the Modulated RF signal

Bandwidth of the Modulated Signal :

• The power of a modulated signal is not just confined to a single

frequency; instead, it is spread over a range of frequencies known as
the bandwidth.
• B ≈ 1 / T (3.9)
• The carrier signal is transmitted at a single frequency, say fC, so its
power is confined to that frequency alone. If we modulate the carrier,
then the power of the resulting transmission is spread over a
bandwidth B. If, for example, the duration of each symbol is 1 μs,
then the symbol rate is 1 Msps, and we can expect the transmitted
signal to occupy a bandwidth of around 1 MHz.
 Figure: Relationship between the bandwidth and symbol duration
of a modulated signal

Digital modulation for cellular networks:

(Coverage and mobility are important design concerns)

Digital Frequency Modulation and GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift

Keying)

Let Binary 0 maps into frequency f1 (BFSK-BinaryFSK)

Binary 1 maps into frequency f2

1 0 1 0
Binary Data

Binary Signal

f1 f2 f1 f2

BFSK(BinaryFSK) -
Modulated Signal

MSK is a type of FSK. In MSK (Minimum Shift Keying), the minimum

difference between f1 and f2 is specified as 1/2Tb or Rb/2 (here Rb refers
the bit rate). This is to improve the spectral efficiency of the channel. i.e.,
the if the f1 and f2 are selected in such a way that difference between f1 and
f2 is minimum, then more users can be accommodated.

In BPSK => only two level 0 or 1 hence two frequencies f1 and f2

In Four-level => four level (00,01,10,11) and hence 4 frequencies f1,f2,f3 and
f4 . Each two bits is mapped into one of the frequency.
FSK/ MSK Modulator
Antenna

Frequency
Binary data Modulator
FSK / MSK

GMSK (Gaussians MSK) Modulator

Antenna

Gaussian Frequency
Binary data Filter Modulator
FSK / MSK

Gaussian filter reduces the side lobes of the baseband signals.

Hence, output will be constant envelope FM Signal and avoids

nonlinearities

It is constant envelope continuous phase modulation.

Parameter BbT

Where Bb is bandwidth of Gaussian filter

T – symbol duration

Recommended value of BbT is 0.3

Phase Modulation and π/4-QPSK

Types of PSK:

• BPSK (Binary PSK)

• DBPSK (Differential BPSK)
• QPSK (Quadrature PSK)
• DQPSK (Differential QPSK)
 • π/4-QPSK
• OQPSK

Binary BPSK(Binary PSK)

Consider the following mapping of the bit to the phase

Bit Phase
0 0 degree
1 180 degree

Using the above mapping the bit stream 1010 is mapped to BPSK
modulated signal is generated as follows

1 0 1 0
Binary Data

Binary Signal

180 degree 0 degree 180 degree 0 degree

BPSK (Binary) -
Modulated Signal

BPSK Circuit

Antenna

Binary data

Cos2πfct
Differential BPSK

In Basic PSK, synchronization between sender and receiver is required.

(Coherent Detection of PSK).

To achieve the Non-coherent detection of PSK, DPSK (Differential PSK). In

DPSK, Instead of mapping bit(s) to defined phase, the phase of symbol for
the bit(s) will be changed with respected to phase of the previous symbol.
i.e., from the phase change with respect to previous symbol, the receiver
recognizes the bit.

Bit BPSK DBPSK

0 0 degree No Phase with respect to
previous symbol
1 180 degree Phase change of 180 degree
with respect to previous
symbol
 1 0 1 0
Binary Data

Binary Signal

180 degree 0 degree 180 degree 0 degree

BPSK (Binary) -
Modulated Signal

Phase change of no Phase Phase change No phase

180 degree change of 180 degree change

DBPSK (Differential
BPSK)
Modulated Signal

QPSK(Quadrature PSK)

It is Four-Phase PSK and hence transmission rate is double to BPSK

Bit Phase
00 0 degree
01 90 degree
10 180 degree
11 270 degree
 10 00 11 01
Binary Data

Binary Signal

180 degree 0 degree 270 degree 90degree

QPSK -Modulated
Signal

Cos2πfct

1x1x0x0x0x0
Antenna
1011010100
0
Binary data

x0x1x1x1x0x
sin2πfct

DQPSK (Differential QPSK)

Bit QPSK DQPSK

00 0 degree No Phase Change w.r.t previous symbol
01 90 degree 90 degree Phase Change w.r.t previous
symbol
10 180 degree 180 degree Phase Change w.r.t previous
symbol
11 270 degree 270 degree Phase Change w.r.t previous
symbol
 10 00 11 01
Binary Data

Binary Signal

180 degree 0 degree 270 degree 90degree

QPSK -Modulated
Signal

Phase change of No Phase Phase change Phase change

180 degree change of 270 degree of 90 degree

DQPSK -
Modulated Signal

(180+270 )=540-
180 180+0 =180 (90+90 )=180
360=90

π/4-DQPSK (Differential QPSK) => uses 8 different phase constellation

Uses 2 constellations and switches between the constellation based on the

phase of the previous symbol.

Phase Change Bit Pattern

π/4 - 45 00
3 π /4-135 01
- π /4—45 10
 Phase Change Bit Pattern
-3 π /4-135 11

Pulse Shaping Filter

Sidelobes of the transmission is controlled by this filter

QPSK is using Pulse Shaping Filter

Sidelobes

Width of the main lobe(measure of occupied bandwidth)

Peak of the side lobe (reflect the level of adjacent channel interference)

BPSK QPSK MSK

Width of main lobe Half that of Between BPSK
BPSK and QPSK
Peak of side lobe Sidelobes are
more than 10dB
lower than
BPSK and QPSK
To reduce the peak of the side lobes further, following filters are used:

Gaussian filtering in GMSK

Pulse shaping filter (PSF) with QPSK

If the baseband stream is rectangular form, the sidelobes are very high
which is not suitable for radio application. Hence, in QPSK and in general
in all 2D modulation systems PSF is used to control the side lobes.

Most suitable PSF is low pass filter.

Time domain raised cosine pulse and its spectrum

Raised cosine pulse balances between ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and
occupied bandwidth. Using amplitude of the pulse is zero at T, 2T, 3T and
4T.

Sinc-> sine cardinal

Pulse Shaping Filter:

1. Sharp transitions occupy more bandwidth (high frequency

components). In multichannel communication, limiting all the power
of a modulated carrier to just the carrier bandwidth is extremely
important for several reasons. First, the transmission power is
reduced when the signal has a more concentrated frequency range. In
addition, limiting a channel to a specific frequency band eliminates
adjacent channel interference.
2. ISI
Matching filter:
ISI interference due to multipath.

Raised Cosine Filter based on Sinc pulse

MCS- Modulation and Coding Scheme ; GI- Guard Interval

Data rate (Mbit/s)[22]

MC Spat 20 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz

Modul Cod
S ial channels channels channels channels
ation ing
inde Strea
type rate
x[d] ms
400 800 400 800 400 800 400
800 n
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
s GI
GI GI GI GI GI GI GI

0 1 BPSK 1/2 6.5 7.2 13.5 15 29.3 32.5 58.5 65

1 1 QPSK 1/2 13 14.4 27 30 58.5 65 117 130

175.
2 1 QPSK 3/4 19.5 21.7 40.5 45 87.8 97.5 195
5

16-
3 1 1/2 26 28.9 54 60 117 130 234 260
QAM

16- 175.
4 1 3/4 39 43.3 81 90 195 351 390
QAM 5

64-
5 1 2/3 52 57.8 108 120 234 260 468 520
QAM

64- 121. 263. 292. 526.

6 1 3/4 58.5 65 135 585
QAM 5 3 5 5

64- 292.
7 1 5/6 65 72.2 135 150 325 585 650
QAM 5

256-
8 1 3/4 78 86.7 162 180 351 390 702 780
QAM

256- 433. 866.

9 1 5/6 — — 180 200 390 780
QAM 3 7
0 2 BPSK 1/2 13 14.4 27 30 58.5 65 117 130

1 2 QPSK 1/2 26 28.9 54 60 117 130 234 260

175.
2 2 QPSK 3/4 39 43.3 81 90 195 351 390
5

16-
3 2 1/2 52 57.8 108 120 234 260 468 520
QAM

16-
4 2 3/4 78 86.7 162 180 351 390 702 780
QAM

64- 115. 104

5 2 2/3 104 216 240 468 520 936
QAM 6 0

64- 130. 526. 105 117

6 2 3/4 117 243 270 585
QAM 3 5 3 0

64- 144. 117 130

7 2 5/6 130 270 300 585 650
QAM 4 0 0

256- 173. 140 156

8 2 3/4 156 324 360 702 780
QAM 3 4 0

9 2 256- 5/6 — — 360 400 780 866. 156 173

 QAM 7 0 3.3

175.
0 3 BPSK 1/2 19.5 21.7 40.5 45 87.8 97.5 195
5

175.
1 3 QPSK 1/2 39 43.3 81 90 195 351 390
5

121. 263. 292. 526.

2 3 QPSK 3/4 58.5 65 135 585
5 3 5 5

16-
3 3 1/2 78 86.7 162 180 351 390 702 780
QAM

16- 526. 105 117

4 3 3/4 117 130 243 270 585
QAM 5 3 0

64- 173. 140 156

5 3 2/3 156 324 360 702 780
QAM 3 4 0

64- 364. 157 175

6 3 3/4 175.5 195 405 — —
QAM 5 9.5 5

64- 216. 877. 175 195

7 3 5/6 195 405 450 975
QAM 7 5 5 0

8 3 256- 3/4 234 260 486 540 105 117 210 234
 QAM 3 0 6 0

256- 288. 117 130 234 260

9 3 5/6 260 540 600
QAM 9 0 0 0 0

117.
0 4 BPSK 1/2 26 28.8 54 60 130 234 260
2

1 4 QPSK 1/2 52 57.6 108 120 234 260 468 520

351.
2 4 QPSK 3/4 78 86.8 162 180 390 702 780
2

16- 115. 104

3 4 1/2 104 216 240 468 520 936
QAM 6 0

16- 173. 140 156

4 4 3/4 156 324 360 702 780
QAM 2 4 0

64- 231. 104 187 208

5 4 2/3 208 432 480 936
QAM 2 0 2 0

64- 105 117 210 234

6 4 3/4 234 260 486 540
QAM 3.2 0 6 0

64- 288. 117 130 234 260

7 4 5/6 260 540 600
QAM 8 0 0 0 0
 256- 346. 140 156 280 312
8 4 3/4 312 648 720
QAM 8 4 0 8 0

256- 156 173 312 346

9 4 5/6 — — 720 800
QAM 0 3.3 0 6.7