r·- · - -·· . .. ·--- - ·- . - - , --- - -- - - ..

·--- - - - - - -·- -- - -------

- -- --;;;_; --- - : - : - - - - - - - - -

j
f I•e orlgirwl , t>h1t\011 (0 .S.) of th~ :;all,~ )Jl<\ll.lrc•<.l ui w.ill~I 01 hl d1I. HCI .
_____ ··-·- -·--·------ -· .. --:---·- or in , one.. . If lhi, 0 .S. 1s prcinrr.<l ·n t · ti . I . .
t, (;iuu 1 I_:~~'.~~~ : • -- - - -~ - - ·--::- -----;; :--------
~~•~,s H1S Q<l> throu11h o.~.. to whk:h tlil. ~~,~ -~~_:_. ____
' ·
1 . -
wa e1 ,,~n I 1<., one part of O.S al.Id lew drops of d1I. HCI.
_ _ __
I white ppt, :Pb2+)' 1 i . Group U--···- .-----,-n, qro;~;,·; ,;~ll •: (•.S.~()ti ~tllicj NH.,c~~; ;;,;,:;;~ ;~~0- boil ~nd c 1 A id ce c or NH OH
I Bl.....
..... ppttDt.2+ ~ ' ·'

I Confirm. .~_ _
... ,,, '2 ··· · - - - - ·- - - --·· - -· .
•\~ .. ,Cu+) · --- - -... ·- -
f o1 <J1 ~1u11 i v--T••,,.,- -·_
mats of Pi~?+ Yellowpp t.(Aa3+) ..- , Gruuplll
.i' ,
- - - ---·- CXl
_ _ - - -- - -~ · ll~S gas lhrnuoh soll1llon or !)roup ' II .
{ C)( .~, ~ '\ .

Boll the h.... h "'··-•- th bl ...,_ t Reddl1h brown ppt.

w ,m::ppt. wit ~ " " e ~'-" l?P · In (FeJ+) ·
5-10 ml j\'jBter and minimum qu11huty of SO% Fo, g,m,p v, t~kc o .s. ~c1l,;,,litl r,u1,C1, 1!•0,ss or NH.,m,
divide the !;elution Into GruuptV oml (NH l co !>Olutloll. ·
HN03 and divide the solution White ppt, (All+) Dirty White ppt. (Zn2+)
two parts I . In two p~rts. '1 1 1 G VI
Of Blactt p t. (N 2+ Group V
~P~ ;n1)
(I) Pot.'iodkle test 0) To one pert of above 2 roup
~::~rma tory tests B"1f tolo:rect White ppt. Test for "92+
j To one par.t of solutionadddH.H2SO◄ Dlssolvethereddishbrown
(aa2+, 5 ,2+,c.2+ )
above solution and ethylaloohol (I) TotheOS .add a
add I,(] solution
-Whit!!,, ,.. ppt. in dll. HCI and diVIde t.n1ve white
DIS""'!~-: PPt. In dll. HO and ,:Uvide Dissolve the white ppt. In
I I pinch d NH 40, .,
+
,,,,.. the solution Into two parts. the solutl?" !n two parts few drops o
2 m n mum quantity of acetic add NH OH and exces:
-Yellowppt. -Pb present (1) Pot. ferrocyanlde Conflrinatory '-ts of znl+ and divide the solution in three of" dlsodlun
(II) Pot. Chromat e (Ii) If no white ppt. is tut.
test (I) pot.,ferroc:yankle teat • •~••- of aal+
paConftrts.
formed then to second hydroge_n phosp
ohe P.art of
To the second part of above solution
To one part of
'-
To solution add Pot.
ferl'OCyanide solution · nna_ r-- , .·ha•"
"" solutl611
part of abblie •· add excess of NH OH solution add pot. (i) PotaHlu m Chromat e _ White , PP!
solution and
4 tat. irldlcates'Mgl+,'
-BIIJecoloun,tJon ferrocyan ide so- -Bluishwhfl'eppt
. Kpo4 solution. Toonepar tofsolutio nadd (ii) Perform charco,
- cu2+ present lution. (U) 5odiu,n hydroxide test
I -Yeflowppt. Confirm atory tests of -A Prussian blue To other part of above solution ·add
few drops ot pol chromate cavity and cobal

I
j Pb2+ solutlon - Yellow ppt nitrate test wit
colour orppt. NaOH SOiution dropwise · ,,. (II) flame te1t.
Note : cf. no · ppt. is (i) Pot. white ppt.,
lodldet .t
formed then group I is O.S + Kl
(i) Pot, sulpho-
cyanide test.
- WhJte .ppt. soluble in em!.SS 'oi Performtheflametestwtth -A pink mass ,
fJ6()li · ·'· the paste of salt and cnnc.
; absentthenO.S.istrsted· -Tellowp pt obtained.
To second part of ConfinnatorvteltsofCo2•andNl2 + HCl -Grassygreenffame Testfor N.H :
: for group I~. (H) Pot. Chron,at e tut
j
solution add pot. Black ppt. Indicates eo 2 • or N12+_ Note· • Note : If s~
2• Is ~bsent
then To the salt add sodlui
j o.s + Pot. dvoniate sulphocyanide solu- the colour of the salt. Purple salt- eo2+ proceed to ttst sr2·
I / -Ye'lowppt. tion.
-~ hydroxide solution ar
lndlcared!lreenishsalt-NI+ irldkatl!d. . ·,Confirmatory teau of ::»r+
( ] Conflrm ato!:y tests of heat: If gas wll
1 -A blood red C o n ~ Wits of eo2+ (I) Ammoni um sulphate ammoriacalsmele.olY
cui+ rolouratlon. (I) Pouaalum nitrite test test
r,' / (I) _«?•~- .:t .~.11cess of Confirm atory test of To theO,S add NH QH to neutralise To second fH!rt of solution NH: Is sn-rt-
Mi40H Al 3 + 4
thesdutlon. Addapinchofpotassun acid ammon_lum su~phate Pass the gas throu
Deep blue (I) uike·tut . nitrite and few drops of acetic add,
cofour.-- n solution - Whiteppt. Nessler's reagent.
uuv,, White ppt. + dil. HCf
warm. - Yellowppt. (R) Flame test. brownish ppt.
(Ii} Pot. ferrocy• nld• ; (,··•) ....._ •• .:...the _,___ · .....,., _.......
+ f d f aoraxbe■dtest
test . ~ ! o1U: I i ~ : ~ ~o+ Perform borax bead test with the salt
Performfl ameuc,,." ,u'
paste of salt and cone. HO
Lo.,,vura,.,.,,,svu,o1ne
0 .S + Pot. ferrocya- I NH 4 0H solution In -Abluebe adisform ed -Crimsonredffame Note: N~ is gene•
nide solution excess.
. - Chocolate brown h t est e d · t,. ,._ · ·
-,II blue ppt. floating 2• 2• ,n "e ucgmmr
I ppt. Note : If Ba and Sr bot are analysis of basic radiec
in a colourles s
-- !- - - -~--- sclution ls1brme<1.- ..
absent only th•!!.P ~ ~ •t _ , nero·group radical.
caz., -
0

i Conflrm•tory tests of (II) Cobalt nitrate

i Asl+ test
Coaflrmltllry tests of Nl 2+ Conflrma tofy tests of c.2 +
; {i) Ammo11l.um moly-1 (I) Dl~yl glyoxlme test (I) Ammon ium oxalate
Perform charcoal o.s' U H~OH (exces.s) + few drops
bdate test cavity test or cobalt test
yellow ppt. + cone. j · of di ~.,.-glyoxtine rugent To the third part of solution
nitrate test with the
HN0 3 + ammoniu m ! : •· · - Bright red rose ppt. add amm. oxalate solution
salt
molybdate solution i 1 (ii) ~ bead test - White ppt. \
-Blue mass is
- >t>flow ppt I
obtained
l
Perfonn borax bead test with the salt \
(II) Magnes ia mixture
test
I -BrawnbeadinoxldlsingR;,meand Note: If no white ppt. is formed,
grey bead in reducing flame is group Vis absent. then the salt is
\
Note : No
o.s. + Magnesi a indicatesppt.absence in group III .
of
\ obtained. tested for group VI radicali.e. Mgz. \
mixture 34 3
radicals Fe • At • then test Confirma tory tests of Mn 2 +
iI -Whltep pt. the salt for group IV (I) Sodium hydroxic t.-Br test
2
Olss0IYe the buff coloured ppt. In dll.
I Pass H2S gas through
Note : If no ppt. is formed in solution of group III. A ppt.
/ grollp" IJ;•fllen.. jfroceed fer i ndicates that group IV i s
HO, boll off H2S, add NaOH and Br~
water -White ppt. turning blad< \
i detection or group III radicals. , present. (U) Boru bead test 1

. Pefform the borax bead test with the l

I
I
!

!
salt

=
-Pfnldsh bead in oxidising name and \
I

bead in reducing Rame is

Note ; If no ppt. is obtained, group IV is

II
absent. we then_proceed t~ group V,
, for 9.roup V, take t he O.S. add solid NH Ct.
4
NH 40H a,nQ.:(Nl\) 2 C0 ~olution. \
3

-- ··· · - -- - ·-····· - .. . ·• -·. ··- ·---r . --·-·------·-- . - ·. ·-·----- . .-...·-----,: -·-.L. ~·..__.~._ _____· --- --·· --- ...·.
 .. 1/
Teata for lndc%l 1nchnt radlcal•
011, IUlphurlc add tNt Cone. 11ii;h11rie acid . i
(FOi' co!--,No2,s1-,so~--> (For er·, ar- , 1. ,N ..,, CHJ eoo··,C1 0!- ) CONPUtMATORYff51"5POR so~-
0
chofultwl tfoil:Oitc. tt So,· c1> ..r111m chlot1de ~ \
W.E Of s.e (lddll'y wllh di. HO)+ 8IIO'z
Salt+ dll, H2504 Warmapln
Q) Q:11ou11esS. odou~ gas with el\'elVeSCence, trms (Q Colourless gas with ~.... gwesaense ~-cr~
L- ~. fumtJs with rod
t 90kAlon ... - Whlteppt.
d/pp«JinNHl)H. ---~Pl -•
,.,,,..,.mikY -co~- .,,_.,t
(I) Reddi5!1 brown gas, IINns .sta,dl ~;e'k?i~ - Ir"' ~ t. (U) ~ ~ - - .
W,E. er S.E. (addlfy wllh dll. HCI) + Lad
(I) Re(ldish brown 1115 turns FeS04soho on blacJr (i) Vde.tvapo1J1S, hlmSQrc hp6(#~ -r ~ acmbtsolullon - WM.9 ppt
-N02 PNNnt (Iv) Reddish brownYap0uri, timfe504 bl,d -NOi preNllt (II) Maldl lilldl 19111:
Make I peste d above white ppt. wt1h
(i) Gas with smell rJ rotten eggs, tuns lead«l!Gltlepaper
. 12-- PNNnt (v) Colouness, odourless 915, 11N71S.tnewatiVm1,1ty ~-~O:- ~ j ( ~ ■nd powder-~ - Fule
.-a&Je<Athls paaon one sld dffllldl
bl/Id
CH,COO-. stlc;lc:'Dlp the fused ~ -lr!ID-90dlum
(lV) Gas wtth smell rJ bumlng sulphur, turM llddlffed (vi) Colourles.s gas With v/nerJl,r s,rtel - .,,--nt
~ solution ~ In a dlln1
KpfJ1 p,pergreen -so~- ..-t CONFIR,tAfORYTl!STS dish. -Purple strea/cS.Me form«/.

CONFIRM AlORYltsT S
Olloride, er
(I) Sliv.t, nttrat. tat ·•• ...,.,.
COW$MA10RYTESTSfOR P0:-
c.rt1on•tm. co~- itraleOUN""''
W.E. orS.E. (addlfyWlthc!II. HN01l + Si~~Mp pt, soluble lnNH,fJH.
(1) Ammonium motybdatll talt
W.E. or S.E + cone. HN03, boll, ■dd
Add some wa111r ID the salt ill'1lllOnl,IT1 molybdllle solullon 1n e,aa,
(II} Ma...,. _ dioxide bl&t .•
(al Sa1td'?8 5 ~ H20 -sell.Ible co;- Sak+ Mangan ese~- +<:OflC-~"' tteat-!JIIS w(tl,pung6 1tsulf'o-
(V)
. heat
Magnella lllbttuN tMt
->a'bw ppt.

t:ating smell, turns stNc:11 lodidt pap&'b/lJe

(b) 5'~ n o t ~ In H20 -lnsol~ COj- (Ill} Cliromyt chloride t.- . W.E or S.E (acidify with dll. HO)
-Wh~pp t.
+
.(_.,~- (XlllC. HzS04, heat-Red vapours Ma!,1esla miXtUn!
Salt + ~lum ~
. eYOlve, pm ltie'red ~ 1ii,ouGn Na0H solutk>n- YetlbW solutiOn Is
/
;:onnnnat1on oholuble co~-
obtained. Add to ltdll. la!tlcadd and lead acet,Jtesolu!lon. -Y,elbwppt
(Q W,E, + dl1. HO - b r i s k ~, the gas tums-
llme Metl!r'mllcy . Bromld e,V
· <i
(i) W.E. + MgS04 solutlon -whR ppt (I) Sliver nitrate tat
W.E or S.E (acidify with dil. HH9:,), bOII, cool then i!dd AgN03 solutlon
Confirmation of lnlOluble CO~- - · -A frl,tyt!How ppt. PilrfMIIY5Q{uble In NH,f)H

The salt does not dlSSOlve In water. (Ii) Mllnga. -. dioxide t111t
(i) Salt+ dW. HO - Gilse'IIOM!dMtll b r i s k ~ Salt+ solid Mn02 + cone. Hi5"4
turns Nme Willer milky a:,nfirms insoluble CMtloral.f!. -Yellowfsh/JIOWT1 vapours, tvm starch fJiJper yellow
<•> Ollortne -ter t.-t
dllorine
w.e.or S.E (acidify with dff. HO) + 1 - 2 mlrJ caibon disulphide+
water, shake -o,;,nge cclouratfon In CS1 /4yer.

r·).
lodlde,1 -
Nitrite, N02
(1) Sliver nitrate tut .-
(i) Ferrous sulphate tat W.Eor S.E(acidify with di . + AgN03 solution
W. E. + acetic acid + FeS04 solutlon -· ( -Ye'klwppt. lnso/ulw in NH,l)H
-d.ri brown or bl4d<colouration (I) Mang• - dloxkl• tat
mlne ·test
(II) Diphenyta_ Salt + solld Mn02 + a,nc. H~. _
-~~ turns sardl fJilper blue
W.E. + dlphenylamine -OsttpblueCDlouratfon ·
(■) Ollorine watier tat
(JR) Potaalum Iodide tat or s.e. (ac;id;fy with dll. Ha)+ 1-2 ml cart>:in disulphlcte + chlorine
W.E
W.E. + KI solution+ freshly prepared starch solution water, shake · -Vi<JNS aJ/ouration In CSz'ilyt!r_
-blue solution,
~lta:ate,N03
SUiphide, 5l- (I) Dlphenylamlne test
(I) Lud acietata test W.E + dlphenylamlne reagent -Deep blue co/ouraoon
W.E. or S.E. + dil. acetic add+ lead ac:etal'e solution (U) Copper chlpe tat
- Blad<ppt. Salt+ Cone. H2S04 + Cu chips, heat
-DirlcMltf fl fumes, tvm FeS04 solution blade
(D) Cadmium cartlonate test
(Ill) Ring test'
W.E. or S.E + cadmium carbonate solutJon
-Yel/owpp t . W.E+ freshly prepared F-eS04Pourc:onc, Hi5()4 along the sides of test
tube - .A daft l1rown ring at thejunction oftwo lilyers
{Ill) Sodium nttroprvalde tat
W.E. or S.E + sodium nltroprusside solutlon Oxalate, C2 o~-
-Pulp/e or violet colouration (I) C.ld1,1m chloride teet
W.E or S.E(acidify with dll. acetic add)+ caa2solution - white ppt.
SUiphite so~- (U) Potullum pennang anN tMt
(1) Barium chloride test Salt+ dll. H2SO.y warm then acid 2, 3drops of KMn04 solution
- Pink colour ofKHnO~ is discharged
W.E, or S.E. + Barium chloride solution
- Whireppt. Acetate, CH3coo-
(I) Oxalic acid test
(II) PotaNium dlchroma te test
Salt+ oxalic acid (.s? + 1-2 drops of water, rub in fingers
W.E. or S.E + Potassium dlchromate solution :I' dll. - ~likesmell
H2S04 - Gmen colouration
Eltertel t
Q) Salt+conc. H2SO~ +ethylalc:ohol, warm - Fruity smell
Note : If the ult does not re.ct with dilute H2S04, the radicals
· Fentc: chloride teat
C~-,NOi ,$2-,~- are ab1oent. (N) W.E. + neutral Fea3solution, film and to the flltrate add water and boll
Then procnd to cone. Hz50 4 tut. -Reddish brown ppt.

Note: If the salt does not react with cone. H2so4 then the radicals er, er-, 1·.
Nnr CH coo- C112- •
'1 ' 3 • 2v4 are absent.and the salt is tested fur independent radicals.