Question bank

1. The "nature" component of the "nature-nurture" question refers to

a. our genetic endowment.
b. the environment in which we are raised.
c. a combination of genetics and the environment.
d. the personality tendencies that we acquire as we age.

2. According to Piaget, children's thinking is

a. qualitatively different at different stages.
b. quantitatively different at different stages.
c. not affected by their experiences.
d. the result of observation and imitation of developmentally more advanced children.

3. Which concept is an important discovery made by the infant during Piaget's

sensorimotor stage?
a. logical sequences
b. objects exist even if they are out of sight
c. conservation of mass and number
d. the usefulness of operations

4. Which of the following would illustrate a child's lack of object permanence?

a. making faces at her older brother
b. clutching the ear of favored stuffed toy
c. crying when dog leaves the room
d. crying when a toy is out of reach

5. According to Piaget, an operation is

a. a mental routine for transforming information.
b. a conclusion that the amount of something remains the same despite its appearance.
c. the ability to hypothesize about the abstract.
d evident in the cognitions of children beginning at about 1 year of age

6. According to Piaget's theory, if you can form a complete mental representation of the
route to the grocery store, you have displayed
a. concrete operational thought.
b. preoperational thought.
c. reversibility.
d. conservation of area.

7. At around 4 years-of-age, a child begins to understand that people's thoughts and

beliefs affect
their behaviors. This is the beginning of the child's development of
a. formal operational thinking.
b. moral realism.
c. theory of mind.
d. concrete operational thinking.
8. Piaget referred to a child's belief that rules are permanent and handed down from
some higher authority who will exact a punishment for any transgression as
a. concrete morality.
b. moral realism.
c. moral relativism.
d. concrete operational thinking.

9. A firm sense of themselves as either male or female is described as a child's

a. sex typing.
b. gender identity.
c. gender constancy.
d. sexual constancy.

10. The distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that
define individuals' personal style and influence their interactions with the environment
are called their
a. trait profiles.
b. interaction patterns.
c. genotypes.
d. personalities.

11. Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and

neuroticism refer to
a. personality inventory categories.
b. projective test categories.
c. factor analytic types.
d. the Big Five personality characteristics.

12. In reaching his theory for personality and development (psychoanalysis),Freud used
a method of interview called
a. conventional medical procedures.
b. hypnosis.
c. free association.
d. behavioral therapy.

13. _____ is one major goal of the id.

a. Avoiding pain
b. Daydreaming
c. Punishing the ego
d. Testing reality

14. In Freud's theory, the ego operates according to the _____ principle.
a. morality
b. pleasure
c. moral
d. reality

15. According to Freud, our values are internalized within the

a. id.
b. superego.
c. libido.
d. ego.

16. If you attempt to reduce your anxiety for having thoughts that are unacceptable, you
may disguise this anxiety in a disguised form. This disguised behavior may take the
form of _____.
a. defense mechanisms
b. superego impulses
c. libidinal drives
d. sublimated desires

17. The personality test that presents an ambiguous stimulus picture to which the
person may respond as he or she wishes is a
a. Q Sort.
b. personality inventory.
c. Rorschach.
d. MMPI.

18. Which of the following is a major emphasis of a social-learning theorist?

a. consistency of an individual's behavior
b situational influences
c. biological motives
d. self-report methods of collecting data

19. Humanistic approaches to personality assessment are designed to find objective

ways of assessing a person's
a. unconscious motives.
b. subjective experience.
c. altruistic tendencies.
d. free will.

20. During which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development does a child obtain
the understanding of object permanence?
a. Preoperational period
b. Sensorimotor period
c. Concrete operations
d. Formal operations
21. During which stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development might it be most
important for a child to have opportunities for success (e.g., with school activities such as
reading and writing)?
a. Trust vs. mistrust
b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. Initiative vs. guilt
d. Industry vs. inferiority

22. A person who makes their moral judgments (i.e., of why an action is either right or
wrong) that focuses on obtaining approval of others is probably in which stage of
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
a. Pre-conventional
b. Conventional
c. Post-conventional
d. Initiative vs. guilt

23. A person who can get along best with others is likely to be high in what type of need?
a. Need for power
b. Need for affiliation
c. Need for achievement
d. Sensation seeking

24. The order of needs on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is:

a. Safety, physiological, belongingness, cognitive, self-actualization, aesthetic
b. Belongingness, self-actualization, cognitive, safety, physiological, aesthetic, esteem
c. Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, cognitive, aesthetic
d. Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization

25. A student who is secretly obsessed with pornography starts up an anti-pornography

campaign at his college. This is an example of what Freudian defense mechanism?
a. Displacement
b. Projection
c. Reaction formation
d. Identification

26. The division of the mind that is very similar to short term memory in that it contains
all the information a person is currently using and aware of is called:
a. Conscious
b. Preconscious
c. Unconscious
d. Conscience

27. A person who experiences great hunger decides to just push people out of the way
on the line to a grocery store. Which personality structure dominated the behavior of
this person?
a. Ego ideal
b. Superego
c. Id
d. Conscience
28. According to Freud, during what stage of personality development do most children
identify with the same sex parent as a means of helping to develop appropriate
understanding of gender roles?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency

29. Which of the following statements about trait theories is FALSE?

a. They can be used to describe behavior.
b. They can be used to predict behavior.
c. They can be used to explain behavior.
d. Traits involve consistent, enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

30. Which of the following Big Five personality traits is associated with traits such as good
natured, trusting, and helpful?
a. Openness
b. Agreeableness
c. Neuroticism
d. Consciousness

31. Which of the following methods would most likely be used by a psychoanalyst to
assess contents of unconsciousness?
a. Projective tests
b. Interview
c. Direct observation
d. Inventory

32. The personality disorder that is associated with the tendency to overreact and use
excessive emotions to draw attention from and manipulate others is called:
a. Schizotypical
b. Borderline
c. Histrionic
d. Dependent

33. In Piaget’s theory, the first two years of life are called the _______ stages.?
a. Sensor motor
b. Paralinguistic
c. Exploratory
d. Preoperational
34. A need to establish and maintain relationship with other people.?
a. Achievement motivation
b. Need for affiliation
c. A & B
d. None of these

35. Enduring dimensions of personality characteristics differentiating people from another

is called.?
a. Factor analysis
b. Trait
c. Determinism
d. None of these

36. The part of personality that provides a buffer between the id and the out side world
is.?
a. Super-ego
b. Ego
c. Ego-ideal
d. None of these

37. Studies show that an “authoritarian model of parenting” tends to produce an

adolescent who is.?
a. Dependent and obedient
b. Self-reliant
c. Independent but deserved
d. Surface-complaint but rebellious underneath

38. According to Erickson’s theory, the struggle during adolescence is.?

a. Intimacy versus isolation
b. Initiative versus role confusion
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. None of above

39. The Thematic Apperception Test is a.?

a. Situational test
b. Performance test
c. Projective test
d. Personality inventory

40. Perfection is a problem that is most associated with the/

a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Ego and superego
41. The part of personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world
is:
a. Super-ego
b. Ego
c. Ego-ideal
d. None of these

42. In Freud’s theory of personality:

a. The ego obeys the reality principle
b. The id operates by secondary process thinking
c. The super-ego obeys the pleasure principle
d. The ego operates by primary process thinking

43- A witness of an appalling crime visits his physician because he cannot recall
any details about the assailant. Despite the patient's repeated efforts, he cannot
elicit this memory. The defense mechanism used by this patient is
a. Repression
b. Denial
c. Regression
d. Reaction formation
44- As a door opens toward you, you perceive it as a rectangular door rather
than going through actual image changes on the retina (from rectangular to
trapezoid). This is an example of
a. Perceptual closure.
b. Shape constancy.
c. Ambiguous stimuli.
d. Retinal disparity.
45- A 23-year-old male complains of having too few friends and an
unreasonable fear of new experiences. He reports that his shyness has
frequently prevented him from participating in social activities. At times, his
fear of criticism has affected his performance in school. This patient has a
personality disorder choose this personality rom the following:
a. Avoidant personality disorder
b. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
c. Schizoid personality disorder
d. Dependent personality disorder
46- A 10-year-old child is very interested in school and is proud of his athletic
achievements. Peers are very important to him but he also gets along with his
parents. At what stage is he, according to Sigmund Freud’s theory of
psychosexual development?
 a. Concrete operational
b. Latency
c. Industry versus inferiority
d. Separation-individuation
47- A 70-year-old woman has had three face-lifts and never leaves the house
without makeup. She forbids her grandchildren to address her as
“grandmother” and lies about her age. Which stage of development, according
to Erikson, is she having difficulty mastering?
a. Integrity versus despair stage
b. Egocentric stage
c. Generative versus stagnation stage
d. Narcissistic stage
48- A 29-month-old boy plays with a ball, which rolls under a couch. The boy
promptly crawls under the couch to retrieve the ball. According to Piaget’s
theories of cognitive development, this behavior is characteristic of a thinking
process called
a. Object permanence
b. Basic trust
c. Object constancy
d. Sensory-motor stage
49- A healthy 9-month-old girl, previously very friendly with everyone, now
bursts into tears when she is approached by an unfamiliar adult. This behavior
is
a. Common in normal infants
b. Always a symptom of insecure attachment
c. Only present in children who will develop anxiety disorders later in life
d. Likely to persist, if not appropriately treated
50- A boy recognizes that the amount of water remains the same when
transferred from a tall narrow glass to a wide mouthed glass. Which stage of
Piaget’s developmental model is likely to have attained?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
e. Conventional stage
51- Enduring dimensions of personality characteristics differentiating people
from another is called:
a. Factor analysis
b. Trait
c. Determinism
d. None of these

52- Jamie, who has been a troublemaker and a yob, decided to take up a career
in the army. This is known as:
a. Acting out
b. Displacement
c. Idealisation
d. Altruism
e. Sublimation
53-In Freud’s theory of personality:
a. The ego obeys the reality principle
b. The id operates by secondary process thinking
c. The super-ego obeys the pleasure principle
d. The ego operates by primary process thinking
54- Dr. Smith, who always turns up late for work, claims that he would be in
early if he were not stuck in traffic every day. This is known as:
a. Denial
b. Displacement
c. Projection
d. Rationalisation
e. Idealisation
55- A 23-year old man impulsively steals a pack of gum at a convenience store.
He has never stolen anything previously, and almost immediately upon exiting
the store with the gum, he begins to feel extremely guilty. Which of the following
concepts introduced by Freud is most likely responsible for this man’s
emotional response to his theft?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Preconscious function
e. Conscious function
56- A 5-year-old girl loves her father’s attention and becomes irritated with her
mother when her mother kisses her father. The child tells her father she wants to
marry him when she grows up. Which Freudian theory best describes the
developmental stages this child is in?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Oedipal
e. Latency
57- In Piaget’s theory, the first two years of life are called the ----- stages:
a. Paralinguistic
b. Exploratory
c. Sensorimotor
d. Preoperational
58- According to Erickson’s theory, the struggle during adolescence is:
a. Intimacy versus isolation
b. Initiative versus role confusion
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. Integrity versus despair
59- A 25-month-old boy plays with a ball, which rolls under a couch. The boy
promptly crawls under the couch to retrieve the ball. According to Piaget’s
theories of cognitive development, which thinking process best describes this
child’s behavior?
a. Object permanence
b. Basic trust
c. Initiative versus guilt
d. Object constancy
e. Sensorimotor stage
60. In psychoanalytic theory, the superego
a. Is totally unconscious
b. Is a defense mechanism
c. Functions to reduce guilt and shame
d. Contains the sexual and aggressive drives
e. Contains the ego ideal
61. A healthy 9-month-old girl, previously very friendly with everyone, now
bursts into tears when she is approached by an unfamiliar adult. This behavior
is
a. Common in normal infants
 b. Always a symptom of insecure attachment
c. Only present in children who will develop anxiety disorders later in life
d. Likely to persist, if not appropriately treated
e. A symptom of a pervasive developmental disorder

62- The "nature" component of the "nature-nurture" question refers to

a. our genetic endowment.
b. the environment in which we are raised.
c. a combination of genetics and the environment.
d. the personality tendencies that we acquire as we age.
63- A 10-year-old child is very interested in school and is proud of his athletic
achievements. Peers are very important to him but he also gets along with his
parents. At what stage is he, according to Sigmund Freud’s theory of
psychosexual development?
a. Concrete operational
b. Latency
c. Industry versus inferiority
d. Object constancy
e. Separation-individuation

64- A 70-year-old woman has had three face-lifts and never leaves the house
without makeup. She forbids her grandchildren to address her as
“grandmother” and lies about her age. Which stage of development, according
to Erikson, is she having difficulty mastering?
a. Integrity versus despair stage
b. Egocentric stage
c. Generative versus stagnation stage
d. Narcissistic stage
e. Pragmatic development stage

65- In psychoanalytic theory, the superego

a. Is totally unconscious
b. Is a defense mechanism
c. Functions to reduce guilt andshame
d. Contains the sexual and aggressivedrives
e. Contains the ego ideal

66- A 29-month-old boy plays with a ball, which rolls under a couch. The boy
promptly crawls under the couch to retrieve the ball. According to Piaget’s
theories of cognitive development, this behavior is characteristic of a thinking
process called
a. Object permanence
b. Basic trust
c. Initiative versus guilt
d. Object constancy
e. Sensory-motor stage

67- A teacher does not like one of her students, although she believes that she
should be completely impartial. She makes exaggerated efforts to be helpful
and uncritical toward the student. This is an example of defense mechanism:
a. Rationalization
b. Anticipation
c. Sublimation
d. Reaction formation
e. Externalization

68- A 4-year-old girl loves her father’s attention and tells him she will marry
him when she grows up. The appropriate situation in her developmental stage
according to Freudian theory is:
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Oedipal
e. Latency

69- A boy recognizes that the amount of water remains the same when
transferred from a tall narrow glass to a wide mouthed glass. Which stage of
Piaget’s developmental model is likely to have attained?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
e. Conventional stage

70- In which instance is an active-passive patient–doctor relationship most

appropriate?
a. A patient who has a chronic illness with various treatment options.
b. A woman who is a carrier of the gene for cystic fibrosis consults her doctor about
whether she and her husband should conceive.
c. A 54-year-old woman with hypertension wishes to monitor her own blood
pressure at home.
d. A 22-year-old man is brought into the emergency room with a gunshot wound to
the chest.
e. A young woman confides in her doctor about wanting to have an abortion.

71- Transference feelings

a. Are based on doctors projecting their feelings to the patient
b. Is a main reason for lawsuits filed by mistreated patients
c. Don’t occur with a highly experienced physician
d. Are based on a patient projecting feelings from past relationships to the doctor
e. None of the above

72- Which of the following is an open-ended question?

a. Tell me about yourself?
b. Could you tell me the name of the prime minister?
c. It seems as if you feel people are against you?
d. What do you find stressful in your job?
e. Do you have trouble falling asleep?

73 - Which theory claims that emotions are organized in the brain and that
emotional feelings and bodily expressions occur simultaneously?
a. The common sense theory
b. The Cannon-Bard theory
c. Attribution theory
d. The James-Lange theory

74- The most common basis for differentiating between emotion and motivation
assumes that the emotion is aroused by ________ and that motivation is aroused
by ________
a. Instincts, drives.
b. Drives, instincts.
c. Internal events, external events.
d. External events, internal events.

75- How are the physiological responses to the negative emotions different from
the responses to positive emotions?
a. Heart rates are decreased when expressing positive emotions.
b. Skin temperatures are increased when expressing positive emotions.
c. Heart rates are increased when expressing positive emotions.
d. Skin temperatures are decreased when expressing positive emotions.

76-During a clinical interview the following statement is made by the clinician:

‘So you have been anxious since these changes occurred at your work place.’
Which of the following interview technique best describes the above statement?
a. Facilitation
b. Open-ended question
c. Closed-ended question
d. Interpretation
e. Reflecting
77- Which one of these statements about emotion is correct?
a. According to Freud, emotion is seen as a noxious state that compels ameliorative
action
b. Emotion is an unconditioned response that results from previous learning
c. Emotion is a state of inactivation compelled by survival related activities
d. Emotion is less intense than mood
e. Emotion is self-perpetuating
78- The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions emphasis the role of the:
a) Skeletal muscles
b) Thalamus and hypothalamus
c) Hormonal system
d) All of the above
e) None of these

79- The so called primary emotions include:

(a) Joy, fear, anger, grief
(b) Pain, fear, hate, love
(c) Shame, guilt, anger, grief
(d) all of the above
(e) None of these

80- According to James-Lange Theory of Emotion:

(a) The experiences of emotions depends upon autonomic arousal and on one's
cognitive interpretation of that arousal
(b) Different patterns of autonomic arousal lead to the experience of different
emotions
(c) Emotions occur when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex
and to the autonomic nervous system
(d) Emotions develop because of their adaptive value

81- Which one of these statements about intrinsic motivation theory is correct?
a. High arousal leads to an optimum degree of alertness
b. The subject requires a high level of arousal to attain a high level of performance
c. It includes need to achieve (nAch)
d. It is associated with cognitive assonance
e. It is associated with aptitude-discrepant behavior
82- According to Maslow, a person with no job, no friends and no house can be self-
actualized:
a) 100 percent yes
b) 100 percent no
c) None of these

83- A need to establish and maintain relationship with other people:

a) Achievement motivation
b) Need for affiliation
c) None of these

84- Which of the following orders of Maslow’s hierarchy of need is correct?

a) Safety, physiological, belongingness, self-actualization, esteem
b) Belongingness, esteem, safety, physiological, self-actualization
c) Physiological, belongingness, safety, esteem, self-actualization
d) Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
e) None of these

85- Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

(a) Doing a good job because of the sense of satisfaction when you are finished
(b) Doing a good job in order to get a pay raise
(c) Working hard because of the pride you take in your work
(d) Doing a good job because you enjoy your work

86- Which one of these statements about IQ is correct?

a. Organic psycho-syndromes reduce the verbal score more than the performance
score
b. The verbal scale is influenced by social cultural factors more than the performance
scale
c. IQ is stable in healthy people after 6 years
d. Moderate mental retardation IQ is 50–69
e. Creativity requires convergent thinking
87- Which one of these statements about communication is correct?
a. Being an opinion leader is not a characteristic of being a persuasive communicator
b. Message repetition is useful with high-intelligence people
c. Two-sided communications are more effective with people of low intelligence
d. Implicit messages are more persuasive for less intelligent people
e. Interactive personal discussions are more persuasive than mass media
communications
88- The concept of intelligence is closely related to:
a) Motivation
b) Learning
c) Perception
d) Cognition

89- Speech like but meaningless sound appear between 3 months to one year is
termed as:
a) Syntax
b) Babble
c) Conversation
d) None of these

90- The ability to deal with new problems and encounters is technically called as:
a) Crystallized intelligence
b) G or g-factor of intelligence
c) Fluid intelligence
d) None of these

91- In general children who score well on IQ tests have parents who:
a) Pay for tutors and special schools
b) Have very high IQs
c) Punish them if they fail to do it well
d) Spend time with them and actively encourage their development
e) None of these

A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with ischemic heart disease following an evaluation

for an episode of anginal chest pain; on the following day he is found doing push-
ups prior to a medical consultation.
HPI On further interview, he states that there is "nothing wrong" with him and that
"it's all just an overreaction."
DENIAL
A 15-year-old boy being seen for a sports physical reveals his disgust at his best
friend's confession that he might be gay, stating that he "can't stand being near that
faggot" and that "all homosexuals should go to hell."
History of Present Illness He and the young man have been best friends for years;
he admits that he has never been closer to anyone else. He appears shaken by the
process of recounting his experience.
The defense mechanism used here is

REACTION FORMATION

A 55-year-old male insists that his physician has deliberately prescribed harmful
drugs for him and states that he will file a malpractice suit against the doctor.
History of Present Illness:
The patient is hostile and angry. Physical examination normal, although patient is
suspicious and guarded. He often holds others responsible for his problems.
What is the personality disorder present here
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

During a routine physical exam, a young female patient tells her physician that she
has fallen in love with him; when he recommends that she see another physician, she
threatens to commit suicide.
History of Present Illness: She denies any depression or suicidal ideation in the past.
She had long history of unstable mood and behavior, suicide attempts, boredom,
splitting, feelings of emptiness and loneliness, and impulsiveness.
Personality disorder here is
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
A physician seeing her first patient of the day is uncharacteristically forceful in
advising that patient to lose weight.
HPI She had an argument with her son the previous night, during which he again
refused to take what she considered to be sound advice.
DISPLACEMENT
1- A 25-year-old woman sees a psychiatrist for a chief complaint of having a
depressed mood for her “entire life.” She begins psychotherapy and sees the
physician once per week. After 3 months of therapy, she tells the psychiatrist that
she is very afraid of him because he is “so angry all the time.” She behaves as if this
is true and that the psychiatrist will explode with rage at any minute. The psychiatrist
is not normally seen as an angry person and is unaware of any anger toward the
patient. The defense mechanisms that used by this patient is
Projection

2- A 32-year-old woman is given the news by her physician that she has breast cancer
and will need surgery, followed by chemotherapy. She returns home after the
appointment, and her husband asks how the visit went. She tells him that “everything
was fine.” For the rest of the evening, she behaves as if there had been no bad news
given to her. In fact, she appears to be in good spirits. The defense mechanisms is
likely being employed by this woman is
Denial

3- A 45-year-old man is admitted to the medical unit following a heart attack; a

psych consult is requested when nurses report that his offensive behavior is
disrupting the staff and other patients.
When questioned, the patient is dismissive and prefers instead to discuss his
"beautiful girlfriend," new sports car, and widespread influence. He denies having
had a heart attack and claims that it was just "minor heartburn." He loudly belittles
the staff for being inattentive and claims that the consulting physician is "the only
one here who can appreciate me." His EGG and labs are consistent with diagnosis
of myocardial infarction. His personality is
Narcissistic personality disorder
A 55-year-old male insists that his physician has deliberately prescribed harmful
drugs for him and states that he will file a malpractice suit against the doctor.
History of Present Illness:
The patient is hostile and angry. Physical examination normal, although patient is
suspicious and guarded. He often holds others responsible for his problems.
What is the personality disorder present here is:
Paranoid personality disorder