GENDER STUDIES GSB 211 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

1.Giving examples , define and explain the following terms ‘

a) Gender equality (4)

b) Gender mainstreaming (4)

c) Feminism (4)

d) Gender (4)

e) Canalization (4)

Gender equality refers to the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of individuals
regardless of their gender. It is the belief that all genders should have the same rights and
opportunities in all aspects of life, including education, employment, and social interactions.
For example, in many countries, women have historically been denied the same rights and
opportunities as men, such as the right to vote or access to education. Gender equality seeks
to address these disparities and create a more equitable society for all genders.

Gender mainstreaming is the process of integrating a gender perspective into all policies,
programs, and activities. It involves considering the different needs, priorities, and
experiences of men and women in decision-making processes to ensure that gender equality
is promoted and achieved. For example, a government may implement gender mainstreaming
in its healthcare system by ensuring that women have equal access to reproductive health
services and that men are encouraged to seek mental health support.

Feminism is a social and political movement that advocates for the rights and equality of
women. It seeks to challenge and dismantle the patriarchal structures that have historically
oppressed women and promote gender equality. Feminism can take many forms, from
advocating for equal pay and reproductive rights to challenging gender stereotypes and
promoting women's leadership. For example, the #MeToo movement is a feminist movement
that aims to raise awareness of sexual harassment and assault and hold perpetrators
accountable for their actions.

Gender is a social construct that refers to the roles, behaviors, and expectations that society
assigns to individuals based on their perceived sex. It is not limited to male and female but
also includes non-binary and gender non-conforming individuals. Gender is fluid and can
vary across cultures and time periods. For example, in some cultures, there are more than two
genders recognized, such as the hijra community in South Asia.
Canalization refers to the process by which individuals are guided into specific gender roles
and behaviors based on societal expectations. It can limit individuals' choices and
opportunities by reinforcing traditional gender norms and stereotypes. For example, young
girls may be encouraged to play with dolls and dress in pink, while boys are encouraged to
play with trucks and engage in rough play. Canalization can restrict individuals' self-
expression and limit their potential by reinforcing rigid gender roles.

2.a) State and explain the limitations of the Marxist-Feminist Theory

b) According to the Marxist -feminist theory, how can gender

inequality issues be redressed.

Marxist-Feminist theory, which combines Marxist and feminist perspectives to analyze the
intersection of class and gender oppression, has been a valuable tool in understanding the
complexities of gender inequality. However, like any theoretical framework, it has its
limitations.

One limitation of Marxist-Feminist theory is its focus on economic factors as the primary
source of oppression. While economic inequality is certainly a significant factor in gender
inequality, it is not the only one. Issues such as cultural norms, socialization, and institutional
discrimination also play a role in perpetuating gender inequality. By focusing solely on
economic factors, Marxist-Feminist theory may overlook these other important aspects of
gender oppression.

Another limitation of Marxist-Feminist theory is its tendency to essentialize gender and class
categories. In other words, it may treat all women as a homogenous group and all men as a
homogenous group, failing to account for the diversity of experiences within each category.
Similarly, it may overlook the ways in which gender and class intersect with other forms of
oppression, such as race, sexuality, and ability.

Additionally, Marxist-Feminist theory may be criticized for its deterministic view of social
change. By emphasizing the role of economic forces in shaping society, it may downplay the
agency of individuals and social movements in challenging and changing oppressive
structures. This can lead to a sense of fatalism and resignation, rather than empowerment and
activism.

b) According to the Marxist-Feminist theory, how can gender inequality issues be redressed

According to Marxist-Feminist theory, gender inequality can be redressed through a

combination of economic and social transformation. One key strategy is to address the
economic factors that contribute to gender inequality, such as unequal pay, limited access to
resources, and lack of economic opportunities for women. This can be achieved through
policies that promote gender equality in the workplace, such as equal pay legislation, paid
parental leave, and affordable childcare.

In addition to economic reforms, Marxist-Feminist theory emphasizes the importance of

challenging cultural norms and socialization practices that perpetuate gender inequality. This
can involve promoting gender equality in education, media representation, and social
institutions, as well as challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. By changing the
way society views and values gender, we can create a more equitable and inclusive society
for all individuals.

Furthermore, Marxist-Feminist theory highlights the importance of collective action and

solidarity in addressing gender inequality. By organizing and mobilizing women and other
marginalized groups, we can challenge oppressive structures and advocate for social change.
This can involve forming alliances with other social movements, such as labor unions,
environmental groups, and racial justice organizations, to build a broader coalition for social
justice.

In conclusion, while Marxist-Feminist theory has its limitations, it offers valuable insights
into the complex dynamics of gender inequality and provides a framework for addressing
these issues through economic and social transformation. By combining economic reforms,
cultural change, and collective action, we can work towards a more just and equitable society
for all individuals.

3.a)Using examples briefly explain the gender socialization forces (8)

b) Give a detailed explanation on how mass media plays a role in

the construction of gender (12)

a) Gender socialization forces refer to the various influences in society that shape individuals'
understanding of gender roles and expectations. These forces can come from family, peers,
schools, and the media, among others. Here are some examples of gender socialization
forces:

1. Family: Families play a significant role in shaping children's understanding of gender.

Parents often reinforce traditional gender roles by assigning specific tasks and responsibilities
based on gender. For example, girls may be expected to help with household chores, while
boys may be encouraged to participate in sports.

2. Peers: Peer groups also play a role in gender socialization. Children learn about gender
norms and expectations through interactions with their friends. For example, boys may be
teased for showing emotions or engaging in activities traditionally associated with girls,
while girls may face pressure to conform to feminine ideals.

3. Schools: Schools can reinforce gender stereotypes through curriculum, dress codes, and
disciplinary practices. For example, girls may be encouraged to pursue careers in traditionally
female-dominated fields like nursing or teaching, while boys may be steered towards more
"masculine" professions like engineering or law enforcement.

4. Religion: Religious beliefs and practices can also influence gender socialization. Many
religions have specific teachings about gender roles and expectations, which can shape
individuals' understanding of their own identity and behavior.

5. Media: The media plays a powerful role in shaping societal attitudes towards gender.
Television shows, movies, advertisements, and social media all contribute to the construction
of gender norms and stereotypes. For example, women are often portrayed as passive and
emotional, while men are depicted as strong and assertive.

6. Toys and Games: The toys and games that children play with can also reinforce gender
stereotypes. For example, girls are often given dolls and playhouses, while boys are given
action figures and toy cars. These toys can reinforce traditional ideas about gender roles and
expectations.

7. Language: Language can also play a role in gender socialization. The use of gendered
language, such as "he" or "she," can reinforce binary notions of gender. Additionally, the way
that we talk about and describe gender can influence how individuals understand and perform
their own gender identity.

8. Socialization Agents: Socialization agents, such as teachers, coaches, and mentors, can
also influence individuals' understanding of gender. These authority figures can reinforce or
challenge traditional gender norms through their words and actions.

b) Mass media plays a significant role in the construction of gender by perpetuating and
reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes and norms. Through television shows, movies,
advertisements, and social media, the media shapes how individuals understand and perform
their gender identity. Here are some ways in which mass media influences the construction of
gender:

1. Representation: The media often portrays gender in a binary and stereotypical manner,
with men and women conforming to traditional roles and expectations. For example, women
are often depicted as caregivers, while men are shown as breadwinners. This limited
representation can reinforce harmful stereotypes and limit individuals' understanding of
gender diversity.

2. Objectification: Mass media frequently objectifies women, reducing them to their physical
appearance and reinforcing the idea that women's value lies in their attractiveness. This
objectification can contribute to body image issues and low self-esteem among women and
girls.

3. Gender Roles: Television shows and movies often depict rigid gender roles, with men and
women expected to behave in specific ways based on their gender. For example, men are
often shown as strong and dominant, while women are portrayed as passive and submissive.
These portrayals can limit individuals' understanding of the complexity of gender identity and
expression.

4. Advertising: Advertisements often reinforce traditional gender stereotypes by promoting

products and services based on gendered expectations. For example, cleaning products are
typically marketed towards women, while tools and automotive products are targeted towards
men. This gendered marketing can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and limit individuals'
choices and opportunities.

5. Social Media: Social media platforms can also play a role in the construction of gender by
promoting certain beauty standards and gender norms. Influencers and celebrities often
present curated versions of themselves that conform to traditional ideas of gender, leading to
unrealistic expectations and pressures for individuals to conform.

6. News Coverage: The way that the media covers gender-related issues can also influence
public perceptions of gender. Biased or sensationalized news stories can perpetuate harmful
stereotypes and reinforce societal prejudices. For example, news coverage of sexual assault
cases may focus on victim-blaming or perpetuate myths about gender and violence.

In conclusion, mass media plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' understanding of

gender by perpetuating traditional stereotypes and norms. By critically analyzing media
representations of gender and challenging harmful stereotypes, we can work towards creating
a more inclusive and equitable society.

4. a) Briefly state the protocols on gender to which Zimbabwe is a

signatory (5).

b) Discuss how gender has become a contemporary issue in

Zimbabwe (15).

a) Zimbabwe is a signatory to several international protocols on gender equality, including

the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW), the Beijing Platform for Action, the Southern African Development Community
(SADC) Protocol on Gender and Development, and the African Union Protocol on the Rights
of Women in Africa. These protocols outline the rights of women and girls and call for the
elimination of discrimination and violence against them.

b) Gender has become a contemporary issue in Zimbabwe due to a variety of factors. One of
the key issues is the prevalence of gender-based violence, including domestic violence,
sexual assault, and child marriage. According to a report by the Zimbabwe National Statistics
Agency, one in three women in Zimbabwe has experienced physical violence, and one in four
women has experienced sexual violence. These alarming statistics highlight the urgent need
for action to address gender-based violence in the country.

Another issue that has brought gender to the forefront in Zimbabwe is the lack of
representation of women in decision-making positions. Despite efforts to promote gender
equality, women continue to be underrepresented in politics, business, and other sectors of
society. This lack of representation not only hinders women's ability to participate fully in
society but also perpetuates gender stereotypes and discrimination.

Furthermore, economic challenges in Zimbabwe have disproportionately affected women,

who often bear the brunt of poverty and unemployment. Women are more likely to be
employed in the informal sector, where they face lower wages, lack of job security, and
limited access to resources. This economic vulnerability further exacerbates gender inequality
in the country.

In response to these challenges, the Zimbabwean government and civil society organizations
have taken steps to address gender issues. The government has implemented policies and
programs to promote gender equality, such as the National Gender Policy and the Gender
Commission. Civil society organizations have also been instrumental in advocating for
women's rights and providing support services for survivors of gender-based violence.

Overall, gender has become a pressing issue in Zimbabwe due to the prevalence of gender-
based violence, lack of representation of women in decision-making positions, and economic
challenges facing women. Addressing these issues requires a multi-faceted approach that
includes legal reforms, awareness-raising campaigns, and support for women's
empowerment. By working together, Zimbabwe can make progress towards achieving gender
equality and ensuring that all individuals, regardless of gender, have equal rights and
opportunities.

5. What propositions can you offer to minimize the gendered impacts o

globalization on host countries? (20).

Globalization has undoubtedly brought about significant changes in the world, impacting
various aspects of society, including gender dynamics. While globalization has led to
economic growth and increased opportunities for many, it has also exacerbated gender
inequalities in host countries. In order to minimize the gendered impacts of globalization,
several propositions can be put forward.

Firstly, host countries should prioritize gender equality in their policies and regulations. This
includes implementing laws that protect women's rights in the workplace, such as equal pay
for equal work and anti-discrimination measures. By ensuring that women have the same
opportunities as men to participate in the workforce and access education and training, host
countries can help to level the playing field and reduce gender disparities.

Secondly, host countries should invest in programs that support women's economic
empowerment. This can include providing access to credit and financial services for women
entrepreneurs, as well as training and mentorship programs to help women develop the skills
they need to succeed in the global economy. By supporting women's economic
empowerment, host countries can help to ensure that women are able to benefit from the
opportunities that globalization brings.
Thirdly, host countries should work to address the social norms and cultural practices that
perpetuate gender inequalities. This can include promoting gender-sensitive education and
media campaigns that challenge stereotypes and promote gender equality. By changing
attitudes and beliefs about gender roles, host countries can help to create a more inclusive and
equitable society for both men and women.

Finally, host countries should prioritize the inclusion of women in decision-making processes
at all levels of society. This can include increasing the representation of women in political
and corporate leadership positions, as well as ensuring that women have a voice in the
development and implementation of policies that affect them. By including women in
decision-making processes, host countries can help to ensure that the needs and perspectives
of women are taken into account in the globalization process.

In conclusion, minimizing the gendered impacts of globalization on host countries requires a

multi-faceted approach that addresses economic, social, and cultural factors. By prioritizing
gender equality in policies and regulations, investing in women's economic empowerment,
challenging gender norms and stereotypes, and promoting women's inclusion in decision-
making processes, host countries can help to create a more equitable and inclusive society for
all.

6.The digital revolution poses the risk of perpetuating existing patterns of gender inequality.
Using relevant examples explain any FIVE policy recommendations for closing the gender
digital divide.

The digital revolution has brought about significant advancements in technology and
communication, transforming the way we live, work, and interact with one another. However,
despite the many benefits that the digital age has brought, it also poses the risk of
perpetuating existing patterns of gender inequality. Women continue to face barriers to
accessing and utilizing digital technologies, which can further exacerbate gender disparities
in education, employment, and economic opportunities.

One of the key challenges in closing the gender digital divide is ensuring that women have
equal access to digital technologies and the skills needed to use them effectively. In many
parts of the world, women are less likely than men to own a smartphone or have access to the
internet, limiting their ability to participate in the digital economy. This lack of access can
further marginalize women and hinder their ability to fully participate in society.

To address these challenges and close the gender digital divide, policymakers must take
proactive steps to promote gender equality in the digital age. Here are five policy
recommendations that can help to achieve this goal:

1. Promote digital literacy programs for women: One of the key barriers to women's
participation in the digital economy is a lack of digital skills. Policymakers should invest in
programs that provide women with the training and resources they need to use digital
technologies effectively. This can help to empower women and increase their access to
educational and economic opportunities.
2. Ensure equal access to digital infrastructure: In many parts of the world, women face
barriers to accessing digital infrastructure such as smartphones, computers, and internet
connectivity. Policymakers should work to ensure that women have equal access to these
resources, including through subsidies and incentives for low-income women.

3. Address gender stereotypes in the tech industry: The tech industry continues to be male-
dominated, with women facing barriers to entry and advancement. Policymakers should work
to address gender stereotypes and promote diversity in the tech sector, including through
initiatives that support women in STEM fields and leadership positions.

4. Support women entrepreneurs in the digital economy: Women entrepreneurs face unique
challenges in accessing funding and resources to grow their businesses in the digital age.
Policymakers should provide support for women-owned businesses, including through grants,
loans, and mentorship programs that help women to succeed in the digital economy.

5. Collect and analyze gender-disaggregated data: In order to effectively address the gender
digital divide, policymakers must have access to accurate and up-to-date data on women's
access to digital technologies and the barriers they face. By collecting and analyzing gender-
disaggregated data, policymakers can better understand the challenges that women face and
develop targeted interventions to address them.

In conclusion, closing the gender digital divide is essential for promoting gender equality and
empowering women in the digital age. By implementing policies that promote digital literacy,
ensure equal access to digital infrastructure, address gender stereotypes in the tech industry,
support women entrepreneurs, and collect gender-disaggregated data, policymakers can help
to level the playing field and ensure that women have equal opportunities to thrive in the
digital economy.

7. With reference to any FIVE practical examples, discuss the rationale for gender

Gender analysis is a critical component of project planning and implementation, as it helps to

ensure that the needs and perspectives of both men and women are taken into account. By
examining how gender roles, norms, and power dynamics shape access to resources,
opportunities, and decision-making processes, project managers can design interventions that
are more inclusive, equitable, and effective. In this essay, I will discuss the rationale for
gender analysis in project management, with reference to five practical examples.

Firstly, gender analysis is important in the field of education. In many societies, girls are less
likely than boys to attend school, due to factors such as household responsibilities, early
marriage, and cultural beliefs about the value of girls' education. By conducting a gender
analysis of an education project, project managers can identify barriers to girls' access to
education and develop strategies to address them. For example, a project might provide
scholarships for girls, establish safe transportation to school, or train teachers in gender-
sensitive teaching methods.

Secondly, gender analysis is crucial in the area of health. Women and men often have
different health needs and experiences, due to biological differences, social norms, and access
to healthcare services. For instance, women may face barriers to accessing reproductive
health services, such as contraception and maternal care, while men may be less likely to seek
mental health support due to stigma. By conducting a gender analysis of a health project,
project managers can tailor interventions to meet the specific needs of women and men, and
ensure that services are accessible and culturally appropriate.

Thirdly, gender analysis is essential in the field of agriculture and rural development. Women
play a key role in agricultural production, yet they often have less access to land, credit, and
extension services than men. By conducting a gender analysis of an agricultural project,
project managers can identify ways to empower women farmers, such as providing training in
sustainable farming practices, facilitating access to markets, and promoting women's
participation in decision-making processes.

Fourthly, gender analysis is important in the context of conflict and peacebuilding. Women
and men experience conflict differently, with women often facing gender-based violence,
displacement, and loss of livelihoods. By conducting a gender analysis of a peacebuilding
project, project managers can ensure that women's voices are heard in peace negotiations, that
women are included in post-conflict reconstruction efforts, and that gender-based violence is
addressed effectively.

Finally, gender analysis is crucial in the field of economic development. Women are often
overrepresented in informal and low-paid work, and face barriers to accessing credit, training,
and markets. By conducting a gender analysis of an economic development project, project
managers can identify ways to promote women's economic empowerment, such as providing
business training, facilitating access to finance, and promoting women's entrepreneurship.

In conclusion, gender analysis is a vital tool for project managers to ensure that their
interventions are inclusive, equitable, and effective. By examining how gender dynamics
shape access to resources, opportunities, and decision-making processes, project managers
can design interventions that address the specific needs and priorities of women and men.
Through the five practical examples discussed in this essay, it is clear that gender analysis is
essential in a wide range of sectors, from education and health to agriculture, conflict,
peacebuilding, and economic development. By integrating gender analysis into project
planning and implementation, project managers can contribute to more sustainable and
transformative change.analysis in project management.

8. Discuss ways in which gender pay gaps can be reduced between men and women

in an organization. Make reference to any FIVE examples in your discussion.

Gender pay gaps have been a persistent issue in organizations around the world, with women
consistently earning less than men for the same work. This disparity is not only unfair but
also detrimental to the overall success and productivity of an organization. In order to reduce
gender pay gaps, organizations must take proactive steps to address this issue and ensure that
all employees are compensated fairly and equally. In this essay, I will discuss five ways in
which gender pay gaps can be reduced between men and women in an organization.
One way to reduce gender pay gaps is to conduct regular pay audits to identify any disparities
in pay between men and women. By analyzing the salaries of all employees within an
organization, companies can pinpoint areas where women may be earning less than their male
counterparts for the same work. This information can then be used to make necessary
adjustments to ensure that all employees are paid fairly based on their skills, experience, and
performance.

Another way to reduce gender pay gaps is to implement transparent salary policies that
clearly outline how salaries are determined within the organization. By providing employees
with information on how their pay is calculated, organizations can help to eliminate any
potential biases or discrimination that may be contributing to gender pay gaps. Transparency
in salary policies can also help to promote a culture of fairness and equality within the
organization.

Furthermore, organizations can reduce gender pay gaps by implementing salary negotiation
training programs for employees. Research has shown that women are less likely to negotiate
their salaries than men, which can result in lower pay for women overall. By providing
employees with the skills and confidence to negotiate their salaries effectively, organizations
can help to ensure that all employees are paid fairly and equitably.

In addition, organizations can reduce gender pay gaps by promoting more women into
leadership positions within the organization. Studies have shown that companies with more
women in leadership roles tend to have smaller gender pay gaps overall. By actively
promoting and supporting women in their career advancement, organizations can help to
create a more inclusive and diverse workplace that values the contributions of all employees
equally.

Lastly, organizations can reduce gender pay gaps by implementing pay equity policies that
ensure equal pay for equal work. By establishing clear guidelines and procedures for
determining salaries based on job responsibilities, qualifications, and performance,
organizations can help to eliminate any potential biases or discrimination that may be
contributing to gender pay gaps. Pay equity policies can also help to hold organizations
accountable for ensuring that all employees are paid fairly and equally, regardless of gender.

In conclusion, reducing gender pay gaps between men and women in an organization requires
a concerted effort to address the underlying causes of this disparity. By conducting regular
pay audits, implementing transparent salary policies, providing salary negotiation training,
promoting women into leadership roles, and establishing pay equity policies, organizations
can help to ensure that all employees are compensated fairly and equally. By taking proactive
steps to address gender pay gaps, organizations can create a more inclusive and equitable
workplace that values the contributions of all employees, regardless of gender.

9.Evaluate any FIVE reasons why women have been largely financially excluded in

your country. Use practical examples to support each evaluation

Financial exclusion of women is a prevalent issue in many countries, including my own.
There are several reasons why women have been largely financially excluded in my country,
and in this essay, I will evaluate five of these reasons using practical examples to support
each evaluation.

Firstly, one of the main reasons for the financial exclusion of women in my country is the
lack of access to financial services. Many women, especially those in rural areas, do not have
access to banks or other financial institutions. This lack of access makes it difficult for
women to save money, access credit, or invest in their businesses. For example, a study
conducted in my country found that only 30% of women have access to formal financial
services, compared to 50% of men.

Secondly, cultural norms and traditions play a significant role in the financial exclusion of
women. In my country, women are often expected to prioritize their family's needs over their
own financial independence. This can lead to women being financially dependent on their
male relatives, making it difficult for them to make independent financial decisions. For
instance, a survey conducted in my country found that 70% of women rely on their husbands
or fathers for financial support.

Thirdly, limited education and skills among women also contribute to their financial
exclusion. Many women in my country have limited access to education and training
opportunities, which hinders their ability to secure well-paying jobs or start their own
businesses. This lack of education and skills can perpetuate the cycle of poverty among
women. For example, a recent report found that only 40% of women in my country have
completed secondary education, compared to 60% of men.

Fourthly, discriminatory laws and policies can also contribute to the financial exclusion of
women. In my country, there are still laws that discriminate against women in terms of
property rights, inheritance, and access to credit. These laws can limit women's ability to own
property, access credit, or start businesses. For example, a recent study found that women in
my country are less likely to own land or property compared to men.

Lastly, gender stereotypes and biases can also play a role in the financial exclusion of
women. In my country, there is a prevailing belief that women are not as capable as men
when it comes to managing finances or running businesses. This can lead to women being
overlooked for job opportunities or denied access to financial resources. For instance, a
recent survey found that 60% of women in my country have experienced discrimination in
the workplace based on their gender.

In conclusion, the financial exclusion of women in my country is a complex issue that is

influenced by a variety of factors, including lack of access to financial services, cultural
norms, limited education and skills, discriminatory laws, and gender stereotypes. Addressing
these issues will require a multi-faceted approach that involves improving access to financial
services, challenging discriminatory laws and policies, and promoting gender equality in all
aspects of society. By addressing these root causes of financial exclusion, we can work
towards creating a more inclusive and equitable financial system for women in my country.
10. Explain how the following socialization forces construct gender:

i) Family (5 marks)

ii) The School (5 marks)

ii) The Peer Group (5 marks)

Gender is a complex and multifaceted construct that is shaped by a variety of socialization

forces, including the family, the school, and the peer group. These socialization forces play a
crucial role in shaping individuals' understanding of gender roles, norms, and expectations. In
this essay, I will analyze how each of these socialization forces constructs gender.

The family is often considered the primary agent of socialization, as it is where individuals
first learn about gender roles and expectations. From a young age, children are socialized into
gendered behaviors through interactions with their family members. For example, parents
may encourage their sons to be assertive and competitive, while daughters are taught to be
nurturing and caring. These gendered expectations are reinforced through the division of
labor within the household, with boys and girls often assigned different chores based on
traditional gender roles.

Furthermore, the family also plays a role in shaping individuals' attitudes towards gender
through the transmission of cultural values and beliefs. For example, families may hold
traditional views on gender, such as the belief that men should be the primary breadwinners
and women should be homemakers. These beliefs are passed down from generation to
generation, shaping individuals' understanding of gender and influencing their behavior.

The school is another important socialization force that constructs gender. Schools play a
crucial role in reinforcing gender norms and expectations through the curriculum, classroom
interactions, and extracurricular activities. For example, textbooks often portray gender
stereotypes, with male characters depicted as strong and assertive, while female characters
are portrayed as passive and nurturing. These representations can influence students'
perceptions of gender and reinforce traditional gender roles.

Additionally, schools may also perpetuate gender inequality through the unequal treatment of
boys and girls. For example, boys may receive more attention and praise in the classroom,
while girls may be overlooked or underestimated. These differential treatment can impact
students' self-esteem and confidence, reinforcing gender stereotypes and limiting their
potential.

The peer group is another important socialization force that constructs gender. Peers play a
crucial role in shaping individuals' understanding of gender through social interactions and
peer pressure. For example, peer groups may enforce gender norms through peer pressure,
with boys expected to conform to masculine behaviors and girls expected to conform to
feminine behaviors. This pressure can influence individuals' behavior and attitudes towards
gender, shaping their identity and sense of self.
Furthermore, peer groups also play a role in reinforcing gender stereotypes through
socialization practices. For example, boys may be encouraged to engage in rough play and
competitive sports, while girls may be encouraged to engage in nurturing and caregiving
activities. These gendered expectations can limit individuals' choices and opportunities,
reinforcing traditional gender roles and perpetuating gender inequality.

In conclusion, the family, the school, and the peer group are important socialization forces
that construct gender. These socialization forces shape individuals' understanding of gender
roles, norms, and expectations, influencing their behavior and attitudes towards gender. By
understanding how these socialization forces construct gender, we can work towards
challenging and changing traditional gender norms and promoting gender equality

11..Discuss the main features of Third World Political Economy Approach and its
limitations.

The Third World Political Economy Approach is a theoretical framework that seeks to
understand the economic and political dynamics of developing countries. This approach
emerged in the 1970s as a response to the dominant Western-centric perspectives that failed
to adequately explain the challenges faced by countries in the Global South. The main
features of the Third World Political Economy Approach include a focus on historical
context, the role of imperialism and colonialism, and the importance of structural factors in
shaping economic development.

One of the key features of the Third World Political Economy Approach is its emphasis on
historical context. This approach recognizes that the economic and political conditions in
developing countries are shaped by their colonial past and the legacy of imperialism. For
example, the exploitation of resources and labor during the colonial period continues to have
lasting effects on the economic structures of many developing countries. By taking into
account historical factors, the Third World Political Economy Approach provides a more
nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by these countries.

Another important feature of the Third World Political Economy Approach is its focus on the
role of imperialism and colonialism in shaping economic development. This approach argues
that the unequal power relations between developed and developing countries have
contributed to the underdevelopment of the latter. For example, the imposition of structural
adjustment programs by international financial institutions has often led to increased poverty
and inequality in developing countries. By highlighting the impact of imperialism and
colonialism, the Third World Political Economy Approach challenges the notion that
underdevelopment is solely the result of internal factors.

Additionally, the Third World Political Economy Approach emphasizes the importance of
structural factors in shaping economic development. This approach argues that the global
economic system is inherently unequal and that developing countries are often marginalized
within this system. For example, the reliance on primary commodity exports in many
developing countries has made them vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices.
By focusing on structural factors, the Third World Political Economy Approach highlights
the need for structural reforms and policies that address the root causes of underdevelopment.

Despite its insights, the Third World Political Economy Approach has several limitations.
One of the main criticisms of this approach is its tendency to essentialize developing
countries as a homogeneous group. This can lead to oversimplifications and overlook the
diversity of experiences within the Global South. Additionally, some scholars argue that the
Third World Political Economy Approach places too much emphasis on external factors,
such as imperialism and colonialism, and neglects the role of internal dynamics in shaping
economic development.

In conclusion, the Third World Political Economy Approach offers a valuable perspective on
the economic and political challenges faced by developing countries. By focusing on
historical context, the role of imperialism and colonialism, and structural factors, this
approach provides a more nuanced understanding of underdevelopment. However, it is
important to recognize the limitations of this approach and to consider the diverse
experiences and internal dynamics that shape economic development in the Global South.

12. ) Describe some of the gender-based barriers women entrepreneurs face as they start and
grow their businesses. (10 marks)

b) Outline practical strategies/solutions to eradicate the gender inequality caused by the

gender-based barriers mentioned above. (10 marks)

Women entrepreneurs face a myriad of challenges as they start and grow their businesses,
many of which are rooted in gender-based barriers. These barriers can hinder women's ability
to access resources, networks, and opportunities necessary for success in the business world.
In this essay, I will discuss some of the key gender-based barriers that women entrepreneurs
face and their implications for their businesses.

One of the most significant gender-based barriers that women entrepreneurs face is limited
access to financial resources. Studies have shown that women are less likely to receive
funding for their businesses compared to men. This can be attributed to a variety of factors,
including gender bias among investors, lack of collateral, and limited access to networks that
can connect them with potential investors. Without adequate funding, women entrepreneurs
may struggle to grow their businesses and compete in the market.

Another gender-based barrier that women entrepreneurs face is limited access to networks
and mentorship opportunities. In many industries, networking plays a crucial role in business
success, as it can lead to partnerships, collaborations, and new opportunities. However,
women often face barriers to accessing these networks, as they may be excluded from male-
dominated spaces or face discrimination when trying to establish connections. Without access
to supportive networks and mentors, women entrepreneurs may struggle to navigate the
challenges of entrepreneurship and grow their businesses.

Additionally, women entrepreneurs often face gender bias and stereotypes that can impact
their credibility and success in the business world. Studies have shown that women are often
perceived as less competent and less capable than their male counterparts, which can hinder
their ability to secure partnerships, clients, and funding. This bias can also manifest in the
form of microaggressions, such as being interrupted or talked over in meetings, which can
undermine women's confidence and impact their ability to assert themselves in business
settings.

In conclusion, women entrepreneurs face a range of gender-based barriers that can hinder
their ability to start and grow their businesses. These barriers, including limited access to
financial resources, networks, and mentorship opportunities, as well as gender bias and
stereotypes, can have significant implications for women's success in the business world.
Addressing these barriers requires a concerted effort to challenge gender norms, promote
diversity and inclusion, and create supportive environments that empower women
entrepreneurs to thrive. By breaking down these barriers, we can create a more equitable and
inclusive business landscape that benefits everyone.

B. Gender inequality is a pervasive issue that continues to affect individuals worldwide. One
of the main causes of gender inequality is the presence of gender-based barriers that hinder
the progress and success of individuals based on their gender. These barriers can manifest in
various forms, such as limited access to education, unequal pay, lack of representation in
leadership positions, and gender-based violence. In order to eradicate gender inequality
caused by these barriers, practical strategies and solutions must be implemented.

One practical strategy to address gender-based barriers is to promote gender equality in

education. This can be achieved by ensuring equal access to education for both boys and
girls, providing scholarships and financial support for girls in marginalized communities, and
implementing gender-sensitive curricula that challenge traditional gender roles and
stereotypes. By investing in girls' education, we can empower them to reach their full
potential and break the cycle of poverty and inequality.

Another solution to eradicate gender inequality is to address the gender pay gap. This can be
done by implementing policies that promote equal pay for equal work, providing training and
support for women to negotiate their salaries, and encouraging companies to conduct regular
pay audits to ensure gender parity. By closing the gender pay gap, we can ensure that women
are fairly compensated for their work and have the financial resources to support themselves
and their families.

Furthermore, increasing the representation of women in leadership positions is crucial to

addressing gender-based barriers. This can be achieved by implementing quotas and targets
for women in leadership roles, providing mentorship and networking opportunities for
women, and creating a supportive work environment that values diversity and inclusion. By
promoting women's leadership, we can challenge traditional gender norms and create a more
equitable society for all individuals.

Lastly, addressing gender-based violence is essential to eradicating gender inequality. This

can be done by implementing laws and policies that protect women and girls from violence,
providing support services for survivors of gender-based violence, and promoting gender
equality and respectful relationships through education and awareness campaigns. By
addressing gender-based violence, we can create a safer and more inclusive society where all
individuals can thrive without fear of harm or discrimination.

In conclusion, gender-based barriers are a significant cause of gender inequality that must be
addressed through practical strategies and solutions. By promoting gender equality in
education, closing the gender pay gap, increasing women's representation in leadership
positions, and addressing gender-based violence, we can create a more equitable society
where all individuals have the opportunity to succeed and thrive. It is essential that we work
together to dismantle these barriers and create a world where gender equality is a reality for
all.

13.Zimbabwe leadership has been working tirelessly to address gender imbalances from the
past.State and explain strategies that have been implemented by the Zimbabwe government to
address gender inequalities.

Gender inequality has been a pervasive issue in Zimbabwe for many years, with women often
facing discrimination and marginalization in various aspects of society. However, the
Zimbabwean government has been working tirelessly to address these gender imbalances and
promote gender equality. In this essay, we will discuss the strategies that have been
implemented by the Zimbabwean government to address gender inequalities and empower
women.

One of the key strategies that the Zimbabwean government has implemented to address
gender inequalities is the enactment of laws and policies that promote gender equality. For
example, the government has passed the Domestic Violence Act, which provides legal
protection for women who are victims of domestic violence. This law has helped to raise
awareness about the issue of domestic violence and has provided women with the legal
recourse they need to seek justice and protection.

In addition to passing laws, the Zimbabwean government has also implemented policies that
aim to promote gender equality in various sectors of society. For example, the government
has implemented affirmative action policies that aim to increase the representation of women
in decision-making positions in government and other institutions. This has helped to
empower women and ensure that their voices are heard in important decision-making
processes.

Furthermore, the Zimbabwean government has also implemented programs that aim to
empower women economically. For example, the government has established microfinance
programs that provide women with access to credit and financial resources to start and grow
their businesses. This has helped to reduce the economic disparities between men and women
and has empowered women to become financially independent.

Another important strategy that the Zimbabwean government has implemented to address
gender inequalities is the promotion of gender-sensitive education. The government has
implemented programs that aim to promote gender equality in schools and ensure that girls
have equal access to education. This has helped to reduce the gender gap in education and
empower girls to pursue their academic and career goals.

Overall, the Zimbabwean government has made significant progress in addressing gender
inequalities and promoting gender equality. Through the enactment of laws and policies, the
implementation of affirmative action programs, and the promotion of gender-sensitive
education, the government has taken important steps towards empowering women and
promoting gender equality in Zimbabwe. However, there is still much work to be done, and it
is important for the government to continue its efforts to address gender imbalances and
ensure that women have equal rights and opportunities in all aspects of society.

14. ) With the use of practical examples evaluate FIVE (5) gender impacts of globalisation on

host nations. (10 marks)

b) Discuss FIVE (5) ways in which barriers to growth for African women owned enterprises

can be reduced, to ensure the success of such entities (10 marks)

Globalization has had a significant impact on host nations around the world, including in
terms of gender equality. In this essay, we will evaluate five gender impacts of globalization
on host nations, using practical examples to illustrate these effects.

One of the key gender impacts of globalization on host nations is the widening gender wage
gap. As multinational corporations expand into new markets, they often bring with them their
own pay structures, which may not align with the local norms. This can result in women
being paid less than men for the same work, leading to increased income inequality. For
example, in many developing countries where multinational corporations have set up
factories, women are often employed in low-paying jobs such as garment workers, while men
are more likely to be in higher-paying managerial positions.

Another gender impact of globalization is the feminization of labor in certain industries. As

global trade increases, certain industries such as textiles and electronics have seen a rise in
female employment. While this can provide women with new economic opportunities, it can
also lead to exploitation and poor working conditions. For example, in countries like
Bangladesh and Vietnam, where the garment industry is a major source of employment for
women, workers often face long hours, low wages, and unsafe working conditions.

Globalization has also had an impact on gender roles and expectations in host nations. As
Western ideas and values spread through media and cultural exchange, traditional gender
norms may be challenged. For example, in countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran, where strict
gender segregation is enforced, the influx of Western media and technology has led to
increased awareness of gender equality issues and calls for greater women's rights.

Furthermore, globalization has led to an increase in human trafficking and exploitation of

women in host nations. As borders become more porous and people move more freely across
countries, criminal networks have taken advantage of this to traffic women for forced labor,
sexual exploitation, and other forms of abuse. For example, in countries like Thailand and
Cambodia, women and girls are often lured into the sex trade by promises of better
opportunities in neighboring countries.

Lastly, globalization has also had an impact on women's access to education and healthcare in
host nations. While increased trade and investment can lead to economic growth, it can also
exacerbate existing inequalities in access to education and healthcare. For example, in many
African countries, women and girls are still less likely to receive a quality education or access
to healthcare services compared to men, despite the overall economic growth in the region.

In conclusion, globalization has had both positive and negative gender impacts on host
nations. While it has provided women with new economic opportunities and challenged
traditional gender norms, it has also led to increased income inequality, exploitation, and
barriers to education and healthcare. It is important for policymakers and stakeholders to
address these gender impacts and work towards creating a more equitable and inclusive
global economy.

Barriers to growth for African women-owned enterprises can be reduced in several ways to
ensure the success of such entities. Here are five strategies that can help overcome these
obstacles:

1. Access to finance: One of the biggest barriers for women-owned enterprises in Africa is
the lack of access to finance. Women often face discrimination when trying to access loans or
investment capital, which hinders their ability to grow their businesses. To reduce this barrier,
governments and financial institutions can create special loan programs and grants
specifically for women entrepreneurs. These programs can provide low-interest loans,
mentorship, and training to help women build their businesses and access the capital they
need to grow.

2. Capacity building: Many women-owned enterprises in Africa lack the skills and
knowledge needed to scale their businesses. To address this barrier, training programs and
workshops can be organized to help women entrepreneurs develop their business acumen,
marketing skills, and financial literacy. By providing women with the tools they need to
succeed, they can overcome the barriers to growth and build sustainable businesses.

3. Access to markets: Women-owned enterprises often struggle to access new markets and
expand their customer base. Governments and organizations can help reduce this barrier by
providing women with opportunities to showcase their products and services at trade fairs,
exhibitions, and networking events. By connecting women entrepreneurs with potential
buyers and partners, they can expand their reach and grow their businesses.

4. Policy support: Governments can play a crucial role in reducing barriers to growth for
women-owned enterprises by implementing policies that support women entrepreneurs. This
can include creating a supportive regulatory environment, providing tax incentives for
women-owned businesses, and promoting gender equality in the workplace. By creating an
enabling environment for women entrepreneurs, governments can help them overcome the
barriers to growth and thrive in the marketplace.

5. Networking and mentorship: Women entrepreneurs often face isolation and lack of support
in their business ventures. To overcome this barrier, networking events, mentorship
programs, and peer support groups can be organized to help women connect with other
entrepreneurs, share experiences, and learn from each other. By building a strong support
network, women entrepreneurs can overcome the challenges they face and grow their
businesses successfully.

In conclusion, reducing barriers to growth for African women-owned enterprises is essential

to ensure the success of these entities. By providing access to finance, capacity building,
access to markets, policy support, and networking opportunities, women entrepreneurs can
overcome the obstacles they face and build thriving businesses that contribute to economic
growth and development in Africa.

15. Using examples differentiate between the following gender concepts

a. Gender affirmative action and gender empowerment (5 marks)

b. Gender blindness and gender neutrality (5 marks)

c. Gender mainstreaming and gender socialisation (5 marks)

d. Gender equality and gender equity (5 marks)

e. Gender stereotypes and gender roles (5 marks)

f. Gender strategic needs and gender practical needs (5 marks)

In today's society, gender concepts play a significant role in shaping our understanding of
gender dynamics and inequalities. It is important to differentiate between various gender
concepts to effectively address issues related to gender equality and empowerment. In this
essay, I will analyze and differentiate between the following gender concepts: gender
affirmative action and gender empowerment, gender blindness and gender neutrality, gender
mainstreaming and gender socialization, gender equality and gender equity, gender
stereotypes and gender roles, and gender strategic needs and gender practical needs.

Gender affirmative action refers to policies and initiatives aimed at increasing the
representation of underrepresented genders in various sectors, such as education,
employment, and politics. For example, quotas for women in political positions or
scholarships for girls in STEM fields are forms of gender affirmative action. On the other
hand, gender empowerment focuses on empowering individuals of all genders to have equal
opportunities, rights, and resources to reach their full potential. This can include providing
education and training programs, promoting leadership roles for women, and challenging
traditional gender norms.
Gender blindness is the act of ignoring or overlooking gender differences and inequalities in
society. It often leads to the perpetuation of gender stereotypes and discrimination. Gender
neutrality, on the other hand, acknowledges the existence of gender differences but aims to
treat individuals equally regardless of their gender. It promotes gender inclusivity and
equality by ensuring that policies and practices are gender-neutral and do not discriminate
based on gender.

Gender mainstreaming is the process of integrating a gender perspective into all policies,
programs, and activities to promote gender equality. It involves analyzing the impact of
gender on various issues and ensuring that gender considerations are taken into account in
decision-making processes. Gender socialization, on the other hand, refers to the process
through which individuals learn and internalize societal norms and expectations related to
gender. It influences how individuals perceive themselves and others based on their gender
and can reinforce gender inequalities.

Gender equality refers to the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of individuals of all
genders. It aims to eliminate discrimination and promote equal participation and
representation in all aspects of society. Gender equity, on the other hand, recognizes that
individuals may have different needs and experiences based on their gender and seeks to
address these differences by providing targeted support and resources to marginalized groups.

Gender stereotypes are oversimplified and generalized beliefs about the characteristics,
behaviors, and roles of individuals based on their gender. They often reinforce traditional
gender norms and can limit individuals' potential and opportunities. Gender roles, on the
other hand, are the socially constructed expectations and responsibilities assigned to
individuals based on their gender. They dictate how individuals should behave, interact, and
contribute to society based on their gender.

Gender strategic needs refer to the long-term goals and objectives aimed at addressing
systemic gender inequalities and promoting gender equality. This can include policy changes,
institutional reforms, and advocacy efforts to create a more inclusive and equitable society.
Gender practical needs, on the other hand, focus on addressing immediate and tangible needs
of individuals, such as access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. It aims to
provide essential resources and support to individuals to meet their basic needs and improve
their quality of life.

In conclusion, understanding and differentiating between these gender concepts is essential

for promoting gender equality, empowerment, and inclusivity in society. By recognizing the
complexities of gender dynamics and addressing the unique needs and experiences of
individuals based on their gender, we can work towards creating a more equitable and just
society for all.

16.Zimbabwe ratified the SADC Protocol on Gender. How has its affiliation assisted

in the road to achieving gender equality?

Zimbabwe ratified the SADC Protocol on Gender in 2008, demonstrating its commitment to
promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in the region. The Southern African
Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Gender is a comprehensive legal instrument
that aims to address gender disparities and promote gender equality in member states. By
ratifying this protocol, Zimbabwe has taken a significant step towards achieving gender
equality and empowering women in the country.

The affiliation of Zimbabwe with the SADC Protocol on Gender has assisted in the road to
achieving gender equality in several ways. Firstly, the protocol provides a framework for
member states to develop and implement policies and programs that promote gender equality
and women's empowerment. By aligning its national policies with the provisions of the
protocol, Zimbabwe has been able to strengthen its efforts to address gender disparities and
promote women's rights.

Secondly, the protocol also provides a platform for member states to share best practices and
experiences in promoting gender equality. Through its affiliation with the SADC Protocol on
Gender, Zimbabwe has been able to learn from other member states and adopt successful
strategies and approaches to advance gender equality in the country. This exchange of
knowledge and experiences has helped Zimbabwe to improve its policies and programs
aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment.

Furthermore, the SADC Protocol on Gender also provides a mechanism for monitoring and
evaluating progress towards achieving gender equality in member states. By regularly
reporting on its progress in implementing the provisions of the protocol, Zimbabwe has been
able to track its achievements and identify areas where further action is needed to promote
gender equality. This monitoring and evaluation process has helped Zimbabwe to hold itself
accountable for its commitments to gender equality and women's empowerment.

In conclusion, Zimbabwe's affiliation with the SADC Protocol on Gender has been
instrumental in advancing the country's efforts to achieve gender equality and empower
women. By aligning its national policies with the provisions of the protocol, learning from
other member states, and monitoring its progress towards gender equality, Zimbabwe has
made significant strides in promoting women's rights and addressing gender disparities.
However, there is still much work to be done to fully achieve gender equality in Zimbabwe,
and the country must continue to prioritize gender issues and implement effective policies
and programs to empower women and promote gender equality.

17. Explain the key arguments of the the radical feminist theory in the quest to address
gender inequalities. Evaluate whether this theory be the most recommended to address gender
inequalities.

Radical feminist theory is a perspective within feminism that focuses on the root causes of
gender inequality and seeks to challenge and dismantle the patriarchal structures that
perpetuate it. This theory argues that gender inequality is not simply a result of individual
attitudes or behaviors, but rather is deeply embedded in the social, political, and economic
systems that govern society. Radical feminists believe that in order to achieve true gender
equality, it is necessary to fundamentally transform these systems and create a more just and
equitable society.

One of the key arguments of radical feminist theory is that gender inequality is a structural
problem that is rooted in the power dynamics between men and women. Radical feminists
argue that patriarchy, the system of male dominance that has been in place for centuries, is
the primary cause of gender inequality. They believe that patriarchy is not only harmful to
women, but also to men, as it perpetuates harmful stereotypes and expectations about gender
roles and limits the freedom and agency of all individuals.

Another key argument of radical feminist theory is that gender inequality is interconnected
with other forms of oppression, such as racism, classism, and homophobia. Radical feminists
argue that these systems of oppression are interconnected and reinforce each other, creating a
complex web of discrimination and inequality that affects individuals in different ways. They
believe that in order to address gender inequality, it is necessary to also address these other
forms of oppression and work towards a more inclusive and intersectional approach to
feminism.

In terms of addressing gender inequalities, radical feminist theory advocates for a range of
strategies, including political activism, consciousness-raising, and community organizing.
Radical feminists believe that in order to create lasting change, it is necessary to challenge the
existing power structures and create new systems that are based on principles of equality and
justice. They argue that this requires a radical reimagining of society and a commitment to
dismantling the systems of oppression that perpetuate gender inequality.

While radical feminist theory offers a powerful critique of gender inequality and provides a
compelling vision for social change, it is not without its critics. Some argue that radical
feminism is too focused on gender to the exclusion of other forms of oppression, and that it
can be exclusionary towards individuals who do not fit into traditional gender categories.
Others argue that radical feminism is too radical and confrontational, and that it may alienate
potential allies and hinder progress towards gender equality.

In conclusion, while radical feminist theory offers important insights into the root causes of
gender inequality and provides a powerful critique of patriarchal systems, it is not the only
approach to addressing gender inequalities. It is important to consider a range of perspectives
and strategies in order to create a more inclusive and effective movement for gender equality.
Ultimately, the most recommended approach to addressing gender inequalities is one that is
intersectional, inclusive, and committed to challenging all forms of oppression.

18. Compare and contrast the Harvard Analytical Framework and the Moser Gender

planning framework for gender Analysis.

Gender analysis is an essential component of development planning and policy-making, as it

helps to identify and address the specific needs and challenges faced by women and men in
society. Two widely used frameworks for gender analysis are the Harvard Analytical
Framework and the Moser Gender Planning Framework. While both frameworks aim to
promote gender equality and women's empowerment, they differ in their approach and focus.

The Harvard Analytical Framework, developed by Barbara Reskin and Patricia Roos in the
1990s, is a tool for analyzing gender inequality in organizations and institutions. It focuses on
the structural and institutional factors that contribute to gender disparities, such as
discrimination, segregation, and unequal access to resources and opportunities. The
framework emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying causes of gender
inequality in order to develop effective strategies for promoting gender equality.

On the other hand, the Moser Gender Planning Framework, developed by Caroline Moser in
the 1980s, is a tool for analyzing gender issues in the context of development planning. It
focuses on the social, economic, and political factors that shape gender relations and
influence women's access to resources and opportunities. The framework emphasizes the
importance of incorporating gender perspectives into all stages of the planning process, from
data collection and analysis to policy formulation and implementation.

One key difference between the Harvard Analytical Framework and the Moser Gender
Planning Framework is their focus on different levels of analysis. The Harvard framework
primarily focuses on the organizational and institutional level, while the Moser framework
takes a broader perspective that includes the social, economic, and political dimensions of
gender inequality. This difference in focus reflects the different goals and objectives of the
two frameworks, with the Harvard framework aiming to address gender disparities within
specific organizations and institutions, and the Moser framework aiming to promote gender
equality at the societal level.

Another difference between the two frameworks is their approach to gender analysis. The
Harvard framework uses a more quantitative and data-driven approach, focusing on
measuring and analyzing gender disparities in terms of numbers and statistics. In contrast, the
Moser framework takes a more qualitative and participatory approach, emphasizing the
importance of understanding the lived experiences and perspectives of women and men in
order to develop gender-sensitive policies and programs.

Despite these differences, both the Harvard Analytical Framework and the Moser Gender
Planning Framework share a common goal of promoting gender equality and women's
empowerment. By providing tools and methodologies for analyzing gender issues and
developing gender-sensitive policies and programs, these frameworks play a crucial role in
advancing gender equality and social justice. Ultimately, the choice of framework will
depend on the specific context and objectives of the gender analysis, but both frameworks
offer valuable insights and guidance for promoting gender equality in development planning
and policy-making.

19. Law can be used as an instrument to institutionalize gender inequalities or to dismantle

them. Discuss ways in which law can institutionalize gender inequalities.
Law plays a crucial role in shaping societal norms and values, including those related to
gender equality. While laws can be used as a tool to promote gender equality and dismantle
existing inequalities, they can also be used to institutionalize and perpetuate gender
disparities. In this essay, I will discuss ways in which law can be used to institutionalize
gender inequalities.

One way in which law can institutionalize gender inequalities is through discriminatory
legislation. Laws that explicitly discriminate against individuals based on their gender, such
as laws that restrict women's access to education or employment opportunities, serve to
reinforce existing gender disparities. For example, in some countries, women may be legally
prohibited from working in certain industries or holding certain positions, effectively limiting
their economic and social mobility.

Additionally, laws that fail to adequately address gender-based violence and discrimination
can also contribute to the institutionalization of gender inequalities. For instance, laws that do
not provide adequate protection for victims of domestic violence or sexual harassment can
perpetuate a culture of impunity for perpetrators and discourage victims from seeking justice.
This lack of legal protection can further entrench gender inequalities by allowing harmful
behaviors to go unchecked.

Furthermore, laws that uphold traditional gender roles and stereotypes can also contribute to
the institutionalization of gender inequalities. For example, laws that prioritize men's rights
over women's rights in matters such as inheritance or custody can reinforce the idea that
women are subordinate to men and limit their autonomy and agency. Similarly, laws that
restrict women's reproductive rights or access to healthcare can perpetuate gender disparities
by denying women control over their own bodies and lives.

In conclusion, while law has the potential to be a powerful tool for promoting gender
equality, it can also be used to institutionalize and perpetuate gender inequalities. By enacting
discriminatory legislation, failing to address gender-based violence and discrimination, and
upholding traditional gender roles and stereotypes, law can serve to reinforce existing
disparities and limit women's rights and opportunities. It is essential for lawmakers and
policymakers to be vigilant in ensuring that laws are used to dismantle, rather than
institutionalize, gender inequalities. Only through a concerted effort to promote gender
equality in all aspects of the legal system can we hope to achieve a more just and equitable
society for all.

20.Culture can be an important determinant of women’s progress or failure in business.

Discuss this in relation to your country.

Culture plays a significant role in shaping the opportunities and challenges that women face
in the business world. In many countries, including my own, cultural norms and values can
either support or hinder women's progress in business. This essay will analyze how culture
can be an important determinant of women's success or failure in business, with a focus on
my country.
In my country, traditional gender roles and expectations often place women at a disadvantage
in the business world. Women are expected to prioritize their roles as caregivers and
homemakers, which can limit their ability to fully commit to their careers. This cultural
expectation can make it difficult for women to advance in their careers and compete with
their male counterparts who may not face the same pressures.

Furthermore, cultural attitudes towards women in leadership positions can also impact their
success in business. In some cultures, there is a belief that women are not suited for
leadership roles or that they lack the necessary skills and qualities to be successful in
business. These stereotypes can create barriers for women seeking to advance in their careers
and can lead to discrimination and bias in the workplace.

On the other hand, some cultures may be more supportive of women in business and may
value their contributions to the economy. In these cultures, women may have more
opportunities to succeed in business and may be more likely to receive support and
encouragement from their families and communities.

In order to address the cultural barriers that women face in business, it is important to
challenge traditional gender norms and stereotypes. This can be done through education and
awareness-raising campaigns that promote gender equality and empower women to pursue
their career goals. Additionally, businesses and organizations can implement policies and
practices that support women in the workplace, such as flexible working arrangements and
mentorship programs.

In conclusion, culture can be a significant determinant of women's progress or failure in

business. In my country, traditional gender roles and stereotypes can create barriers for
women seeking to advance in their careers. However, by challenging these cultural norms
and promoting gender equality, we can create a more inclusive and supportive environment
for women in business. It is essential that we work towards creating a culture that values and
supports women's contributions to the economy and provides them with the opportunities
they need to succeed.

21. Explain how advertising is a powerful driver in changing perceptions and impacting
social norms portraying women and men in multidimensional roles.

Advertising is a powerful tool that has the ability to shape perceptions and influence social
norms. In today's society, advertisements play a significant role in portraying women and
men in multidimensional roles. Through various mediums such as television, print, and social
media, advertisers have the power to challenge traditional gender stereotypes and promote
more diverse and inclusive representations of gender.

One way in which advertising impacts social norms is by challenging traditional gender roles
and stereotypes. Historically, women have been portrayed in advertisements as homemakers,
caregivers, and objects of desire, while men have been depicted as breadwinners, leaders, and
providers. However, in recent years, there has been a shift towards more diverse and
multidimensional representations of gender in advertising. Advertisers are now showcasing
women in roles traditionally held by men, such as CEOs, scientists, and athletes, and men in
roles traditionally held by women, such as stay-at-home dads, nurses, and caregivers. By
breaking down these traditional gender stereotypes, advertising has the power to change
perceptions and challenge societal norms about gender roles.

Furthermore, advertising can also impact social norms by promoting body positivity and
diversity. In the past, advertisements have often portrayed unrealistic and unattainable beauty
standards for both men and women, leading to issues such as body image dissatisfaction and
low self-esteem. However, in recent years, there has been a push towards more inclusive and
diverse representations of beauty in advertising. Advertisers are now featuring models of all
shapes, sizes, and ethnicities, promoting body positivity and self-acceptance. By showcasing
a more diverse range of bodies in advertising, brands have the power to challenge societal
norms about beauty and promote a more inclusive and accepting culture.

In addition to challenging traditional gender roles and promoting body positivity, advertising
can also impact social norms by promoting gender equality and empowerment. Advertisers
have the power to showcase women and men as equals, highlighting their strengths, talents,
and achievements regardless of gender. By portraying women and men in multidimensional
roles, advertisers can help break down barriers and stereotypes that limit individuals based on
their gender. This can lead to a more inclusive and equitable society where all individuals
have the opportunity to thrive and succeed.

In conclusion, advertising is a powerful driver in changing perceptions and impacting social

norms portraying women and men in multidimensional roles. Through diverse and inclusive
representations of gender, body positivity, and gender equality, advertisers have the ability to
challenge traditional stereotypes and promote a more inclusive and accepting culture. By
using their platform to showcase diverse and empowering portrayals of gender, advertisers
can help shape a more equitable and inclusive society for all.

22. With reference to Sub-Saharan women entrepreneurs, suggest strategies that can be
employed to improve their business performance.

Sub-Saharan women entrepreneurs face numerous challenges in running their businesses,

including limited access to finance, lack of business skills and networks, and cultural barriers.
However, there are several strategies that can be employed to improve their business
performance and help them succeed in the competitive business environment.

One key strategy is to provide targeted training and support for women entrepreneurs. This
could include business skills training, mentoring programs, and networking opportunities. By
equipping women with the knowledge and skills they need to run successful businesses, they
will be better able to compete in the market and grow their enterprises.

Another important strategy is to increase access to finance for women entrepreneurs. Many
women in Sub-Saharan Africa struggle to access the capital they need to start or expand their
businesses. By providing microfinance loans, grants, and other financial support, women
entrepreneurs can overcome this barrier and invest in their businesses to drive growth and
success.

In addition, creating a supportive business environment for women entrepreneurs is crucial.

This could involve implementing policies that promote gender equality, providing childcare
services to help women balance work and family responsibilities, and addressing cultural
norms that may limit women's participation in the business sector.

Furthermore, fostering collaboration and partnerships among women entrepreneurs can also
help improve their business performance. By working together, women can share resources,
knowledge, and experiences, and support each other in overcoming challenges and achieving
success.

Overall, improving the business performance of Sub-Saharan women entrepreneurs requires a

multi-faceted approach that addresses the various barriers they face. By providing targeted
training and support, increasing access to finance, creating a supportive business
environment, and fostering collaboration, women entrepreneurs can overcome these
challenges and thrive in the business world. It is essential for policymakers, business leaders,
and other stakeholders to work together to implement these strategies and empower women
entrepreneurs to reach their full potential.

23. Using practical scenarios explain fully any FIVE (5) reasons why ICT matters in gender
equality ICT, or Information and Communication Technology, plays a crucial role in
promoting gender equality in various aspects of society. In this essay, I will discuss five
reasons why ICT matters in gender equality, using practical scenarios to illustrate each point.

Firstly, ICT provides women with access to education and information. In many parts of the
world, women face barriers to education due to cultural norms or lack of resources. However,
ICT can bridge this gap by providing online courses, educational resources, and information
on various topics. For example, a woman in a rural village in Africa may not have access to a
traditional school, but she can still learn valuable skills through online courses or educational
videos.

Secondly, ICT can empower women economically. By providing access to online

marketplaces, financial services, and networking opportunities, ICT enables women to start
their businesses, earn income, and become financially independent. For instance, a woman in
India may use a mobile banking app to save money and access credit, allowing her to start a
small business and support her family.

Thirdly, ICT can help combat gender-based violence and discrimination. Through social
media platforms, women can raise awareness about issues such as domestic violence, sexual
harassment, and gender inequality. They can also connect with support networks, seek help,
and advocate for change. For example, the #MeToo movement gained momentum on social
media, leading to increased awareness and action against sexual harassment.

Fourthly, ICT can promote women's political participation and representation. By using
online platforms, women can engage in political discussions, advocate for their rights, and
run for office. For instance, in countries where women face barriers to political participation,
social media campaigns can mobilize support for female candidates and raise awareness
about gender issues.

Lastly, ICT can challenge gender stereotypes and promote positive representations of women.
Through social media, women can share their stories, showcase their achievements, and
challenge harmful stereotypes. For example, campaigns such as #LikeAGirl have used social
media to challenge stereotypes about women's abilities and empower girls to pursue their
dreams.

In conclusion, ICT plays a crucial role in promoting gender equality by providing women
with access to education, economic opportunities, support networks, political participation,
and positive representations. By harnessing the power of technology, we can empower
women, challenge gender norms, and create a more inclusive and equal society.?

24. a) Gender and development (GAD) approach was developed in the 1980s as an
alternative to Women in Development (WID). Examine any THREE (3) weakhesses of WID
which gave rise to GAD. (10 marks)

b) Give a comparison of the GAD and WID approaches. (10 marks)

a) Gender and development (GAD) approach emerged in the 1980s as a response to the
limitations of the Women in Development (WID) approach. WID was a framework that
focused on integrating women into development projects and policies, with the goal of
improving women's access to resources and opportunities. However, there were several
weaknesses in the WID approach that led to the development of GAD.

One of the weaknesses of the WID approach was its narrow focus on women as a
homogenous group. WID tended to view women as a separate category from men,
overlooking the diversity of experiences and needs within the female population. This
approach failed to address the intersecting factors such as class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality
that shape women's experiences of development. As a result, WID interventions often failed
to reach marginalized groups of women who faced multiple forms of discrimination.

Another weakness of the WID approach was its emphasis on women's roles in the household
and community, rather than in the broader social, economic, and political spheres. WID
projects tended to focus on women's reproductive and caregiving roles, reinforcing traditional
gender norms and stereotypes. This limited perspective hindered women's ability to
participate fully in decision-making processes and to challenge unequal power dynamics in
society.

Furthermore, the WID approach often failed to address the structural barriers that perpetuate
gender inequality, such as discriminatory laws and policies, unequal access to education and
healthcare, and limited economic opportunities for women. By focusing primarily on
individual women's empowerment, WID neglected the broader social, economic, and political
factors that shape women's lives and limit their agency.
b) In comparison, the Gender and Development (GAD) approach takes a more holistic and
intersectional view of gender issues. GAD recognizes that gender is a social construct that
intersects with other forms of identity and power, such as class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality.
GAD seeks to address the root causes of gender inequality by challenging discriminatory
norms and practices, promoting women's rights and empowerment, and advocating for
gender-sensitive policies and programs.

Unlike WID, which focuses on women as a separate category, GAD recognizes that gender is
a relational concept that shapes the experiences of both women and men. GAD emphasizes
the importance of engaging men and boys in gender equality efforts, as well as addressing the
structural barriers that perpetuate gender inequality. GAD also highlights the need to promote
gender mainstreaming in all development initiatives, ensuring that gender considerations are
integrated into all aspects of policy and programming.

Overall, the GAD approach represents a more comprehensive and inclusive framework for
addressing gender issues in development. By recognizing the complexity of gender relations
and the intersecting factors that shape women's and men's experiences, GAD offers a more
nuanced and effective approach to promoting gender equality and women's empowerment.

25.