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Dma Controller1

this is notes of dma direct memory access in coa

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views

Dma Controller1

this is notes of dma direct memory access in coa

Uploaded by

shivani123409
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Direct Memory Access DMA

The term DMA stands for direct memory access. The hardware device
used for direct memory access is called the DMA controller. DMA
controller is a control unit, part of I/O device's interface circuit, which
can transfer blocks of data between I/O devices and main memory
with minimal intervention from the processor.
DMA controller provides an interface between the bus and the input-
output devices. Although it transfers data without intervention of
processor, it is controlled by the processor.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a capability provided by some
computer bus architectures that enables data to be sent directly from
an attached device, such as a disk drive, to the main memory on the
computer's motherboard. The microprocessor, or central processing
unit (CPU), is freed from involvement with the data transfer, speeding
up overall computer operation.
DMA transfers overcome the problem of occupying the CPU for the
entire time it's performing a transfer. DMA can lead to cache
coherency problems If a CPU has a cache and external memory, then
the data the DMA controller has access to (stored in RAM) may not be
updated with the correct data stored in the cache.
DMA enables devices -- such as disk drives, external memory,
graphics cards, network cards and sound cards -- to share and
receive data from the main memory in a computer. It does this while
still allowing the CPU to perform other tasks.

Without a process such as DMA, the computer's CPU becomes


preoccupied with data requests from an attached device and is unable
to perform other operations during that time. With DMA, a CPU
initiates a data transfer with an attached device and can still perform
other operations while the data transfer is in progress. DMA enables a
computer to transfer data to and from devices with less CPU
overhead.

DMA vs. RDMA


Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is another memory access
method that enables two networked computers to exchange data in
main memory without relying on the CPU, cache or the operating
system of either computer. Like locally based DMA transactions,
RDMA frees up resources and improves throughput and performance.
This results in faster data transfer rates and lower latency between
RDMA-enabled systems.

RDMA is useful in applications that require fast and massive


parallel high-performance computing clusters and data center
networks. For example, RDMA is useful when analyzing big data, in
supercomputing environments and for machine learning that requires
low latencies and high transfer rates.

Types of DMA

 Single-Ended DMA
 Dual-Ended DMA
 Arbitrated-Ended DMA
 Interleaved DMA

Two names of DMA

8237 DMA Controller


8257 DMA Controller

Advantages of DMA Controller

 Data Memory Access speeds up memory operations and data


transfer.
 CPU is not involved while transferring data.
 DMA requires very few clock cycles while transferring data.
 DMA distributes workload very appropriately.
 DMA helps the CPU in decreasing its load.

Disadvantages of DMA Controller

 Direct Memory Access is a costly operation because of additional


operations.
 DMA Controller increases the overall cost of the system.
 DMA Controller increases the complexity of the software.
Modes of Data Transfer in DMA
There are 3 modes of transfer in DMA that are described below.
 Burst Mode: In Burst Mode, buses are handed over to the
CPU by the DMA if the whole data is completely transferred,
not before that.
 Cycle Stealing Mode: In Cycle Stealing Mode, buses are
handed over to the CPU by the DMA after the transfer of each
byte. Continuous request for bus control is generated by this
Data Transfer Mode. It works more easily for higher-priority
tasks.
 Transparent Mode: Transparent Mode in DMA does not
require any bus in the transfer of the data as it works when
the CPU is executing the transaction.

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