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Lecture # 03

Basic Mechanical Engineering

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20 views7 pages

Lecture # 03

Basic Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Zafarullah Hakro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

HEAT ENERGY
1. Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between two
systems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of
temperature difference.
2. Heat can be transferred to or from both open and closed
systems.
3. Higher temperature difference causes faster rate of heat
transfer.
4. Heat is transferred from high temperature to low
temperature.
5. The process in which no heat is transferred is called Adiabatic process.
There could be two reasons:
a. Due to well insulation
b. Due to no temperature difference.
6. Unit: kJ or BTU
7. Denoted by:
Q12 (heat transfer between state 1 and 2 of a process)
Q
q = Q/m (specific) [kJ/kg, BTU/lbm]
8. Rate of heat transfer: ̇ ⁄ [kJ/s = kW, BTU/hr]
9. Area under T-s diagram represents heat.

PROBLEM
30 kJ of heat is supplied to a 2 kg body in 5 sec. Determine rate of heat transfer and specific heat.

(Ans: 6 kW, 15 kJ/kg)

Modes of heat transfer


1) Conduction: Due to physical interaction
2) Convection: Transfer of heat between solid surface and moving fluid.
3) Radiation: Due to emission of electromagnetic waves (photons)

WORK ENERGY
1. Work is the energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance (Remember: W=F.d)
2. If the energy crossing the boundary of a closed system is not heat, it must be work.
3. Work can be transferred to and from both open and closed systems
4. Unit: kJ or BTU
5. Denoted by:
W12 (work transfer between states 1 and 2 of process)
W
w = W/m (specific) [kJ/kg, BTU/lbm]
6. Rate of work transfer: ̇ ⁄ [kJ/s = kW, BTU/hr]
7. Area under P-v diagram represents work.

NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 2


Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

SIGN CONVENTION
1. Heat transfer to the system is positive. (Qin)
2. Heat transfer from the system is negative. (Qout)
3. Work done on the system is negative. (Win)
4. Work done by the system is positive. (Wout)

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HEAT AND WORK


1. Both are boundary phenomenon.
2. A system can possess energy. A system cannot possess heat or work
3. Both are associated with a process, not a state. They have no meaning at state.
4. Both are path functions. Their magnitude depends on the path followed during a process. It is
therefore they have inexact differentials, denoted by  (delta).

TYPES OF WORK

1. Electric work energy

Remember:
Where, We=Electric work energy [J], V=Volts [V], I=Current
[Amperes], ∆t=Time span [sec], R=resistance [Ω]

Be careful about units of time span and electric energy!

NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 3


Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

2. Mechanical forms of work


In general

Moving boundary work (or boundary work)

a. Boundary work of an isochoric processes

Where: dV=0

b. Boundary work of an isobaric processes

Where: Po=P2=P1 and V=mv

c. Boundary work of an isothermal processes

We know: Pv=RT => PV = mRT

If m, R and T are constant then,

PV = C => P = C/V

Therefore:

NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 4


Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

Between two states:

Also as: P1V1=P2V2=mRT=C and P1/P2 = V2/V1

Therefore,

d. Boundary work of a polytropic processes

During actual expansion and


compression processes of gases, pressure
and volume are often related by PVn = C,
where n (polytropic index) and C are
constants. A process of this kind is called
a polytropic process.

Now, as PVn = C => P = V-n C

Therefore,

Between two states:

Also as: P1V1n=P 2V2 n

Therefore,

PROBLEM
A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150°C. As a result of heat transfer from surroundings, the
temperature and pressure inside the tank drops to 65°C and 400 kPa respectively. Determine the boundary
work done during this process.
NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 5
Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

(Ans. 0 due to “rigid tank”=boundary work of isochoric process)

PROBLEM
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 10 kg of water at 200°C. Heat is now transferred to the
system until temperature reaches to 400°C. Determine work done during the process.

(Ans. It is an isobaric process. See steam tables for properties at given states)

PROBLEM
A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.4m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80°C. The air is now compressed to
0.1m3 in such a way that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done
during this process.

(Ans. It is an isothermal process. Use ideal gas equation of state. Wb=-55.45 kJ)

PROBLEM
During some actual expansion and compression process in piston-cylinder devices, the gases have been
observed to satisfy the relationship: PVn=1.3 = C. Calculate the work done when a gas expands from 150
kPa and 0.03m3 to a final volume of 0.2m3. Also calculate the work done when n=1.8. Discuss
comparison between results.

CONSERVATION OF MASS PRINCIPLE


The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be expressed as:

Or

(This equation is called “Mass balance”)

In the rate form:

(This equation is called “Mass balance in rate form”)

For study flow, right-hand side of equation will become zero (0) and hence:

NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 6


Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

For multiple streams:

“Sum all streams by replacing “in” with all entering streams and “out” with all outgoing streams.”

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Chapter # 2: Energy Transfer

PROBLEM

NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 8

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