Biome&untos

Caorokydr a oplically adive

Petyydoy a l a d u w Keton» , or untans
u Thy at

alo Callud 4acckai ols.

CRoiicn Cavbotydvedis
Ch besin iv r , pdvats

ave doi4i i. catgovis

mplas
Monacacckavi ds h ae

Cawbokuds. Ty dond wdur

Gducon, fruchu, Riboa
for E
2 isosackaviaus Thot Corbo Pyebd
onoSacchanads
2 to 1o mouuy

Cald oizosacckaviel

CA dargied
Disacoids, tisA tetjshs, tehrasatjd
dapanding p n mr o mossat chasids mot
prdn ud on eiv byd-otn

Sucvoe, maltoct, actosu e

*****
 ciAstiate
9eon.toezttnaxdeoa

3Polysacchaides Those .

ve
ve moe than Jo caabohydoeatr mlecwe
high.
on o monogicchayid
hydstolysis, ie called polysacchaseide her

Stanch ,
Gycogen Cellulose ett

Classification AS
Reducimg and Nom Red ucim9.
SugaHS
The
Caorhohydonte which educes Tollen S Re
agent and Fehlin
Solution
Reducini
Reducing
ketomk
SugansN
heyhave
, ne
called.
alled
aldchydc
ee aldc
3opim +hem

GRcase. f'suctose, Maltosse , Lactose e t t

ett
The Caxbohydates hich do
not
TollenS NEageHt and Fehkim9 olttion, 2rduce
called Non e
eduCing SugaS The odo h o t
have ee aldehyde a mot
thei ketone 2soueAA
aldehyde ketone gop 21ouPAA
s
n
ycosidslc Limkage.to S ivolveo
Suc9uose Stasch, etr

Classiication of Monosacchasides
The
monosacchasides
which have aldeh de
them Calle d ALdose
aldehyde_
h e
2 p
mOM OSaCCina ide
hich have
Aem e
ketone
alled ketose
 ciassmate
Dste

No:bCatbom Genel letm Aldehyde ketone

iose aldotiosed ketotriose
Tetrose aldotetro ge ktotetrose
pentosSe afdopentoe eto penthse
hexose aldohex ose keto hexose
heptose aldohepose ketr heptase

GLucose (CcHi
Methods o Poepasation

btom Sucose he hydsolsis Sueoose. n

PLecence dilute He o H2So+ aives

eaua amt o Glucose md Fuctose
H
CnHa,O +H2OD C¢Hj20s CcHI2
Sucuose. tucose fuctoSe.

2FuomStaich. The hydrokysis o tanch

boiAimglimg it wit duteH2so at 393 tenp.
gives Glucose
C Hsn HS04
393 k
Stach ucose

STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE
ucos .s aldohexose . 's moleul ax onmula
CH2.O t Lontains one aldehy e
A3LO 4secondaxy hycdoxy oup n
timoa
 Open Chair StrucUre
Glucpse

iddeient
The exact Spatial jakangement
Aurose. was aive
in
Fische.
CHO
H - OH

HO-
.

H oH

CHOH

DC+)-Aeose
Gucese1s cobect mameS as DC* guccSe
hee t sim imdicdte that it t s deopstato
while_D mdicateS its absouide coNiawotion
whichis_ acsignedby Compaisimg tts ueiura
glycestaldehyda.
cHO CHO

CH04
CH,OH
) ayceoaldehyde
L-a yceldehyde
 Disacehaoiude The canbohydates which
**

2ives
womoleudes monos adehasides 0ni:"kydstoya
laxe called Disacchastides

fo es SucHose. Maltose, LactoSe ett.

mp
Gcosidice inkage he ideinkgge thouougi
whichtwo monbsaccharide moleculesdoins
toethestiscalled Glycosicdic unkas

i S . fatmeclhahen tab
rnonuosacchasude molesules Cendenses fallowed4
elimimation
o H Molecle

ucose. Came Sugas) C2H22O

LLsOse onhyeluolys is 9ives eqummolaa
mistue o Qdeose nd fuctose.
4 C uetes
Suc -Dgutose 24yetosa-
nSuc oSe, the Gliucose d fsuutctose mole-
Cles he ld ta qethe s Glycostdc
umkcge C-1 o o- D Glacosse

antNC-2 cf D uucOae.
A.

T
 Date
6
Page
CHOH

CHOH
Guosidic. inkane

1
oeR
H
sl Sucsose ts dextrosotatosey but_On hydaailysis
ives a leavootatogy muse betaoe.
the glucose 0med i e hydxnlsis i
detxotatosuy ( 524) hhite fscuxtose.
leavostotatoly - 9 2 4 ) . This 1s alle c mvesim
o Coy liguetatio and he leavonotatosuy
ixtne o0med hudaousis .
SuAose is called invest ga
CAoseis a mem- `Lediicimgnidyaao
7
because
h e -CHO guoup l u c o am kcIDm -
ctoseaie molved in Jytosidc
k
MAtose (Malt Sugas)
Malecula farmua C1 H22 O

StOn hydsoX, ives lwn hioleetle s f

-D iucose

C H2O +HO
D9ucose
 asSMA
Dote
Page

hetwo - D glucose molecude ae.joimedO

glycosidic Limkape
by C-4,-4
CHOH ctOH

casidic

inkage H

-O-glucose molecule -D2uicose.molecile)

K t i s is a educimg1 Sugavi : becausehe CHo
loome. gluuse molecule is ee
A
Lactose Milk Suga)
Lactose on hydsuokysis. vesOme molecule o
Dglucose Naadone moleculeatiP-D
aalactose
C2H22O1+H20 CH0 CcHi20
gucose galacto
n lactose, he fwomomosacchatidemaleludes
asue oimed togethe. by ycoSicdic imka9
betwe C-1 agalactose ose
6
CH,OH
oH
H
OH
H
H

D quco SE
-D-Ga lactose
SMAte elassMAte
Date
Puge

.
OLYSA CCHA Ri DES
TheLastbohydxate which gves mel han 10
olecules monosacchattles ehcrolys
h Called. polysachaides

Staich e n , C e l l u l o s e

Otaich
Nt is_ he majm. Stos1ag e poysachasúde
Plats s t i s a psyme. -D-ucose

Jt ons ists otwo comporenis -

A) Aaylose 4t 01s watiKSouble
Constituets about 15 to 20o o
stach
ichemicall i t i s alon9SIuaghtchain
palumeslo X:D-g.urdde.
The - D-alucme molecude aa joimed
toaetthese byc-1 C-4
Aycosieicumkage
( ) Amylopectim Jt. is watex 1isoluble.
dt constituets 80 to 85 o
Stwich.
hemally t a boanche d -ChaLn folyme
-D aucose ih hich chscaight'chaiy
0m by C-1,C4. y cosiclicd umkage
whil baamch inq OCCLULG
cosidtc nlkge.
 elassMA
Date
Poge
Äppendiz/
Cellulose_3- pomeai
Cellulose i s aSsaisht
chain
D-9ucose molecule which : ake
mkagex
+ ycosidic
togethes by C-1
toaethes a
main consituentt oq Cell walL
St is4he
plamt cell

Gyogen animal1body1
h e chnbohydstates axe Stos«ed in
The
heoim o Glycogeni. D
+ a bxandhed chaim polymez o
qlucoSe mole tuule Amyl
is Smilax to hat
I04ts
4 t s suctwe
It is also c a l l e d .
pectim.Theeoe
Anmal StaYch

qmched han
91athexmoebighy
t is
-amylopectim.
 c.laatLe
Date
Page
ROTEINS
he wOXd Potein deived om Gpeek wod
Poteios Which meamS uime 1mpocta/mce|

Suoteims ase he polymeMSo -qmmo ac ds

Amimo acids A ab0« y lis arid únwhich

* *

amimo guoup(-NH2AP2: psesent_at_ Canbo0n

iscalle Amimo àcids
R***** CH-cooH
tuuktiiuL
.NA2

PES_OF AMINO ACIDS

The - a m imo acidS Q e classitied as.
(a) essential. a Y I o acids_
Nom-N or- Essential amino aciclS

ssentia amimo aids_ in

acids which must be OJent
hose
hose ammo
motSynthesis 'în bodst bodat
Ow diet and
eSsential amind qcids
axe alled

e 1o essential_amimo_ acids
Thee a
heue a9e
-

OValine (C113)2 C H C H cooH

NH2 valine

2Leucine. CcOy
(CHa) C CH CI
H 2
eucin1
 aAsSMAL
bate
ag

NON- essential amino augS CSnthes lsd In

those amimo acidswhech
amd nced motobepes ent 1
O body NonESSentia aminb
Oudiet asu alleol
acids
The e ase 10 m m - e SSen tial amMo acA d

Gycime HCH-CooH

NH2
Alamime HCh CHCOOH

NH2
Amimo auds ase alsoclassiied as
a)acidue
b) basic
c) Neubal acids
Ihe aminos, iYmWhich.-no{ -CoOHroup
Ce mOtE +ham N 2 2?oP ce alled aidic
ammo auds. aCids
The amime. im ohichT-NH 2nup e moeHhe
-COOR gscoup r calld basic amima acids

The amino atek.havim equal mo NH

and coo A°9uP callecd Neutral_amm
aids.

fopesuties oAmimo Ad
Armiwo acids ucunlly cololess,coystalline
Solids
The Coluble cte
The hehave Sat athex ho Stmple
Cai boxylic aids 4 is due he
 8
classiMAte
Date
Page

A unit n which twa amino acid molecuules

e ofme d togethe, s calledDieeptide,
Auntt
A u n t t havima hee am Qd Nmolecule,
is Called Tsdpeptide , amd Soon.
A unt
Cunit having 2-10 molecule o..aminb c i d
A
iscalled o Peptideand i cogtains
mo2te e han T molecules " amimo aid
iscalled pOpeptide
Apolypeptide. havimg mo e ham 1oo amund
acid mmaletule nt.. havina _molecua
Mas higher han 10, ooo u -Calle2d
Psuoteim
The Structue_ ouotein can be studlie d
at Ousdleintlevels
:Pumay STuctwe ofrotein mp
t 9etens to 4he Sequence acids
poreptide. chain ***********

Seconday SluctuAO
tein
**

3t efee tt he hape in which a Long

Poly ptidecham am erist

The e 6 peS eromda^ Suetoo|

P0tu ns-
CA Heli sf 9«uctume .
n this Suctune
po peptide Chain Am all p s s ible
 cIASSMAte
Date

0mation of Zwite lon

Zwite on - A A dipolax ion which has both+

cmo -Ve end, 1S alle Zitex 1on

R- CH cOOG
R-CH-Co0H ---

NH2 Zwitteiom.

Stuctsie ofuoteims
Poteins aKe he polyhne 94S amimo aci
The mimo
amimo acid aolecu aae4oined.
thunugh pepticlelmkage
Peptide. nkase The aside Limkage hocoah
hich vo. minoacid..molccdesN.ao4di
togethe iS called eptide.. inkogR
E is omed by he COmdensahon oL
- COoH 9otp CLLe molecule
amd- NH, guotip othex miLnn. asLeL
TMolecule ollduved elimimation Ho
iDAalecude..

HN-CH- 4oH CH COO H

CcLat. H CH3 ALaAM

H CHT-NH CH-o0H
Pptide cH3
ümkage
Le

clAsSMAte
Date
Pge

hyduogan bood bytuoistinAnto sizht_

ight

ninho Ccie ls hyduogen bondedto

each
acudept te2 m
Hhe-CO 0up
(E)*Pn Pleated Sheet Stbuuctioe 4n his
aee
he pepticle c h a i n
Stmecho Ott . meails LAxIMUn

extension a n d t h e n l a d side hy side

_held toquthIa by ttmole-
Lhieha
bonblu
la hudLnglA *

******** **

3.Tetiasu Sbuuctuwie fuotein -

he
xelexs to the Ove.ca|}

popeptide chaint
ve 9LSeto

pes o fuoteims

02Fibxous Puoteiim
un Poallel
When he poleeptidethaums
and a T tageth by
bomd. and disudplhice bonds J Thn ibeu.
Kasmed t
Liko Suetuns
alle bLoLs

ingo (ruble inwate_

uey aL.

Keratin har p.sttrin

yosin u des poteLns

 ate

AT
22 Globula fuotein
When the polyejpticle.. chan coilsd auimd.i
hen
ve Sphesibal shape., hen it S
sp lies
CtobuRa ('oten
ene ene 9tally Soluble Inocctg

oei Ansulin Atbumims

4 ates1nasuy SBuctue 9 fHoteI n.

St qives h e ielativeSpatial,asoángemeto
uaent Subui m poteine,
* **

De Naturation Pruotei. (vSP

When a pot in1nitsnative 0 m natuwnal
koem)_is Suhiecteel to
Likechange
physkal chan2
temp b chánj ir
ha
PHhen i t loases_itsbiolegicalLattivit
This is_caledDenatiwotión PoLaten
Ducing DeNatuation p t o t e t n Secoda
and NHertiay tuctuie.s electOeb
SAluctwf 9emain mtnct
DHLmLAAM
whte Onheatima
Cea qulotton o
 VTAMLNs clASSMALe
vat
Pag

Vitamims a he O%gamicCompoundWhich au
guixed Im he
detin SmallamDunX
peox MSpeciicbiological
unction
Drmd_maimtenance
aptimuam. 99Duth amd heaRth 0aamisms
Classiicatiom o Vitamims
ane. classiied intotd 0ups

Fat 6ouble Vitamims They xe Soluble

at andoilsbut Q imso uble
wate
Vitamin A
VitamimD
Vitamm t
Vitamin K

2)Wate souble VitammS ae Souuble

Vtamim8.
itamIm C.

ater Souble Vitamimsmust be Supply esul

diet
ume and
because he a e they
t Stoed mbody

*
 elasmAte
Date
Page

SNo. Name oVitam1 s

Vitamim A
OUCeS. DeiciensH diseas
fish ive3 oilS, XenpHfholmia
Caunotg, buttes
milk
haxdefipo
Cuiceoaye
Night bundme
vitamim B east, milk,gheen Bes 8es
(Thiammime) Vegetables (loss dapetite,
ce ealS
VHamin B2 Mitk,èg hites Cheilosisy diaestid
CRibolavin ve disode%S
4.Vitamin Bs east Mlk, ea Convsions.
súdoime) oLk . qnd
AHa

5. itamin B12 Mear, sh, 33 Pesnicious amaemi

4- Cod

6 NitamimC Citus uits, amla cyv C6leedins

Asco9«bic 4 are 1ea
acid) Veqe ta bles

1Vitamin ) Exposuxe to Sunljht,

Ricketsand
h amd aotk Osteomalacia
(Sot bones an

O mt paim in

adults)
.itarnin( Venhle o , znl nceagd i
uhlou t ol RBCs muscula
iveane S$
g tearnin KK Goncen leok Veqe1a Jnc9te a Sed blvnd
hle clottin9 hme
 clasSMAte
Date

uCLE}C Aociss Page ana

Nuclec Acids ae the

heeoe they te alsopome3
alled
aNuclco.tide
tides. palyNucleo
***
***

Che mical Compo_ition olNucleic. cds

he complete hydscolyss a Nucleic acid
ive PentoeSugaSG, phos pRosúe acio and
******* ** * * *

Nitbuogen contaming hetexocyclie compound

Called Niogereu hade
The axe. tuoo fentosesuga Ound
im Nucleic
0 Ribose Suaax.
(2 De oxysubesqSugasu
6
_CHoH 5CHoH
OH

H7H
3
**

ot
R-D- Ribose -D-2 Deonysibase
he NiogenDus bae aHe
classified imto two
sategnlck.
PusuneS Adenime A),
Puamidime hymine T) , Cytcme (C)
Unacis (U)

******
 Date.
Page

T eoNucleic Acids
Nucleic ciols twotypes -
RNA
Ribose Nuclele laci
a c id)
d)

2) DNA Deoyti bose Nuclec acid ) 2

Dienences bl RNA amd DNAA

*
RNA
contaims DINA
Ribose 9t Cotains deoxyxi bo
pentaSe Su ***

n t, the
Nitxogenous n dt, the
Nitroaenous
basesae bdses aHe. N
Adenme ( A),
GuamIm¢H Adenime tA), GAanime (
C) cutosine cC) and
racilCV) Cytosimc.cc) an d
hymime CTU.
*
t haS single helire, *
t
Staucture
* has double heieal
Stnuctwie
STRUCTURE OFNvCLeic AciDS,

Nucle0side A umit
oumed the attach
nento a
mitrogeneul kase malecude to
1
1posifion
a lled
o pntose Sugax molecule, L
Nucloside
eHoH
Base
OR
Sugac
 elassmate
Date
Page
DovBie HELIX
STRUCTURE OF
OF DNA
DNA t

Watsom Cuck peoposed Stramd

The po poseddoubleneux
DNA. They
poynucletide
doubleheux Slctue
hat he eEuctwie
o
haims
Laeh_ othe amd held. a e b oum abot
bond between togetheése bhydeogn
boeSs Speciic Jpaixs.

A=
At Gizuls colleage

12

3
ues Commentom
gtrandS im DNA
Statesäennt hat h hedaa.
ague .mot1dentical t
Complementaiy?
nghhe hoo taandS im NA Me mot ldentical
atually
.

+hey 91un 1 1m..oPPOSito

Ie one dinechon
to 3 end
5'and ohe
on But they a e Comple-
menta o each otheu becadTt
bondsaxe koumed. betee n
hydon
oes N Yoqenous based A=Specifit_pe
T. n
Pcuus
Cac)
 ciasSMAte
Dalu
Page

Nucleotide A A unit omed by he attach men

a mitogenouAS base oleceto
Bsitiom Suga molecule Ond and a pho:
phouc kcis 9molecule to5pasiioi
o ugacMolecule

O= P - oHL IBase -0-CHa

**

', * Suga
H

NucleieacidsasthepolpmerS Nuclentid
heNucleotioe molecles Qsu 40imed

ogether phospd clieste LnkaRebetuneer

6'and casbon atom o pentase
ugan
O = P cH
Base

Suga

Phosphpdiesles-
unkagei
- O=P ( ) - CH,
Baoe

Bo Se
Suyal

fhsphale Gugv