Parallel Design of A Product and Internet of Things (IoT) Archite
Parallel Design of A Product and Internet of Things (IoT) Archite
UKnowledge
4-19-2017
Ibrahim S. Jawahir
University of Kentucky, [email protected]
Niko Murrell
University of Kentucky
Julie Whitney
University of Kentucky, [email protected]
Part of the Industrial and Product Design Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons,
Sustainability Commons, and the Technology and Innovation Commons
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Repository Citation
Bradley, Ryan; Jawahir, Ibrahim S.; Murrell, Niko; and Whitney, Julie, "Parallel Design of a Product and
Internet of Things (IoT) Architecture to Minimize the Cost of Utilizing Big Data (BD) for Sustainable Value
Creation" (2017). Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing Faculty Publications. 3.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ism_facpub/3
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sustainable Manufacturing at UKnowledge. It has
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Parallel Design of a Product and Internet of Things (IoT) Architecture to Minimize
the Cost of Utilizing Big Data (BD) for Sustainable Value Creation
Notes/Citation Information
Published in Procedia CIRP, v. 61, p. 58-62.
ScienceDirect
Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 58 – 62
Abstract
Information has become today’s addictive currency; hence, companies are investing billions in the creation of Internet of Things (IoT)
frameworks that gamble on finding trends that reveal sustainability and/or efficiency improvements. This approach to “Big Data” can lead to
blind, astronomical costs. Therefore, this paper presents a counter approach aimed at minimizing the cost of utilizing “Big Data” for sustainable
value creation. The proposed approach leverages domain/expert knowledge of the system in combination with a machine learning algorithm in
order to limit the needed infrastructure and cost. A case study of the approach implemented in a consumer electronics company is also included.
© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
Keywords: Internet of Things; Big Data; Product Design; Machine Learning; Sustainability
2212-8271 © 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.213
Ryan Bradley et al. / Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 58 – 62 59
presents an approach that is comprised of leveraging analytics can translate customer requirements into an increase
domain/expert knowledge of a system, product, and/or in sales, by being able to mine the rationale from metadata. In
process in combination with an advanced machine learning addition to the positives, the utilization of BD results in
algorithm. The premise of the approach lies in consolidating negatives as well. For example, tailored consumer level detail
the functionality of the system into minimal hardware and can result in the loss of purchasing options among other
physical infrastructure. By designing the system hardware in things [13].
parallel with the IoT architecture, the amount of data collected Cost, energy, and resources have been discussed
can be trimmed to the amount that will actually be used. extensively, yet water is considered sparingly. The work by
Koo et al. [14] advocates using the IoT technology for
2. Previous Work sustainable water development. The proposed solution
consists of using sensors that capture water data through a
For years, the vision of the IoT and its impact on product virtual platform and control system. This work established
design and manufacturing has been being molded for future three benefits: leak detection/prediction, optimization of
implementation. It can be said that the IoT is a means for production, and optimization of consumption.
aligning the physical and information life-cycles [4]. This
vision suggests that this intimate connection and the 3. Proposed Approach
information itself presents a major source of value [4, 5].
Dubey et al. [6] suggest that Big Data (BD) is one of the The proposed approach for implementing an IoT system
emerging research areas that are considered “game changers” for sustainable value creation consists of leveraging
in the manufacturing sector. The claim is that the use of big domain/expert knowledge of a product, process, and/or
data can see a 15-20% increase in return on investment and system by the means of parallel design of the system
surplus cash for customers [6]. hardware and the IoT architecture. In addition to the co-
Looking at IoT and BD through the lens of sustainability, design element, the other essential component to the proposed
the sought-after gain from such an implementation is approach is combining the domain/expert knowledge with a
information that mainly aims at reducing energy and resource machine learning algorithm. This machine learning algorithm
consumption. However, there must be a balance of the amount allows for more information to be extracted from the IoT
of energy and resources used to build the required sensor network than what would traditionally be measured.
infrastructure and support system in order to prove a net For example, in a traditional IoT system you may have
improvement [7]. In addition, it is suggested that Node 1 measuring time, Node 2 measuring value “A”, Node 3
improvements to sustainability can also come in the form of measuring value “B”, Node 4 measuring value “C”. However,
combining multi-source information, and then making a with this approach, because the system is being designed in
calculated decision from that information using cloud parallel, one is aware through an understanding of the
computing and web services [8]. Although many companies physical system that Node 2 can be slightly altered to be a
are going after cost reductions, those reductions will dynamic measurement and a function of time. With that
inevitably give way to the law of diminishing returns. alteration combined with the use of a machine learning
Because of this, other companies have seen better results algorithm, Node 2 solely becomes able to represent time and
utilizing big data in sales, marketing, and research and values A, B, and C. This paradigm suggests that the number
development in order to increase profits indirectly [9]. of sensors does not have to be equal to the number of
There have been several case studies involving the use of measured values.
IoT and BD in order to drive sustainable value creation. In The overall approach can be seen in Figure 1, where the
Pan et al. [10], a framework is built surrounding the HVAC product, process, and system are being designed in parallel
and building industry and the use of IoT systems to improve
energy usage. The approach envisions creating significant
economic benefits, as well as social and environmental
benefits. Tao et al. [11] presents an integration between an
IoT system and a traditional PLM system. This work provides
an idea for collecting environmental and life-cycle data
throughout the entire life-cycle. The work also proposes the
idea of a big Bill of Material (BOM) that uses the integration
interface with the IoT systems in order to exchange and
transform information. The next case considers the idea of
using cloud based technologies in order to support product
services [12]. In other words, a decision support system is
built on top of the BD foundation. In other cases, these
services are built to be proactive by building in predictive
models and analytics into the decision support system [6].
Another case is seen in the food production sector where
the application of BD to the supply chain can have
implications for many industries. The work claims that
and that knowledge gained can then be seen joined with the
machine learning algorithm. This approach suggests that the
overall cost and associated footprint of an IoT system can be
reduced by deploying the proposed method.
The traditional approach, shown in Fig. 2, is outfitting a
physical system with a complex network of sensor nodes in
order to collect a large amount of data coinciding with various
attributes of the system. In this figure it can clearly be seen
that there are four nodes that are collecting data and storing
that data in the cloud. There are two issues with this setup: 1)
It requires hardware for all 4 nodes, 2) The data is stored in
the cloud and must sifted through to come up with the needed
subset. This results in an inflated system with considerable
amount of resources and energy being required for the
hardware, as well as a large amount of required processing in
order to consume the data. With that in consideration, this
setup shows that there is much left to be desired in terms
reducing the overall cost and footprint of such a system.
4. Case Study
4.1 Motivation
device and can cause negative experience for the customer this system are the lofty costs and overall footprint involved
and unneeded service calls for the manufacturer. Therefore, with fielding four sensors. Any cost reduction or identified
the studied application looks at a system internal to a printing improvement would be quickly swallowed up by the cost
device that aims at determining the correct media moving associated with the implementation. However, by using the
throughout the machine. This case-study also lends itself well knowledge of the system, a more efficient architecture could
to the manufacturing industry. The printing process, although be formed.
internal to a consumer product, can be imagined as a small-
scale manufacturing process and therefore contains strong 4.3 Leveraging the Methodology
similarities to that of a manufacturing line.
The four sensor nodes could ultimately be reduced to one
4.2 Preliminary Implementation sensor node, while not losing any performance. The
breakthrough that allowed for this, was expanding the
Prior to devising the proposed methodology, the mindset LED/photoresistor being used to capture optical translucence
surrounding the solution was very much in line with the to a dynamic measurement to encapsulate the domain expert
traditional approach of outfitting the device with numerous knowledge of the printing system. Instead of collecting
sensor nodes in hopes to collect as much data as possible. In individual measurements through individual sensor nodes, a
this case, the preliminary implementation looked at using four smart system was deployed that consolidated all of various
different sensor nodes to capture various measurements of the media attributes that were being measured with the previous
paper: bending stiffness, optical translucence, density, and nodes into a singular time-series trace. Figure 5 shows the
electrical impedance. All of these measurements are directly final solution that was devised.
related to physical attributes of the media. These attributes
contribute to controlling operating parameters that are a
function of how various media types interact with the
electrophotography (EP) printing process. Figure 4 shows the
original sensor nodes and their corresponding properties.
In addition to the functionality, the economics are also big data for sustainable value creation. Many industries can
compelling. The system went from a bloated system that benefit from the counter approach, especially manufacturing
would struggle to justify itself in the form of value-added and due to their unique use of unstructured and structured data to
operational efficiency, to a more sustainable system that drive improvements in energy efficiency, reduced resources,
makes up a fraction of the cost, energy, and resources. cost reduction, scalability, and environmental sustainability. A
To be able to leverage this cheap singular sensor in such a case study was presented that looks at the consumer printing
compelling way, one must look at the support vector machine process and a sensor solution that aims at improving the field
that drove the functionality. Through the dynamic time series service issues with various products out in the field. The case
data, features were able to be selected in parallel with the study validates the premise of co-designing a product,
knowledge of designing the sensor systems themselves to be process, and/or system in parallel with the IoT framework in
able to stretch the sensor hardware and machine learning order to minimize costs and improve functionality. The
algorithm to its full potential. Figure 6 shows the feature combination of the domain/expert knowledge and the machine
selection that was determined in order to create the largest learning algorithm creates a robust framework for use in
separation between the various media types. various applications. Future work can entail extending this
approach to other industry sectors to show how big data can
be leveraged for sustainable value creation.
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