JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENGINEERING SCIENCES VOL.

14(27), ISSUE 1/2024

ISSN: 2247-3769 / e-ISSN: 2284-7197 ART.NO. 398 pp. 81-88

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENTY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

THERMAL PANELS

C.-G. Popovici a, G. Filipescua , N.-C. Cherecheș a*, S.-V. Hudișteanu a, E.-F.Țurcanu a, Ana
Diana Ancas a , Marina Verdeș a, P. V. Roșua
a
Technical University "Ghe. Asachi" of Iasi, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Servicies, Department Building Sevicies, D.
Mangeron 67 str.,700050, Romania; E-mails: [email protected], [email protected],
*[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Received: 22.01.2024 / Accepted: 14.02.2024 / Revised: 26.02.2024 / Available online: 31.05.2024

DOI: 10.2478/jaes-2024-0010

KEY WORDS: green energy, photovoltaic thermal panels, numerical simulation, Ansys Software.

ABSTRACT:

The need to optimize the operation of photovoltaic modules inevitably arises with the development of green energy production
technology. In order to achieve a good technological yield, durability and efficiency in production, continuous studies and
innovations are required. This study focuses on simulating the operation of water-cooled and uncooled PV modules in order to
understand the temperature-dependent PV operation. This cooling module consists, in the first phase, of a copper coil through which
water circulates, and in the second phase, of a coolant distributor/collector system. The module is attached to the lower surface of the
photovoltaic panel, respectively to the teller foil layer. For this simulation we used the Ansys software package (Discovery, Fluent
and Space Claim).

1. INTRODUCTION systems, as the cooling prolongs the system's lifespan. This

aspect of durability has a positive impact on the environment by
reducing costs and production, thereby lowering pollution,
One of the most widespread renewable energy technologies is the optimizing operational efficiency, and reducing harmful
use of photovoltaic (PV) systems, which convert solar radiation emissions into the atmosphere. Moreover, the obtained thermal
into usable electrical energy (Hu J. et. al. 2016; Yau YH et. al. energy from this cooling process can be stored for future use in
2016, Markvart T. 2020). This renewable energy production domestic or industrial settings, further reducing the direct
technology is pollution-free during operation, mitigates global consumption of electricity required for thermal energy.
warming issues, reduces operational costs, and requires minimal
maintenance compared to other renewable energy technologies Despite the numerous advantages of PV technology, this
(Wang Y. et.al. 2006; Bhubaneswari P. et. al.2011). conversion system faces climate-related challenges, such as hail,
dust, and surface operating temperature, which can negatively
In the world, there are significant concerns about a potential affect the system's efficiency (DaSilva RM et al. 2010). External
energy crisis, and the majority of countries still rely on climatic parameters, such as wind velocity, ambient
conventional sources of energy production (Pomares-Hernandez temperature, relative humidity, accumulated dust, and solar
C et.al.2021; Kannan N. et.all. 2016) The situation, exacerbated radiation, are the most common natural factors that influence
by the world's population growth and industrial progress, has the surface temperature of a photovoltaic module (Elbreki A.M.
led to an increased demand for energy, causing significant et. al.2016). Generally, for every 1°C increase in the
environmental problems due to the intensive exploitation of temperature on the PV module's surface, there is a 0.5%
fossil fuels. In this context, interest in renewable energy sources reduction in efficiency (Kumar K. Et.al. 2007, Chandrasekar, M
such as solar or wind energy has grown (Pomares-Hernandez C. et al. 2015). As a result of the temperature rise, not all the
et.al.2021; Rauf A. et al. 2018; Robles A. Et.al. 2018). absorbed solar energy by the photovoltaic cells is converted into
electrical energy. To comply with the law of energy
The development of the present cooling module was conceived conservation, the remaining solar energy is transformed into
for its application on any type of rigid photovoltaic panel. The heat (Tahar M. et. al. 2022). The consequences of this heat loss
study includes simulations, taking into account the dimensional lead to an overall reduction in conversion efficiency. To make
characteristics of the most commonly used photovoltaic this renewable energy production technology the best solution,
modules available on the market. Such a method is designed to it is necessary to improve the efficiency of solar energy
reduce both the time and cost of maintaining photovoltaic conversion systems (Reddy, S.R. et al. 2015). To turn it into a

* Corresponding author: Nelu-Cristian Cherecheș, e-mail: [email protected]

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viable solution, different means of addressing this temperature Meshing phase, where the calculation nodes and points cannot
issue must be found, resulting in an overall increase in conversion exceed 500,000 nodes. Generally, this is not a problem; the
efficiency (Wang Y. et.al. 2006; Bhubaneswari P. et. al.2011). simulation can proceed smoothly with a level of calculation
detail accepted in the research field. The geometry was created
using the SpaceClaim program, which is integrated into the
2. CASE OF STUDY same Ansys package.

The present study aims to calculate the temperature distribution Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 represent a cross-sectional view of the
on the surface of a photovoltaic panel under fixed ambient photovoltaic panel created using the SpaceClaim software.
temperature and solar radiation conditions. The solar radiation
has been chosen to be 1000W/m2K. Two types of active
cooling methods were used: one with a serpentine cooling
system and the other with a distributor/collector cooling system.
Additionally, the simulation also includes the baseline scenario
without any cooling. The inlet temperature of the cooling agent
is set to be 20°C, and the thermal agent's circulation velocity.
The system was simulated at 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7; and 0.9 m/s for
each of the two cooling systems, as well as for the non-cooling
scenario. This resulted in 11 simulations that were compared to Figure 1. PV Cross-Section, 3D Top View
understand which type of active cooling is more suitable under
these conditions compared to the system without cooling. The
data extracted from these simulations were provided a clearer
understanding of this phenomenon. The PV surface has a size of
2m² and was subjected to uniform solar radiation over its entire
surface.

The simulation results highlights the temperature distribution on

the PV surface, the temperatures obtained at the PV surface,
and the water temperatures at the outlet of the cooling circuit
(for cases with cooling). Figure 2. PV Cross-Section, 3D Bottom View

For this simulation and numerical analysis study, a standard Fig.3 and Fig.4 represent the view in X-Z axis view of the PV
photovoltaic panel with dimensions of 2000/1000mm was used, with Serpentine Cooling respectively the PV with
composed of the following layers: Distributor/Collector Cooling.
 Cover and protective layer made of glass
 EVA layer 1 (ethylene-vinyl acetate)
 PV cells
 EVA layer 2
 Tedlar film (polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film)

The materials used are the most commonly used in the

photovoltaic panel industry, and their physical parameters such
as thermal conductivity, density, thickness, and specific heat Figure 3. Lower X-Z Axis View of PV with Serpentine Cooling
have been respected.

In constructing the photovoltaic panel, the weighted average of

the physical parameters for each layer based on its thickness
was considered. This resulted in a unique, compact, and
homogeneous layer referred to as the 'PV layer', with specific
characteristics (Table 1), which were introduced as calculation
parameters for the simulation.
Figure 4. Lower X-Z Axis View of PV with
Layer Thickness Thermal Specific Density Distributor/Collector Cooling
material Conductivity Heat
(m) (W/m°C) (J/kg°C) (kg/mc) In Fig. 5-7 is presented the model of the frame used in the PV
PV 0,0045 14,44 885,73 2447,1 geometry; it was created using the Ansys Discovery program,
1 version 2023 R1.

Table 1. Properties and Dimensions of the Material in the PV

Layer Composition

The photovoltaic panel was constructed taking into account real

specifications using the Ansys 2023 R1 and R2 student version
software package. The limitation in this version was in the Figure 5. View of the Component Layers of PV

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The system involves facilitating heat exchange between the

photovoltaic panel and water through an installation composed
of Copper pipes with diameters of Dn10mm (for the serpentine
cooling system) and Dn16mm (the collector and distributor are
constructed using Dn16mm pipes, while the circuits are built
with Dn10mm pipes), directly attached to the Tedlar film
exposed at the bottom of the PV panel.

Figure 6. View of the Component Layers of PV Figure 9. Geometry and Dimensions of the Distributor/Collector
Cooling System
The serpentine cooling system consists of a sequence of 9
copper pipes with a diameter of Dn10mm, Fig. 8. The distance
between the pipes is 101mm, and they are consecutively 3. NUMERICAL SIMULATION
connected to each other through bends with a radius of 55mm.
The total length of the serpentine is 18m. The numerical simulation was performed using the Ansys
Workbench 2023-R1 program, student version. The geometry
was created with the same CAD program, specifically the three-
dimensional (3D) subdivision in SpaceClaim, followed by the
Meshing phase, settings, solution, and results carried out with
Ansys Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool
capable of physical modeling and simulation.
In this project, the numerical simulation for the operation of the
same photovoltaic panel includes 3 cases:

 3.1 Simulation of PV operation without cooling (G1)

 3.2 Simulation of PV operation with serpentine
cooling system (G2)
Figure 7. PV Dimensions  3.3 Simulation of PV operation with distributor/
collector cooling system (G3)

3.1. Simulation of PV operation without cooling

The numerical simulation for the case of the photovoltaic panel

without cooling was possible with the following input
parameters:

 Solar power: 1000W/m²

 Air density: constant
Figure 8. Dimensions of the Serpentine Cooling System  Heat transfer air-PV: through conduction
 PV thermal resistance: negligible the calculation
The dimensions of the distributor/collector cooling system are
processes were set to 1000 iterations.
present in Fig. 9, and the distance between the secondary pipes,
namely 101mm, is maintained.
PV Characteristics:
The distance between the main pipes (distributor and collector)  Material: Mixed (glass, eva1, PV cells, eva2, tedlar)
is 2018mm. This geometry is the only possible configuration to  Mixed PV layer thickness: 0.0045 m
maintain the same physical attachment characteristics to the  Mixed material density: 2447.11 kg/m³
Tedlar film. Under these conditions, the volume of water in the  Specific heat: 885.73 J/kg°C
secondary pipes is preserved and precisely corresponds to the  Thermal conductivity: 14.44 W/m°C.
same equivalent volume as in the serpentine pipes.
The results obtained from the numerical simulation for the
photovoltaic panel without cooling are presented in Table 2.

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Photovoltaic panel 2000/1000 mm without cooling system 0,5 20 34,8 32,7 42,7 37,1
VH2O TH2Oint TH2Oout TminPV TmaxPV TmedPV 0,7 20 30,6 30,5 37,5 33,5
(m/s) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) 0,9 20 28,33 29,1 34,6 31,5
NO NO NO 64,5 112,3 88,4 Table 3. Data from Numerical Simulation of PV with
Serpentine Cooling
Table 2. Data from Numerical Simulation of PV Without
Cooling In Fig. 11, the temperature contour on the surface of the
photovoltaic panel can be observed for the color spectrum set
In Fig. 10, the temperature contour on the surface of the within the range of 20...110°C. The water circulation velocity
photovoltaic panel can be observed for the color spectrum set ranges from 0.1 to 0.9 m/s.
within the range of 20...110°C. The maximum temperature of
the PV panel is at 112.3°C. The average temperature is 88.4°C.
The minimum temperature is 64.5°C.

a.

b.
Figure 10. a. Front; b.Bottom View of PV in the Numerical
Simulation Without Cooling

3.2. Simulation of PV operation with serpentine cooling

The numerical simulation for the case of the photovoltaic panel

with serpentine cooling system was possible with the following
input parameters:
 Solar power: 1000W/m²
 Air density: constant
 Heat transfer air-PV: through conduction
 Heat transfer PV-water: through convection and
conduction
 PV thermal resistance: negligible Figure 11. PV with Serpentine Cooling, with the Cooling Agent
 Water inlet temperature: 20°C Circulation at 0.1...0.9 m/s
 Water circulation velocity: 0.1...0.9 m/s
The results obtained from the numerical simulation for the PV 3.3. Simulation of PV operation with distributor/collector
operation with the serpentine cooling system are presented in cooling
Table 3.
The numerical simulation for the case of the photovoltaic panel
Photovoltaic panel 2000/1000 mm with serpentine with distributor/collector cooling system was possible with the
cooling system following input parameters:
VH2O TH2Oint TH2Oout TminPV TmaxPV TmedPV  Solar power: 1000W/m²
(m/s) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)  Air density: constant
0,1 20 90,5 55,9 105,3 78,8  Heat transfer air-PV: through conduction
0,3 20 44,2 37,5 54,1 44,9

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 Heat transfer PV-water: through convection and 4. COMPARATIVE STUDY

conduction
 PV thermal resistance: negligible A total of 11 simulations were conducted. The thermal potential
 Water inlet temperature: 20°C available on the surface of the photovoltaic panels was
 Water circulation velocity: 0.1...0.9 m/s extracted, including:
 PV without cooling
The results obtained from the numerical simulation for the PV  PV with serpentine cooling
operation with the distributor/collector cooling system are
 PV with distributor/collector cooling
presented in Table 4.
In the following chart (Fig. 13), the temperature dynamics for
Photovoltaic panel 2000/1000 mm with distributor/collector the PV system without cooling can be observed.
cooling system
VH2O TH2Oint TH2Oout TminPV TmaxPV TmedPV
(m/s) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
0,1 20 79,8 45,8 84,2 64,9
0,3 20 47,5 37,8 57,0 45,8
0,5 20 38,3 33,7 49,2 39,9
0,7 20 34,5 31,2 45,2 36,6
0,9 20 32,5 29,8 42,5 34,5
Table 4. Data from Numerical Simulation of PV with
Distributor/Collector Cooling

In Fig, 12, the temperature contour on the surface of the

photovoltaic panel can be observed for the color spectrum set
within the range of 20...110°C. The water circulation velocity Figure 13. Distribution of PV temperatures for the System
ranges from 0.1 to 0.9 m/s. Without Cooling

According to the study it is mentioned that for an average

external temperature of 25°C and solar radiation of 1000W/m²,
with uniform and direct exposure of the PV panel to the sun, the
photovoltaic cells offer maximum electrical power production.
This test is referred to as Standard Test Condition (STC). As a
result of this conducted study, it was observed that for every
1°C increase in the photovoltaic panel's temperature above
25°C, there is a reduction in efficiency by 0.45%. Based on
these findings and considering the STC test, we can extract the
following calculation from Table 5.

Efficienty according to STC

(%)
TminPV 64,5 82,225
TmaxPV 112,3 60,715
TmedPV 88,4 71,47
Table 5. PV Efficiency according to STC - PV Without Cooling

The temperatures obtained during the operation of the PV

without cooling reach excessively high levels, leading to a
significant decrease in its performance. As seen in Fig. 13, the
PV efficiency for the resulting average temperature reaches a
threshold of 71%. A reduction to two-thirds of the PV capacity
is considerable. It is well-known that the operating temperature
of photovoltaic panels is crucial in electricity production.
Therefore, at such temperatures obtained in this initial
simulation, the capacity to produce electricity by the
photovoltaic panel decreases dramatically. Taking into account
the maximum temperature obtained from the numerical
simulation, the efficiency reduction approaches half. The
capacity to produce energy by PV is reduced by up to 60%.
This parameter should be considered more, especially
concerning the maximum temperature, to verify the functioning
under the most adverse conditions.
Figure 12. PV with Distributor/Collector Cooling, with the
Cooling Agent Circulation at 0.1...0.9 m/s

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In the domain of PV operation with serpentine cooling, as Regarding the PV cooling system with distributor/collector, Fig.
shown in Fig. 14, the graph of temperatures obtained from the 16 displays the graph of temperatures obtained from the
numerical simulation is presented. Similarly, I consider the numerical simulation. The maximum temperatures obtained
obtained maximum temperatures as preliminary data to ensure serve as preliminary data to ensure the logical operation of PV
the logical operation of PV under the most adverse exterior under the most extreme external climate conditions. At the
climatic conditions. At the beginning of each serpentine cooling beginning of each cooling cycle with the distributor/collector,
cycle, for each of the five allowed circulation velocities for each of the five allowable circulation velocitys considered, a
considered, a maximum temperature is observed. In the velocity maximum temperature is observed. In the range of velocitys
domain from 0.1 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the maximum temperature from 0.1 m/s to 0.3 m/s, the maximum temperature obtained
obtained does not match the STC efficiency calculation. In this does not match the STC efficiency calculation, indicating that
case, the resulting temperatures are too high. In the rest of the the resulting temperatures are too high. However, in the rest of
approached velocity domain, given the forced circulation of the the velocity range considered, due to the forced circulation of
cooling agent and better distribution on the PV surface, the the cooling agent and a uniform and constant distribution over
operating temperatures are lower and even optimal in terms of the entire PV surface, the operating temperatures are lower.
efficiency.

Figure 15. Efficiency of the PV with serpentine cooling

according to STC at the obtained temperatures
Figure 14. Distribution of PV Temperatures for the Serpentine
Cooling System

Table 6, according to the STC test, we extract the following

calculation for the efficiency of the PV system with serpentine
cooling.

Velocity of
cooling agent 0,1 0,7 0,9
0,3 0,5
(m/s)
TminPV(°C) 55,9 37,5 32,7 30,5 29,1
STC(%) 86,095 94,375 96,535 97,525 98,155
TmedPV(°C) 78,8 44,9 37,1 33,5 31,5
STC(%) 75,79 45,79 94,555 96,175 97,075
TmaxPV(°C) 105,3 105,3 42,7 37,5 34,6 Figure 16. Distribution of temperatures for the PV system with
STC(%) 63,865 63,865 92,035 94,375 95,68 distributor/collector cooling
In Table 7, according to the STC test, we extracted the
Table 6. Calculation of PV efficiency with Serpentine Cooling following calculation for the efficiency of the PV system with
according to STC distributor/collector cooling.

Fig. 15 illustrates the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel with

cooling agent

TmedPV (°C)

TmaxPV (°C)
TminPV (°C)
Velocity of

serpentine cooling, depending on the temperature extracted

STC1(%)

STC2(%)

STC3(%)
(m/s)

from the numerical simulation for the five cases of coolant

circulation velocity. It is evident that for all temperatures,
minimum, average, and maximum, the PV efficiency increases
93,295 90,64 82,045

with decreasing temperatures. As expected, the maximum

96,085 94,24 90,64

85,6 73,36
45,8

64,9

84,2
0,1

efficiency of PV is achieved at the minimum temperatures

obtained on its surface, reaching 98.1%. However, the
37,8

45,8

57,0
0,3

maximum temperature reached, 105°C, is not favorable in terms

of efficiency, and it rapidly decreases the system's reliability
89,11
33,7

39,9

49,2

over time.
0,5

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cooling system. At velocity <0.5 m/s, the distributor cooling

97,84 97,175

95,725 94,78

92,125 90,91
31,3

36,6

45,2
0,7
system manages to exchange heat more efficiently, resulting in
lower temperatures and higher efficiency for the entire PV
29,8

34,5

42,5
system.
0,9

3. In the domain of maximum working temperature of the

Table 7. PV Efficiency Calculation with Distributor/Collector system, in the case of simulations without cooling, the
according to STC minimum temperature obtained on the PV surface remains
relatively high at 112°C. It was illustrated the temperature
evolution for all three cases analyzed for each of the cooling
In the graph (Fig. 17), we can observe the efficiency of the
agent circulation velocitys (excluding PV without cooling).
photovoltaic panel with distributor/collector cooling, based on
This high temperature can significantly affect the system's
temperature, extracted from the numerical simulation for the
efficiency, leading to a considerable decrease in productivity.
five cases of cooling agent circulation velocitys. It is evident for
However, for systems with cooling, the situation improves.
all temperatures, minimum, average, and maximum, that the PV
Lower temperatures are achieved, and the distributor cooling
efficiency increases with decreasing temperatures. As expected,
system works better at velocitys <0.3 m/s. This is due to the
the maximum PV efficiency is achieved at the lowest
uniform distribution of the cooling agent, and the circulation
temperatures obtained on its surface, reaching 97.8%. The
velocity is well suited for this case. At velocitys >0.3 m/s, the
maximum temperature obtained does not exceed 85°C.
continuity is maintained, and the distribution is equally good,
resulting in acceptable temperatures and increased efficiency. In
the case of serpentine cooling, the disadvantage lies in the non-
uniform temperature distribution on the PV surface, but we
observe areas with better cooling at velocitys >0.3 m/s. This is
due to the fact that a higher cooling agent circulation velocity
facilitates more favorable heat exchange at the beginning of the
cooling circuit. Thus, a significant temperature discrepancy is
observed between two halves of the PV, with one being better
cooled than the other. This is undesirable as the system is not
thermally balanced, and PV materials and cells may experience
unequal transformations over the entire surface, leading to
decreased efficiency and reliability over time. The cooling
agent's outlet temperature is crucial as it results from a heat
exchange process with the PV surface. A higher cooling agent
temperature leads to better heat exchange and, consequently,
Figure 17. PV Efficiency with Distributor/Collector Cooling - better cooling.
Temperature Dependency
4. In Fig. 18, there is presented the graph of cooling agent
operating temperatures for all three simulation cases, i.e., no
cooling system and systems with cooling. Lower PV operating
4. CONCLUSIONS temperatures and better system functionality and reliability are
achieved. Cooling agent temperature is studied for cases G2 and
1. In the domain of minimum temperature, in the case of G3, where the cooling system is involved. At velocitys <0.3
operation without a cooling system, the minimum operating m/s, an advantage of the serpentine system is observed, thanks
temperature of the PV is high, reaching 64.5°C, considering its to its slow, one-directional flow of the cooling agent. At
distribution over a very small surface. The most favorable velocitys >0.3 m/s, the distributor/collector cooling system
minimum PV temperature is obtained with the distributor compensates effectively because the cooling agent is distributed
cooling system at a velocity <0.5 m/s. This results in a better through multiple paths, resulting in simultaneous heat
distribution of the cooling agent over the PV surface, leading to exchange. As expected, a better heat exchange benefits the
improved operating efficiency. Additionally, the cooling water photovoltaic system's operation, durability, and reliability.
in this case has a higher temperature, making it suitable for
thermal energy storage in a secondary system. On the other
hand, the cooling system with a serpentine is more effective for
velocitys >0.5 m/s. However, the water distribution in this case
is not as uniform, resulting in some areas of the PV being better
cooled than others. This thermal non-uniformity can have a
negative impact on the system's durability, reliability, and
energy production, as unevenly functioning photovoltaic cells
may experience premature aging.

2. In the domain of average temperature, in the case of

operation without a cooling system, the average operating
temperature of the PV is 88.4°C. With cooling systems, we
observe that the serpentine cooling system achieves lower
temperatures at velocitys >0.5 m/s compared to the distributor Figure 18. Cooling agent outlet temperature graph

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As already evident, in this simulation, we numerically identified Rauf A, Liu X, Amin W, Ozturk I, Rehman O.U, Sarwar S,
this thermal potential. The benefits of improved heat exchange Energy and ecological sustainability: Challenges and
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Reddy, S.R.; Ebadian, M.A.; Lin, C.X. A review of PV-T systems:

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