Asafjahi Dynasty

* Founder of Asafjahi dyanasty : Nizam-ul-mulk

* First ancestor – Alam Sheik
* Progenitor – Khwaja Abid
* Official language – Persian, Urdu (from 1884)
* First capital : Aurangabad
* Second capital : Hyderabad
* The popular ruler in this dynasty : Mir mehboob Ali khan
* Greatest among Asafjahis : Mir Osman Ali khan
* Last Ruler : Mir Osman Alikhan
* Nizam when the uprising took Place in 1857 : Nasir-Ud-Daulah, Afzal-ud-Daulah
* Nizam when the Nizam state merged with Indian union : Mir Osman Ali khan
* The Golconda or Qutub Shahi kingdom was founded by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah in A.D 1518.
* Later, on 3rd October 1687, it was annexed to Mughal kingdom. Mir Qamruddin Chin Qilich Khan, a military
general of Aurangzeb played an important role in the conquest of Golkonda in 1687.
* After the fall of Qutub Shahi dynasty, Hyderabad kingdom was ruled by the Mughals from A.D 1687 to A.D 1724
(for 37 years).
The gradual decline of Mughal empire started after the death of Aurangzeb in A.D 1707.
* In these circumstances, local governors of Mughal kingdom began declaring their independence and founded own
dynasties.
* Hyderabad came under Asaf Jahi rule after the decline of Mughal kingdom.
* After the decline of Qutb Shahis, between 1687 and 1724 Hyderabad Suba as a part of Deccan was under Mughal
rule. Later Asaf jahs came to power in Hyderabad region and ruled between 1724 and 1948.
* The Hyderabad State comprised regions of Karnataka and Maratwada. The state of Hyderabad is located on Deccan
plateau between two rivers, River Godavari and River Krishna.
* The founder of this powerful dynasty was Nizam-ul-Mulk.
Ruling years of Asaf Jahis:
*1st Nizam - Nizam-Ul-Mulk (1724-48)
~ Nazar Jung (1748-50)
~ Muzaffar Jung (1750-51)
~ Salabath Jung (1751-61)
• 2nd Nizam - Nizam Ali Khan (1761-1803)
• 3rd Nizam – Sikander Jah (1803-29)
• 4th Nizam – Nasir ud daula (1829-57)
• 5th Nizam – Afzal-ud-daula (1857-69)
• 6th Nizam – Mir Mahboob Ali Khan (1869-1911)
• 7th Nizam – Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-1948)
* Ancestors of Nizam-ul-Mulk:
I. Alam Shaik:
*The ancestors of Asaf Jahis belongs to Turani tribe from Samarkand region of Bhukara kingdom (in present day
Uzbekistan).
* Ancestral history of Nizam-ul-Mulk goes back to Alam Shaik.He was a Sufi scholar (Pandit) by faith and belonged
to Bukhara kingdom of Samarkhand. He was descendant of First Khalifa, Abu Bakar.
*Alam Shaik was a well learned person in the entire Samarkhand and had title of Alum-ul-Ulema. His wife was
descendant of the famous Mir Humdum clan of Samarkhand. Khwaja Abid was the son of this couple. This Khwaja
Abid later left Samarkhand and joined in the service of Aurangazeb as a Manasabdar.
* Note : Khalifa Abu Bakar is the ancestor of Asaf jahi signed The Turanis of Shurkmenistan
II. Khwaja Abid Shaikul:
* In 1680, Khwaja Abid played crucial role in suppressing the revolt of Prince Akbar, the son of Aurangazeb and
pleased the Emperor.
* For this Khwaja Abid received title of 'Chin Qilich Khan' along with jewellary and horses from emperor Aurangzeb.
* During early years of Aurangzebs reign, Chin Qilich Khan played crucial role and assisted emperor in strengthening
administration and establishing peace and order. He helped emperor in the conquest of Bijapur in 1686.
* Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb invaded Deccan to conquer Golconda, Khwaja Abid by making him Multan to assist.
* When emperor Aurangazeb invaded Deccan to conquer Golconda, Khwaja Abid marched with him as Subedar of
Bidar (Jafarabad).
* Later he was assigned with the reponsibility of Subedar of Ajmer and army from Multan to assist. In this battle,
Khwaja Abid (Chin Qilich Khan) lost his right arm and returned to barracks.
* This news saddened emperor and the emperor sent his prime minister Jumdat-ul-mulk to know
about the health of Khwaja Abid. He informed that he will return to fight as soon as possible.
* But after three days, on January 30, 1687 Khwaja Abid passed away and was buried at Attapur, north east of
Himayatsagar,
* Three days after his burial, his lost arm was found in the battle field and it was identified with the help of ring
bearing royal sign that he was wearing.
* This amputated arm was buried at Kimatpura near Golconda. His tomb was repaired by Asaf Jah VII in 1942 as it
was also in a dilapidated condition.
III. Mir Shihabuddin siddiqui:
* Khwaja Abid had five sons. The elder was Mir Shihabuddin siddiqui.
* Titles:- Farzund
- Arjumanad Nawab Ghaziuddin Siddique Bahadur
- Firoz jung
- Sipah salar
Note: Genealogy
Alam Shaik
↓
Khwaja Abid Shaikul
↓
Mir Shihabuddin siddiqui
↓
Nizam-ul-Mulk
* He was born at Samarkhand in 1649. He was with his father at Aurangzeb's court in Mansabdar Served.
* Aurangazeb appointed him as manasabdar
* Shihabuddin played crucial role in the Mughals conquest against Rana of Udaipur that earned him title 'Khan'. Later
he also earned title 'Firoz Jung' for his success against attack on Shambaji.
* His valor during Mughal attack on Bijapur brought him yet another title 'Farzund Arjumand'.
* He also accompanied Aurangzeb in 1687 in conquering Golconda. During this conquest Shihabuddin Siddiqui took
part as the army chief of Aurangzeb and subjugated Udgir and Adoni forts.
* In 1705 he defeated Sindhia of Malwa and recieved title of Sipah Salar and was made as Subedar of Elichpur, Berar
and Gujarat.
* Shihabuddin through his valour and courage attracted Aurangzeb and accompanied him in many conquests and
battles. In the end of his carrier, he was infected with smallpox and became blind and died in Gujarat in 1711. He
married Safiya Khanam, the daughter of Saadulla Khan Bahadur, the Wazir of Shah Jahan. Their eldest son was Mir
Qamruddin.
* This Qamruddin who had title of Nizam-ul-Mulk established an independent state in Deccan in later days.
* Firoz jung was a brave warrior and he was responsible for the many victories of Aurangzeb.
* In the Mughal Court, the Sunni migrants from Middle Asia were known as 'Turanis' and the Shia migrants from Iraq
were known as 'Iranis'.
* The Mughal rule was severely disturbed by the clashes between the two sections for dominance.
ASAFJAHI'S -POLITICAL HISTORY
1. Nizam-ul-Mulk/ 'Asaf Jah I' (1724-48 C.E):
* His real name is Mir Qamruddin Khan
* He was the founder of the Asafjahi clan
* Mir Qamruddin or Nizam-ul-Mulk was son of Ghaziauddin Feroz Jung and Safiya Khanam and was born on 11
August, 1671 at Agra.
* Nizam-ul-Mulk saw the rule of 8 Mughal Emperors from Aurangzeb to Muhammad Shah. 4 of them were active at
Guri.
* After his birth, he was named as 'Nek Bhakt' that means fortunate.
* Titles:
- Asafjah-I(by emperor Muhammed Shah Rangeela)
- Yaminus Sultant
- Jumalat-ul-Mulk
- Madar-ul-Maham
- Nizam-ul-Mulk(by emperor Farrukhsiyar)
- Khan-e-Duran(by emperor Bahadur Shah-1)
- Nawab Mir Ghaziuddin Bahadur,
- Fatheh Jung(by emperor Farrukhsiyar)
- Sipah Salar,
- Nawab Subedar-e-Deccan.
- Khan
- Chin Qilich Khan(by emperor Aurangazeb)(Chin Qilich Khan means young swordsman)
- Bahadur feroz Jung
Aurangazeb Period:
* At the age of six years he visited Mughal court along with his father. Aurangazeb named as Mir
Qamaruddin Khan Siddique. This six year old boy attracted the attention of Aurangazeb at the court.
* Aurangazeb, at the first sight appointed this little Qamruddin as Manasabdar of 450 horses and it was doubled after
a year. Since his early years he started accompanying his father to the battle field. In 1688, at the age of 17 he along
with his father captured Adoni fort. This victory brought to his credit the Mansabdar of 2000/500 (Zat and Sawar), an
Arabian horse, basket full of fruits, perfumes and large sum of jewellery from Mughal court.
* The courage that he exhibited in the early conquests of his career brought him title 'Khan'.
* In 1698, he was again assigned the task to occupy Nagori near Bijapur by Aurangzeb and in this adventure he along
with his father recorded success.
* Encouraged with Nizam-ul-Mulk's success, emperor ordered him to capture Nagarkot in the vicinity of Bijapur and
this task was also successfully completed.
* Overjoyed with the success attained by Nizam-ul-Mulk, emperor asked Muklis Khan and Bakshi-ul-Mulk to receive
Nizam-ul-Mulk personally and accompany him to royal court from Islampur fort.
* In 1705, Chin Qilich Khan along with Aurangazeb attacked Wajinjar fort in Berar. They were assisted by Tarbiyat
Khan. In reward, Aurangazeb presented Nizam with two Arab horses studded with gold ornaments. In recognition to
his service, Emperor Aurangazeb also accorded him with Mansabdari of 500/5000 along with one crore and 50 lakhs
of dhams, an elephant and large sum of Jewellery.
* In 1706, Chin Qilich Khan was made the Fauzdar of Feroznagar Fort in place of Yousuf Khan and Kudratullah
Khan after their removal.
* On 28th March 1707 Aurangazeb passed away and joined majority Emperor's son Azam, took the dead body of
Aurangazeb from Ahmedabad to Khuldabad to perform last rites.
* Azam later declared himself as Emperor as the war of succession among the siblings of Aurangazeb and the son of
Firoz Jung was going on by then.
* Chin Qilich Khan and his son kept away from this struggle for succession supremacy among the successors of
Aurangazeb.
* To bring Chin Qilich Khan into his camp, Prince Azam raised his Mansabdari to 7000/7000 and accorded a title
'Khan-E-Duran'.
Bahdur Shah I Period:
*But in the war of succession Prince Azam died. His brother Muazzam came to the throne with the title Shah Alam
Bahdur Shah I. After coming to throne, Bahadur Shah I, called Chin Qilich Khan to his court and re-accredited all his
previous titles held by him and posted as him as Subedar of Oudh Suba and Faujdar of Lucknow in 1707.
* On 9th December 1707, he took over the responsibility of administration of Awadh.
Jahandhar Shah Period:
* In 1712, Bahadur Shah I died at Lahore.
* In 1712, Jahandar Shah adorned Chin Qilich Khan with the titles of 'Ghaziuddin Khan', Bahadur Feroz Jung and
Fateh Jung.
* Later, Jahandar Shah appointed Chin Qilich Khan to safeguard Agra.
* At Agra, Shariatulla Khan and Muhammad Amir Khan had secret understanding with Chin Qilich Khan.
Faruq Siyar Period:
* It was believed that Chin Qilich Khan neutrality favours Farooq Siyar very much positively in usurping the throne.
This happened as thought and after becoming emperor Farooq Siyar accorded Chin Qilich Khan with the title 'Nizam-
ul-Mulk' along with appointing him as Subedar of six Subas of Deccan and Faujdar of Karnataka.
* Chin Qilich Khan was also rewarded with ornate Arabian horse, royal turban, jewelled sword and with large amount
of jewellery.
* Nizam-ul-Mulk introduced uniform system of revenue policy in Aurangazeb Suba. He was instrumental in killing
the Syed brothers.
*Nizam-ul-Mulk maintained good relations with the French and the British.
* While Nizam-ul-Mulk was leading the Iranian sect, Sadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk was the subject of intense conflict.
During this time the Mughal emperor Muhammad Rangeela overthrew the Banisai regime for intoxication and
children.
* In this context, in 1722, Burhan-ul-Mulk established the kingdom of Awadh as the capital of Faizabad.
* All efforts of Nizam failed and ultimately two armies met at Shakarkheda in Berar for final Showdown on 23rd Oct,
1724.
* In this Battle of Shakarkheda Nizam-ul-Mulk came out victorious. Mubariz Khan died in the battle.
* In October, 1724 A.D, battle of ShakkarKhed took place between Nizam-Ul-Mulk (Mir Qamruddin Siddiqi) and
Mubariz Khan (Subedar of Deccan). In this battle, NizamUl-Mulk defeated Mubariz Khan and founded an
independent kingdom.
* The soldiers and common people welcomed Nizam-ul-Mulk. Thus Nizam-ul-Mulk became Subedar of six Deccan
subas consisting of Ahmadnagar, Bidar, Berar, Bijapur, Khandesh and Hyderabad.
* Mughal Emperor accepted Nizam-ul-Mulk as Subedar of Deccan and accorded him with title 'Asaf Jah'.
* The Subedari of Nizam-ul-Mulk was increased when he became Subedar of Deccan. He always believed that he
was the servant of the Mughal Empire.
* As a Subedar of Deccan he took civil, legal, legislative and military responsibilities and ran independent
administration with help of Diwans and organized his own army.
* He divided his Deccan Suba into three parts and kept 1/3rd of area under his control that was known as Surf-i-khas.
2/3 part of the region was kept to meet the expenditure of the state and this region is known as 'Diwani'.
* Nizam-ul-Mulk took steps to abolish Chauth and Sardeshmukhi in his state was collected by Marathas.
* He was survived by five sons and a daughter.
1. Mir Ghaziuddin Siddique Bahadur Firoz Jung,
2. Mir Ahmad Ali Khan Siddique Bahadur Nazir Jung,
3. Sayyad Mahamud Khan Siddique Bahadur Salabat Jung,
4. Mir Nizam Ali Khan Siddique Bahadur Fateh jung,
5. Mir Mahamud Sharif Khan Siddique Bahadur Basalat Jung.
* At the time of Nizam-ul-Mulk's death his elder son Ghaziuddin was serving at Mughal court.
* War of succession began among his sons after this death and this was successfully utilized by both English and
French companies to dominate Deccan and also trade and commerce of this region.
* He divided his kingdom into those subhas (Deccan Subha) They are:
1.Aurangabad
2. Hyderabad
3. Bidar
4. Birar
5. Beejapur
6. Khandesh
* Mughal emperor Mohammad Shah I commented that 'morality and honesty migrated to South India along with Mir
Qamaruddin Khan'
* Mir Qamaruddin Khan fought and lost many battles with Peshwa Baji Rao I and made the following treaties:
1. 1728 = Battle of Palkhed = Munji Shivagaon Treaty
2. 1731 = Battle of Gujarat = Warna Treaty
3. 1738 = Battle of Bhopal = Durra Sarai Treaty
* Munji Shivagaon Treaty (1728): As per the treaty, Marathas were given the right to collect Chauth (1/ 4th) and
Sardeshmukhi (1/10th) of Deccan. Bajirao I got Malwa and Bundelkhand from this treaty.
Note: Shivaji introduced and collected Chauth and Sardeshmukhi tributes in Maratha kingdom.
* Treaty of Warna : Nizam Ul Mulk ignored the treaty of Munji Shivagaon. Peshwa Bajirao again defeated Nizam
in the battle of Gujarat. So the Nizam signed the treaty of Warna with Baji Rao.
* Treaty of Durra Sarai : Nizam was defeated by Bajirao in the battle near Bhopal in 1738 and concluded the treaty
of Durai Sarai. As per this treaty Nizam gave the whole of Malwa and the territory between Narmada and Chambal to
Bajirao. He was also forced to pay an indemnity of one lakh rupees.
* In 1739, the ruler of Persia Nadir Shah defeated Mughal army in the battle of Karnal and moved towards Delhi.
Mohammad Shah Rangeela fled away from Delhi. By knowing this, Nizam Ul Mulk started to Delhi to help Rangeela.
* Nizam Ul Mulk played a significant role in stopping the massacre in Delhi by the soldiers of Nadir Shah. He
succeeded in achieving a treaty between Rangeela and Nadir Shah.
* As per the treaty, Peacock throne, Kohinoor diamond and a sum of 70 crore was given to Nadir Shah.
* In 1748, Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India for the first time. So Nizam Ul Mulk started to Delhi to
assist Rangeela. But he seriously fell ill en route at Burhanpur in Maharashtra and died on 2 June 1748 at an age of 76
years.
* Mir Qamaruddin composed poetry in Turkish and Persian.
* Nasir Jung, the second son of Nizam Ul Mulk became the ruler of Golconda after his death.
* Nizam Ul Mulk was buried at Mazar of Sheik Burhanuddin Garib Chisti at Khurdabad near Aurangabad. The tomb
of Aurangzeb is also located here.
* Nizam Ul Mulk was a seasoned statesman and a patron of poets. His capital Aurangabad became a center of
scholars and poets.
* He wrote poetry in Persian with the pen name Shakeer (the satisfied one).
* Hyderabad gradually lost its individuality after his death.
2. Nasir Jung (1748-50):
* He was the second son of Nizam Ul Mulk. He acquired the acceptance of Mughal emperor to become the Subahdar
of Deccan and assumed the title 'Nizam ud Daula'.
* Important battle fought during his reign was - First Carnatic War (1746-48).
* War for succession began in Deccan after the death of Deccan Subedar Nizam Ul Mulk in 1746.
* Chanda Sahib began to conspire against Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan in Carnatic.
* A civil war for succession broke out in Deccan between Nasir Jung and his nephew Muzaffar Jung (Son of
Khairunnnisa and grandson of Nizam Ul Mulk). Muzaffar Jung claimed himself as the rightful ruler of Deccan.
* In the wars for succession, the French sided with Chanda Sahib (he was declared as the subedar of Deccan) and
Muzaffar Jung and the British supported Nasir Jung. This led to the Second Carnatic war.
* In 1749, Chanda Sahib, Muzaffar Jung and the French forces together defeated Anwaruddin in 'Ambur battle'.
* Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic with French support.
* On 10th February 1750, Nasir Jung sent Moropanth and Khajedaye as ambassadors for the surrender of Muzaffar
jung, Chanda Sahib and Dupleix.
* Muzaffar jung conspired with Cuddapah Nawab Abdul Nabi Khan, Kurnool Nawab Himmat Khan Bahadur,
Navanur and Bankapur Nawab Abdul Karim Khan who were the Pathan Nawabs in Nasir Jung's camp.
* On 16th December 1750, the Kurnool Nawab Himmat Khan shot dead Nasir Jung at Zinji.
* Cuddapah Nawab Abdul Nabi Khan severed the head of Nasir Jung and sent to Muzaffar Jung.
* With the support of the French, Muzaffar Jung was appointed as the Subedar of Deccan.
3. Muzaffar Jung (1750-51)
* Muzaffar Jung was installed as the Subehdar of Deccan in a grand ceremony at Pondicherry by the French general
Dupleix. In return, the French got Machilipatnam, Diviseema and Yanam from Muzaffar.
* Dupleix gave the title Zaffar Jung to Muzaffar Jung.
* Dupleix was appointed as the Governor of the Southern region of Krishna river. Muzaffar Jung was killed at
Lakkireddy palli near Rayachoti by Kadapa Nawab Abdul Nabi Khan when he was travelling to Hyderabad from
Pondicherry (in 1751).
4. Salabat Jung (1751-61):
* The French General Bussy installed Salabat Jung (another son of Asaf Jah I) as the Nizam after the assassination of
Muzaffar Jung.
* The French acquired from the Nizam four Northern Sircars (Kondapalli Mustafa Nagar, Rajahmundry, Eluru,
Srikakulam/Chicacole on the Coromandel Coast). They were taken back by the Nizam in 1759.
* The following battles took place during his reign:
1. Second Carnatic War (1749-54)
2. Tummapalem- 1756 (Fauzdar of Srikakulam Jaffar Ali Vs Bussy)
3. The battle of Bobbili- 1757
4. The battle of Chandurti- s1758
5. The battle of Kondur- 1759
6. The battle of Wandiwash- 1760
7. Third Carnatic War- 1756-63
* In 1759, the British occupied the French fort (Machilipatnam).
• Chandurthi War (1758) was responsible for the destruction of French in Andhra Pradesh
• During the reign of Salabath Jung Machilipatnam treaty (1759) was the 1st treaty between the British and
Hyderabad kings
* In 1759, British Admiral Pocock defeated a French Admiral Dilochi in Bay of Bengal.
* After these events, Salabat Jung extended his full support to the British and gave Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam,
Vakkalmannar and Kondaveedu to them. (He was also ready to give northern Circars but stopped).
* In 1761, Nizam Ali imprisioned Salabat Jung in Bidar fort and announced himself as the Nizam.
5. Nizam Ali Khan/ 'Asaf Jah II'(1761- 1803):
* Nizam Ali Khan was the fourth son of Nizam Ul Mulk. He was known as Asaf Jah II.
* They were called as Asaf Jahis from the time of Nizam Ali Khan.
* Nizam Ali Khan was the first to assume the hereditary title of Nizam.
* Nizam Ali Khan became the first ruler to assume the title 'Nizam' officially.
* He acted as the Governor of Berar in 1757.
* Marathas defeated him in December 1757 at Sindakhed and in January 1760 at Udgir.
* Marathas occupied Naldurg, Ahmednagar, Daultabad, Burhanpur and Bijapur.
* In 1770, he moved his capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad.
* His brother Salabat Jung took back Northern Circars from the British and appointed officers to collect taxes.
* The British made many efforts to regain those areas.
* During his reign, Robert Clive pursuaded Mughal emperor Shah Alam to issue a firman for Northern Circars in
1765. But the Nizam refused.
* The British occupied Andhra region during his rule.
* When the Nizam and his Diwan Rukhn Ud Daula (he had a great respect for Jogi Pantulu) were going to
Rajahmundry, there was a mutiny in Nizam's troops at Gollapudi demanding the payment of the arrears of their salary.
Jogipantulu utilized that opportunity to negotiate the lease of the Northern Circars to the company
for a sum of rupees 15 lakhs. In 1768, he leased Northern Circars except Guntur (it was under the control of Basalat
Jung, the brother of the Nizam) to the British (Robert Clive).
* Later in 1788, Guntur was also leased to the British after the death of Salabat Jung. Rayalaseema went under the
control of British by 1798
* Attack of Nizam Ali and the British against Tipu Sultan (Akbar Ali) in 1790: The British and the Nizam made
an alliance to provide military assistance to the Nizam. A triple alliance was formed with the Nizam, the British and
the Marathas against Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. In 1799, they once again invaded Mysore and killed Tipu. So
the Rayalaseema districts came under Nizam. They were ceded (Ceded districts/Rayalaseema districts) to the British
in 1800.
• Nizam Ali Khan was contemporary to Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
• In 1790-92, 3rd Mysore war took place between Mysore king Tipu sultan and tripartite group (British, Nizam and
Marathas)
• In this battle, Tipu sultan was defeated and treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed
* Loss of Kharda: After the Third Mysore War, once again issues came between Marathas and Nizams. Nizam Ali
seriously opposed the Marathas for collecting Chauth and Sardeshmukhi levy in his territory. In 1791, Nana Fadnavis,
the Minister of the Peshwa demanded Nizam to pay Chauth and Sardeshmukhi levy. He encouraged Mahadaji Sindhia
against Nana Fadnavis. Both decided to work unitedly. Mahadaji Sindhia explained about Nizam Ali plan to Fadnavis.
Fadnavis ordered Nizam to pay Chauth and Sardeshmukhi dues immediately. Mahadaji Sindhia died on 12th February
1794. But there was no change in Fadnavis. So on 11th March 1795, the big war took place between two states. It was
called as Kharda War. The Daulatabad, Ahmednagar and Sholapur forts worth revenue regions were handed over to
Marathas and the Nizam also paid three crore rupees as war indemnity.
• In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan was defeated by Maratha Peshwa Madhav Rao -II in the battle of Kharda.
* Monsieur Raymond : The Nizam lost the war with Marathas at Kharda in 1795. He got no assistance from the
British.
- So, the Nizam invited a French general Monsieur Raymond.
- Ali Jah, the son of Nizam Ali revolted against him. Prince Ali Jah was supported by Sadasiva Reddy, the Zamindar
of Medak and Galib Jung.
- At the same time Ali Jah Prince , the elder son of Nizam revolted against his father, Ali Jah reached Bidar with
Medak Zamindar Sadashiva Reddy, Nizam request help of the British to suppress the revolt.
- The British sent the forces of Major Robert towards Bidar side to help Nizam. Ali Jah understood the situation and
surrendered.
- After few days Ali Jah started journey to Hyderabad and on 22nd November, 1795 he committed suicide. Raymond
forces also helped for suppressing the revolt.
- After the suppression of the revolt, Raymond died on 25th March 1798.
- The Gun foundry set up by Raymond for the manufacture of cannon balls still exists at Gunfoundry area in
Hyderabad. People affectionately called him Moosaram. He died in 1798 and the area where his tomb is located in
Malakpet became popular as Moosaram bagh. People pay tributes him every year.
• Before this Raymond also worked with Tipu sultan and Bussey
• Women regiment formed by Nizam Ali khan was “Jafar paltan”
• Women soldiers of Jafar Paltan were known as “Gardinis”
- An important battle in the Northern Coast of Andhra, Padmanabha battle (1794) was fought during his period.
* Subsidiary Alliance:
- Lord Wellesley was appointed as Governor General in 17th May, 1798 after Sir John Shore, British Governor
General and officials opined that, Nizam's support was essential to control to Tipu Sultan and Marathas.
- Nizam support was essential to remove French forces from Deccan.
- The Governor General ordered Kirkpatrick to conclude a new treaty with Nizam.
- On 1 September 1798, Nizam Ali Khan entered into the Subsidiary alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley.
- First independent ruler to sign the doctrine of Subsidiary alliance was Nizam Ali Khan (1798). In this agreement the
important role was played by Nizam Diwan – Aaj-Ul-Umra
- Kirkpatrick played an important role in this.
- The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance.
- Kirkpatrick was appointed as the British Resident at Hyderabad in 1798 during the reign of Nizam Ali. It is called as
Subsidiary Alliance.
- Prior to the treaty two British battalions worked for Nizam.
- After the treaty six more battalions were added to protect the Nizam state.
- Nizam had to pay 24,17,100 rupees every year for the maintenance of the six battalions.
- Hyderabad became a protected state of the British because of the treaty. For the maintenance of the British forces,
the Nizam ceded Bellary, Kurnool, Kadapa and Anantapur areas to the East India Company (in October 28 1800).
- These areas came to be known as the Ceded Districts which later were named as Rayalaseema by Gadicharla Hari
Sarvothama Rao.
Datta Mandalas (Rayalaseema districts):
• In 1800, Nizam Ali Khan handed over Datta Mandalas to the British East India company Datta Mandalas are
1. Kadapa 2. Anantapuram 3. Kurnool 4. Bellary
• Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao named datta Mandalas as “Rayalaseema” on the name of Srikrishna Devaraya
* Fourth Mysore War:
* Lord Wellesley came as Governor General of India and tried to control Tipu Sultan. He declared war against
Mysore in 1799 and it was called as Fourth Mysore War.
* Nizam Ali supported the British in the war. Mir Alam lead Nizam forces. British forces under General Harris meet
Nizam forces at Nellore.
* Both the armies went to attack on Srirangapatnam. Tipu struggled in the war till his last breath tried to protect his
state and died. British and Nizam forces got victory.
* According to the treaty after the war, British handed over Gooty, Gurramkonda, Jerimulla in Chitradurg and Kolar
regions to Nizam. The remaining small region of Mysore state was handed over to the royal Wadayar family of
Mysore.
* Nizam felt dissatisfied because strategic regions were under British and ordinary regions were with the Nizam.
* Ceded Districts:
* Wellesley was serious and dissatisfied with the strong state of Maratha in Deccan, after the death of Tipu Sultan. He
wanted strong friendship with Nizam to control the Marathas.
* British tried for new treaty with Nizam and they concluded a new treaty with Nizam on 20th October, 1800.
According this treaty the subsidiary alliance forces were increased.
* They added one more regiment of Cavalry with due proportion of guns, artillery men and eight battalions for the
Nizam State.
* The regions got from Srirangapatnam treaty on 18th March, 1792 and Mysore treaty on 22nd June, 1799 were given
permanently to British by the Nizam for maintaining the British forces in Hyderabad.
* Bellary, Anantapur, Kadapa and Kurnool districts were given to the British company. These regions were called
Ceded Districts. The treaty of 1800 reduced the Nizam to the position of a subservilent ally of the British.
* The British concluded a commercial treaty with Nizam in 1802.
* According to this treaty, the articles produced in each state had to pay five percent tax when entering into the other
state. Hyderabad collected five percent tax on British imports. After the treaty, Nizam Ali died in 1803.
* Structures built by Nizam:
- The British resident building was built in 1803 by Nizam Ali in the Palladian style. Its supervisor was Raja
Kandaswamy and the architect was Samual Adams.
- Monuments constructed by Nizam Ali Khan = Char Bangla
* Constructions of Nizam Ali Khan :
1. Moti Mahal 2. Gulshan Mahal 3. Roshan Mahal
4. Purani Haveli :
• Purani Haveli (palace) is also known as Musarrat Mahal
• Nizam Ali Khan constructed Purani Haveli for his son Sikander Jha
• It is ‘U’ shaped and followed European style of Architecture
• The unique feature of this palace is the presence of world’s largest wooden wardrobe
• Later, this has become the official residence of Mir Mahabub ali Khan
- The Court Painter of Nizam Ali- Venkatachalam
* The Hyderabad State was the largest state in India. Mir Qamaruddin Chin kilich Khan Nizam-ul-Mulk on 11th
October 1724 defeated Mubariz Khan, the Subedar of Deccan at 'Shakar Kheda' and established an independent state.
* The prevailing situation was understood by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and the Emperor appointed
Nizam-ul-Mulk as Subedar of the Deccan permanently. He also gave the title Asaf Jah to Nizam-ul-Mulk.
* In Deccan, the Nizam rule started in 1724 A.D., and ended with Mir Osman Ali Khan rule in 1948 A.D. Nizam-ul-
Mulk declared Sultan, in 1727 and 1729 he came into conflict with the Marathas as he refused to pay Chauth and
Sardeshmukhi levy.
* Then in 1738 Nizam fought with Marathas in Bhopal war and was defeated.
* In Deccan, the Nizam had to face the troubles created by the Marathas and the Europeans for some time.
* After the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk civil war broke out in the state because of the succession disputes and there was
Europeans intervention in the State politics which took the state.
* Civil War:
* During the rule of the 1st Nizam Mir Qamruddin Chin Qlich Khan rule, the conditions were not peaceful in Carnatic.
* Sadatullah Khan was Nawab of Carnatic had no children. So he adopted his two sons-in-law, Dost Ali and Bakar
Ali.
* Carnatic was under the control of Deccan Subedar Nizam-ul-Mulk.
* Sadatullah Khan got permission from the Mughal Emperor to appoint Dost Ali as the political successor of
Sadatullah Khan it was not informed to Nizam.
* After Dost Ali came to throne of Carnatic, he refused to pay taxes to Subedar. It angered Subedar Nizam and he
decided to teach lesson to Dost Ali. But at that time, under the leadership of Ragoji Bhonsle and Fateh Singh the
Maratha rulers came to Carnatic in 1740 for collection of the levy of Chauth. They attacked Arcot, the capital city of
Carnatic and defeated Chanda Sahib, the ruler of Tiruchinapally and son-in-law of Dost Ali. He was taken to Satara as
prisoner. Dost Ali died at Damerlacheruvu while protecting the Arcot state.
* The Maratha rulers appointed Safdar Ali as Nawab of Carnatic and Murari Rao Gherpade as ruler of Tiruchinapally.
* Safdar Ali had to pay Rupees Forty Lakhs to the Maratha rulers as compensation for the loss of Chauth.
* Nizam at the same time ordered Safdar Ali to pay all dues and taxes. Safdar Ali increased taxes on every city and
fort in Carnatic for this purpose. It created dissatisfaction in the people and they were angry.
* Safdar Ali imposed taxes on the tenants in the kingdom. His brother-in-law, the ruler of Nellore Muriza Ali Khan
was not satisfied with the increase of taxes. He killed Safdar Ali with the help of his wife and sister of Safdar Ali.
* Muriza Ali Khan tried to declare the ruler of Carnatic after getting killed Safdar Ali which angered the Mokasadars
and Amirs of Carnatic.
* Syed Muhammad Khan son of Safdar Ali became ruler of Carnatic in 1742 A.D.
* Nizam-ul-Mulk came to Carnatic and established peace with the support of all and appointed Sayeed Muhammad
Khan as Nawab of Arcot and appointed Anwaruddin Khan as the protector of Muhammad Khan.
* The Nizam also sent back Marathas from Tiruchirapally. After the conditions improved in Carnatic in 1744, Nizam
returned to Deccan
* Later on at the East Coast the war started between French and English. The French captured Madras Colony.
Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic sent his son Mahfuz Khan to help the British. He was defeated by French and
came back.
* Nizam-ul-Mulk got information and sent his son Nasir Jung to Carnatic in 1747 to establish peace by appointing
Nasir Jung as Nawab of Arcot, Kadapa and Kondanur and also gave him powers to collect dues from Mysore.
* In 1748 A.D., Nasir Jung came to Aurangabad, as he got information about his father Nizam-ul-Mulk's sickness.
* In June, 1748 the founder of Asaf Jahi dynasty Nizam-ul-Mulk died.
* First Carnatic War (1746 1748 A.D.):
* There were three wars i.e., First Carnatic war, Second Carnatic war and Third Carnatic war. There are many causes,
the important are
• The commercial competition between French and English Companies. The two companies tried to establish
monopoly on Indian trade and commerce.
• The main reason is that the two companies tried to establish monopoly on Southern India trade and commerce.
• The main aim of the French Governor Dupleix was to send (British) English from India for that purpose he made
serious efforts and war became inevitable.
• Austria succession war was the main cause for First Carnatic War. Both the countries England and French joined the
opposite sides in the Austria succession war in Europe and this war had its consequences in Southern India.
• The First Carnatic War started between the French and the British companies. The French were more powerful in
Southern India till then.
Main Cause:
* In Carnatic, there were no better conditions for the French, so French Governor Dupleix requested the ruler of
Carnatic, Anwaruddin to see there is no attack on French company by the British.
* Anwaruddin called both the parties and requested them to co-operate for peace in Carnatic and the English company
agreed not to disturb peace.
* The main reason for request of the ruler of Carnatic was the Austria succession war (1740-1748) between Austria
and Prussia in Europe. The war took place between the queen of Austria Maria Theresa (1740-1780) and the ruler of
Prussia Frederick II (1740-1786).
* England supported Austria and French supported Prussia and both also took part in the war, The war impact was felt
on French and English companies in Southern India.
* In this context, Anwaruddin the king of Carnatic had requested both the companies to maintain peace in Carnatic.
* The English company sent Commander Bornet for conducting war in India. Bornet reached India and captured the
ships of French in Carnatic.
* On the complaint of Pondicherry French Governor, Anwaruddin got released the French ships from English and
ordered Bornet to go back to England.
* The English agreed to the orders of Anwaruddin and sent back Bornet to England.
* In July 1746, Mauritius Governor (French) Labordinies came to Coromandel with ships and army. Both Dupleix
and Labordinies captured Madras which was the main centre of British in India. In the attacks six died. The French
captured Madras in September 1746.
* So the British requested Anwaruddin to help in the Madras issue and the British also discussed with Labordinies.
Labordinies received 1,00,000 Pagodas from the British and returned back Madras to British on the strict orders of
Anwaruddin.
* The British also agreed to give 40,000 to French company. But Dupleix did not agree and he captured Madras once
again.
* Anwaruddin ordered Dupleix to give Madras to the British. Dupleix did not agree with that and Anwaruddin had to
send army to defeat the French.
* The battle was fought with the Nawab's army on 1746 at Santhome. It is also called Battle of Adayar. The Nawab's
army was defeated in the war. So Madras was completely under the control of French.
* In Europe, the Austria succession war concluded with the treaty of Axis-la-Chapelle on 1748. The Prussia won the
war and occupied Sailesia.
* According to the treaty both the companies in India were to go back to their centers and remain in their respective
positions. So the French returned Madras to British. But it was a great humiliation for British. Dupleix name and fame
spread across the French country. Both the parties freed the soldiers, who were captured in the war, British reviewed
their defeats.
* Second Carnatic War (1749 - 54):
* War started between Anwaruddin and Chanda Sahib because of succession dispute.
* Chanda Sahib was grandson of Dost Ali. He got Dost Ali succession rights from the Mughal Emperor.
* Dost Ali died in Maratha attacks and Chanda Sahib was captured and sent to Satara jail. After the death of Deccan
Subedar Nizam-ul-Mulk, Marathas released Chanda Sahib from jail.
* Chanda Sahib after reaching Carnatic declared himself as Nawab of Carnatic. Anwaruddin tried to control Chanda
Sahib.
* Deccan Subedar Nizam-ul-Mulk died in 1748 and the succession dispute started in Deccan Nizam-ul-Mulk
grandson Muzafar Jung declared himself as the real successor of Deccan.
* The French company involved in the succession dispute, they recognized Chanda Sahib as Nawab of Carnatic and
Muzafar Jung as Subedar of Deccan. The company helped them both in the succession disputes.
* The united forces of Chanda Sahib, Muzafar Jung and Dupleix started war in 1749. Anwaruddin came to defeat the
united forces. The two sides were fought in August, 1749. The war is called the "Ambur war”. It is a place near
Vellore.
* Anwaruddin was defeated and died in the war. Muhammad Ali son of Anwaruddin escaped to Triruchirapally.
* Chanda Sahib won the war and with the help of French occupied the throne of Carnatic.
* Chanda Sahib gave the regions between Coromandel and Pondicherry and valuable gifts to French for their help in
the war. This was not tolerated by the British. So they came to help Nasir Jung and Muhammad Ali, Nasir Jung went
to Carnatic in 1750. He sent two ambassadors on 10 Februrary 1750 for surrender of Muzafar Jung, Chanda Sahib and
Dupleix.
* Meropanth and Qaze Dayem were the ambassadors of Nasir Jung. But their diplomacy did not succeed.
* On 18 March, 1750, the Mughal forces occupied Gingi. Many troubles were faced by Chanda Sahib from Marathas
and Muhammad Ali forces and he escaped to Pondicherry.
* Muzafar Jung surrendered. The Nizam Peshkar Ramdas Pandit protected Muzafar Jung without cruel treatment
from his uncle. But the Pathan Nawabs in the camp of Nasir Jung, Abdul Nabi Khan of Kadapa, Himmat Khan
Bahadur of Kurnool, Abdul Karim Khan of Savanoor and Bankapur unitedly attacked Nasir Jung.
* Nasir Jung died in the firing of the Kurnool Nawab Himmat Khan Bahadur. The Cuddapah Nawab Abdul Nabi
Khan cut the head of Nasir Jung and went to Muzafar Jung.
* The news reached the Nawabs Muhammad Ali and Shah Nawaz Khan, they escaped to Chetpat. Muzafar Jung on
31 December 1750 declared himself as ruler(Sultan) in the Grand Darbar(royal meeting), Muzafar Jung distributed
50,000 pounds to French officials and forces from Nasir Jung treasury. He gave 'Jafar Jung' title to Dupleix by way of
gratitude, appointed Nawab for South of Krishna river regions and also appointed Nawabs of Carnatic and Mysore.
He gave Masulipatnam, Yanam and Karaikal to the French. But the Pathan Nawabs started conspiracy against
Muzafar Jung.
* On January, 1751 Muzafar Jung with his army reached Rayachoti. It was 25 miles from Kadapa on South and near
LakkireddyPally pass between mountains. War started between the Pathan Nawabs on one side and Muzafar Jung and
Bussy forces on the other side.
* In this Abdul Karim Khan, the Nawab of Savanoor died and the Kurnool Nawab was seriously wounded. He killed
Muzafar Jung.
* Immediately the French officer Bussy cleverly declared Salabat Jung, Nizam-ul-Mulk's another son as Nawab of
Hyderabad in 1751.
* After coming to the throne Salabat Jung gave Kondapalli, Guntur, Elluru, Rajahmundry and Chikakole(Srikakulam)
to French.
* Dupleix was appointed as Governor to the coastal regions, south of Krishna region. So the French fame increased.
* The main aim of the British was to damage the French. Taking the suggestions of Sardars concluded a treaty with
Mohamamed Ali of Triruchirapally and attacked Chanda Sahib with the supportof Robert Clive and Lawrence.
* Chand Sahib was killed in the attack. Muhammad Ali was appointed as Nawab of Arcot.
* The British defeated French at Arcot, Aarani and Kaveripak etc. regions and established their power in Carnatic.
The news of the defeat of the French reached their country.
* The French Government lost faith in Dupleix. So he went back to France and in 1759 French Officer Gadehue came
to India and concluded Pondicherry (Pudicherry) treaty with British. The main points in the treaty were not to
interfere in the local politics, to recognize the designations and offices of the Mughals, and the British and the French
went back to their prior centers.
* Bussy stayed in Deccan and pursued the French affairs here. British announced support to Salabat Jung. The Second
Carnatic War concluded with the Pondicherry treaty.
3) Battle of Bobbili (1757 A.D.):
* The Zamindars in different regions revolted against French powers in Deccan.
* The ruler of Rajahmundry Shah Nawab Khan, Chicacole(Srikakulam) Fauzdar Ibrahim Khan and other Zamindars
mainly revolted.
*Vijaya Rama Raju, the only person helped French. Bussy came from Hyderabad to Rajahmundry on 19th December
1756 via Bezawada and Elluru to suppress the revolts in the Circar(coastal) area.
* Ibrahim Khan got information about Bussy's arrival in Circar region and escaped to the place of the ruler of Bobbili.
Other Zamindars surrendered and became obedient sub-ordinates to Bussy but only Bobbili ruler was independent as
he did not come and declare allegiance to the French.
* Vijaya Rama Raju instigated and encouraged the French against the Bobbili ruler and encouraged French to attack
Bobbili. He also gave suggestions to the French to change Zamindari rights from the Bobbili ruler to another person.
* The ruler of Bobbili Raja Ranga Rao came to know about the suggestion but refused to leave Bobbili. While the
discussions were going on, at the same time 30 French soldiers going through the region of Bobbili were killed.
* On 24th January 1757 Bussy declared war on Bobbili.
* Ranga Rao felt that to protect Ibrahim Khan was big task and therefore he sent Ibrahim Khan from his Bobbili
kingdom with security. After Ibrahim Khan safely went from Bobbili, Ranga Rao started war against the French.
* Vijaya Rama Rao, Hyder Jung and Zamindar of Peddapuram etc participated in Bobbili war on the side of French.
* Ranga Rao observed the situation and found that success was impossible, because bussy ordered to kill women in
his fort. All houses were set on fire in the fort.
* The forces of Ranga Rao fought for protection of the fort till their end. Ranga Rao died with bullet injury in the war.
The French get victory and received revenue and other amounts.
* When the French soldiers entered into fort they were shocked. Luckily Dasi Lakshmi (servant) protected Ranga
Rao's son.
* Bussy cleverly welcomed Ranga Rao's son to the throne and took several steps to protect him.
* Tandra Papaiah was in the kingdom at the time of Bobbili war. He was representative of Bobbili. He get
information about the Bobbili war and started journey with his two friends Devulapalli Peddanna and Buddha Raju
Venkaiah. He observed the situation and immediately attacked Vijaya Rama Raju.
* After three days he killed Vijaya Rama Raju with his two friends. Bussy received 2,00,000 from Bobbili Zamindari
revenue. Except Gumperu tenant(Palegar) all Tenants in Bobbili paid taxes to Bussy. After this war all Zamindars
paid land revenue regularly to French. French influence increased in the Coastal region.
4) Third Carnatic War (1756-1763 A.D.)
* Dispute started between native states i.e., French and England in Europe. The reason is that both the states were on
opposite sides in the Seven Years War. The war was started on 17th May 1756 between Austria Queen Meria Therisa
and Prussia king Second Frederick for Sailesia state. In this war French and England joined opposite sides. So the
political weather changed in Carnatic region.
* In 1758 the war was started in Carnatic. It is called as Third Carnatic War. French sent Count-de-Lali for
conducting war in Carnatic. He had no knowledge of Indian conditions. So it was useful for British.
* In 1758 Count-de-Lali reached Podicherry and attacked Tanjavur but failed.
* In the mean time Robert Clive got victory in 1757 Plassey war and established British power in Bengal. After the
Plassey war, the British forces came to Carnatic and joined the British forces in Tanjavur. The British made battle
preparations.
* Count-de-Lali decided to attack on Madras and ordered French officer Bussy in Hyderabad to come to Carnatic.
* Immediately after Bussy left from Hyderabad, the Nizam Nawab declared their support to British. The reason for
this is that the Nizam did not like Bussy domination in the king's court.
* The prevailing situation was observed by Robert Clive and he attacked Northern Circars which were under French
control.
* The Chandurti War occurred on 7th December, 1758. In this war British took the help of Ananda Gajapati. He was
son-in-law of Vijaya Rama Raju. He got Vijayanagaram Zamindari succession rights and maintained good relations
with British of Madras while distancing himself from the French. He pressured on British to capture Northern Circars.
* The British attacked Visakhapatnam with the support of Raju, captured commandant of French and hoisted the
British flag.
* Next they captured Chebrole village, then they reached Chandurti, where the war took place between Colonel Ford
and French and finally British got victory over French. The French were chased away.
* British forces under Captain Nocks and Maclein captured Rajahmundry. So the British occupied Northern Circars
and concluded a treaty with Salabat Jung on 14th May 1759.
* Salabat Jung liberally gave eight districts in the Circars of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam Circar, Kondaveedu and
Akulamanadu districts to the British.
* The treaty was an important event in the history of Hyderabad state. It was the first political treaty between British
and Nizam.
* Count-de-Lali and Bussy unitedly tried to attack on Madras, but failed.
* Sir Eyre Coote, the British officer defeated the French and captured Bussy as prisoner in Wandwasi War in
1760. Lali surrender to British on 16th January, 1761.
* At the same time in 1763 the Seven Years War concluded with Paris treaty. In this war Prussian king Frederick got
victory and British also got success because they participated on the side of Prussia in the war. Queen of Austria lost
the Sailesia region totally.
* According to the treaty, the war was stopped in the Carnatic region. The French were defeated in third Carnatic War
and they were restricted only to Pondicherry.
* The remaining French centers were destroyed. With the defeat of French in India there was no opponent to the
British in India.
* The Carnatic Nawab became a puppet in the hands of British after the third Carnatic War. But British maintain good
relations with the rulers of Hyderabad State for some time.
* Nizam-British Relations:
* During the rule of Salabat Jung (1751-1762 AD) as Subedar of Deccan, the French dominance increased in
Hyderabad, they got Northern Circars.
* The sixth son of Nizam-ul-Mulk, Nizam Ali Khan did not like the dominance of French. He expressed his
dissatisfaction against French.
* The Nizam princes Nizam Ali Khan and Basalat Jung criticized French and they were captured and sent to
Daulatabad fort by Salabat Jung.
* After that, Marathas attacked and captured Ahmadnagar Fort.
* Salabat Jung observed the Marathas actions, compromised with his brother Nizam Ali Khan, released him from
Daulatabad fort and appointed him as Subedar of Berar in 1757.
* Nizam Ali after his release fought with the Marathas on December 1757 for the first time and in 1759 the second
time and was defeated.
* Nizam Ali Khan concluded a treaty with Peshwa(ruler) at Sindkhed in 1757, gave Darur fort and Rs.25,00,000 as
levy to Marathas.
* The second time Nizam Ali was defeated in 1759 at Udgir, and gave away Ahmadnagar, Daulatabad, Burhanpur
and Bijapur to Marathas.
* After the Udgir the Marathas were defeated by Ahmed Shah Abdali in Third Panipat War in 1761. Peshwa Baji Rao
never digested the defeat and died in June, 1761.
* Nizam Ali thought it was the right time to take revenge against Marathas who defeated him in Udgir. Nizam Ali
attacked Pune and destroyed the city.
* In January 1762, Peshwa Madhava Rao concluded a treaty with Nizam Ali Khan and gave regions having revenue
worth of Rs.27,00,000.
* Nizam Ali captured Naldurg at the time of Pune attacks. He destroyed Toki, Pravara Sangams. The Nizam dug
Sindhia building at Srigonda for wealth which was stored in underground.
* Nizam Ali Khan reached Bidar after Pune war. Salabat Jung welcomed his brother and concluded a treaty.
According to treaty Salabat Jung was to remain as the Subedar of Deccan and Nizam Ali Khan was to conduct state
administration.
* After some time, on 6th July, 1762 Nizam Ali captured his brother Salabat Jung and killed him.
* He declared himself as Nizam of Hyderabad. He was the first ruler to adopt the title of "Nizam."
* From that time onwards the title Nizam came as succession. In 1762, the British identified Nizam as a useful friend.
* Nizam Ali came to throne in 1762 and faced many issues and solved them. The conditions were bad in Northern
Circars.
* After the death of Ananda Gajapati (in 1760) there were un-favourable conditions in Circars. Nizam Ali Khan
visited Northern Circars after Udgir treaty.
* Salabat Jung issued a Sanad(Charter of rights) to Colonel Ford and the officer of Masulipatnam James Alexander
tried to get approval to the Sanad with Nizam Ali but failed.
* Nizam Ali appointed Hussain Ali Khan as Fauzdar of Elluru, Rajahmundry and Mustafanagar. Collection of
Chicacole (Srikakulam) revenue duty was assigned to Vijayanagaram king by Nizam Ali. All these created tension to
British. The reason is that, the British did not help Nizam Ali against the Marathas and therefore Nizam Ali acted
strictly against the British now due to which the British faced many problems. The British seriously tried to take
Nizam Ali's approval and signature on Sanad.
* In 1764, the British succeeded in the Buxar war with Bengal (Subedar) Nawab, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam and
Nawab of Ayodhya.
* In 1765, a treaty was concluded in Allahabad with Shah Alam Mughal Emperor. In this treaty Northern Circars
were given to British company by a firman. The able ruler Nizam Ali did not recognized the firman and created
problems for the British
* The British tried friendship with Nizam Ali Khan and made serious efforts to obtain Northern Circars
* Britishers sent Kandregula Jogi Panthulu, a famous Dubasi (British agent for collection of taxes, etc) in Northern
Circars for discussion with Nizam Ali Khan. Jogi Panthulu had good relations with Diwan Ruknudoula in Hyderabad.
Jogi Panthulu discuss with Nizam. At the same time revolts broke out in Rajahmundry and surrounding regions.
Nizam Ali went to Rajahmundry with Ruknuddoula to suppress the revolt. Jogi Panthulu also followed. At the same
time Nizam forces in Gollapudi revolted for salaries. Jogi Panthulu felt that this was the right opportunity and had
discussion with Nizam Ali Khan and made Nizam to agree to give five Northern Circar districts to the British on
contract on payment of Rs.9,00,000 to the Nizam. The British and Nizam appreciated Jogi Panthulu.
* On 12th November, 1766 British concluded a treaty with Nizam. The British representatives General Kailand and
General Smith participated in this treaty. According to the treaty, Rajahmundry, Elluru, Mustafanagar, Murtizanagar
and Chicacole Circars were given to company by the Nizam. For this, the company paid Rs.9,00,000 as lease for each
year to the Nizam. Four lakhs for Rajahmundry, Elluru and Mustafanagar, two lakhs each for Murtizanagar and
Chicacole Circars were paid to Nizam.
* Basalat Jung, brother of Nizam Ali got Murtizanagar as Jagir(estate) in 1761.
* After the death of Basalat Jung or loss of the Nizam faith, it was then that the British company was to take the Jagir
and pay lease taxes.
* The Nizam did not like giving of the Northern Circars to the British. But the economic conditions of the state made
him to give Northern Circars to the British company.
* So Nizam was angry on British. At the same time Nizam came to understanding with the Mysore ruler Hyder Ali.
* The understanding between both the sides was to remove Muhammad Ali and appoint Tipu Sultan as Nawab of
Carnatic, as Muhammad Ali was a puppet of the British.
* British observed the activities of Nizam and they decided first to control Hyder Ali.
* Nizam Ali forces were defeated by company forces at Tiruchirapally.
* On 23rd February 1768 Nizam Ali concluded a new treaty with Madras by British Company. According to the
treaty, Muhammad Ali was recognized by Nizam as real ruler of Carnatic. Diwani (civil administration, revenue, etc)
rights on Balaghat of Carnatic were given to the British. The British paid yearly Rs.7,00,000 to Nizam and got Diwani
rights on Balaghat. The treaty removed the Nizam powers and rights on Carnatic and Northern Circars.
* Possession of Guntur Circar:
* Prior to treaty with British, the Murtizanagar (Guntur) was under the control of Nizam's brother Basalat Jung.
* The Elluru, Rajahmundry, Mustafanagar and Chicacole Circars were handed over to British in 1766 according to
treaty. In the case of Murtizanagar, after the death of Basalat Jung or when he lost faith in Nizam Ali Khan, it was
only after that Murtizanagar was to be handed over to the company.
* Basalat Jung recruited French into his forces and had discussions with the British against Nizam Ali. These affairs
created tension between both the brothers.
* The British forced Basalat Jung to conclude a treaty with British on 27th January, 1779.
* According the treaty he removed French from employment and handed over Guntur Circar to British. The treaty
made Nizam angry and he wrote a letter to British and expressed his anger.
* The British officer Holland understood Nizam's anger and wrote a letter to Bengal Government.
* Warren Hastings understand the resentment of Nizam and wrote a letter to Nizam that the Company's Government
will have strong friendship with Nizam.
* The British returned Guntur to Basalat Jung. The Nizam was satisfied with British policy on Guntur. Basalat Jung
died in 1782.
* After discussion with Cornwallis, Nizam Ali handed over Guntur to the British on 18th September, 1788. Thus from
Ganjam to Guntur of the coastal Andhra region went into British control.
* Triple Alliance:
* The British power increased day by day in the Deccan. Mysore ruler Hyder Ali was much concerned for British on
one side and Marathas on the other side.
* Hyder Ali got victory over British in First Mysore War(1766-68).
* Hyder Ali fought against British in Second Mysore War (1780-84) and died in 1782. His son Tipu Sultan ascended
the throne of Mysore. He concluded Mangalore treaty with British in 1784.
* The British were badly insulted in these two wars. The British asked for Nizam Ali's help to defeat Tipu Sultan.
They concluded a treaty with Nizam and the Marathas also agreed for alliance. These three parties ie the British, the
Nizam and the Marathas concluded the Triple Alliance in July 1790. They declared war in 1790 against Mysore. It is
called as the Third Mysore War (1790-92).
* Tipu tried for Nizam and Marathas co-operation but failed. Army General Medos felt that it was not an easy task to
defeat Tipu, so Cornwallis had to participate directly in the war and surrounded Srirangapatnam. Tipu lost the war and
agreed for Srirangapatnam treaty. He handed over half of his state to the three parties of the Triple Alliance.
* Nizam Ali got Gurramkonda, Kadapa, Gandikota, Khammam and Ballery regions as his share. The British showed
resentment to the Nizam because Prince Sikandarjah and Minister Azeem-ul-Umra drove the Nizam's forces slowly in
the war.
6. Sikandar Jah/ 'Asaf Jah III'/ Mir Akbar Ali Khan(1803 - 1829):
• His original name is Mir Akbar Ali Khan
* Sikandar Jah was known by the name 'Asaf Jah III' (3rd Nizam).
* Sikandar Jah, second son of Nizam Ali Khan ruled the state from 1803 to 1829. Ali Jah elder son of Nizam Ali had
revolted against his father and committed suicide on 1795.
* The second son of Nizam Ali, Sikandar Jah came to throne on 1803.
* On his name Secunderabad city was constructed.
* The English cantonment, raised on the other side of Hussain Sagar, was named after him as Secunderabad.
* The Second Maratha War was started between the British and the Marathas during his period, The Nizam was in
favour of the Marathas and the British entered into a permanent treaty with the Nizam on 15 December 1803 (Entire
army of Nizam under the British). It deeply annoyed the Diwan Arasthu Jah (Azim Ul Umra) and he died on 12 April
1804.
* Mir Alam was appointed as Diwan on the recommendation of the British.(Mir Alam Tank was built in 1806). The
repair of Hyderabad- Madras and Bombay roads was undertaken during his period.
• Army types which were present during his period are: 1. Nizam’s own army
2. Army under the control of Diwan was Rohilla Army
3. Linewala Army – kings related army
• But discipline and integrity were lost in this army
*Note: Koti Women's College building was constructed (1803-08) during his period.
* Construction of British Residency:
• In between 1804-1808, James Kirk Patrick constructed British Residency at Koti in Hyderabad
• Architect of British Residency Samuel Russell
• The buildings of British Residence are today’s koti women’s college and Osmania Medical college
• Kirk Patrick constructed Rang Mahal beside british residence for his lover Khair Un-Nissa.
• Char Bagh is built by Kirk Patrick around Rang Mahal. It resembles like Mughal garden in Kashmir.
• Present Rang Mahal is changed into physics laboratory
* Russell Brigade:
* The British Resident Henry Russell raised a special armed force named Russell Brigade to control the Pindaris,
dacoits and local Zamindars.Later it became Hyderabad Contingent (it maintained law and order as Hyderabad Army).
* The Russel Brigade was incharge of peacekeeping. It participated in the Maratha war of 1818.
* In 1817 war, it suppressed the Pindaris.
* The Hyderabad contingent also controlled the local revolts from 1818-1820.
* Russel captured Mubariz-ul-Daula and Shams-ud-Daula as they were against the British and with the help of Nizam
Sikandar Jah sent them as prisoners to Golconda fort. They were sent first to the Nizam palace on 23rd August, 1815
and then sent to Golconda fort and imprisoned.
* Maharaja Chandulal, who was favored by the British was appointed as the Deputy Diwan Peshkar.
* Chandulal wrote under the title 'Sadan' in Persian and Urdu. He was conferred the title of Sikandar Jah Rajabahadur.
Historians have suggested that he was the descendant of Todarmal, who served as Diwan to the Mughal emperor
Akbar.
* The Nizam was forced to make an agreement with Palmer & Company for the maintenance of Russell Brigade.
* Palmer and Palmer Company:
* 1854 William Palmer founded Palmer and Palmer Company in Hyderabad.
* Palmer and Palmer Company was a business center. He started his career as an employ in Nizam force in 1791.
* He was the first British citizen to join the Nizam army. He reached Brigadier post in the army. He retired from
service in 1812 and started business life.
* He applied to Governor General Council on 30th March, 1814 for opening a bank in Hyderabad state.
* Later he got permission. Russel had taken keen interest for permission and establishment of the bank.
* William Palmer, Hastings Palmer, William Karri (Resident Surgeon), Bankati Das, Shamul Russell, South De,
George Lamb and Engineer Russell were as members in Palmer and Company.
* The economic exploitation was started in Hyderabad state with the establishment of the Palmer Company.
* The company took amounts from individual for 12 percent interest and provided loans for 25 percent interest.
* Chandulal took permission from British Government in 1819 for loan of 60,00,000 rupees.
* Palmer Company agreed to give loan of 60,00,000 rupees in 6 installments with 18 percent interest.
* The Company gave per year 24,00,000 to Nizam Government and took Berar District having revenue of Rs.
30,00,000 on lease from the Nizam.
* The profit by this transaction was Rs. 6,00,000 to the Palmer Company. Besides the members of the Palmer family
received pensions amountings Rs. 30,000 rupees each month from Hyderabad Government treasury. It is because of
this affair, the caption 'Nizam Looted' came into existence.
* Another caption "All Pay Nizzy" was also in existence in the Deccan. Exploiting system continue till 1820.
* Metcalf Reforms
* Metcalf appointed as Resident of Hyderabad in the place of Henry Russell on December 1820.
* Charles Metcalf tried to relieve the Nizam from Palmer & Company but he was stopped by Lord Hastings.
* Metcalf saved the Nizam from Palmer & Company with the help of John Adam, an acting Governor General after
Hastings. It did not take him much time to realize how Palmer and Palmer Company was exploiting the state. He
provides loan facility from Government of India for six percent interest to Nizam and got Nizam free from the Palmer
Company, within a year Palmer and Company became bankrupt.
* Nizam took Rs. 7,00,000 from the British Government to clear the dues to Palmer Company and handed over his
rights on the Northern Circar peshkash permanently to the British on 4th November, 1823.
* Metcalf concluded a new treaty with Nizam in 1822. From this Nizam was exempted from Chauth levy. All these
reforms systematized Hyderabad state. Metcalf left Hyderabad in 1825.
* On 21st May, 1829 Nizam Sikandar Jah died.
7. Nasir-ud-Daula/ Asaf jah IV (1829 -1857):
* He was known as the 4th Asaf jah (Son of Sikandar Jah).
* After he came to throne, Nasir-ud-Daula removed the European superintendants from the administration.
* Chadarghat Bridge and King Edward Memorial Hospital in 1854 were built in his period.
* St George Grammar High School, the 1st School in Hyderabad founded in 1834 during his time. Abolished in 1846.
* In 1854, King Edward Memorial Hospital was established in Secunderabad in memory of King of England. Its right
now famous as Gandhi Hospital.
* Important incidents such as Wahabi movement and the cession of Berar during his rule made a lot of impact on
Hyderabad State.
* General Fraser was appointed as Resident in 1838. He came to Hyderabad and Wahabi movement was started in
Deccan.
* Wahabi movement (1839):
* Led by Syed Ahmed Barelvi, it was started as a revolutionary movement against the Europeans and Sikhs in North
India.
* Later Barlevi modified it into a religious movement. The movement was active since 1830s but in the wake of 1857
revolt, it turned into armed resistance.
* The members are known as Muwahhiduns or Muzahids.
* After the death of Syed Ahmed, the movement in Hyderabad state was led by Mubariz Ud Daulah, a brother of
Nasir Ud Daulah.
*The Nawab of Kurnool Ghulam Rasool Khan supported Mubariz and actively participated in the movement.
* This movement was suppressed by the British Resident Fraser with the assistance of the Nizam.
* The British arrested Mubariz and imprisoned him in Golconda fort. He died as a prisoner on 25June 1854.
* The Nawab of Kurnool was arrested and sent to Tiruchirapally prison. Later, the Wahabi movement in Hyderabad
state came to an end.
* In 1843, the Diwan Chandu lal resigned and his nephew Rambaksh was appointed as Diwan (1843-46).
* Later, Siraj Ul Mulk, the son of Munir Ul Mulk served as the Diwan (1846-48).
* Treaty of Berar (21 May 1853)
* Governor General Dalhousie introduced the doctrine of Lapse in 1848 and started occupying Indian Princely states
one after another.
* In January 1851, the dues of the Nizam to the British East India Company reached Rs. 70,00,000. Nizam had
promised to pay every year Rs. 12,00,000 clear the dues. But at that time Governor General was Lord Dalhousie and
he was strict.
* He wrote a letter to Nizam asking Nizam to pay all dues immediately. Siraj-ul-Mulk was appointed as Diwan on 29
June 1851. He paid half of the due 34,08,485 rupees on 15th August 1851 so that there is faith of the British in the
Nizam. He promised that the remaining dues will be paid before 31 October, 1851. But he paid only Rs. 8,73,547 by
the end of the year.
* Colonel John Low was appointed as new Resident of Hyderabad in 1853. Nizam could find difficult to repay the
debt. So the treaty of Berar was made between the Nizam and Dalhousie on 21 May 1853.
*At the time of Berar treaty
Nizam – Nasir-ud-daula
Diwan – Siraj-ul-mulk
Governor – Lord Dalhousie
British Resident – Colonel John low
* According to the treaty, Berar, Raichur, Osmanabad/ Darashiv areas were assigned to the British.
* And the Russell Brigade was renamed as Hyderabad Contingent and it served closely alongside the British Indian
army.
* The British representative at that time was- C.B.Low.
* The Diwan Siraj Ul Mulk who felt the treaty as an insult had fallen ill and died on 23 May 1853.
* Later, on 31 May 1853, Mir Turab Ali Khan, a 24 year old nephew of Siraj Ul Mulk was appointed as the Diwan.
The Nizam gave him the title Salar Jung.
* The Nizam at the time of Sepoy mutiny that started at Meerut on 10 May 1857 was- Nasir Ud Daula.
* Nasir Ud Daula died within a week after the outbreak of Sepoy mutiny, and Afzal Ud Daula became the Nizam of
Hyderabad.
* The historians consider the first half of the 19th century as extremely tough time in the history of Hyderabad state
due to economic crisis and decline of law and order.
* Wahabi movement, cession of Berar, droughts and famine damaged the living conditions of the people.
* Salar Jung established a Government treasury in the city 1855. He promoted the establishment of industries and
organized first Industrial Exhibition in 1858.
* Important events during Nasir-ud-daula’s period
• In 1829, Shamshul Umra established “Fakaria Madrasa”
• In 1834, Hyderabad’s first school “St.George Grammar school” was established by church of England
• In 1834, Translation Bureau of press was started. Here engineering and medical books are printed
• In 1839, Chaderghat bridge was constructed on Musi River
• In 1846, Hyderabad medical school was established by Dr.Maechalin. later it was changed as Osmania medical
college
• In 1848, Sati was abolished in Hyderabad state
• In 1851, Warangal’s carpets and blankets are exhibited in England
• In 1854, king Edward memorial hospital was constructed at Secunderabad. Later, this was changed as Gandhi
Hospital
• In 1856, Dr.Smith started First industrial exhibition at Hyderabad
• Nasir-ud-daula’s Diwan Chandulal have revived the Ahobilam Temple in Kurnool district
• Chandulal was a great poet in Persian and Urdu languages.
• Chandulal’s pen name was – SADAN.
• His family was known as Malwa’s family
• Nasir-ud-daula was the Hyderabad Nizam when sepoy mutiny started on 10th May, 1857. After the revolt started
within week days Nasir-ud-daula died and Afzal-ud-daula became the Nizam of Hyderabad
8. Afzal Ud Daulah / AsafJah V (1857-1869):
* The revolt of 1857 took place during his period. Suggested by Salar Jung, the Nizam completely supported the
British.
* In return, the British handed over the areas of Raichur and Osmanabad to the Nizam in 1860.
* But Berar and Sholapur were kept by the British. They also cancelled the debt of 50 lakhs. Mulki rules were first
passed during his reign in 1868 which ordered employment opportunities only to the local people.
* 1857 Sepoy Mutiny :
• In June, 1857 Maulvi Ibrahim and Maulvi Allah-ud-din distributed pamphlets against the British all over the
Hyderabad
• In Hyderabad kingdom, 1857 revolt was First started in Aurangabad
• In Aurangabad, Mir Fida Ali revolted against the British . Mir Fida ali was killed by Captain Abbott
• Revolt started in Buldhana under the leadership of Jamedar Cheeda Khan
• After the revolt, Cheeda Khan escaped and reached Hyderabad
• Nizam’s Diwan Salarjung announced Rs.3000 reward on cheeda Khan
• Later, Cheeda Khan and his supporters were arrested and kept in British Residency at koti
* Attack on British Residency:
• On 17th July, 1857 the revolutionists attacked British Residency and demanded for the release of Cheeda Khan
• The attack took place by Rohilla army under the leadership of Turrebaz khan and Maulvi Allauddin
• The attack was suppressed by British Resident – Colonel Davidson and the British army chief Major Briggs
• During the attack on British residency, Turrebaz Khan took shelter at the houses of businessman jai Gopal das and
Abbas Saheb at Sultan Bazar
• During the battle between British soldiers and Rohilla army, tens of Rohilla soldiers were killed but Turrebaz khan
and Maulvi Allauddin escaped
• 1857 revolt in Hyderabad was led by Turrebaz Khan
NOTE : Turrebaz Khan was known as Turum khan and “The unsung hero of Hyderabad”.
- He was born at Begum Bazar in Hyderabad
• Nizam government announced Rs.5000 reward on Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin
• Turrebaz Khan was shot dead by Britishers at Toopran, Medak district based on the information given by Qurban
Ali. Later, Turrebaz Khan dead body was hanged with chains in British residency for somedays
NOTE : the road between Koti and Abids is named as Turrebaz Khan road
• Another revolutionist Maulvi Allauddin was arrested at Mangalpalli and was imprisoned at Andaman Jail (kalapani
jail) for the rest of his life
• Maulvi Allauddin was named as the First Hyderabad’s political prisoner. He died in 1884 at Andaman jail
• Hyderabad Nizam Afzal-ud-daula and Diwan Turab Ali Khan supported British during 1857 revolt
* The revolt of 1857 took place during his time. A revolutionary leader of 1857 revolt who was killed during the reign
of Afzal Ud Daulah - Turrebaz Khan.
* After the suppression of the revolt, the Nizam received the title Star of the East and Salar Jung received the title 'Sir'
from the British (People disapproved the receiving of titles).
* Later, due to the differences between the Nizam and Salar Jung, the latter was removed from the post of Diwan in
1860.
* But with the intervention of British Resident Colonel Cuthbert Davidson, Salar Jung was reappointed.
* When Salar Jung was removed again by the Nizam in 1867, the British Resident George Yule intervened and Salar
Jung was reappointed.
* Salar Jung issued coins with the name of Afzal Ud Daulah. The departments of Posts (1869), Customs and Forest
were established during his period.
* First postal Stamp was introduced in 1869.
* Afzal Gunj Bridge, Afzal Gunj Masjid and Afzal Gunj market were built after him.
* Singareni Coal mines were commissioned in 1863.
* Chowmahalla Palace was constructed in his time.
* The British persuaded the Nizam to issue coins named Hali Sikkas in 1858. Their value was 15% less than that of
the British rupee.
* The State was divided into districts and Taluks.
* A Revenue Board was established in 1864 for collecting land revenue in the districts.
9. Mir Mehboob Ali Khan/Asafjah VI (1869-1911):
* Mehboob Ali Khan was about three years old when he ascended the throne under the regency of Diwan Salar jung
and Shams ul Umra Narendra Bahadur.
* Viqar ul Umra was appointed as the regent after the death of Shams ul Umra. He was recognized as a beloved ruler
of the people.
* Title - Rage Rangeli raja,
-Mehboob Ali shah,
- Little fellow(Times of India)
* The practice of Sati was abolished in 1874.
* Salar Jung implemented all his reforms during the reign of Mehboob Ali Khan.
* Separate ministers were appointed for Judicial, Revenue, Defence and other departments in 1869.
* In 1881, the first high School for Girls in Hyderabad Gloria Girls High School was established.
• In 1885, British presented Mir Mahboob Ali Khan with the title “Star of India”
* A separate school for Muslims was started with the initiation of Syed Bilgrami.
* After the death of Salar Jung I, Mir Laiq Ali Khan was appointed as his successor.
* Mehboob Ali Khan became a major on 5 February 1884.
• Mehboob Ali Khan was the disciple devote of Sufi saint Baba Sarfuddin. The grave yard of Baba Sarfuddin is at
Pahadi Sharif
• Mahboob Ali Khan introduced new dressing style in Hyderabad ( Sherwani, Pagidi/Turban)
• He was expert in Polo and Tent pegging sports
• He constructed “Mehboob Mansion” for his wife Sardar Begum
• During his period, Koya tribes revolted in the surroundings of Khammam
* Lord Ripon visited Hyderabad and attended the investiture ceremony of Mehboob Ali Khan held at Chowmahalla
Palace.
* First Viceroy to visit Hyderabad Princely State was- Lord Ripon.
* At the same time, Mir Laiq Ali was appointed as the Diwan with the title Salar Jung II.
* Mir Mehboob Ali Khan conferred the title Imad-us-Sultanat to Salar Jung II.
* The movement against Chanda Railway scheme took place in 1883.
* Nizam College was established in 1887.
* Salar Jung II introduced Urdu as the official language in the place of Persian (21 February 1884).
* Mulki and Non Mulki agitation intensified during his time.
* Lawyer Kishan Rao was the initiator of the agitation.
* Salar Jung II lost his position in 1887 when it was alleged that he became a puppet in the hands of Non Mulkis.
* Nampalli Girls High School was founded in 1890. Asafiya Library in Afzal Gunj was established.
* The Nizam established legislative, executive and judicial departments in Hyderabad State through a firman
Qanooncha-i- Mubarik in 1893.
* The then Diwan Asman Jah felt that his powers were reduced and he resigned.
* He contributed for the development of Hyderabad by the construction of Monda market, Gymkhana Grounds,
Parade Grounds and Bolarum Golf course.
* After 1919, Mulki rules were strictly implemented by Mir Osman Ali Khan.
* He regulated land revenue system by establishing Revenue Survey department in 1875.
* During this period, Diwan Viqar ul Umra built Falaknuma Palace.
Rural Local Bodies:
• In 1884, Lord Rippon introduced local self- governments in British India
• For this, Nizam Mehboob Ali Khan had issued “Dastar-ul-umla” act in 1888.
• Dastar-ul-umla act was known as “Local fund rules act”. This act came into force in 1889
• According to this act, three boards came into existence
1. Central Board
2. District Board
3. Taluq Board
* Kishan Pershad:
• He was Diwan of Hyderabad from 1900-1912 during Mahboob Ali Khan period
• Kishan Pershad wrote poems with the pen name “Shad” (meaning; Happy creature)
• In 1905, Silver Jubilee celebrations (during 6th Nizam), Kishan Pershad organized and conducted Mushaira (means
poetic symposium)
• He started a newspaper by name Mehbub- Al-Kalam and published poems of 6th Nizam
• He fought for the rights of mulkis
* Important events during 6th Nizam period
1. Chanda Railway scheme agitation (1883)
2. Mulki agitation (1888)
3. Berar permanent treaty (1902)
4. Great musi floods (1908)
1. Chanda Railway Scheme agitation (1883):
• It was the first public agitation against the Nizam in Hyderabad province
• In 1870, the construction of railway line was started between Hyderabad and Wadi
• In 1871, coal mines were discovered in Singareni and Chanda
• The agreement was made between British and Nizam to extend the Hyderabad- Wadi railway line till Chanda, to
transport the coal from Chanda of Maharashtra.
• The Diwan of Nizam at the time of agreement was Salarjung – I
• People revolted against the treaty. The Diwan during the revolt was Mir Layak Ali Khan.
• This railway line was constructed by England private company – British railway corporation.
• This company came forward to invest 3 lakh pounds on this project, for this Nizam government agreed to give 6%
interest on it
• People revolted against this because they thought it is not useful for them and it may cause financial loss
• Chanda railway agitation took place under the leadership of
- Aghoranath Chatopadhyay- Nizam college principal
- Mulla Abdul Qayyum – Employee of survey settlement
- Houshagi Hoshung – Revenue employee
• Nizam expelled the above three persons from Hyderabad for 2 years
• On 22nd May, 1883 – Hoshung, Qayyum
On 23rd May, 1883 – Aghoranath were expelled
• Agitated by the decision of the Nizam, people organized meeting and took out processions against it
• Hence, Chanda Railway agitation was the 1st incident that brought political awareness among the people of
Telangana
• The Chanda Railway agitation was published in the following newspapers
- Times of India
- Bengal Gazette
* Musi River floods:
* On 29 September 1908, river Musi was flooded and caused huge losses.
* The Nizam and his Diwan Raja Kishan Pershad monitored the situation and relief measures by attending in person.
* An agreement was made with Mokshagundam Visweswarayya in 1909 to prevent floods by construction of dams
across Musi.
* Mir Mehboob Ali Khan led a luxurious life and was fond of costumes, dogs and horses.
* Malakpet Race course was constructed in his time.
* People believed that he had super natural powers and could treat snake bites.
* In 1897, Mir Mehboob Ali Khan bought Falaknuma Palace.
* He established Postal department in 1869, built Secunderabad Railway Station in 1874 and Chanchalguda Prison in
1876.
* He renamed many areas in 1905 as follows:
Earlier Name - New Name
1. Edulapuram - Adilabad
2. Elagandal - Karimnagar
3. Palamur - Mahabubnagar
4. Methuku - Medak
5. Manukota - Mahabubabad
6. Indur - Nizamabad
7. Bhuvanagiri - Bhongir
* Note:
- Mir Mehboob Ali Khan constructed Victoria Zenana Hospital when the Prince of Wales visited Hyderabad State in
1905.
- Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya founded Young men Improvement Association. Theosophical Society was founded at
Chadarghat.
* He changed the names of places that end with 'padu' to 'pahad'. Eg- Burghampadu was renamed Burghampahad.
- Victoria Memorial: Queen Victoria conferred the title Grand Commander Star of India to Mir Mehboob Ali Khan.
So, he founded Victoria Memorial Orphanage at Saroor Nagar on 14 February 1905.
*Industries during 6th Nizam:
• Hyderabad Deccan Spinning, weaving mills limited- 1877
• Mahbubsai Gulbarga mills – 1884
• Aurangabad Mills – 1888
• In 1899, Godavari valley Railway line was established. The Railway line was connected from Hyderabad to
Manmad of Godavari Valley. Because of this spinning and Jenning mills of cotton were established there
Constructions during Mahboob Ali Khan:
- Falaknuma Palace:
• It was built by Sir Viqar-ul-umra
• It was built in the shape of a scorpion
• It is in the Andrea palladian style of architecture
• The construction was started in 1884 and was completed in 1893
• Falaknuma means “Mirror of the Sky” in Urdu
• The architect was William Ward Maret
• In this palace construction Italian marble and England wood was used
- Bella Vista Palace:
• It was constructed by the then chief justice of High court Muslehuddin Mohammed in 1905
• Bella Vista meaning “Beautiful Sight” (in Italy)
• At present, Administrative staff college of India is located in Bella Vista
- Town Hall : On 25 August 1905, Mir Mehboob Ali Khan built Town Hall as Public garden in onthe occasion of his
40th birthday.
* He established Government Engineering Colleges at Warangal and Aurangabad.
- Nampally Railway Station:
• In 1907, Nampally Railway station was built by Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali
• This is also known as “Hyderabad Deccan Railway Station”
• It is known as Nampally station because it is built in wet place
• In 1921, the first passenger train started from this station
- Kachiguda Railway Station:
• It is constructed in Gothic style architecture during 7th Nizam period in 1916
• Till 1950, it was headquarters for Nizam Guaranteed State Railways
* Mulki Effect/ Rules:
* In 1868, orders were passed for the first time to provide employment opportunities only to the local people.
* Mulki agitation originated due to the preference given to non mulkis in employment by the time of Mir Mehboob
Ali Khan.
* Mulkis submitted a memorandum to the Nizam Mir Mehboob Ali Khan alleging Salar Jung II had been supporting
the domination of Non mulkis. It was known as Mulki document. The Nizam ordered Salar Jung to furnish the details
of number of Non mulki employees and their designations.
* So, the General list of employees was released in 1886 for the first time.
* General List of the Employees-1886:
* Salar Jung II released the General list of employees in 1886. According to it, among the total employees, the
percentage of Mulkis was 52%. The expenditure of the government on them was only 42% of the total expenditure on
all the employees. Among the total employees, Non mulkis comprised 48%. But the expenditure on them was 58% of
the total expenditure on all the employees.
* The report revealed that Non mulkis got nearly half of the total posts and they are getting more salary than the
Mulki employees. So the Mulkis intensified their agitation. The Nizam's Government took measures to control the
Mulki agitation. As part of this, Nizam Mir Mehboob Ali khan made the following rules in the Gazette issued in 1888.
1. The word Mulki was used for the first time in this Gazette.
2. Persons who reside in Nizam's State for a minimum of 15 years are recognized as Mulkis.
3. All the jobs provided in the State should be given to Mulkis only based on qualifications.
4. In order to get employment, Non mulkis had to obtain a special permission from the Prime Minister (Diwan).
* Even though the Gazette issued by the Nizam satisfied the Mulkis, it failed in its implementation. Salar Jung II
appointed Non mulkis as his secretaries while preparing the Gazette. The Non mulkis defined their children as Mulkis
and got employment.
* Diwans in his rule - Salar Jung I, Salar Jung II, Asman Jah, Viqar ul Umra, Raja Kishen Pershad.
* He passed away on 29 August 1911 at an age of 46 years.
* Syed Ahmed El Eldroos in his autobiography Hyderabad of the Seven Loaves described about Mir Mehboob Ali
Khan as follows:
- Mir Mehboob Ali Khan was a man of religious tolerance, and appointed persons in public offices based on their
honesty and ability.
* Important incidents during 6th Nizam:
• In 1884, Mir Laiq Ali changed the official language from Persia to Urdu
• During Mahboob Ali Khan period, schools which were established for the girls
1. Dharmawanth High school at old city near Charminar
2. Keys High school, Secunderabad
• In 1884, Syed Hussain Bilgrami (Nawab Imad-ul-mulk) was appointed as the director of public instructions (in
education department) by 6th Nizam
• In 1885, Lala Deen Dayal was appointed as Government Photographer
• 1st women to get Medical degree in Hyderabad was Edith Boardman
• In 1888, 6th Nizam appointed 1st Hyderabad Chloroform Commission under the chairmanship of Edward Lawrve
• In 1889, 2nd Hyderabad ChloroformCommission was appointed. The women member in this commission was
Rupabai Furdoonji
NOTE : Rupabai Furdoonji was the 1st women anesthetist in the world. He obtained her medical degree from
Hyderabad Medical School
• In 1890, Warangal industrial school was started
• In 1891, Syed Hussain Bilgrami established Asafia library (Afzalgunj)
NOTE: in 1955 Asafia library was changed as State Central Library
• Daagh Dehlvi was appointed as the 1st court poet of Hyderabad state in 1901. 2nd court poet of Hyderabad : Jaleel
Manikpuri
10. Mir Osman Ali Khan/ Asafjah VII (1911-1948):
• He is known as the architect of Modern Hyderabad
• He made the Hyderabad state to stand at 1st place by undertaking many developmental activities
• He born on 6th April, 1886 to Mir Mahboob Ali Khan and Zahrunnisa Begum
• Because of his love towards his mother Zahrunnisa Begam, he made an agreement with the government while
handing over the road transport organization to Andhra Pradesh that every bus registration number of the R.T.C
should include the letter “Z” (first letter of his mother name)
• At present also, every bus number contains the letter “Z”
• Mir Osman Ali Khan had 7 wives. Dulhan Pasha Begum was the 1st wife
• Children born to 7th Nizam and Dulhan Pasha Begum are
- Mir Himayat Ali Khan (Azam Jah)
- Mir Shujath Ali Khan (Moazzam Jah)
• Himayath Sagar is constructed on the name of Azam Jah.
• Azam Jah married princess Durru shehvar of the Ottoman empire of Turkey
• The sons of Azam Jah and Durru Shehvar are Mukarram Jah and Muffakham Jah
• In 1967, after the death of 7th Nizam Osman Ali Khan’s grandson Mukarram Jah was coronated as 8th Nizam
• Moazzam Jahi market was constructed on the name of second son of 7th Nizam i.e; Moazzam Jah
• Moazzam Jah also married princess Niloufer of Ottoman empire
• Mir Osman Ali Khan became Nizam administrator on 29th August 1911 after his father’s death. He took oath on
18th September, 1911
* Mir Osman Ali Khan was the last ruler of Asaf Jahi dynasty or the last Nizam of Hyderabad.
* His full name was - Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi.
* His wife's name - Dulhan Pasha Begum (First wife, he had 7 wives)
* Titles:
- Sultan ul Uloom
- Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India
- Sipah Salar
- Muzaffar ul Mumalik
- Arasthu Izaman
- Mohiuddin Al Millat
- Royal Victorian
- His Exalted Highness
- Rustumi Dauran
NOTE :Star of India title was given to 3 Nizams
1. Afzal-ud-daula (1861)
2. Mir Mahboob Ali Khan (1885)
3. Mir Osman Ali Khan (1912)
* Mir Osman Ali Khan was described as Indian Dyer by Taranath.
* The Times Magazine in 1937 published his image on its cover page describing him as the World's Richest man.
* He used Jacob Diamond, a 100 million dollars diamond as a paperweight.
* According to popular website Celebrity Network, he stood in 6th place among the richest people of the World in
2012.
* Osmania University presented him the title: Sultan ul Uloom.
* During the Khilafat movement, the Indian Muslims presented him the title: Mohyaddin Al Millat.
* He supported the British in World Wars I & II. The British conferred him the title 'His Exalted Highness'
* Hyderabad Princely State was annexed to the Indian Union during his period (17 September 1948).
* After Police action, negotiations took place between the Nizam and Government of India.
* As a result, Hyderabad state was formed on 25 January 1950. According to the negotiations, the Government of
India had granted a privy purse of 1.25 crore per annum to the Nizam.
* The government of India actually paid the monarchy between 1948-67.
* Nizam was appointed as the Raj Paramukh on 26 January 1950.
* He continued with that designation until the formation of Andhra Pradesh state on 1 November 1950. He passed
away on 24 February 1967 and the Government of Andhra Pradesh declared 10 days of State mourning was observed.
* The tomb of Mir Osman Ali Khan was named as Judi Masjid. It is located in King Koti.
* Buildings constructed during the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan
- High Court Building (1919)
- Present Assembly building (1905-13)
- Raj Bhavan (1936)
- Jubilee hall (1913)
- Osmania Hospital (1927)
- Moazzam Jahi Market (1935)
- Gouliguda Bus Station
- Salar Jung Museum
- Lake View Guest House
- Hyderabad House- New Delhi (1926)
- Hyderabad Development Authority Building (1912)
- Deccan Radio (1935)
- Osmania University (1918)
- Kacheguda Railway Station (1916)
* Conservation of Old monuments:
* Mir Osman Ali Khan established the Department of Heritage in 1914 and collected coins. He also granted. 130 lakh
for the conservation and development of historical structures like Ellora, Ajanta, Thousand pillar protection and
preservation of monuments.
* He established Urban Development Authority in 1912 for urban Pillar Temple and Ramappa Temple.
* He appointed 'Professor Cecconi, Count Orsi' from Italy for the development.
* Municipal Corporation was established in 1934.
• Osman Ali Khan paid special attention for the development of historical places like Ajanta, Ellora caves and
thousand pillar temple, Ramappa temple
• He appointed special researchers Professor Secconi & Verseni from Italy for the protection of Ajanta caves and
allotted Rs.30 lakh for research
• 7th Nizam had religious tolerance
• Osman Ali Khan have allotted annual funds for Bhadrachalam and Tirupati temples
• He appointed a special committee for safeguarding Sitharambagh temple (Hyderabad)
• 7th Nizam has given funds to following temples in Hyderabad – Madannapet, ShankarBagh and Golnaka temples
• Syed Ahmed El Edroos described Mir Mahboob Ali Khan in his book “Hyderabad of the Seven Loaves” as follows
- 6th Nizam maintained religious tolerance
- He appointed government officers based on their morals and capacity
Important Reforms:
* Mir Osman Ali Khan abolished Devadasi system and Bonded labour.
* Death sentence was cancelled. Cow slaughter was prohibited in 1921.
* In 1921, smoking in Court halls was prohibited.
* Hyderabad became the first Princely state in India to implement the separation of powers in 1922.
* The then Diwan Sir Ali Imam introduced the important reform of separating judiciary from the executive.
• During 1914-1919, Nizam Osman Ali Khan ruled directly without Diwan
• In 1919, Nizam ended his direct rule and formed an executive council which was presided by Diwan Sir Sayyid Ali
Imam
• Nizam appointed a committee under the chairmanship of High court Judge Balmukund for the recommendations on
Legislative reforms
• In 1922, when Sir Ali Imam was Diwan, the legislation was separated from judiciary
• In 1919, Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman for the protection of mulkis
* City Improvement Board: In 1912, 7th Nizam appointed city improvement board under the chairmanship of
Moazzam Jah for the development of Hyderabad
* Irrigation Facilities: Osman Ali Khan have constructed many projects for irrigation and drinking water
1. Osman Sagar (Gandipet Tank)- 1920: In 1920, Osman sagar dam was constructed on Musi river in Gandipet to
provide an additional source of drinking water for Hyderabad and to protect for city from floods, after the great musi
floods of 1908
• This is named after 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan
• The construction started in 1912 and was completed by 1920
2. Himayath Sagar-1927:Mir Osman Ali Khan constructed this reservoir on the “Esi”, a tributary to the Musi River
between 1923-27
• It was named after 7th Nizam son Himayat Khan
• Osman sagar & Himayat sagar run parallel to each other and they are known as “Twin Lakes” (janta jalashayalu)
3. Pocharam Reservoir- 1922: In 1922, it was constructed on a tributary named Aleru in pocharam village of
Nizamabad district
4. Nizam Sagar (1923-31): This project was constructed on Manjira River in present Kamareddy district (previously
Nizamabad)
• The project plan was given by Ali Nawaz Jung
5. Wyra Reservoir (1923-30): It was constructed across the Wyra river, a tributary of Krishna in Khammam district
6. Paleru Project (1924-29):This reservoir was constructed on Paleru river, tributary of Krishna in Kusumanchi
village of Khammam district
7. Belal Project (1924-29): Constructed in Bhodan taluq of Nizamabad district for drinking water facilities
8. Rayampalli Project (1924): It is built in Rayampalli of Medak district with 3 lakhs expenditure
9. Singabhupalem Reservoir (1919-40): It was constructed in Yellandu Taluq of Khammam district
• It was initially constructed for preventing drought in the area
10. Ali sagar Dam (1931):• In 1931, it was constructed in Nizamabad district
• It was named after Telangana Engineer Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung
11. Dindi Project (1943):• It was constructed on Dindi River, tributary of Krishna in Devarakonda taluq of Nalgonda
district
* Aravamudu Iyengar Committee:
* Iyengar committee was appointed by Nizam Mir Osman Ali khan to recommend political and constitutional reforms
to be implemented in Nizam's State. It was appointed on 22 September 1937 and submitted its report on 19 July 1938.
It recommended in its report the strict implementation of Mulki rules and some policies and procedures to be followed
in the appointment of employees.
* Butler Commission:
* Butler Commission was appointed on 16 Deccember 1927
* Butler Commission came to India on 14 January 1928
* It submitted its report on 14 February 1929
* Sir Harcourt Butler chaired a three-member committee appointed by his Majesty's Government to inquire into the
relationship between the Indian Princely States and the British Government of India. The rulers of all Indian Princely
States except the 7th Nizam jointly put forward their opinions before the Committee. The Nizam expressed his views
separately by his own. A Chamber of Indian Princely States was established in 1921. But the Nizam refused to join it.
* Industries:Many industries were established during the period of Mir Osman Ali Khan because of the support from
government
• Industrial laboratory was established by the government in 1917 for conducting researches
• In 1918, a special department was formed known as Commerce & Industries department
• In 1929, 7th Nizam formed “Industrial Trust Fund” with one crore rupees to give financial support to the industries
* Osmania University Graduates Association: In Hyderabad state for the 1st time exhibition of industrial products
was conducted at Chaderghat (Hyderabad) in the year 1856
• In 1930, Osmania University Graduates Association have conducted permanent exhibition of industrial products in
Hyderabad.This exhibition is named as “Numaish”. Till to date it is conducted at Nampally exhibition grounds every
year
• Osmania University Graduates Association have published a newspaper named “Mulki industries” to encourage
small scale industries
• They also established “Cottage industrial institute” to promote small scale industries
* D.B.R Mills (1920):Diwan Bahadur Ramgopal Mill
• In 1920, it was established in Hyderabad at lower Tank bund, it is a private company
* Important industries established during the period of 7th Nizam:
• Soda factory – 1910
• Bone factory – 1913
• Deccan button factory – 1916
• Kharkhana Zinda Tilismath – 1920
• Singareni collieries – 23rd Dec, 1920
• Charminar cigarette factory – 1925
• Shahabad cement factory – 1925
• Deccan glass factory – 1927
• Vazir sultan tobacco factory (VST) – 1930
• Kagaznagar paper mill – 1933
• Azam Jahi Mills (Warangal) – 1934
• Bodhan Nizam sugar factory – 1937
• Golconda cigarette factory – 1941
• Alwin metal works – 1942
• Praga Tools – 1943
• Sursilk paper mill (Kagaznagar) – 1946
• Hyderabad Asbestos – 1946
* Kharkhana Zinda Talismath (1920): It was founded by Dr. Muhammed Moizuddin Farooqui in Hyderabad
• This company manufactures farooky Tooth powder and Zinda balm, Zinda Talismath
* Singareni Collieries Company Limited (1920): In the year 1871, Dr. William King of the Geological survey of
india discovered coal mines in singareni region of Khammam district
• Later, the England company “Hyderabad Deccan Mining Company” started digging coal mining
• In 1920, it formed as Singareni Collieries Company limited (SCCL)
* Vazir Sultan Tobacco (VST): In 1916, it was started by Vazir Sultan at Vithalwadi, Hyderabad
• Later in 1930, on the advice of Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya it was changed to present VST region
* Nizam State Road Transport Department: It was established in 1932 with 27 buses and 166 employees
• In 1940, Osman Ali Khan started 1st double decker buses in India
* Deccan Airways Limited (1945):• It was commercial airline started at Begumpet, Hyderabad with the
collaboration of Nizam and Tata airlines
• The share of Nizam was 52% and that of Tata Airlines was 48%
* Other facts:
• In 1921, Nizam issued Farman for free primary education
• During 1916-17, Nizam government have established special Dalit schools and provided all facilities for free of cost
• In 1931, during the round table conference held in London Dr.B.R.Ambedkar praised Nizam for establishing Dalit
schools
• Mir Osman Ali Khan have established special schools for physically handicapped and orphan children and did alot
for the development of educational system and established vocational schools
• Koti Women’s college was established in 1924
• Warangal college- 1930
• In 1928, Scouts and Guides revolution started in Hyderabad
Contructions of Mir Osman Ali Khan:
* High Court:
- The 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan commenced the construction of High court building on 15 September 1915
beside the Nayapul bridge on the southern bank of river Musi.
- An Engineer and architect named Shankar Lal of Jaipur drew up the design and a local engineer Mehar Ali Fazal
executed the design.
- The construction was completed on 31 March 1919.
- The High Court building was inaugurated on 20 April 1920. This landmark building built with pink granite and
sandstone has the engraving of letters 'Ram-Rahim' and stands as a symbol of Hindu Muslim unity.
* This building served as the High Court of Andhra Pradesh from 5 November 1956.
* After the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, it is completely allotted to the High Court of Telangana from 1 January
2019.
* City College:
* The architect of City college- Vincent Esch.
* This college was built in Indo-Arabic architecture. It looks similar when viewed from East or West directions.
* The 6th Nizam Mir Mahbub Ali Khan established the first city school named Madrasa Dar-ul-uloom in 1865 to the
west of High court building on the southern bank of river Musi.
* Later, the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan converted it into City High school in 1921, and it was upgraded to City
College in 1929.
* Osmania Medical College:
* Hyderabad Medical School was established by the 4th Nizam Nasir-ud-Daula on 17 July 1846.
* The first principal of Hyderabad Medical School-Dr William McLean.
* The 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan changed it to Hyderabad Medical College in 1920.
* When Influenza spread in Hyderabad in 1919, the Secretary of Medical department Dr. James Lancaster provided
medical services. It was named as Osmania Medical College when the then Chief Minister Burgula Rama Krishna
Rao laid foundation stone at Koti in 1952.
* Osmania General Hospital:
* Osmania General Hospital, the oldest and biggest hospital in Telangana has been providing services to a large
number of patients every day and also providing training to the medical students. Salarjung I, the Diwan of the 5th
Nizam Afjal-ud-Daula started Afzaljung dawakhana with two floors in 1866 on the banks of river Musi. But this
hospital was destroyed by the Musi floods in 1908.
* The 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan rebuilt this hospital and started as Osmania General Hospital in 1925.
* Nizamia Observatory:
* Nawab Jaffar Jung established Nizamia observatory in 1908 during the reign of the 6th Nizam Mir Mahbub Ali
Khan. Its construction was completed in 1914 during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan. Later, it was brought under
Osmania University.
* So Osmania university became the only University in India with an astronomical observatory in those days.
Currently it is the 3rd Observatory in India.
* In 1968, this observatory was shifted to Rangapur village in Ibrahimpatnam mandal of Rangareddy district.
* It has been called as Japal Rangapur observatory.
*The famous scientists who visited this observatory were-Sir C.V. Raman, Prof. S.Chandrasekhar.
* Hyderabad State Bank:
* The 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan established Hyderabad State Bank at Gunfoundry in August 1941. Architect-
Muhammad Fayazuddin
* The currency coin of Hyderabad state named Osmania Hali Sikka was circulated by Hyderabad State Bank.
* Initially it was Mecantile Bank of Hyderabad and after 1953, it became a national bank.
Note: In 1868, a branch of State bank of Bengal was established at Hyderabad. It is recognized as the first bank
established in Hyderabad.
* Hyderabad House:
* Architect of Hyderabad House- Sir Edwin Lutyens.
* Mir Osman Ali Khan commenced the construction of Hyderabad House in Delhi in 1926 and it was completed in
1928. Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung played an important role in the construction of Hyderabad House.
* Jubilee Hall (1913):
* The 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan celebrated silver jubilee celebrations on 13 February 1937 at Hyderabad
marking the completion of 25 years of his coronation.
* These celebrations were held at the city hall built in 1913 and it was renamed as Jubilee hall.
* This building was constructed in Indo-Persian style.
* Currently the meetings of Legislative council are being held here.
* Hill Fort Palace:
* Sir Nizamat Jung built this palace in 1923 during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan.
* The Nizam government bought it in 1929. Later it became the official residence of Moazzam Jah, the 2nd son of
Nizam.
* Moazzam Jahi Market:
* Mir Osman Ali khan established this market in the name of his first son, Prince Moazzam Jah in 1935.
* This market was built with granite stone on the way from Nampally to Charminar. There is a big wall clock on this
market.
* State Central Library:
* It was established by Moulvi Sayyed Hussain Bilgrami in 1891 at Abids. Later it was shifted to Afzalgunj in 1936.
It was called as Asafiya library in those days. It was renamed as Central library after independence.
* Irram Manjil:
* Now it is called as Erramanjil.
* It was built in Indo-European style.
* Paravastu Lokeswar termed this building as Chotisi Dunia.
* The Persian word Irram Manjil means 'a beautiful palace built in heaven'. Irram Manjil was built by Nawab Fakr-ul-
mulk Bahadur surrounded by between Punjagutta and Khairatabad during the period of 6th Nizam. It was built in a
large area walls built for miles.
* Currently it houses the offices of R&B and Irrigation departments of Telangana.
* King Koti Palace: It was built by Muhammed Kamal Khan
• 7th Nizam have purchased this palace and made it as his official residence
• In 1951, 7th Nizam took Oath as Raj Pramukh in drawing room of this palace
* Hill Fort Palace:It was constructed in 1923 by Nizamath Jung
• Later, Nizam purchased this palace
• This was the official residence of Nizam 2nd son Moazzam Jah
• The architecture is in the style of trinity college, Cambridge
* Salarjung Museum:
* The founder of the museum Nawab Mir Yousuf Ali Khan popularly known as Salarjung III was the third among the
three nobles who served as prime ministers of the last two Nizams.The Salarjung Museum which was established by
Salarjung III with noble idea of passing rich heritage collection to the future generations was opened to the public by
then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru on 16 December 1951.
* Initially Salarjung III stored the vast collection of precious art objects and his Library at his ancestral palace Diwan
Deodi at Madina.
* Salarjung museum is one of the finest and most unique museums around the world.
* This museum is famous for its watches collection. There is a musical clock named English Bracket Clock in the
museum.
* The Veiled Rebecca statue mesmerizes the visitors. It was sculpted in marble by an Italian sculptor named Giovanni
Battista Benzoni
* The collection includes stone sculptures, bronze images, painted textiles (Kalamkari), wood Carvings, Jade carvings,
metal-ware, manuscripts arms and armor etc.
* The museum was administered by Salarjung Estate Committee till 1958, when the Salarjung family donated the
entire collection to the Government of India.
* Rashtrapati Nilayam:
* Rashtrapati Nilayam is located at Bolarum. This spectacular building is spread over 76 acres of land. It served as the
residence of the Viceroy during the Nizam era. After the end of Nizam's rule, the government of India took over this
building and turned into the President's retreat.
* The official retreats of the President of India are present at Bolarum and Shimla.
* The President of India visits the retreat once a year and stays for 15 days. All most all the Presidents visited the
Rashtrapathi Nilayam at Bolarum. It was not utilized well from1984.
* Former President of India Dr.Abdul Kalam restarted this tradition.
* Raymond's Tomb:
* Michel Joachim Marie Raymond was a French general in the army of the 2nd Nizam, Nizam Ali Khan.
* Nizam Ali Khan was defeated in the war fought with the Marathas at 'Kharda' in 1795.
* The British didn't provide any military assistance to the Nizam in the war. So, the Nizam invited a French Army
General Raymond to Hyderabad. Raymond was appointed as the 'Amar-e-Jinsi' or 'Comptroller of Ordinance'.
* When Ali Jah, the son of Nizam revolted against his father, Monsieur Raymond successfully suppressed the revolt.
* The remains of the ordinance factory set up by Raymond are present at Gun foundry area.
* Raymond died on 25 March 1798 at an age of 42 years. The Hindus fondly called him 'Musaram' and the Muslims
called him 'Musarahim'. His tomb was built in the shape of a pyramid at Malakpet with the letters 'JR' engraved on it.
* The area where his tomb is located got the name of Musaram bagh after him. He was remembered as Musaram by
the people and until about 1940, people would visit his tomb on the anniversary of his death, taking incense and other
offerings to him.
Prominent Persons
* Sir Ronald Ross:
- Ross was born on 13 May 1857 at Almora in Kumaon hills. He served as a surgeon at Secunderabad Military
(Contonment) hospital.
- At that time, many-soldiers died of malaria. So Ross did research on life cycle and spread of malaria parasite. He
confirmed the growth of malaria parasite in the gut of female anopheles mosquito and the role of mosquito in the
spread of disease.
- His discovery was published in the Gazette on 27 August 1897. He was presented Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in the year 1902. The Nizam's government recognized his services and named the hospital at Begumpet as
'Sir Ronald Ross Institute'.
* Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung:
* Nawaj Jung's original name was- Mir Ahmed Ali.
* Ali Nawaz Jung is popular as the father of Telangana Irrigation, Bagiratha of Deccan and Arthur Cotton of
Telangana.
* He was born on born on 11 July 1877. Recently the Government of Telangana declared his birthday, 11th July will
be observed as Telangana Engineers Day.
*His father Mir Wahid Ali served as an assistant of Daftar-e-Mulki. Ali Nawaz Jung was the first Chief engineer of
Hyderabad State. Recognizing his talent, the Nizam's government presented him the title Ali Nawaz Jung. He studied
primary education at St. George's Grammar School, Madrasa-i-Aliya and then joined Nizam College.
* He was a gold medalist. He was sent to England on State scholarship to the famous joined the Public Works
Department as an assistant engineer.
* In 1913 he served as the secretary to the Cooper's Hill Engineering College.
* In 1899, after completion of education, he returned to Hyderabad and Government P.W.D. and Telephones
Department.
* He made great efforts to extend telephone services to the districts when he served as the Secretary of Telephone
department.
* Services as Chief Engineer:
- Mir Nawaz Ali Jung was the pioneer of major and medium irrigation projects in Telangana,After carefully studying
the course of rivers in South India, Nawaz Jung designed bed system to conserve flood water. The first project that
was constructed as per this new design was Tungabhadra Project.
- He was responsible for the design and construction of major projects like Wyra, Palair and Fatehnagar.
- The Hyderabad House in Delhi was also designed and constructed under his supervision.
- His engineering marvels:
1. Osmania Arts College
2. Osmania General Hospital
- Projects designed by Ali Nawaz Jung were:
1. Nagarjuna Sagar Project
2. Godavari valley Project (Sriram Sagar)
- In 1929, he was invited by the Bombay Government to report in collaboration with Mokshagundam Visveswarayya
on the financial and technical aspects of Sukkur Barrage, and his services were acknowledged by the Bombay
Government.
- The British engineers utilized his services when they faced problems in the construction of Sakkar Project (Sind-
Pakistan)
- The question of allocation of waters of the Tungabhadra and the Krishna was sorted out by Nawaz Jung between
Madras and Hyderabad governments.
- Rajaji, the then Chief Minister of Madras accepted the suggestions made by Ali Nawaz Jung and the dispute
between the two states was resolved. He was a member of Hyderabad representative committee that went to Delhi on
27 October 1947 to negotiate with the Government of India. He declared that the welfare of Hyderabad state lies in its
merger with India.
- Government of India recognized his ability and appointed him a member of Planning Commission. He warned about
the dangers of water scarcity due to improper utilization of water resources. He passed away in 1949. Ali Sagar
Reservoir neat Bodhan in Nizamabad district was named after him. He died in 1949. He was unmarried and the Salar
Jung lineage ended with his death.
* Important Diwans during 7th Nizam:
Yousuf Ali khan 1912-14
Sir Ali Imam 1919-22
Kishen Pershad 1926-37
Sir Akbar Hydari 1937-41
Chhatari Nawab 1941-46
Sir Mirza Ismail 1946-47
Mehdi Yar Jung 1947 November
Mir Laiq Ali 1947-48
1. Yousuf Ali Khan (Salar Jung-3):
* Mir Osman Ali Khan appointed Salar Jung III as his Prime minister on 3 July 1912. Salar Jung resigned to his office
in November 1914.
* During his tenure, The Nizam established City Development Trust in 1912 headed by his second son Moazzam Jah.
* After the demise of Salar Jung III in1949, his family members established Salar Jung Museum named after him on
16 December 1951.
• Yousuf Ali khan was known as Salar Jung- 3.
• In 1951, Salar Jung museum was constructed on Yousuf Ali Khan name
• This is 3rd largest museum in the country.
• This museum was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru on 16th December, 1951
Yousuf Ali Khan’s period:
• In 1913, Hyderabad civil services were established
• In 1913, Agriculture department was formed under the chairmanship of John henry
• 1914, Archaeological department was established
• In 1915, Co-operative society was formed for providing loans and distributing seeds and fertilizers to farmers
• Hyderabad state has become the largest producer of oil seeds in the world
• Hyderabad was in the 1st place in producing castor oil.
* Sir Akbar Hydari:He represented Hyderabad state at the three round table conferences held at London during
1930-32.
• Constitutional Reforms committee was formed by him under the chairmanship of Lawyer Bahadur Arvamudam
Iyyengar to recommend Constitutional Reforms in Hyderabad state.
• By the orders of Osman Ali Khan on 22nd sept, 1937.
• Based on the report of this committee, Constitutional Reforms announced on 29th July, 1939.
* Mehdi Yar Jung: Mehdi Yar Jung was the diwan of Hyderabad when Nizam signed the Standstill Agreement on
29th November, 1947 with Indian Government.
* Mir Laiq Ali:• He was the last diwan of Hyderabad.
• Operation Polo “Police Action” took place in 1948 between sept 13 – 17 and Hyderabad State was merged into
Indian Union.
 SALARJUNG REFORMS
* According to william Digbe the reform measure of Salarjung led to renaissance of Modern Hyderabad.
- Hence, as a visionary administrator, Sir Salar Jung was rightly described as “the architect and modernizer of
Hyderabad State”.
- Wahid Khan - praised Salarjung as the great administrator.
- William Digby - Salarjung transformed the political architecture of Nizam Kingdom
* Salarjung-I, whose orginal name was Nawab Mir Turab Ali khan
* He was born at Bijapur in 1829. He belongs to Sheik-Umar-Karman Lineage/ descendant
* On 31st May, 1853 at the age of 24 years Salarjung- I was appointed as Hyderabad state Prime Minister (Diwan)
* He was appointed as the prime minister at the age of just 24 after his maternal uncle Siraj-ul-Mulk, the prime
minister during Nasir Ud daula rule, was demised in 1853.
• The political advisor of Salar Jung was Nawab Sarwar-ul-mulk
* On the same day, Narayan pasad, the grandson of chandulal was appointed as peshkari.
* For about 30 year from 1853 he served as the prime minister under three Asafjahi King:
1. Nasir-Ud-daula
2. Afzal-Ud-daula
3. Mir Mahabub Ali khan
* His efficient administration and the applause he won from Britishers caused envy to Nizam ruler like Afzal ud daula.
* A conspirancy was hatched to remove Salarjung from the post of Prime Ministership in 1859, 1860 and 1867. But,
the British officers namely Colonel Davidson in 1860 and Lord yule in 1867 came to his rescue and helped him to
continue in this post.
* Salarjung was appointed as the patron to a three year old infant namely Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan whose father
Afjal-ud-Daula died. Thus, Salarjung brought reforms independently and effectively.
* He Learned about best administrative Systems and their for the protection and welfare of the kingdom from English
administrator Diton. He received honorary (Doctor of Civil Law) from Oxford University, London.
• He learned administrative tactics from officer Daiton in London
• While returning to India, Salar Jung visited Rome city and there he purchased the famous marble statue titled
“Veiled Rebecca” . At present, this statue is present at Salar Jung museum in Hyderabad
* He was compared on par with Mahammad Gavan, the prime minister of Bahmani Kingdom.
* His personal secretary was Syed Hussein Bilgrami (belonged to Kanauj region). Bilgrami contributed for the
development of education in Nizam State.
* Salar Jung supported the British at the time of 1857 revolt.The British gave him the title Sir. So he was called Sir
Salar Jung.
* Nasir Ud Daula described Salar Jung I as Firangi Bachcha (foreign boy).
* Salar Jung I was the longest serving Prime Minister or Diwan in the history of Nizam state.
* When Salarjung took over the Diwanship of Hyderabad State, it was in severe financial crisis.
* In the year 1853 the Nizam surrendered his three rich districts. i.e., Berar, Raichur, Darashiv to the British under the
treaty of Berar, prior to this in 1766 Northern Sarcars (districts) or coastal districts and in 1800 ceded districts were
taken over by the British from the Nizam's State.
* Further the Nizam state was involved in Maratha and Mysore wars due to force of the British, the financial
exploitation of Palmer and Company, Chauth and Sardeshmukhi tax collection of Marathas over the Nizam territories
etc., caused severe financial crisis in the Nizam State.
* Under such circumstances Salarjung became Diwan of the state and solved the financial and administrative
problems of the state by taking various steps and also with the constant support of British for his measures.
* His measures got support of the British for two reasons.
- The first one was 1857 revolt crisis period, he and his king Nizam stood by the side of British and helped them in
suppressing that revolt in the State.
- The second reason was the modernization of Hyderabad State ultimately suited to the colonial interests, hence the
supported him in carrying his reforms.
* He diverted his first attention to resolve the financial crisis of the Hyderabad state. Hence, he took up
Administrative reforms.
Salarjung Reforms:
I. Economic/Financial Reforms:
* The economic policies taken during the governance of his predecessors like Chandulal, who was the former prime
minister, ruined the state treasure. So, Salarjung took various reforms in minimizing the Expediture and found the
sources to enrich to the state treasure.
1. Salarjung removed 100 employees and cancelled their as they did not have any work. Those employes tried to
attack Salarjung in arrange.
2. He decreased financial deficit keeping the British army in view and released the Nizam's ornaments, diamonds and
Lands which were mortgaged.
• Armed force & additional military force was abolished
• In 1858, Salar Jung introduced coins known as “Hali Sikka”. Hali Sikka was a silver coin (its value is 15% less than
the British Rupee)
• Till 1857, Mughal coins were used in Hyderabad
• Central Mint Office is at Hyderabad and Regional mint offices are at Narayanpet (1870) and Gadwal (1875)
* As a part of the reforms, first he reduced his annual salary in 1860
* Salarjung prohibited and abolished taxes imposed on imports and Exports.
* The customs Department was given power impose tax on salt.
* The taxation policy on goods was also Introduced.
* In 1861-62 Taxes cancelled on Imports. These Taxes were also increased and collected.
* In 1861 the stamp paper office brought under the control of Munshikhana.
* The sale of stamp paper made as a monopoly of government and the control of Munshikhana.
* All these measures achieved financial stability to government and enabled to carry forward its administrative
reforms.
* After 1853 he was able to Increase the area of the Diwani land with his special administrative Imprint.
* Nizam and Salarjung assisted the British at the time of the 1857 Indian sepoy Revolt, Controlled the attack on the
Hyderabad Residency and Imprisoned the rebels Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin.
* The British praised as unforgettable the efforts of the Nizam Government in controlling the mutiny in the Nizam
Kingdom.
* Salarjung extended his co-operation to the British and the British Were satisfied with his Activities and released
Raichur, Osmanabad which were occupied by the british in 1853.
* The British also cancelled Nizam's due of Rs. 50 Lakhs. With such Activities and favours to the British.
* Nizam financial position was stabilized the fifth Nizam Afjal-ud-Daula received star of the India Award as that
helped the british in suppressing of sepoy mutiny.
II. Administrative Reforms:
* The Kingdom of Hyderabad state was a union of three regions. Those were
1. Marathwada
2. Telangana
3. Karnataka regions
* Salarjung who wished to bring major reforms in the administration which was in helter-skelter, divided the state of
Nizam into 5 subhas and 17 districts.
• During Salar Jung- I, the extent of Nizam Kingdom was 82,698 miles.
• Hyderabad state population in 1881 was 98,45,594
• Salar Jung divided the kingdom into 5 subas and 17 districts
Division - Head
1. Kingdom = Nizam
2. Suba = Subedar/ Sadar Talukdar
3. District = Talukdar
4. Taluk = Tahsildar
5. Villages = Patel/Patwari
• In administration, the important division was village
• In villages Patel, Patwari, Talari and Dhed played important roles
- Patwari : Responsible for land tax and an accountant
- Talari : Security of village and other services
- Dhed : Who works for the officers and at community/ village hall
- Neri : Who looked after irrigation works
- Sedisindi : Security for 50 houses in village
• In 1868, Salar Jung -I appointed a council of Ministers by name “Sadar-ul-Mihams”
• The important 4 persons in this are
- Revenue Minister : Mukarram-ud-daula Bahadur
- Law Minister : Bashir-ud-daula Bahadur
- Incharge of Police department : Shamshir Jung Bahadur
- Head of Public works & other departments : Shaheb Jung
• The personal secretary of Salar Jung was Syed Hussain Bilgrami
• The departments which were under the direct control of Prime Minister were known as “Madar-ul-Mihams”
• The departments under Prime Minister were
1. Department of Finance
2. Postal Department
3. Military
* These districts were divided into Talukas and each Taluk had governing officers viz., a subedar to each Subha,
Avval Talukdar (Collector) to district and Tahasildar to Taluka.
* Diwan or Prime Minister was the Head of the administration. Salarjung appointed Youngsters as ministers and
established a board 'Mazlis-e-Mal-gujari' to protect talukdar system of administration in 1865.
* In the year 1867 he divided the Hyderabad State into five divisions. Those were:
1. North Western division with Aurangabad as its headquarter.
2. Western division with headquarter of Bidar
3. Southern division with headquarter of Gulbarga,
4. North division with the headquarter of Patancheru,
5. East division with the Bhuvangiri.
* Each division was headed by a Sadar Talukdar. He was equivalent to the Revenue Commissioner of the British
India. He enjoyed all revenue, civil and criminal power in the division and also supervising powers over the district
officers i.e. Talukdars or collectors over their actions. He was assisted by two officers. One looked after the revenue
matters to the division and another with judicial matters.
* Sadar Talukdar was the head of the division and the key official of the division.
* Each division was inclusive of three to four district.
* In 1855 he appointed paid Talukadars or Collectors over the district administration by replacing tax farming system.
* In 1865 'Zilabandi' was introduced Under this the state was divided into fourteen districts.
* By 1880 two more districts were created.
* Each district was headed Talukdar or Collector assisted by other officials.
* The Talukdars were divided into three categories( 1st & 2nd & 3rd grade talukdars )
* The first Talukdar or Collector was the head of the district with subordinate staff responsible for all the matters
relating to the districts such as the income and expenditure of the government, collection of revenue, export and
import taxes, solving some civil and criminal disputes.
* The first Talukdars were assisted by Deputy Talukdars, Clerks or Gumasthas, Judicial Officials, Revenue Officials
and Treasury Officials Recording various matters of district was with the help of 'Amla' clerks or the Departmental
clerk.
* Salarjung divided the district into Taluks. By the beginning of Salarjung period there were 74 taluks in the Diwani
region.
*Taluks were headed by Tahasildars. They were responsible for the administration of the Taluk in revenue, judiciary,
police and other matters. They were assisted by the subordinate paid clerks called Gumasthas, revenue officials and
judicial officials.
* In 1868, he constituted "Sadar UI Mahath" and appointed four ministers and allotted portfolios like Police, Law,
Revenue to first three Ministers.
* The 4th minister was given portfolio of social welfare, education, health and local bodies. These Ministers worked
under the central Government guidelines.
* The Prime Minister Salarjung appointed Sayyad Hussain Bilgram as his personal secretary. The British office was
under his control. Salarjung established 14 officers to regularize administration in the State of Nizam.
Administrative procedure:
* The administration of the State of Nizam was completely under control of Salarjung. He was also called as the
Diwan or Regent.
* In 1880, he brought out many reforms in administration.
* The Deputy Prime Minister was a British resident, Salarjung sought advice from the finance minister and other four
potential, important departments & For effective ruling administration.
1. Revenue Department
2. Law Department
3. Police Department
4. Finance Department
5. Military Department
6. Health Department
7. Public Works Department
8. Political Department
9. Postal Department
10. Railway, Telegraph
11. Surf-i-khas Land Department
12. Law Department
13. Municipal Department
14. Education Department
* Among above mentioned 14 Department, 7 Departments were governed by ministers named after Sadar-Ul-Miham
and these portfolios were revenue, Police, Law, Education, Health, Public works and municipalities
* They reported every thing to the Prime Minister through there secretaries. Along with these ministers, a deputy
minister called as "Semi-Sadar-Ul-Miham", played a key role in collecting taxes.
III. Revenue Reforms:
* He reconstituted revenue system in 1864-65.
* In those days, the contractors were the middle men between the Government and the farmers who used to pay taxes.
The contractors exploited the innocent farmers. Salarjung observed this system of middle men and completely
changed it.
* He made a new revenue policy called "Zilla Bandi Policy"
* In 1865 Salarjung constituted a "Revenue board" comprising a president and 4 members to regulate the revenue in
the sate.
* In 1868 the whole administration brought under the control of four departmental ministers.They were called as
'Sadar-ul-Mahams'. They were:
1. Revenue: headed by Nawab Mukaram-ud-Daula Bahadur
2. Judiciary, Jails: Bhasheer-ud-Daula
3. Police: Shamsher Jung Bahadur
4. Public Works, Education & Health etc., by Shahebjung Bahadur.
Powers of Revenue Board:
* They were authorized to taxes belonging to agriculture, business, export and import, stamp duty, roads and local
bodies.
* The Revenue board was empowered to weive tax upto Rs.200/-
* This board was cancelled in 1867 and it was replaced by "Sadar Mahake Emel Gurjari, a central Revenue
department, which was headed by the officers "Muhathamim" and "Rakun". It was also cancelled in 1868 and
Salarjung created "Revenue Ministry".
* Land tax was allowed to pay either in cash or grains.
* In 1857 Salarjung established survey settlement department to survey land. He cancelled Inaams to government
employees and paid salaries to them.
* He encouraged sincerity and skill among the employees and removed same employed who were charged with
indulging in bribes, and also made the public free from collection of taxes forcibly, imposing punishments and illegal
fines.
* Zilla Bandi - The Diwani territory was divided into districts for the purpose of revenue and judicial administration
called Zillabandi system
• When the time of introduction of Zillabandi system Nizam of Hyderabad was Afzal-ud- daula and British Resident :
George Yule
• Salar Jung has divided the districts into 3 categories based on their annual income
- Primary category: Income > 12,00,000/-
- Secondary Category : upto 10,00,000/-
- Tertiary Category : upto 8,00,000/-
• According to this policy, Salarjung divided the Nizam state into 17 revenue districts and each district into 5 regional
councils.
1. Northern Region : Nizamabad, Karimnagar areas
2. Southern Region : Gulbarga, Sholapur, Raichur Areas
3. Western Region : Bidar, Nanded areas
4. Eastern Region : Warangal, Nalgonda, Khammam areas
5. North west Region : Aurangabad and neighbourhood areas.
* Each region is given to a subedar who was responsible for collection of land taxes in the district.
* The "Survey and Settlement Department" was established to survey lands, fix boundaries and to decide the type of
land. There was a special Commissioner for this department.
* For measuring the lands 10 yards chain was used. A 'Biga' was measured as a unit of land. It was equivalent to 6/6
chains or 3600 square yards. Still 'Biga' was using as a unit in Telangana.
* Ryots were allowed to pay the land tax either in cash or in the form of cereals, which could be stored by government
in its warehouses.
* Land tax was of 2 types
* Ryotwari system:
*Ryotwari was introduced. Under this, the farmers pay revenue directly to the Government.
* A method of reviewing the revenue every 30 years was introduced.
1. Batayi Method : In this revenue is collected in the shape of Grain. The land tax was collected in the form of crop
produce. Officers collecting land revenue are called Bilmakhthedars. They gain authority by auction, were collecting
more and paying the Government less.
- Salar Jung abolished this Battai system and started to collect the tax in the form of money
2. Ryotwari Method : Revenue to be paid in cash( Currency form). This was introduced by Salarjung in the reign of
Afzal-Ud-daula. In this Ryot (Farmer) pays, tax directly to the Government.
• In 1867, Revenue board was abolished, in that place central revenue board was created known as Sadar Mahake-i-
Malgujari
• The officers of this department are known as Muhtamim and Ruknu.
• As part of revenue reforms, police department is separated from revenue department in 1867
• In 1875, Central Inam institute was established
• In 1875, land revenue survey and settlement department was established for demarcation of boundaries & for
surveying of lands
- Revenue was fixed based on the land cultivated.Though the yield increases there wouldn't be any increase in the tax.
IV. Educational Reforms:
* He appointed inspectors of education named Mohtamin Taleemat and monitored the functioning of education
department.
• In 1869, W.H.Wilkinson was appointed as educational department secretary. He introduced new educational
methods
• The private schools during Nizam period were known as Khangi’s.
* Salar Jung was great educationist. He was presented Doctorate from Oxford University on 21 June 1876.
* His personal secretary Syed Bilgrami assisted him in educational development.
Salar Jung founded the following institutions for the growth of education:
* In 1855, he established the first western educational institute in Hyderabad namely Darul-Ul-Ulum (oriental college)
affiliated to Punjab University. The medium of instruction were Persian, Arabic, Urdu and English languages
* Schools were established at taluk and district head quarters by 1860.
* St Mary School was founded in 1855.
* Civil Engineering College was established in 1860.
* Saint Ann's High School was established in 1861. English was also taught along with Persian, Urdu and Arabic.
* Salar Jung appointed Wilkinson as the Secretary of educational department in 1869.He introduced new curriculum
in schools.
* City High School and Engineering College were established in 1870.
* Chadarghat School was established in 1872.
* Madrassa-e-aulia, school for the children of Nobles was established 1873.
* Madrasa-e-aiza, school for the children of royal families was established in 1878.
* Gloria Girls High school (First Girls School) was founded in 1881.
* English medium schools established by private persons were:
1. Dharmavanth School (1880)
2. Muffedul Anam (1882)
• In 1882, Islamia school was established by Syed Hussain Bilgrami(1st Muslim school in country).
* Mahabubia College was established in 1884.
* After the death of Salar Jung, Chaderghat Anglo Vernacular School was recognized as Secondary grade College
with Madras University.
- It was renamed as Hyderabad College in 1884. Nizam College was founded in 1887 by merging intermediate classes
of Chaderghat High School with Madrassa-e-aulia.
- This college was affiliated to Madras University. The first Principal of Nizam College was Aghoranath
Chattopadhyaya.
- In 1947, it was changed and got affiliated to Osmania University
* Salar Jung provided financial assistance to Aligarh Muslim University established by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
- Two nobles of Hyderabad namely Viqar Ul Mulk and Mohisin Ul Mulk actively participated in theestablishment of
Aligarh University.
* Syed Bilgrami founded many schools with the help of Salar Jung. The Mehaboobiya School established by Syed Ali
Bilgrami in 1884 was the first Muslim girls High School in India.
* Note:
1. The first school in Nizam State St George Grammar School was founded by the Church of England in 1834.
2. Colleges at the time of Nizam were called as 'Schools'.
3. Private schools were called as Khangees.
4. The first University in India with vernacular medium of instruction was Osmania University (1918).
5. A separate department of education was set up in 1870. A Directorate was established in 1882.
V. Police Reforms:
*In 1867, he separated Police from the revenue and it was taken under the monitoring of law department secretary
* The police Department, established by Salarjung was called as "Mahakay-E-Kotwali".
* He started a special police force "Nizaamata" to control thefts, robberies.
* Special police force is another name "Zamaith Zilladri".
• As part of this reforms, one SP was appointed to each district and one inspector for every two taluqs
• The head of police department – Mahkama-e-Kotwal
• Police station – Chauki
• Chowkidar – S.I
• Taluq police officer – Amin (inspector)
• District police officer – Muhtamim (SP)
• Head of Muhtamim – Nayab Sadar Muhtamim (DIG)
• Large number of police constables and Sowers were appointed
• Jamedar/ Daftadar – Head constable
* He separated Revenue and police and the police department was organized systematically in 1865.
* He appointed a police superintendent (SP) to each district for effective policing in the district, an Inspector to every
two small Talukas combined, an Inspector to big talukas and sufficient police personnel in the district for a peaceful
Society.
* He selected Police officers from Raichur, Osmanabad who worked there when they were under the control of the
British. Salarjung trained them to become efficient officers and utilized their services in effective policing in the
Nizam State.
* After Taluk, next important one was the administration of cities, headed by Kotwals. He was the Chief Officer of
City dealt with police, peace and order. There were officials for revenue, income and expenditure of city and also with
judicial matters and other matters related to city.
* In this Patwaris, Revenue Patels, Police Patel, Talaris, Dades are prominent people.
* Patwaris were entrusted with the work of keeping the land records of the village and collection of land revenue from
villagers on 2 paise commission basis.
* Patel assisted the Patwari in the collection of land revenue based on 2 paisa commission.
* Police Patel and Talari looked villages. 'Dade' was assisting all the officers of the state who visited the village. He
was also working as a postman. For his work he was getting 4 paisa commission from the local fund.
* Another important man in the village was 'Nirullu' who looked after storage of water and releasing of water to the
fields from the tanks. Each Sethusindu protected fifty houses of the village and also assisted the Police Patel in
maintaining peace and order in the village. These are all worked for the development of village. All of them received
their incomes from the "Grama Seva Funds".
VI. Judicial Reforms:
* Salarjung Introduced the principle of Equality before Law as part of the Legal reforms.
* Judicial department Minister: Department of Judicature was established in 1862.
- First Minister of Judicature was Nawab BasheeRuddaulah.
* In the judicial structure there were civil and criminal divisions with separate jurisdictions.
* After Salarjung became the Prime Minister he established judiciary of three types. They were
1. Adalat-e-padushahi formed in 1853.
2. A Judicial Institution to decide to disputes between the Nizam's soliders and the Sikh solidiers which was
established in 1855,
3. An official named Govind Rao established in 1860 a new Judicial Institution to decide civil disputes in the Ilaka
Peshkar areas.
* In these Judicial Institutions the reforms were introduced at a later stage by Diwan Salarjung.
* He started Sadar-ul-Miham Adalat in 1869 for the Judical matters and the Diwani region.
* In the Nizam kingdom, the first Law Minister appointed was Nawab Basheer-ud-Daula Bahadur.
* To assist him there were the Secretary and Gumasthas or clerks.
* The law Minster looked into the civil and criminal cases in the city and the Muffasil regions. To protect law and
justice in the kingdom, he issued orders. If any judgment was erroneous and when it was felt that no justice was done
in any case, it was mandatory to take the permission of the Prime Minister to again enquire and decide the case.
Diwan Salarjung made key changes to the Judiciary in 1872.
* The Court of Appeal was established with the name of "Mahakama-e-Murafa-e-Ajla" In this Court there were a
Presiding Officer and four members. This Court was described as the "Appellate Court of Judicature" In this Court all
types of civil and criminal cases filed as appeals etc from the city and the districts were decided. .
* This court was the final authority in all judicial matters after the Diwan.
* In the Civil Judicial Administration of the Hyderabad State. "Majlis-Aliya Adalat" or (High Court) was the key
Judicial Court.
* A person punished in the lower court can file petition in the High Court.
* The High Court had powers to decide the civil disputes in the Hyderabad city and cases having monetary value.
There were Divisional courts, District courts, Taluka courts, city courts, and courts to decide the religious disputes
below the High Court.
* There were separate courts for border disputes.
* The High Court had the powers to reduce or cancel severe punishments, death sentences and other punishments.
This was a high level institution in the Nizam kingdom. It also had powers to impose life sentence and 39 rope beats.
* The division was headed by Sadar Talukdar. He looked after civil and criminal cases of the division. He could
impose 10 years imprisonment on criminals and Rs. 4000/- fine over them and upto 39 rope beats.
* After division next unit was the district headed by first Talukdar. He could impose four years imprisonment and Rs.
1000/- fine and 39 rope beats on criminals.
* The second Talukdar could impose two years imprisonment and Rs. 500/- fine and 15 rope beats on criminals.
* Third Talukdar could impose one year imprisonment and Rs.300/- fine and 15 rope beats on criminals.
* After district next unit was Taluk headed by Tahasildar. He could impose six months imprisonment and Rs. 150/-
fine and 12 rope beats on criminals.
* City administration headed by Kotwal or Police Commissioner. He could impose 3 years imprisonment and Rs.
500/- fine and 39 rope beats on criminals.
* Last unit was Village: Police Patel looked after the village. He could impose 4 days imprisonment and Rs. 3/- fine
on criminals.
* During the period of Salarjung, there were five divisional courts,17 district courts under first Talukdar or Collector.
* 22 courts were under second Talukdar, 19 courts under third Talukdar, 103 courts under Tahasildars.
* One city court was under Kotwal or City Police Commissioner.
* One High Court was at capital Hyderabad. There were 168 criminal courts in Diwani area of Hyderabad State.
* Among civil courts one was Arabs court to deal with their disputes. Another was for settling the disputes which
were not settled hitherto.
* There was a Kazi Court. There was a city border court to deal with the border disputes.
* The total civil courts under the Diwani area of Nizam state were 172.
* The Revenue board was empowered to weive tax upto Rs. 200/-. This board was cancelled in 1867 and it was
replaced by "Sadar Mahake emel Gujari, a central revenue department, which was headed by the officers
"Muhatmamim" and "Rakun". It was also cancelled in 1868 and Salarjung created "Revenue Ministry".
* In 1875 Salarjung established survey settlement department to survey land. He cancelled Inaams to government
employees and paid salaries to them.
* Courts were established at Taluka level and district level. He appointed judges "Munsif and Mir Adil" along with
Talukdars.
* He established three courts in the city. Public were allowed to appeal the district courts Judgements to the higher
court namely, "Adalath-E-Padushahee" in Hyderabad with a chief justice and four judges. Criminals except death
sentence and life time imprison.
* There were two special civil courts "Bujungi Devani Adalath" and "Artha Devani Adalath" and one criminal court
"Shanjadar Adalath" to look into the cases in Hyderabad city only.
* In 1862 a law secretariant was established headed by the Prime Minister to co-ordinate all the courts. In 1869
Serious punishments like removal of body parts were abolished and the convicted were punished with severe
imprisonment.
• In 1862, Law department was established
• In 1869, Salar Jung abolished the punishment which involved mutilation of arms
• In 1872, Salar Jung created a court of appeal known as Mahkama-e-murafa-e-Azla
• This was created to accept all the civil and criminal appeals from districts & cities.
• Salarjung established Supreme Court Known as “Majlis–e–Murafa”, The chief justice of Supreme Court was Nazim.
• For the Surveillance on District officials he established an High Court known as “Mahkama–i–Sadar”.
- Lowest level Civil court & Criminal courts are Buzung & Khurd
- District level Civil court & Criminal courts are Diwan-e-Adalat & Faujdar Adalat
• A high court known as Majlis Aliyah Adalat was established for civil administration in Hyderabad
• In1877, Legal secretariat was established
Currency Reforms:
* first he reduced his annual Salary
* Salarjung competently averted the attack on the Residency during the 1857 Indian Sepoy Revolt and handed over
the attackers to the British. In return, the British made the Berar agreement in 1853 with the Nizam and returned the
Raichur region and Darashivam to the Nizam as these were earlier taken by the British.
* The British Government also waived the loan of 50,00,000 due from the Nizam. Salarjung mortgaged the lands to
meet the Government expenses. These lands were taken possession by the Nizam and were merged in the Khalsa or
Diwani lands.
* Before 1861 the areas of the Diwani lands was 40,000 square miles but afterwards it increased to 71,598 square
miles because of the cancellation of the mortgage of lands.
8. Military Reforms:
* Salarjung reorganized the Military department of the Nizam Kingdom. He built a building in 1864 for the
supervision of the Nizam army. In this building there was a Secretary and an Assistant.
* The Secretary of the Military Branch participated in the meeting for the expenditure, appointment, transfers and for
issue of ordinary orders connected with the military.
* He specially reviewed the permanent battalions of the army. Kalandhar-Bardhars (officials) submitted to the Diwan
the representations and appointments of the temporary soldiers.
* In 1876, a Military Secretary was appointed and he was given the functions of military appointments, reviews
besides the other issues related to the temporary soldiers.
* The Mansabdar offices were established under the supervision of the Military Secretary.
* In 1875, the government established the "Dafter-e-Najma Jamiyat" (The Office of military management). In 1869,
the Mansaf Office was established.
* The military personnel were made to training from the European officials and there was the supervision of the
British.
9. Industrial Reforms:
* In 1856, Residency officer Dr. Smith organized first Industrial Exhibition with the support of Salarjung I.
* Hyderabad Spinning and Weaving Company, the first textile mill in Hyderabad was founded in 1874.
* Civil engineering College was established in 1869.
* Pirani Factory was founded in 1876.
* The Salar Jung’s reforms, in terms of reorganization of administrative structure, infrastructural development,
changes in socio-economic system, innovative policies played a crucial role for the development of modern industry.
* Cotton Industry -
- It was the most important industry in the Hyderabad State after agriculture.
- By 1908 there were three spinning and weaving mills at Hyderabad, Gulburga and Aurangabad.
- The first cotton mill was opened in 1875 and later in 1886 and 1889, two more mills with a capital of Rs.31,00,000
were started.
- The cotton ginning and pressing factories were established in Aurangabad, Raichur, Bidar, Warangal, Nizamabad
(Indur), Parbhani and Nanded districts.
- Cotton was the chief article of export in Hyderabad State and it accounted for 50 per cent of the total exports.
* Weaving and other Industries -
- It was a major industry in the rural areas, where men and women were employed.
- The cotton fabrics of Hyderabad like saris, dhotis, cadhis, rumals, etc, were famous all over India and abroad.
- Blankets and carpets were also produced in Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Warangal.
- Warangal was famous for its carpet industry.
- During the late 19th century Hyderabad was the biggest exporter of carpets to European countries.
- The wood industry, the metal industry and the making of iron implements as well as basket making, oil pressing and
liquor making were also active in Hyderabad
10. Postal Reforms:
1. Communications:
* In 1956-57, telegraph system was established between Bombay and Hyderabad passing through Kurnool.
* Postal system was founded in 1862 with Hyderabad as head quarters. In 1871, it was extended to districts, Taluks
and towns under a Post Master General.
* In 1862, Post Offices were started at district head quarters.
* A Stamp Paper office worked under Munsif Khana from 1861.
* Efforts were made to develop communication between the people of other areas by starting Postal department in
1862.
* Daftar-e-Mulki was introduced in 1864 for official communication.
* Printing and Stationary Department was founded in 1867.
* First Postal stamp in Hyderabad dominion was introduced on 8 September 1869.
* The Postal department was reorganized in 1869.
* Deccan Radio:
* Osman Ali Khan founded a radio station at Hyderabad in 1935 which was known as Deccan Radio.
* A separate station was built at Saroor Nagar for the transmission of Radio programmes.
* Singareni Collieries:
* The first coal mine was dug at Yellandu (Singareni) in present day Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
* Dr. King of the Geological Survey of India discovered coal at Singareni.
* The department of Survey was established in 1875. The Hyderabad (Deccan) Mining Company Limited
incorporated at London on 29 July 1886 acquired mining rights to exploit coal found in Yellandu area.
* The Forest department was started in 1867 to protect forests and to earn income from forest produce.
* Public Warehouse department was started in 1869.
* The Cannon Factory was founded in 1876.
* Central Inam department was established in 1875 at Hyderabad and Inam Commissioner was appointed for its
supervision.
Note:
1. Department of Politics (1864),
Medical Department (1886),
Public Taxes department(1867).
2. First Post office was founded on 14 March 1866 (Bolarum).
3. First Woman Anesthetist served in a hospital in Hyderabad Residency- Rupa Bai Furdoonji.
4.The first Princely state in India with the power to issue Currency notes- Hyderabad.
* Departments:
1. Madar-Ul-Miham : Departments under the direct control of Diwani are known as Madar-Ul-Miham.
2. Peshkar : Peshkar played an important role in collection of taxes. A popular Peshkar contemporary to Salar Jung I
was - Raja Narendra Prasad
3. Revenue department : Revenue department was established in 1869. Nawab Mukarram Ud Daulah Bahadur was
appointed as the first minister. He was responsible to the Diwan. Other departments under this department were
- Agriculture & Commerce, Stamp papers, Customs, Forest, Excise (Abkari).
- Departments under the control of Salar Jung I were- Military,Finance, Postal. It was started first in 1875 in Patan
Cheru taluk and extended to Naldurg district by 1877.
4. Law department : It was established in 1869. First Minister- Nawab Basheer Ud Daulah. The Law Minister
supervised the department of Prisons.
5. Inam Office : A Central Inam office was set up at Hyderabad in 1875 and an Inam Commissioner was appointed to
supervise it.
6. Gazetted Office : It was set up in 1878 under the Revenue Minister to record information of Hyderabad
temporarily in a systematic way. It worked under the Revenue minister.
7. Census Office : A Census office was established at Hyderabad in 1880 with assistance of the British.
8. Audit of Accounts :It was established in 1864 to audit the expenditure and for disbursements
from government treasury. An officer named Daftar-e-tanakha was appointed. General Budget was introduced from
1877. An Accountant General was appointed to supervise the government accounts.
9. Political department : This department was established in 1864 under an officer Daftar-e-Mulki to issue
government orders and for official communication with the British.
10. Medical department : It was established in 1866 to provide medical services in every district under a medical
officer. He supervised the medical college founded by his grandfather Siraj ul Mulk in 1852.
11. Public works and Warehouse department : It was established in 1869 to supply small tools and material to the
Public works department. It was changed to General Warehouse department in 1875.
12. Police department : In 1867, the Police department was established by separating from the Revenue department.
A Deputy Inspector General of Police was appointed for every section. First Minister- Shamsher Jung Bahadur
13. Government Printing Press : It was set up in the year 1867 to print Government orders and Gazettes. In 1875, it
was brought under the Daftar-e-Mulki of Political department.
14. Forest department : It was established in 1867. A Superintendant was appointed for its supervision. Mines and
Quarries were brought under the authority of Forest department in 1871. Earlier, the office of Mines and Quarries was
set up in 1867.
15. Miscellaneous department : It was established in 1869. First Minister- Nawab Saheb Jung Bahadur.This
department oversees many departments such as Public taxes, Public Provisions, Medical, Municipal, Rural roads etc.
So, it was called as Miscellaneous department.
16. Military department : It was established in 1864. A military secretary was appointed in 1876. In 1875, Daftar-e-
najam Jameeyat or Military control office was established to supervise the military forces.
17. Stamp Papers department : It was established in 1870. A Stamp Paper Office was set up in 1861 under the
authority of Munshikhana. In 1870, Stamp Paper Office
was separated from Revenue Board to form a Stamp Paper Department. A Superintendant of Stamps was appointed
for its supervision.
18. Public Works department : It was established in 1867. Sadar Muhatameem was appointed in 1867 to monitor
public works in Cities and Taluks. Engineer In Chief of PWD was appointed in the same year. The Production and
Supplydepartment (Karkhana) set up in 1875 was attached to the Public Works Department. This department was
reformed in 1875 and a Divisional Engineer was appointed to every section.
19. Transportation Facilities & Public Works:
• In 1868, Grand trunk road was laid from Hyderabad to Sholapur
• In 1869, Nizam state railway was established
• In Hyderabad province the construction of First railway line was started in 1870 from Wadi to Secunderabad and
was finished in 1874
• In 1874, Secunderabad railway station was established. This railway system was known as Nizam Guaranteed state
railway.
• In 1877, British engraved Buckingham canal
• In 1864, hyderabad’s 1st English newspaper Deccan times was started
• In 1867, Government printing press was started
• In 1885, 1st telephone facility was introduced in Hyderabad
* A railway line was built between Hyderabad and Sholapur in 1868. An agreement made in 1870 between the British
India Government and the Hyderabad State Government for the line between Wadi and Hyderabad on the Madras-
Bombay railway route.
* In 1871 the coal mines with high quality coal were found at Singareni region. With the demand for coal increasing
because of the expansion of the railways, the railway line built to the coal mine region via Dornakal and Ellandu was
also expanded to Vijayawada.
* In the meanwhile, the coal mines in the north of the Nizam kingdom at Chanda were found and it was decided to
extend the Railway to Chanda (present Maharashtra).
* This was approved during the time of Salarjung. The Railway Company collected three lakh pounds as capital.
* The Nizam Government brought pressure on Salarjung for capital investment. The government was able to raise
loans for the establishment of railways in the state.
* The construction of the railway line was kept secret from the people. The Chanda Railway Scheme was first
approved during the time of Salarjung and was executed during the period of the "Rakshana Samithi."
* There was a rumour spread in the Nizam kingdom that that the railway line would not be profitable and there would
be irrepairable loss. The first line between Secunderabad and Wadi was opened to traffic in 1874. But the returns
from the railways remained very low as the line served British strategic interest more than the Hyderabad economy.
* The government consequently took the initiative in establishing another line to connect the capital to coal fields and
the cotton producing districts.
* But the proposal was not encouraged by the colonial Indian government.
* In particular, the efforts of the Hyderabad government to independently raise capital in London money markets was
strongly resisted. But eventually the state was able to convince the Home Office. Thus with the help of the National
Provincial Bank of England, the government floated 'His Highness The Nizam's guaranteed State Railway Company
Limited.
* The lines to the coal fields and the cotton producing districts however only materialized more than a decade after
Salarjung's death.
* Eventually in 1887, the Hyderabad (Deccan) Mining Company, with two thirds of its capital provided by the State
government, began its operation.
* In 1880, an intellectual group was formed in the Hyderabad State. They were enthusiastic to discuss on the
problems of the problems. The intellectual group formed a committee to thoroughly examine the Chanda Railway
Scheme at the time when it was about to be implemented.
* The Principal of the Hyderabad College Dr. Agoranath Chatopadhya and Mulla Abdul Qayyum were the members
of this committee. The Committee wanted to bring out all the information about the railway scheme to the knowledge
of the people.
* The request of the Committee for details of this scheme was rejected by the Nizam Government as it was considered
as the threat to the government. As a result of it Agoranath Chatopadhyaya was removed from his job.
* He was also banned from the Nizam kingdom on 20th May 1883. Afterwards, slowly the Government suppressed
the members against the Chanda Railway Scheme. The Scheme was executed. The Bombay-Madras Railway Route
was started by the British.
* The line was via Gulbarga and Wadi in the Nizam kingdom. The Hyderabad railway route was completed in 1878.
With the completion of the railway line from Hyderabad via Wadi to Bombay the transport facilities improved.
* During 1856-57 the Telegraph Institution was established connecting Hyderabad to Bombay via Kurnool.
* In the year 1862 the Postal Department was established.
* From 1871 the Postal Institution functioned with a post master general with regular postal connection spreading to
all districts, talukas and cities. Nawab Shah Sawar Jung was appointed as the first Post Master General of Hyderabad
and the first series of stamps were introduced.
* The Telephone services connected with the Hyderabad in the year 1885. The Roads were improved between
different districts with the construction of many bridges and culverts.
* In the 1868 Hyderabad to Sholapur road was laid.
* The improvement in fiscal and monetary administration enabled the state to develop infrastructural facilities.
* Hyderabad State became the first native state to finance and eventually own road and rail transport, coal mines and
later, power generation.
* The growth, initially of cotton in Marathwada and later of oilseeds in Telangana. Thus, as a result of all the reform
measures taken by Salarjung for industrialization in Hyderabad.
12. Other Reforms :
• In 1867 – Forest department was established
• In 1876 – Firani factory was formed
• In 1864 – Military department was established
• In 1875 – Daftar-e-najma Jamiyath (office for military management) was started by government
• In 1864 – political department
• In 1867 – income tax department was established
• In 1886 – Medical department
• In 1874, Salar Jung abolished practice of Sati in Hyderabad state
• Salar Jung died on 8th February, 1883 due to cholera disease
• Wahid Khan praised Salar Jung as the great administrator
• Dighton commented that Salar Jung was an analytic but not an administrator
• William Digby said that Salar Jung has reconstructed the Nizam kingdom political system.
* Personality of Salarjung:
* Salarjung himself a leading Jagirdar, belonged to a Shia family that originally migrated from Bijapur Deccan.
* His gradual control over the entire state apparatus became a source of tension with the Sunni aristocracy, especially
the Paigah nobles. A number of his initiatives were constrained by the manoeuvers of the Paigah nobles.
* In fact, after the death of the co-regent in 1877, he bitterly opposed the appointment of Paigah nobles to the post,
but he had to yield to pressure from the British.Similarly, there was serious tension between him and the traditional
bureaucracy, especially the daftardars or contract Talukdars, whom he replaced with paid Talukdars. His relations
with the two Nizams whom he directly served, Asafjah IV and Asafjah V, were also marked with contradictions.
* During the initial years, every major initiative he took encountered suspicion from the ruler as he was perceived as
an agent of the British.On at least three occasions in 1859, 1860, 1867, he was on the verge of losing his position and
fourth time with deportation, but the British intervened in his favour. His relations with the British prevented his
removal.
* The British Government recognized his loyalty during the attack on the Residency and rewarded him with three
thousand pounds.
* In 1860 with British Resident Colonel Davidson intervening, he was allowed to continue as the Diwan. Again the
same was repeated in 1867 with British Resident Yule intervening.
* With the death of Nizam Afzal-ud-Daula in 1869, his three year old son Mahbub Ali Khan was made the ruler and
the British made Salarjung and Kabir Bahadur as representatives to the young ruler.
* SalarJung got sufficient time to implement successfully reforms and act as the defacto ruler of the Nizam kingdom.
He streamlined the administration and made the Nizam kingdom a powerful and modern State.
* During the rule of his father-in-law Siraj-ul-Milk, Berar was given to the British which created distrust among the
people towards the Salarjung family. To dispel this, he endeavoured intensely to regain the trust of the people and
because of his loyalty to the British during the Indian Sepoy Revolt except for Berar, Raichur, Darashivam,
Osmanabad and Sholapur regions were returned to the Nizam.
* He was thus able to remove the distrust and bad impression against his family to some extent.
* Salarjung was appointed in 1853 at a time when the Nizam kingdom was in financial crisis and had archaic
administration. He laid the foundations for the modernization of the kingdom. He was able to get the loan of Nizam to
the British to be waived. He was also able to get the regions returned from the British to the Nizam and was able to
expand the extent of the kingdom.
* He took possession of the Diwani lands and also cancelled debt lands for the Nizam. He got removed the Jagirdars
and introduced new tax policy in the Diwani region.
* He introduced the Ryotwari and Zilabandi policies in 1865. He established Board of Revenue and appointed
Ministers of Revenue, Police and Law. He established the High Court and reformed the Judicial Institution. He
appointed talented youth to key government posts and made efforts for standard and efficient administration.
* He brought reforms in the Transport, Railways, Postal and Telegraph Departments, and consequently transformed
the Nizam kingdom into a Modern State.
* His relationship with the British was also marked by extremes. He was honoured with the title of Knight
Commander of Star of India (KCSI) by the Queen, but on one occasion he was threatened with deportation to
Madras Presidency. His relationship with the British was governed by the unity or conflict of interest between the
colonial rulers and the native government.
* Initially his support to the British during the 1857 disturbances pleased them.
*The issues of the restoration of cotton-surplus Berar to Hyderabad, the attempt to modernize the armed forces
including plans to introduce machinery in the state workshops did not succeeded, the Berar remained with the British,
the army of Hyderabad was not modernized on modern lines inspite of his best efforts failed in these aspects.
* In all, during the thirty years of his Prime Ministership, he was threatened four times with dismissal by the Nizams
including once with deportation. He submitted his resignations four times, but always withdrew it. He survived
two assassination attempts. His sudden death on 8th February 1883 at the age of 53, officially ascribed to Cholera,
remained under a cloud.
* Salarjung was trained under an English Teacher 'Dieton'. His training under 'Dieton' provided a base for his
personality and continuously working under hard circumstances with ability to succeed.
* When he took up the Prime Ministership of Hyderabad State in 1853, it was in fall of chaos and corruption
everywhere. Under such circumstances he took over the Prime Ministership and brought economic and administrative
stability to the state in all fronts, which paved the way for industrialization in Hyderabad State. The University of
Oxford honoured him with the title 'Doctor of Civil Law'. Abdul Waheed Khan stated in his writings as 'Salarjung
was one of the best Statesmen in 19th Century of Hyderabad'.
* According to William Diggbe 'the reform measures of Salarjung led to renaissance of Modern Hyderabad'.
 MODERNIZATION OF NIZAMS
* Development of Irrigation Facilities:
* The rulers of Hyderabad State realized the importance of water resources development from the second decade of
20th century, particularly in the period of Mir Mahaboob Ali khan Nizam VI and Mir Osman Ali Khan Nizam VII.
*The 7th Nizam appointed an Engineer Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung Bahadur as Chief Engineer of Nizam kingdom,
prepared a comprehensive water resources development plan for the exploitation of vast water potential available in
the major river basins of Godavari and Krishna and on its tributaries and undertaken for construction of some new
projects and Tanks and got repaired old lakes, canals projects and tanks. Some important of them are as follows:
1. Mir Alam Tank (1810): It was built by Mir Alam the Prime Minister of Nizam Sikandar Jah Asaf Jah III. Now
this Tank is supplying water to Nehru Zoological Park.
2. Ghanpur Tank (1905): It was built at Ghanpur in Warangal District and it is irrigating around 21, 625 acres in this
area.
3. Asaf Nahar Project (1905): It was built on River Musi at Nemili Kaluva Village. It is called Musi canal project
flowing in the Nalgonda District and irrigating around 15,245 acres.
4. Osman Sagar/Gandipet (1919), Himayat Sagar (1927): These two are constructed across the river Musi and its
tributary Easi.
- About 3 to 5 miles above the Sangam (or) junction of the two (Musi and Easi rivers) and 19 to 25 km west of
Hyderabad City these two were built i.e., 'Osman Sagar' tank was built across the Musi, named after Nizam Mir
Osman Ali khan was completed in 1919 at a cost of 54 lakhs.
- It was constructed to fulfill the two objectives of preventing floods of Musi river which caused great devastation in
1908 and to supply portable water to Hyderabad and Secunderabad cantonment.
- The second large tank was called the 'Himayat Sagar' across the East river tributary of Musi, named after his son
'Himayat Ali Khan' was completed in 1927.
- It is also constructed for the prevention of floods and for irrigation purposes. At present both are meeting the
drinking water needs of Hyderabad City.
5. The Belal Project (1924-(1929): It was built at Bodhan Taluk in the Nizamabad District at a cost of Rs. 1,28,000
and irrigating around 1,265 acres.
6.The Pocharam Dam (1922): It was built across the Alair river tributary near the Pocharam village of Medak
District at a cost of Rs. 34 lakhs and irrigating of 13,000 acres.
7. Royampally Reservoir (1924): It was constructed at Royampally in Medak District at a cost of Rs.3 lakhs in 1924.
8.The Nizam Sagar Project (1924-1931):
- It was the largest Project built in the State by the Seventh nizam osman ali khan. It was built across the Manjira river
near Achampet village of Nizamabad District. It was designed and constructed only by the Hyderabad Engineers and
providing irrigation facilities to 2,75,000 acres.
- The project was useful for crops in Nizamabad district.
- This also provided irrigation facilities to 20,000 acres of Sugar Cane Crop.
- As a result, a sugar factory at Bodhan was established with crushing capacity of 2500 tonners, one of the largest
sugar factories of Asia at the time.
- Thus the Nizamabad District became the most prosperous district ofbHyderabad State on account of Nizam Sagar
Project.
9. Palair Project (1924-1929):
- It was built across Palair river at Naikunda village of Khammam Taluq in Khammam District. It has a drainage area
of 651 square miles and the project cost was Rs. 24 lakhs.
10. The Wyra Project (1923-1930): It was built across the Wyra river at Madhira Taluq in Khammam District and
irrigating around 17,000 acres.
11. Singa Bhupalam Reservoir (1919-1940): It was built on the Wyra river Madhira Taluq of Khammam District.
The tank was designed to have a catchment area of 55 square miles and irrigating around 17000 acres.
12. Manair Reservoir (1945-1949): The only one of its kind in Karimnagar District proposed to irrigate 23,000 acres
in 18 villages of Sircilla Taluq and also produce 1076 KW of electricity.
- Commenced in 1945 and completed in 1949.
13. The Dindi Project (1943): It was constructed in 1943 across Dindi river tributary of Krishna in Devarakonda
Taluq of Nalgonda District.
14. Nandikonda-Nagarjuna Sagar: It was decided to built across Krishna river at Nandikonda village of Nalgonda
District by the Seventh Nizam and his Chief Engineer Jafar Ali. Through that Nizam designed to get more water to
Telangana.
- But after that under K.L. Rao plan the Nandikonda project site taken to lower area and designed to get two third of
water to the Andhra areas.
* DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS :
1. Railways:
* The most important transport and communication system for connecting the Hyderabad with the surrounding
regions of British India for exporting and importing its goods were the railways.
* The railways were the foremost in transport. Therefore, the Bombay Government and the British Resident at
Hyderabad jointly decided for the construction of railways from other regions of British India to the city of
Hyderabad for military, political and commercial reasons
* Further, they urged that hyderabad was centrally located connecting the east and the west coasts.
* Secunderabad (Bolaram) in the Nizam kingdom had the largest British military garrison in southern India and a
better point for the railway to connect from all places of British India.
* The Government of India on 29th February 1864 decided to lay a trunk line from Bombay to Madras passing
through Gulbarga, Wadi, Raichur and Gooty to Madras and at the same time decided to lay a branch line from
Gulbarga to Hyderabad.
* Thereafter, an agreement was reached between the British Indian Government and the Diwan of Hyderabad on the
construction of this railway line. Accordingly, a railway line of 110 miles in length connecting Wadi to Secunderabad,
was opened to the public on 8th October 1874 C.E.
* The earnings during the initial years of the commencement of the railway were very meager.
* Therefore, no European company came forward to invest money on further expansion of the railways in the Nizam
state.
* To overdone the losses being incurred on the railways, the Nizam government came forward to grant a guaranteed
five percent interest on the money invested for the construction of new lines.
* Accordingly it came to be known as the Nizam's Guaranteed state railway (NGSR).As a result of it, a private british
Company came forward to invest its money and an agreement was concluded between the company and the
Government of his Highness the Nizam in December 1883.
* Accordingly, in the subsequent years the existing railway line from Wadi to Secunderabad was extended to
Warangal in 1899. From there it connected to Bezawada on the one side and on the other side from Warangal to
Chanda.
* The Secunderabad to Bezawada line (about 215 miles in length) connected east and west coasts of India.
* Warangal and Chanda line (about 160 miles length) was laid to connect later to the Singareni coal fields.
* These two railway lines revolutionized the transportation institution and other fields in the State.
Nampally Railway Station:
* In 1907, Hyderabad Deccan Railway Station which was popularly known as the Nampally Railway station was
constructed by the Nizams
* This station was called nampally because it was built in a moist and wet area in those days."Nam" in Urdu means
'Wet and moist' and "pally" means 'Place.'
* It was simultaneously built with Bagh - e- Aam (public Gardens).
* This station was used mostly for transporting goods. The first passenger train from nampally railway station was
introduced in for transporting goods.
* The first passenger train from Nampally railway station was introduced in 1921.
Kacheguda Railway Station:
* Constructed by the Nizam was the Kacheguda Railway station in 1916.
* This station was the Head quarters of the Nizam's Guaranteed state railways and remained so upto 1950.
* This station was endowed with central and side domes and accompanying minarets with Gothic style of architecture.
* Further Hyderabad Godavari Valley Railway line, a 386 mile route connecting Manmad, Aurangabad, Parbhani,
nanded and Secunderabad was opened to traffic in 1899. The line boosted economic activity in the region and also
helped the nizam guaranteed state railway (NGSR) to recover its strength.
* The construction of railway lines in the nizam's state was taken up by British Private Companies up to 1930. After
that by the year 1930, the Government of Hyderabad had acquired all the railway lines within the Dominions of the
nizam and its administration was brought under the control of the nizam state railway (NSR) board.
* The board continued to function under Government up to the end of the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan Nizam - VII
i.e., up to 1948.
2. Roadways:
* Prior to 1868, there were trunk roads leading from Hyderabad to Sholapur, Gulbarga, Kurnool, Masulipatnam,
Hanamkonda and Nagpur.
* Some of these were originally constructed by the British military authorities to facilitate the movements of troops.
* They were eventually made over to the state in about 1867.
* The Nizam's Government undertook and constructed many trunk roads, connecting the capital city of Hyderabad
with the districts on the one hand and the state territories with the adjoining British Indian provinces, on the other.
* Thus, by the year 1891 the road mileage extended to over 1,241 miles maintained by the Nizam Government
* By 1901, it increased upto 1,614 miles maintained Thus the total road mileage in these Dominions was raised to
5,911 by the year 1940 as against 3,983 in 1930, an increase of 1,928 miles.
* Till the year 1932, road transport was operated by private individuals and companies.Since then, it pursued a policy
of expansion based on the principle of coordination of rail and road transport services.
* By the year 1932 railway board eastablished its own road transport department and it came to known as Nizam's
state railway road transport department (NSR RTD). It started with 27 buses with a staff of 166 workers. by the year
1936 bus depots were opened in all the head quarters of the districts and operation of bus services started from capital
city to the districts.
3. Air Transport:
* Hyderabad was one of the first Princely state which had its own airways with Head quarters at Begumpet.
* According to the Farman of 1938, Deccan Airways was started by the nizam which had its aerodrome at begumpet.
* Later Air traffic was also brought under the control and operation of the Nizam Guaranteed state railway board or
NGSR board. Thus, the government of Hyderabad controlled and operated the railways through the nizam state
railway board from 1930, road transport from 1932 and Air transport from 1938 to the end of the reign of the nizam in
1948.
4. Postal & Telegraph Communications:
* During the stewardship of Salarjung - I, the state took over the postal administration by creating a separate postal
department in 1869. Prior to this, it was under private management through a "contract system".
* The head of the postal department was called Nazim or postmaster general. The Telegraph departments
administered by postal department.
* In 1866, the first adhesive one- anna stamp was printed, in 1869, Nawab Shah Sawar jung was appointed as the first
postmaster-General of Hyderabad and the first series of stamps were issued and continued.
5. Telephones:
* The telephone service was introduced in Hyderabad city in 1885. To construct telephone lines, the prior approval of
the government of India was necessary till about 1910.
* Thereafter, the Indian states were given a free hand to construct the lines within their territories.
* In the beginning, there was only one telephone exchange with 16 lines at Baradari (city).In order to facilitate speedy
communication, this service was initially for Government use, it was opened to the public afterwards. To cope with
the demand for telephone connections two more exchanges, one at Narayanaguda and another at Secunderabad were
opened.
* Trunk lines were installed in 1926 and 1927 connecting Hyderabad city with the district headquarters and important
towns of the state.
* Between 1922-45 there were 10 Telephone exchanges with 2,004 telephone connections.
* This progress is clear indication of development of the state on the one hand and the progress of intelligentsia on the
other hand.
* INDUSTRIALIZATION:
* By that time the state, whose population was about 4% of the total population of India, had 3% of the country's
factory labour, 7% of factories an about 6% of the paid-up value of its capital in the corporate sector.
* The share of the state was four percent or more in cotton, matches, sugar, liquor, coal, cement and other products.
* The industrialization of Hyderabad can be traced in three distinct phases.
* The first phase began during the Diwan or prime ministership of sir salarjung I from the 1870s and they are ended
with the end of the nizam's rule in 1948.
* The division of industrial development into these three phases in Hyderabad was based on the role of the state in
industrial development by partial patronage through ITF (Industrial Trust fund), whereas it was purely private
enterprise in rest of British India.
* During the first phase, wide-range of measures as reforms with visions were initiated by the state for restructuring
the economy and polity during the Diwanship of mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung-I (1853-83).
* The efforts made by the public works department (PWD) by providing water and irrigation facilities also helped this
process.
First Phase (1870-1919)
* Further, the opening of Hyderabad - Godavari Valley to Manmad railway line in 1899 helped to establish cotton and
its related ginning and pressing mills in those areas.
* During this period Silk, Carpets and other small scale industries were encouraged. As a reult, the Hyderabad Deccan
Spinning and Weaving Mills ltd,(1877), the Mahaboob Shahi Gulbarga Mills (1884) and Aurangabad mills (1888),
were established.
* Further the opening of railway line from Dornakal Jn. to Singareni Colleries helped to transport coal from Singareni.
* By 1901, there were 68 large industrial establishments of all kinds employing an average daily labour of ten or more.
* From 1911 to 1921 the number of establishments increased
Second Phase (1919-39):
* During the second phase, the nizam state took the initiative to provide institutional support to industry Financial and
technological aid to industries helped in the development of local industry, both in small scale and large scale sectors.
* The Industrial Laboratory was established in 1917 to undertake research and developmental work.
* Further a separate commerce and Industries Department (CID) was established in 1918.
* The year, 1929 marked an important land mark in the history of Industrialization in Hyderabad state.
* In this year, the state owned Industrial trust fund (ITF) was created with a corpus fund of rupees one crore initially
and later it was raised to three crore rupees.
* Along with technological and financial assistance the government also attempted to provide market facilities to
artisan industries.
*The first attempt was to conduct or participate in industrial exhibitions to promote the sale of these products.
* In hyderabad, this tradition dates back to the mid-nineteenth century during the early years of salar jung's prime
ministership.
* From 1939 a permanent industrial exhibition was setup in Hyderabad city.
* The Osmania University Graduates Association which organised this exhibition with the assistance of the state, also
published a journal, Mulki industries for encouragement of small scale industries.
* In later years, the cottage Industries Institute (CII) was also organized with its own sales depot for the
encouragement of the industries.
* The depot acted as an intermediary between village artisans and consumers.
* During this phase, the railways became a completely state-owned undertaking and came to be known as the nizam
state railway.
* It had the Mechanical Road Transport service and civil aviation under its wings. Hydro-electric power generation
from the Nizam Sagar canal began in the late thirties. Power generation reached a peak of 20 million KW in 1938-39.
* Coal production increased from an annual average of 0.65 million tons during the period 1916-19 to over one
million tons during the period 1936 - 38.
* Large industrial establishments increased from about 200 in 1921 to 387 in 1931.
* In the corporate sector (joint stock companies), three more textile mills, two cigarette factories (Charminar,VST),
two glass factories and a sugar factory were established. Sugar factory established at Bodhan under Nizam sagar
project was biggest in Asia at that point of time.
* D.B.R. mill (1920) Divan Bahadur Ramagopal mill is called as D.B.R. Mill. It was established on 14 February,
1920 at Lower Tank Bund in Hyderabad by the Diwan Bahadur Ramgopal with encouragement of the nizam
Government. It was cotton industry producing the cloth from the raw material brought from outside. Now it is closed.
* During the last phase between 1939 - 1948, the Nizam Osman Ali khan made all possible attempts to bring changes
in the Industrial policy resulting in establishments of many industries.
* The various industries established by the last Nizam between 1920 - 1948.
1. Singareni collieries - 1921
2. Nizam Sugar Factory - 1937
3. Alwyn Metal Works - 1942
4. Praga Tools - 1943
5. Sirsilk - 1946
6. Hyderabad Asbestos - 1947
7. Charminar Cigarette Factory - 1925
8. Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company - 1930
9. Karkhana Zinda Tilismat - 1920
10. Azam Jahi mills, Warangal - 1934
11. Deccan Airway limited - 1945
* Singareni Collieries (1921):
* It was named after the village singareni in bhadradri kothagudem District where the coal mines were first noticed.
* The Hyderabad Deccan Mining Company, a London-based firm began extracting coal at the singareni coal fields.
* The management and control of the company was initially in the hands of the Government.
*Later in 1920, a new company, Singareni collieries company (SCC) financed by the government took over the
coalfields and started mining at sasti and Paoni.
1. Nizam Sugar Factory (1937) :It is situated at Bodhan in Nizamabad District.
2. Allwyn Metal Works:Allwyn limited was established in January 1942 as Allwyn metal works.
- It was started as joint venture of Industrial development trust of nizam's hyderabad government and Alladin
company.
3. Praga Tools:
- It was established in May 1943 as Praga tools corporation limited to manufacture machine tools
with its head quarters at Kavadiguda, Secunderabad.
- It was renamed as Praga Tools limited in 1963 and was transferred to Defence Ministry.
4. Sirsilk (1946):
- 'Gond' kingdom with its capital at Sirpur town, which is also known as Kothapet.
- The new town of Khagaznagar was founded by the seventh nizam.
- The paper mill was established at Sirpur Khagtaznagar was named as sirpur paper mills
- The Sirpur paper mill limited is an integrated pulp and paper mill is one of the earliest mills in the country, situated
at sirpur khagznagar in the district of Adilabad, Telangana, It begain production in 1942.
5. Hyderabad Asbestos:
- It was established in the Princely state of Hyderabad on 17th June, 1946.
- It produced cement sheets. It was later renamed as Hyderabad industries.
- Vazir Sultan Tobacco factory was started by late Vazir Sultan in 1916 at Vittalwadi.
- After the advice of Mokshagundam Visweswarayya, the vittalwadi site was shifted to present Hyderabad VST site
i.e., Mushirabad - Azamabad area of Hyderabad city in 1930. The company manufactures and distributes cigarettes
under the brand names of Charms, Charminar and Gold moments etc.
- The two hundred acres of mushirabad - Azamabad area was selected and reserved for industries in 1930 on the
advice of Mokshagundam Visweswarayya.
- Nizam gave concessions in land, power and water facilities to run the industries.
6. Karkhana Zinda Talismath (1920):
- Karkhana Zinda Talismath manufactured the popular Zinda Talismath farooky tooth powder and Zinda balm
- It was introduced in Hyderabad state in 1920 by a well known Hakeem late mohd. Moizuddin Farooqui.
7. Azamjahi Mills, Warangal (1934):It was an important Textile mill located at warangal in hyderabad state.
8. Deccan Airway Limited (1945) :
- It was commercial airline founded in hyderabad as the joint venture of nizam government and tata airlines.
- It was launched with a fleet of three aircrafts. Later, in 1953, it was merged with Indian Airlines.
9. Hyderabad State Bank (1941):
• In 1941 Mir Osman Ali Khan established his own bank, the Hyderabad State Bank (now state bank of hyderabad) as
the state's central bank, which managed the Osmania sicca, the currency of the hyderabad state.
• It was the only state which had its own currency, the hyderabad rupee, which was different from the rest of India.
• Hyderabad was the only state in the British India where the ruler was allowed to issue his own currency notes, A
100 rupee note was introduced in 1918.
* DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN EDUCATION:
* The modern and western education began in nizam state under the diwanship of salar jung I.
* The government, the philanthro-pists and the Christian missionaries played a significant role in spreading the
education in the state.
* The first Christian Missionary at Hyderabad city was opened in 1834 (St. George's Grammar school) by a
clergyman of the church of England.
* In 1854, the Government took the first step towards public instruction when the farsighted statesman, salar jung - I
founded the Dar-ul - Uloom oriental High school in the city of hyderabad and placed it under an education board.
* English was a compulsory subject in the school.
* The next step forward in spreading education was taken when the government issued a notification in 1859 ordering
the establishment of two schools one at the taluk level and the other at the district head quarters with one in Persian
medium and the other in the local language.
* Separate education department was created and was kept under the Director of public instruction. Mr. W.H.
Wilkinson, the then principal of the engineering college became the first director of public instruction.
* In 1870 city high school and a school of engineering was established to fulfill the needs of public works department.
* In 1872 Chadarghat English High School was established In 1880 the school of engineering and Chandarghat
English High School were mixed up and upgraded as a second grade college and named as the Hyderabad college
(later came to be known as Nizam College in 1887.
* Aghoranath (father of sarojini naidu) was the first principal. It was affiliated to the madras University
* The first school was Madarasa - i - Aliya in 1873, which had been opened as a private school under
* English teachers for the education of sir salar jung's sons and relations. Later became a public school for the
education of the nobility. The other school was the madrasa - i - Aizza (1878) opened for the sons of the royal family.
* Low fees was charged and scholarships were granted to the students of poor family.
* In 1882 there were three aided English high schools, St. George's Grammar School, all - saints school, mahboob
high school and a few english medium schools for girls such as the Dharmavant High School near Charminar and
Keyes High School, in Secunderabad etc., came into existence for the usage of the people.
* The year 1884 marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of education in the state. In this year Mir
Mahaboob Ali Khan Nizam VI appointed Syed Hussain Bilgrami (popularly known as Nawab - Imad-ul-Mulk) as
Director of public instruction.
* With his appointment, the department of education was made as one of the major department with an anuual budget
of two and half lakhs.
* Bilgrami re-organized the whole department. High schools were opened at the head quarters of each Subha and each
district and upper and lower middle schools including primary schools were established at important places or towns
in the state.
* Educational Reforms:
* In 1911, Mir Osman Ali Khan, Nizam VII succeeded his father Mir mahboob Ali Khan.
* Soon after his accession M.T.A. Mayhew, the Educational Advisor while submitting his report, made exhaustive
survey of the state educatio in all respects and suggested numerous reforms. Such as :Preparation of Education code
and revision of the Grant - in - Aid code and the rules regarding the Textbook committee.
- Possibilities of the establishment of a separate University for Hyderabad.
* Primary Education:
* Mayhew's suggestions were carefully considered by the Government for the expansion of primary education and
improvement of Secondary education.
* What ever progress and expansion took place in the field of education throughout the state was the result of skillful
implementing the suggestions made by Mayhew.
* Besides there was the full support and keen interest of the Nizam VII. It was felt that much spadework, required in
the internal organization.
* Hence Dr. Alma Latif was appointed as Director of Public instructions, who brought certain reforms with
strengthening of the Inspecting Agency.
* For the progress of Primary Education, a scheme based on the proposals of Mayhew for expansion and
reorganization of Primary Education was ordered in 1917 - 1918.
* Hence, Primary schools were provided with adequate and sufficient staff, suitable furniture and buildings.
* Some of the old local fund schools were shifted to popular and flourishing centres.
* The gracious orders passed in 1921 by H.E.H., the nizam, made Primary education free in state.
* In the following decade a five year programme for the expansion of Primary education was launched.
* Under this scheme, the Government of nizam sanctioned additional grant of 12.5 lakhs for the conversion of Local
Fund Schools into Government Schools.
* Later a decision was taken to introduce the new curriculum from 1938 after obtaining Government sanction. It was
also proposed to open schools in Jagirs, Samsthans and the Paigah areas.
* Upto 1948 the medium of instruction in Hyderabad state was mainly Urdu and English at all levels of education.
* In the year 1947, compulsory primary education was introduced in 10 selected areas. Under the
compulsory education system more than 73% of children under the age of 6 - 8 years were
brought in this scheme in the very first year. The number of Primary schools was 6,300 in 1947-48, government.
* The percentage of boys admitted to the Primary schools of children between 6 to 11 years of age was 22 percent and
that of the girls admitted was 40 percent. education reached 105 lakhs.
* University Education:
* The idea of setting up a Urdu medium University in Hyderabad was proposed way back in 1873 by two eminent
scholars, Raftyarjung and jamaluddin Afghani. This issue was again drawn to the attention of Nizam VII when the
'Old Boys Association' of Dar-ul-Uloom was formed in 1913.
* As a result of it the Nizam approved the proposal after consultation with Sir Akbar Hydari.
* He suggested the name "Osmania University".
* A Farman was issued on 28th August 1918 by the seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan for the establishment of the
Osmania University in 1400 acres of the present premises.
* Another farman was issued on 7th August 1919 for the same to confirm its establishment. The classes took place in
the private houses at Abids before the University building was constructed.
* A special feature of the University was the establishment of Translation and compliation Bureau in 1918, which
successfully translated Europen science books into Urdu language to cater to the needs of the students.
* In the selection of University site, Sir Patrick Zeddes an English man the then professor of political Science played
a significant role.
* The present site with 1400 acres of land was selected after survey.
* Thereafter, the second problem was the issue of the design of the University building work which was taken up by
the two Hyderabad architects.
* One was Nawab Zainyarjung the state architect, another was Syed Aliraza, Private architect. These two toured the
European countries and met a Belgian architect 'Jasper' who was involved in the construction of Egyptian University.
* They impressed with his design and brought him (Jasper) to Hyderabad in 1933. After that he "Jasper" toured and
sighted the important building structures. of Indian cities and selected a design for the construction of University Arts
college building with the synthesis of ancient Hindu, medieval Muslim, Modern European styles of architecture.
* The construction of the Arts College building was taken up in 1934 and completed by 1939 with a cost of 36 lakhs.
* The University classes conducting in private buildings at Abids since 1919 shifted to Arts college building from that
year 1939.
* Similar architectural design was followed while constructing the law college, Engineering college and science
blocks of this University. It was the first University to adopt an Indian language (Urdu) as the medium of instruction
and English was made a compulsory subject, besides Theology or Ethics and other subjects of interest in the Arts or
the Sciences were offered.
* However, the system prevailing in British India, of graduating through the English medium was present in the
Nizam College which was affiliated to the Madras University till 1946.
* The Mahoob College at Secunderabad has also adopted English as the medium of instruction. However, all other
colleges for general education followed the Osmania Courses with Urdu as the medium of instruction.
* With the foundation of Osmania University in Telangana region the demand for higher education increased.
* The city college was established in 1921. In the following year, the Zenana Intermediate College was established in
Nampally for girls.
* Within the next seven years the Medical College, the Engineering college two teacher's training college each for
boys and girls and the Warangal Intermediate colleges came into existence between 1929 - 30.
* By 1935, the Nizam College and Mahboob College were affiliated to Madras University.In the years that followed,
a few more Intermediate Colleges were added.
* By the year 1948 all the colleges in the Nizam state were in the control of the Osmania University.
* At the time of the end of the rule of Mir Osman Ali khan, there were four Degree Colleges, seven Professional
Colleges and many Intermediate Colleges.
* By September 1948 nearly six thousand two hundred thirty nine students were pursuing their studies
* Women Education:
* There was no appreciable progress in the education of girls till 1890. As else where in India, education of girls in
Hyderabad was also in deplorable conditions.
* Girls were largely confined within their houses and Purdah system was the main obstacle.
* It was because of the encouragement of some responsible private individuals and Christian Missionaries that a few
Girls schools were started. However, during the reign of Mir Mahaboob Alikhan, Nizam VI, the need for the
education of girls was felt, as a result, the first Government Zenana School was opened in 1890 , St. George Grammar
School and the Wesleyan Mission Schools for girls had earlier been founded by Missionaries. But in these schools no
Hindu or Muslim girls were admitted as they were meant for Anglo. Indian Christians.
* MEDICAL FACILITIES:
* Osmania Medical High School was established in 1846 by the British Resident. It was transformed into Osmania
Medical College in the year 1927.
* Erragadda Mental Health Hospital was established in the year 1908 in the spacius area of present Ameerpet.
* Nizamia General Hospital was built by Mir Osman Ali Khan in the year 1938. It is also called as Osmania General
Hospital. It was the biggest Hospital in Asia.
* Niloufur Children's Hospital was built in the memory of nizam Mir Osman Ali khan daughter-in-law Princess
Niloufer, who died at a young age.
* Womens maternity hospital was built near Puranapool bridge adjacent to city college of Hyderabad.
* Nizam institute of Medical sciences. It was in the beginning carried under the trust of Nizam Nawabs. At present
spacious land of Nizams Hospital belonged to the property of Nizam Nawab Mir osman Ali khan.
* In the year 1961 the Government of India had taken over it and constructed the present structure and carrying it.
* Nizamia Unani Hospital at Ameerpet was built by the seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali khan.
POLITICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS FOR MODERNIZATION
* Whatever political and administrative modernization was taking place in British - India had also influenced the
princely state of Hyderabad.
* As a result of it, the sixth Nizam, Mir Mahaboob Ali khan introduced the Qanooncha-i-Mubarak' in 1893, through
which a 'Cabinet Council' for executive business and a ‘Legislative Council' for the purpose of framing the laws of
state were created by replacing the 'Council of State', which hitherto acted as a combined executive and legislative
body of the state called as council of state
* The council of state was a single body consisted of prime minister or Diwan and his other ministers were jointly
responsible to the king in the administration/executive business and in the framing the laws of the state.
* This was replaced with two organs:
1. Cabinet council
2. Legislative Council.
1. Cabinet Council:
* Composed of Prime Minister and his other ministers, Prime minister acted as a president and carried the
administration and made responsible to the king.
2. Legislative Council:
* It was for the framing of laws of the state. It composed of prime minister acted as president, and the departmental
minister, whose bill is under the consideration of council acted as vice-president and nine Government officials and
nine non-official members representing the different sections/classes of the state.
* The term of office of the council was two years. However by 1919 in the light of political reforms in British - India
and the consequent change in the political situation in his state, the seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali khan dissolved the
cabinet council and in its place an Executive council was created and sir Ali Imam was appointed as president of the
executive council.
* The new organization functions were also the same like cabinet council in carrying the administration of the
government and made responsible to the king.
* Under the executive council an important decision was taken in the year 1921 which was the separation of Judiciary
from the executive or from revenue officials.
* However, under the changed conditions in the British - India due to 1935 Act, under it, elections took place in 1937
in the British - India provinces and its influence were clearly visible over the princely states.
* As a result of it, the Nizam government appointed the Diwan Bahadur Aravamudu Ayyangar committee in the year
1937 for framing the rules for new legislative body.
* Though it submitted its report in the year 1939 and it was differed as disagreeable as it suggested unequal
representation between Hindus and Muslim and no representation was provided for different groups.
* By 1934 the Municipal Administration came under the control of Municipal corporation. It represented different
sections/classes of the state. The term of it was three years.
Rural Local Boards:
* Local bodies were created during lord Rippon's period in 1884. The Nizam of Hyderabad too had issued a
promulgation of the Dastar-ul-Amal or Local Fund Rules Act in 1888 and the act was effective from 1889
* The Act provided for the Establishment of three kinds of local boards:
1. Central Board
2. District Boards at district level
3. Taluq Boards at the Taluq level.
* Each of these boards were required to hold at least one ordinary meeting every month and as many extra ordinary
meetings as were necessary.
* The members of the District and Taluq boards held office for a period of three years.
* The Ayyangar Committee recommended the establishment of village Panchayats and a new legislative Act of 1942
was introduced by the Nizam's Government to establish village Panchayats for the first time in his Dominions.
* Provision was made for the nomination of Panchayatdars for each Panchayat by the first Taluqdar (Collector) out
of the list of persons furnished by the Tahasildar.
* The Collector or First Taluqdar was also empowered to nominate the Sarpanch from among the members of the
Panchayat.
* Historical Monuments: Mir Osman Ali khan took keen interest in architecture. Osmania University, Osmania
General Hospital were built in Mughal and Indo - Saracenic style.
- The Legislative Assembly building is Saracenic Rajastani style and other buildings like the City College, Public
Gradens, Unani Hospital, Asafia Library, Hyderabad and Secunderabad railway station, Town Hall, Eden Bagh,
Jubilee Hall all built with Hindu-Muslim and Western style.
- The city improvement board was setup at this time which laid out gardens, built markets, widened streets and
provided for under ground sewerage.Nizam Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan and Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-1948) took
vigorous steps in all the fields which led to modernization and industrialization of Telangana in Hyderabad state.
 Social & Economic Conditions
* Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties
- Appointment: Jagirdars were appointed officials who were granted control over a specific area of land called a jagir
by the Mughal emperor or a high-ranking noble in exchange for military or administrative services.
- Revenue Collection: Jagirdars had the right to collect revenue from the land they administered, but they were
required to send a fixed portion of the revenue to the Mughal treasury. The remaining revenue could be kept by the
Jagirdar as his income.
- Tenure: The jagir was not hereditary, and the Jagirdar's tenure was subject to the emperor's or noble's discretion.
The jagir could be reassigned or revoked at any time.
- Military Service: Jagirdars were expected to provide military support to the Mughal emperor when needed, using
the resources and manpower of their jagirs.
* Zamindars held the right to collect revenue from the land they held but were not obliged to perform any other
services.
- Ownership: Zamindars were hereditary landowners who held rights over land and collected revenue directly from
the peasants who cultivated the land.
- Revenue Collection: Zamindars had the responsibility of collecting and submitting revenue to the Mughal
administration. They were often seen as intermediaries between the peasants and the Mughal state.
- Tenure: Zamindari rights were often hereditary and passed down through generations within a family.
- Military Obligations: Zamindars were not typically required to provide military support to the Mughal emperor as
part of their duties, unlike Jagirdars.
* In summary, the key differences between Jagirdars and Zamindars during the Mughal reign were in terms of their
appointment, revenue collection mechanisms, tenure, and military obligations. Jagirdars were appointed officials who
received jagirs in exchange for services, while Zamindars were hereditary landowners who collected revenue directly
from peasants on their land.
* The Deshmukh was the chief of patils in a pargana. The Deshmukh did at the pargana level, what the Patil did at
the village level.
- The Deshmukh was in effect the ruler of the territory, as he was entitled to a portion of the collected taxes. It was
also his duty to maintain the basic services in the territory, such as police and judicial duties. It was typically a
hereditary system.
* The Deshpande was the chief of all Kulkarnis in the pargana. The Deshpande did at the pargana level, the work that
Kulkarnis did at the village level.
- Desh means a country or a territory or a group of villages. Pande means one who maintains records or accounts. So
deshpande means one who maintains accounts or records at a territory level or district level.
* Dora's were the Large landlords. The landlord in Hyderabad were known as Dora. Doras controlled the entire
village through their large fortified houses whereas Zamindars led luxurious life like British. and they acted as a
medium between peasants and state.
* The Mughal Subha of Deccan developed into Hyderabad State during the eighteenth century.
* This Hyderabad State comprised of
- 9 Telangana districts (Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Warangal, Medak, Hyderabad, Nalgonda,
Mahboobnagar),
- five Maratha districts (Beed, Aurangabad, Parbhani, Nanded, Usmanabad), and
- three Karnataka districts (Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur).
* Nizam-ul-mulk Asafjah had great regard for the Mughals but in Deccan he introduced new systems of
administration. He, not only separated Deccan from the Mughal Empire, but also introduced a centralized ruling
system under his personal supervision.
* Gradually, day by day his recognition of the Mughal sovereignty diminished. He fought wars and entered into
treaties and awarded titles, appointed Mansabdars without Mughal's consent.
* The 'Mansabdars' appointed by him used to be known specially as 'Aasifias' but did not go by the designation
assigned by the Mughals.
* Subsequent to him, his heirs also did not continue the traditions and practices of the Mughals.
* The second half of the eighteenth century, the capital shifted from Aurangabad to Hyderabad during 1764.
* The period from 1724 to 1762 affected the formation of the State due to internal conflicts among the heirs.
* After that the rule of Nizam Ali Khan prolonged for quite some time (1762-1803). He consolidated and brought
internal stability in the State. During his time, Army fortresses, Forts, reconstruction of residential housing complexes,
expansion of Hyderabad Town into new areas, construction of State administrative buildings became possible (mainly
due to the involvement of Shia Muslims).
* This century also saw the important clans of the population sacrificing and dedicating their services to the king in
army related administration wars-developing, war strategies, strengthening recruitment of army personnel, bestowed
with army leadership qualities, protective administration.
* After the capital was shifted to Hyderabad, these people were being paid salaries from the Jagirs. They were given
positions of power in running the administration and were given suitable fixed remunerations.
* The upper echelons in the administration were known as Stately Officers (prabhuvargam).
* Stately Officers (Prabhuvargam):
* Jagir in Hyderabad means that which ensures permanent income through land related resource.
* This Jagir (Mansab) turned into the practice of honouring persons particularly in matters relating to army without
any other consideration.
* Nizam used to award titles, gifts, Jagirs to such persons. One third of the State was in the shape of Jagirs.
* Bigger landlords (Jagirdars) used to collect taxes in their areas. They were utilizing their own machinery for
administering their lands. Their jurisdiction covered civic and judicial powers.
* There were many changes in a primary jagir sample. In the upper echelon important rulers formed a council. There
were great Pygahs called as Umra-E-Ajam.
* In the layer below that there were Estates (Samsthanams), Ijaras, Maktaas, Inams, Banjars, Agraharams. There
were long term agreements over these. The owners enjoyed the proprietorship of these as long as there was Moon
(Tader-I-Shams-O-kamar). This became a practice of honoring the noble. There was no uniform procedure for
classifying the categories.
* To determine the standing of the rulers only the Mansab classification was not enough. There are two reasons for
this.
1. No uniformity in classification.
2. Ownership over Property was depending on heredity.
* Because of this there was no relationship between Mansab classes and the standing of the rulers. Difference
between the Stately officers depended on two factors.
1. Administration, military services and their relationship with the Nizam.
2. Their standing reputation and honor in the Court of the King.
* Classification of the Mansab awarded to a particular person determined the special character of the Stately officer of
Hyderabad.
* The Stately Officers were not as per the practice followed by the Mughals.
* Rulers or the Mansabs coming from different areas initiated new administrative systems in Deccan as per their
capabilities and abilities by forming into a circle.
* According to Dr. A.M. Khusro in Hyderabad land ownership procedure took birth as Jagirdari system.
* As per Mohammedan rule, Jagir meant owning landed property. This was generally known as Inam, Altamshoo,
Madaa-e-Maash. Income derived from the land was used for meeting his expenses and to give a portion to the King.
* Some were as per Agreements drawn between the two and in respect of some others there were no agreements.
* Land falling in an Agreement the person who received the land had to be a Government servant. In consideration
they had to realize taxes and meet expenses in maintaining the Military Force.
* If it did not fall in any Agreement, the control of the land was completely bestowed on the owner. This was kept in
his ownership in the duration of the entire life of the owner or for a limited period.
* In many cases these were hereditary, in some cases it was for the life time of the person. In the process of taking
control of Deccan both Hindus and Muslims helped the king and Asaf Jah considered them as rulers, honored them
and gave them high positions.
* Among these, in the Administration Hindus were appointed as Jagirdaars on hereditary basis.
* Local kings and Estate owners were given their properties and Sanads on heredity basis. Hyderabad was divided
into three parts.
1. Jagirdari (Land Owning and non-land Owning), 2. Surf-e-khaas (lands belonging to the King (Nizam))
3. Diwani (Government lands).
* Out of this, the first two belonged to Stately Officers. One third of the land was under the control of Government.
The third was Diwani meaning land belonging to Government. This comprised of two thirds of the total land.
* Land of Stately Officers was further divided into four parts. These were
1. Surf-e-khaas(lands belonging to the King (Nizam))
2. Pygah (Those responsible for maintaining the Forces of the King).
3. Jagirs (Control of land assigned in lieu of services to the State).
4.Samsthanams (Estates) (These were the Hindu Kings and Feudatories existed even before the Nizam).
* Nizam King =>Paigah Rulers =>Umra-E-Aajam/Estate Owners =>Ministers, Kotwal, Chief Commander =>
Justices, Higher Administration Officers, Big Jagirdars =>Middle Level Jagirdars, main professionals, aristocrats =>
High class Government Servants, lower rung military officers => Small Jagirdars, middle class people,
CommissionOfficers => Lower staff of Agricultural Officers, I, II class Government Officers => Ill class Govt.
Servants, small shopkeepers, small businessmen,Land owners => Workers, Laborers, Soldiers, Unskilled workers, IV
class Govt.servants.
* In the hierarchic cycle of employees at the highest place above all others is the King. He is all powerful. Under him
were the Pygah nobles. They were in the second rung after the King.
* Next rung were Umar-E-Ajam, along with them the Samsthanaadheeswaras (Estate Owners) were having equal
status. These were called Stately Officers (Prabhuvarga). These categories the enjoyed prominence and respect in the
society.
* Below them were Jagirdars. Having been assigned lands by the State on various grounds they enjoyed ownership
rights over the land and as land owners they flourished.
* Among the Jagirdars also they were divided as big, middle or small time Jagirdars according to the extent of land
received by them. Any Jagirdar used to enjoy respect as a high person in the villages.
* Below them I and II class Government employees and below them class III employees, small traders were there.
* In the lowest rung of the cycle were IV class employees and labourers.
* Zamindars:
* In the Indian Sub-Continent Zamindar was a man of good lineage, high decent or respectable well born family. His
position as Zamindar was hereditary. They were in possession of great knowledge on land matters.
* Peasants were being kept under their control. They had the responsibility to collect taxes.
* In quite a few cases they were having such titles as Kings were having. These titles were like Raja, Maharaja,
Deshmukh, Sardar, Nawab, Morja, Talukdar, Reddy, Nayudu, Chowdhury, etc.
* Zamindars were looked upon as rulers. In some cases they were having independent status.They were sovereigns in
their Jagirs.
* Vatandars:
* Vatandari was a system of cultivator being the land owner (Bhookamatamu) coming down from ancient times. This
belonged to local landowners. They were called by many names such as Patels, Patwaries, Deshmukhs,
Sardeshmukhs, Deshpandes, Sardeshpandes.
* They were holding large chunks of land. Under them servants (Daasas), workers, tradesmen of various hues were
there.
* In South India this Vatandari system was in vogue since the Dravida kings' times. They were given lands by the
State without any taxes on hereditary basis.
* When revenue reforms were undertaken by Salaar Jung, the Patels and Patwaris were given land titles (Pattas).
* In the Vatandari system they were paid cash for their services. In the villages tradesmen and workers used to pay
taxes to the Vatandaris.
* In Deccan so far as the land revenue was concerned Deshmukhs and Deshpandes were the authorities in the
provinces (Paraganas).
* They were not only administering the villages but were also having unchallenged rights.
* After introduction of the Zilaabandi system the Paragana authorities were absolved of these responsibilities.
* The State withdrew the gift or donation of land to them.
* Out of the taxes collected, 5% of taxes on lands of Deshmukhs and 2% of tax on lands of Deshpandes were being
paid to them for their services without any conditions. Such grants were known as Rusum-e-Zamindari.
* Sometimes fixed taxes without regard to imposition of tax, revenue collection etc. were collected. Such taxes were
called 'Omlis'.
* This 'Omlis' was in vogue mostly in the Karnataka region. Two thirds portion out of this will go to the Government.
In some specified areas there were free grants. They were known as 'Sera' or 'savaram'.
* Deshmukhs and Deshpandes were given these in recognition of their services. Taxes named as 'Rusum-e-
Sardeshpandiyagiri' and 'rusum-e-kanoongiri' meant as those collecting one percent land revenue.
* Salar Jung brought reforms for Vatandaris having extensive land in violation of the norms. Among those, village
officers were given titles (Pattas) and cash payments under Diwani lands.
* In the same way the above officers obtained grants in lieu of their services.
* The Zamindars were in possession of extensive land holdings. They were the authorities on local land.
* Reddys ruling local estates were the landowners from a long time.
* British rulers curtailed the authority of Reddys. British employed the Reddys as tax collectors by being the
Zamindars. They were also recruited as soldiers in the British Army. Reddy denoted a high pedigreed person and
meant the elite. They were also the Deshmukhs, Deshpandes. In some places they were also known as 'Dora' 'Desai'.
* Some Zamindars also joined the Nizam Court. One such was Raj Bahadur Venkat Ram Reddy. He was employed as
Kotwal of Hyderabad in Mir Osman Ali Khan's time during 1920s.He is the first Hindu Kotwal in Nizam's history.
His landownership lasted for 14 years. He received great respect in the society.
* Village Devidies- Gadies of Zamindars:
* There are Gadis (Forts) at many places in Telangana. The word Gadi is confined only to Telangana.
* Gadi in Marathi means a Fort. These were built with sand and lime. These looked different from other houses in a
village.
* Land owning Zamindars used to hold court along with their family members in these Gadis.
* Whoever he is, has to come to the Gadi, but the Doras never went to anybody else's house. Every Dora possessed a
horse. One person was employed to tend the horse at a nominal wage.
* Some of the Doras were using cars. They adopted the joint family system of living.
* Once a family member became old he shifted residence to another village. They established their supremacy there.
Some took up jobs and employment while some others took to practicing law profession after studying Law. Their
idea was to have one pleader in a house so that it will be easy to handle their own cases. By taking up employment
they were getting additional income. They could obtain excise (abkari) contracts by influencing the concerned officers.
* The village Zamindars were also known as Jagirdars or Maktedars.
* In villages they were the only intellectuals. Among them there was distinct clarity of authority of the Karanams.
They were addressed by the name 'Patwaris'. They had complete knowledge of the details of the land holding of the
villagers.
* As a result, the cultivators had to be subjugated to them. Though the Deshmukhs and Deshpandes lost their titles
and jobs, their influence and status in the village remained intact. They observed Purdah in the houses. 95% of the
Deshmukhs were Reddys and 95% of the Deshpandes were Brahmins.
* Even so, there was no matrimonial relationship among the common Reddy and the Deshmukh, or the Deshpande
and the Karanams.
* Cultivators were trying to please the Karanams and these villagers offered vegetables and other products to them.
* Some others in the villages used to completely impoverish the cultivators, reduced them to slaves, deploy their
ladies as 'slave keeps' and indulged in all sorts of cruelty.
* On the whole, the Zamindars used to wield more authority than the Kings.
 Society - Caste System
* Rulers were Muslims and the subjects were Hindus. Even so, there was tolerance towards the other religion. People
lived together with a brotherly and friendly disposition. 'Ganga Jamuna Tehjeeb' was to be found here.
* Along with local Hindu, Muslim people, migrants of different castes from North India, Marathas, Kannadigas, and
Christians were also living harmoniously.
* As per the 1881 census, of the total population 90.32% were Hindus, 9.40% Muslims, 0.09% Christians, 0.08%
Jains, 0.06% Parsis, 0.0031% Sikhs, 47 numbers of Jews were there.
* According to the census report, Hindus spread in North and West of Hyderabad.
* By the time of 1911 census Hindu population decreased and the Muslim population increased. But in villages a
higher percentage of Hindus were living.
* During this period the lower caste Hindus were insecure and wished to reach the higher strata in society. The
Europeans who came in the eighteenth century undermined these two and themselves climbed up to high status in the
society.
* After defeating the French and attaining supremacy they exercised authority over both the Hindus and Muslims.
Caste meant a way of life adopted commonly by a set of people. An individual had no choice of electing a particular
caste. It comes by birth.
* While in Europe people distinguished themselves with riches, in the Deccan society they were identified by the
caste to which they belonged.
* The societal standing depended upon the caste.
* Society divided with Brahmins and then the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras in that order.
* In the beginning there were only four castes. In due course these were increased to hundreds.
* Brahmins:
*They occupied the highest status in the society.
* They were divided into two branches.
1.Dravida,
2.Gowda.
* Further, as according to their religious practices they were Vaishnavas and Smarthas.
* Vaishnavas worshipped Vishnu and Smarthas worshipped Shiva.
* As per some other small differences in their occupations, they were Niyogi and Vaidika Brahmins.
* Vaidikas indulged only in religion related programs. They were heirs to the Vaidika school of thought. They
performed Yajnas, Yaagas, Vratas and Pujas. They were given respect as would be given to Gods in the society. They
were priests in temples.
*The Vaidika Brahmins knew writing and reading very well. There were astrologers among them. Even Muslims
consulted them before starting any work. They were not distributing their knowledge to others. They were living in
poverty.
* Niyogi Brahmins discontinued their practices and joined Army, took to agriculture, and business.
* When the East India Company introduced political systems, they worked as Karanams and became prominent. Even
Kings used to find it difficult to govern in their absence. They also worked under the Europeans.
* In the administrative boards they worked as Sub Collectors, Revenue Account writers, Translators, Cashiers and
Record Keepers.
* Kshatriyas:
* In social order, they occupied the second position. They were wearing Sacred Threads just as Brahmins would do.
* Ladies in their families observed purdah. They were not dining in common with other communities. They had three
branches.
1. Surya Vamsha,
2. Chandra Vamsha, and
3. Matsya Vamsha.
* They gave up the traditional Kshatrapa duty and took to agriculture.
* Vaishyas:
* In the caste system of the society theirs was the third position. Their chief occupation was commerce and trade.
* In Andhra the Komatis were Vaishyas. Some Sudras indulging in trade and commerce were telling that they were
Vaishyas.
* In this period, they used to earn lots of money and lived luxurious lives.
* For eternal and everlasting fame they were doing charitable work by giving donations. They became rich trading
with the Europeans. They were hard working.
* In Telangana they were known as Komatis. They were also doing money-lending business along with trade and
commerce. Like Brahmins they were vegetarians.
* Shudras:
* They belonged to the fourth category. Among the Telugus they formed the majority population. They were doing
agriculture.
* According to their trades they had sub-sects. They were struggling among themselves for supremacy one over the
other.
* There were many castes among Hindus. Along with the fourfold caste system which was in vogue since a very long
time, the following classes were subdivided into many castes. Mainly the occupations turned into castes. In the
society of those days there were castes as per one's trade or occupation.
1. Agricultural class : Kapu, Reddy, Velama, Kamma
2.Class tending to animals : Golla, Jalagari, Besta, Boya
3. Panchannam vaaru : Vadrangi (Carpenters), Gayadla, Pinjaari Chitrakarulu, Jogata, Netavaru, Salevaru,
Vannegallu.
4. Trading class : Komati, Balija, Telaga, Perika, Gandlavaaru
5. Service class : Chakali (Washermen), Mangali (Barber), Katika, Katipapala, Medara, Idiga, Talari, Masti, Jetti,
Chatri, Charma Karulu (Leather workers)
6. Poojari class : Brahmins, Jangalu, Lingayats, Janagalu, Jogulu, Jatadharulu
7. Dependent class : Picchakuntla, Bhavanas, Runjulu, Pambalulu, Budabukkalu, Bhattu, Chandala, Maatangulu,
Kommuri Dasas, Taviri Dasas, Suddulu
8. Entertaining Class : Dommati, Bhogamvaaru, Vipra vinodulu, Aindrajaalikulu, Bommalaatala vaaru
9. Avadhoota class : Paramahamsas, Sanyasulu, Satani, Sivasattulu, Tambala, Yogulu, Jaina, Veera mushti,
Kaleparasulu
10. Asprusyulu : Mala, Madiga, Adihindu, Maliar, Mehatar, Chambaar, Mochi
11. Girijanulu (Tribals) : Chenchu, Boya, Yaanadi, Gond, Pavara, Koli, Erukala, Lambadi, Bhil, Koya, Kondaredlu
12. Videseeyulu (Foreigners) :Parangulu (Portugeese), Ingileesulu (English people),
Paraasulu, Turaka, Odde, Gurjapu, Gowda, Mesra
Castes : Their Works
*Kapus: Kapus or Reddys were cultivating landowners. Enjoying Respect among people other than Brahmins. There
were further sub Sects. Patangi, Motati, Udati, Pedakanti, Aare, Kamma, Velama, Konda, Aadi, Gona and Konidi.
Financially they are well off. Their woman lived Freely. Agriculture was their main occupation
* PanchaNamvaaru: They describe themselves as the progeny of Vishwakarma. They undertake repair of temples,
make ornaments of deities, idols, vessels, palanquins etc. Among them the sub division was Vadrangi (Carpenter),
kamsaali (goldsmith), kanchara. Important among these was Kamsali (Goldsmith). They were one of the elder men of
the village or Ayyagars of village. Kasevaru were sculptors. Kammarulu were engaged in blacksmithy (working with
iron). Kancharulu were working with brass. Vadrangi people were doing carpentry work.
* Kummari: Their profession was doing pottery work, making pots and other earthen articles.
* Upparivallu: Construction work and digging wells was their profession.
* Salevaru: Weaving is their chief profession. Simultaneously, they traded with Europeans. Other subdivisions of this
caste are Devanga, Togata, Padmasaali, Kamchula, and Saale.
- Padmasaali: Weaving
- Pattusaali: Quality weaving of silk fabrics.
- Devangas: Cotton weaving.
- Togata: Weaving of Zari fabric.
- Chippi: One branch of Meira caste. They were stitching cloth. Some Europeans employed them in their courts
providing them jobs.
* Mangali (Barber): Haircutting is their primary occupation. During marriage ceremonies and in temples they used
to perform on musical instruments. They were called as Nayee Brahmins
* Gollas: They were also known as Yadavas. Animal husbandry was their main work. . Other sub-divisions of this
caste are Yakari Gollas, Varra Gollas, Patte Gollas, Pedapotu Gollas.
* Beerannas: Their specialty was telling Golla Suddus. Taking domestic animals to forests for grazing, selling milk,
curds, ghee was being done by them. Some of them were literate. Singing, playing percussion instruments like
Dappus, Tabalas was done to entertain people. With skin of animals making Tablas, making combs with horns of
animals, making flutes etc. was done by them.
* Balijas: Their main occupation was commerce.
* Chakali: They were engaged in washing the linen of Kapus.
* Perikas: They were small time agriculturists. They stitched jute bags. Socially they were equated with Kapus and
Kammas. They were one clan among Uppu Balijas. Making salt and loading the salt bags on donkeys and selling the
commodity was done by them.
* Telikavaru: They were also known as Gaaniga or Gandollu. They used to make edible oil from oilseeds and sell.
* Idiga: Idiga or Goundla people extract (country liquor) taddy.
* Gaamalla: In fact they are Idigas. They worked under Kapus. Poor among them extracted country liquor.
* Telagas: During rule of Hindu kings in Golconda and in Qutub Shahi ruler's time they worked in the army. Their
profession was becoming soldiers. They called themselves as Batroths. Until 1870 those who worked as troops under
the Deshmukhs were mostly Telagas. They started selling the farm produce as their profession. Some of them took
up cultivation.
* Asprusyulu (Untouchables): They belonged to the Parahaa caste. In the caste system their position was fifth.
There are many sub castes among them. Usually they lived outside a village. Nobody touched them. They were not
having any relation with the villagers. They used to make chappals (shoes) with hides and animal skins.
* Mala: They are agricultural labour. There are sub sects. They are Kante, Boya, Paikies, Maladasari,Jangama. In this
caste, Maladasaris were like priests. They were following the Vaishnavas. Jangamas worshipped Shiva. They ate
animal meat. They were not going to Hindu temples.
* Madiga: Cleaning the hides, making chappals was their prime occupation. Branches among them are-Madiga
dasaris. They were like priests. Madiga Paikas were sweepers. Bavanis were Madiga instrumentalists. They used to
play on the Pamba instrument.
* Adivasis: They used to live in hills and forests. While Chenchus among them lived in villages, Koyas lived in
forests. They belonged to the sixth category. Their language was Koya language. Some of them were doing
agriculture, sericulture, making rugs, tattooing, and making wigs ('savarams').
- Konda Reddys/Konda Doras: They were like Koyas. They were doing Podu cultivation and were living in forests.
- Chenchus: They were slightly of cruel temperament. They were living by selling forest produce like honey and
fruits. The sub sects were Golla Chenchulu, Yanaadi Chenchulu and Daasari Chenchulu .Their occupation was
hunting and robbing travellers. Some were doing agriculture. They used to worship Hindu Gods. Their main deity was
Chenchu Mallanna.
- Gonds: They belonged to the warrior class. They lived in the forests of Adilabad district. They formed a kingdom
there and ruled from 1240 to 1750.
- Boyas: They were also called as Mudirajus. Hunting was their main occupation. They were also palanquin bearers.
- Erukalu: Robbery was their main occupation. They were well known for crimes. Some were knitting mats and
baskets. They were called as Dabbala Erukalu. Those who were making brushes were called as 'Kunchugattu Erukalu'.
Women of this caste were 'Erukala Saanulu' and they were doing divination.
- Lambadies: They were called by the names of 'Sugle' and 'Banjaras'. They migrated from Rajasthan areas to
Telangana. They were bringing salt from coastal areas and were selling. They worshipped Hindu God
* Aasrita Kulaalu (Dependent castes): Their profession was begging. They worked at
At Brahmins : Vipra Vinodulu
At kings : Bhatrajulu
At merchants (Komatis) : Vira Mushti, Mylaaries
At Kammas : PicchaKuntla
At Padmasalies : Sadhana Sorulu
At Perukalus : Varasa Bhattulu
At Gamallas : Yanadis.
At Malas : Mushtiga
At Madigas : Dakkali, Tappetalu, Bhagavatulu.
- Balotadars: There were Balotadars in every village during this time. They were village servants. Joshi or Priest,
Mullah, Carpenter (Vadrangi), Blacksmith (kammari), Ausali, Potter (Kummari), Washermen (Chaakali), Barber
(Mangali), Madiga, Maala-all these people were there for providing service to the villagers. Karanam (Risation) and
Patel were also village servants. All these people were having Inam lands. They were enjoying the lands and living in
the villages. Each one according to their profession was serving the villagers. Landowners were giving paddy to the
Balotadars in proportion to the produce they got from their lands in the name of 'Balota'. Big Balotadars like persons
of Vadla, Kammari, Madiga etc. castes were to be given more paddy. Harijans were supposed to be a dependable race.
Balotadars employed Harijans, Barbers (Mangali) and Washermen (Chakali). Harijans used to carry Government
money to Tahsildar's office and deposit in the treasury.
* Muslims: They came during the 14th century. There were two sects, namely Shia and Sunni. Among them Iranians,
Turanians, Turks, belonged to Persia and Arab countries. Muslims from North India were Rohillas. Muslims of
foreign origin were called as 'Afaakies' and the local Muslims as 'Deccanis'.
* Dodekula Caste: They were converts from Hinduism to Islam. They used to talk only in Telugu.
* Europeans: They came for doing commerce and trade.
* Looso Indians: This is a hybrid race between people from Portugal and Deccan.
* Condition of Women:
* Condition of women was not as bright
* Some isolated ladies crossed such boundary and came out. Society never recognized them as honourable women.
They were 'Ayahs', 'Dayaas (servants in the harem)', dancers 'Tawaifs' and harlots.
* In Deccan 'Tawaifs' used to sing and dance. But they were not prostitutes. After learning dance and music they used
to entertain people through that art.
* Nizam used to maintain 'Tawaifs' and he started an office for them. That was the 'Daftar-e-Arab Nishat'. They were
being looked upon as artistes.
* "Tawaifs' of Hyderabad were well known for giving respect, loyalty, obedience, and culture.
* Harlots were practicing prostitution. This profession was not respectable in the society. Pedigreed persons,
Government Officers and rich people used to visit them.
* Purdah system was rampant during this period.
* Notable women (before 18th century):
Qairunnisa Begum:
*Maternal grandfather of Qairunnisa was Bakar Ali Khan, who was a close relative of Prime Minister Mir Alam.
* Bakar Ali Khan was the 'Bakshi' in the court of Nizam.
* Son-in- law was Mohammed Ali Khan, and he was the supervising officer of guns in the Golconda fort.
* Daughter Qairunnisa was very beautiful. Her marriage was fixed with Chhote Nawab of Mir Alam's family by
father and grandfather.
* This alliance was not liked by Qairunnisa's mother Sharfunnisa or paternal grandmother Durgana.
* During the marriage ceremony of her elder sister Najeerunnisa, the Resident Agent Kirk Patrick saw Qairunnisa,
liked her and loved. She also liked Patrick. The orthodox society which was accepting unlawful relationships of
people took serious exception to the love affair between them.
* Nawab of Nizam, Arusta Jah viewed their marriage from political angle. He thought that this marriage would
strengthen relationship with the East India Company.
* In the mean time her father died in an accidental fire of a gun. While grandfather desired her marriage with Chhote
Nawab, for political gains.
* Nizam acting as bride-groom's father and Arusta Jah as bride's father took responsibility and performed the
marriage of Qairunnisa with Kirkpatrick.
* Kirkpatrick came to the wedding wearing Muslim clothing. Following the Muslim traditions he performed the
'Nikhah'. Nizam treated Kirkpatrick as his son and awarded him the 'Hashmat Jung Bahadur' title. He announced in
the court that he was his adopted son. After that the marriage was performed according to Christian rites in Sultan
Bazar. Nizam gave a grand dinner after that in Chowmohalla palace.
* Kirkpatrick built a big residency for Qairunnisa with the help of renowned engineer Raja Kandaswamy in 60 acres
in Koti. For wife, a Rangamahal and around it Charbagh was built in that.
* The Charbagh was a replica of Moghul Gardens of Kashmir. These days it turned out to become the Government
Women's College.
* Secundar Jah succeeded the Nizam conspired with Mir Alam and opposed their marriage, and due to a revengeful
attitude for having suppressed a mutiny against his father, wrote a letter to Governor Lord Dalhousie against Kirk
Patrick.
* While on way to Bengal for giving a reply Kirk Patrick died. The two sons born to the couple were taken away to
London by the brother of Kirk Patrick and Qairunnisa lived in grief.
Mahalakha Chandabai:
* She was a highly learned with internal and external beauty in equal measure.
* She was not merely a dancer in the court of Nizam but was a high intellectual occupying the coveted 'Umrao'
position in the Court of Nizam.
* She was the first Urdu poetess of those days in the whole of India. With a pen name of Chanda (Takhallus) she
earned 'Tawaif' name and fame in Deccan.
* Mahalakhabai Chanda was born in 1766. Her parents belonged to Gujarat. Due to effects of time the family
migrated to Ahmedabad and from there to Deccan.
* Mahalakha learnt dance and music. A well learned person, she wrote many poems, and was the first Urdu poetess in
the whole country. Her poetry received laurels from the pandits of Delhi, Lahore, and Lucknow.
* Nizam appointed her as 'Umrao' in appreciation of her talents and gave the position of Court Dancer. Her poems
were published in 1824 after her death with the title of 'Guljar-e-Mahalakha (Mahalakha's flowers of flowergarden).
125 Ghazals written by her have been preserved in the British Museum.
* When her mother died she built a grave for her in 1792 by spending one lakh of rupees. She also built one 'Ashur
khanaa', a 'Chowdi', a 'Nakkar khaanaa' and a 'Dalaan'.
* In Mahalakha Library, her rare collections and precious hand written texts have been preserved. Khadims were
appointed to write books in her Library.
* Mahalakha built a Masjid-a Baitul Alif, a 'Moosakhadri' for housing patients in their last stages, a 'Baradari' for
Taraasha, a 'Dalaan' for pilgrimage in the sacred Moula Ali area.
* She studied in Madar-ul-Maham Primary School and Asafia from Nawab Ruknuddaula. Together with fine arts, she
learnt horse-riding, archery, and warfare techniques. At the age of 15 years she took part in the battles/wars alongwith
Asaf Jah-II.
* Due to her devotion to Dhrupad, Khayyal, Tassa forms of music she became famous. She lived in 'khaasaa-mahal'.
* She used to spend liberally for 'Khat Darshan Mela Gyaravi Sharif". She used to organize Muharram, Jafna-e-
Haidari' for a duration of six months.
* Audience used to stand up as a mark of respect whenever she entered a 'Mehafil' or 'Mushaira' along with
Saajindaas (Instrumentalists)
* Second Phase:1853-1883
* In this period Hyderabad entered to modern age from the medieval times.
* During this period, Salar Jung was appointed as Prime Minister. His tenure brought new hope and zeal to
Hyderabad. In his time new Education Policy of the State was implemented and First Primary School was arranged
for girls.
* During this time, some elite women started learning in their respective palaces (Devidis).
Prominent Women in 18th & 19th Centuries:
Sowgra Humayun Mirza
* She was born in December 1882. Her father was Dr. Safdar Ali Mirza, a Turkish National and he worked as
'Captain Surgeon' in Nizam's army. He migrated to Hyderabad during the time of Nizam Ali Khan.
* Sowgra Humayun Begum started primary education in her house only. She married Sayyed Humayun Mirza, Bar-
at-Law in 1900.
* She started serving as a Nationalist from 1902. She founded an organization 'Anjuman-E-Khavaateen Deccan' along
with Begum Khediv Jung. She worked as Secretary of this organization for three years. She started two schools under
this organization for girls.
* In the same year educated Hindu ladies also started an organization. This Organization honored and respected
Sowgra Mirza.
* She was a good writer. Her essays and articles were published in different newspapers, weeklies, and monthlies.
These were mostly written on women problems and reforms for women. She wrote many books on women education.
She was given a gold medal by the Hyderabad State for her services. She was elected as honorary member of the
Hyderabad Textbook Committee in 1920, and honorary member of the Indian Branch of International Congress on
Moral Education in 1923. She collected donations for the flood victims of Musi river in 1908. In the same way she
also collected funds for the Aligarh College and for the Earthquake victims of Persia in 1908.
* For promoting good relations between nations, for transactions, and to gain knowledge she visited Arabia, Persia
and Europe. Her speeches and writings covered subjects mostly like Hindu- Muslim Unity, Social evils-particularly
on purdah system, encouraging swadeshi, on cow slaughter, national schools, and on teaching in local language.
* She donated her land in Masab Tank for starting a school. Now it is running as Safdariya Girls School with 1000
students.
* Humayun Nagar in the city is in the name of her husband commemorating her husband.
Tayyaba Begum Sahiba Bilgrami
* She was the daughter of Sayyad Hussain. She was born in 1873. She passed F.A. Honors from Madras University in
1908, and B.A. degree from the same University in 1910.
* She was the first women in India to get a B.A degree. She married Dr. Mirza Karim Khan who became famous as
Nawab Khediv Jung Bahadur in 1896. They had four daughters and one son.
* Eldest daughter died in her childhood. She used to read a lot while discharging her responsibility as a wife and
mother. Out of full faith in Islam she read Quran fully. She also read other religious texts. She had great passion for
Political and social sciences. Her lectures and writings were on Indian Islam and on Education. She showed great
interest in reforms being a reformist herself. She believed that financial, social and political change for women would
become possible only through education. She died in 1921.
Tayyaba Begum:
* She was the daughter of Major Mohammed Ali Mirza. Major Ali Mirza died in Egypt during the First World War of
1914. Then she was of seven years age. She was brought up and educated by her mother. After completing primary
education in the house, she joined the Mahabubia Girls School for further education. She married Bakar Ali Khan in
1930. He was a Lecturer in English in the City College. He was teacher to Maharajah Kishan Parshad.
* Later Bakar Ali joined the Education Department and retired as the Joint Secretary. At this time, women's education
was far behind. Women used to feel below their dignity to take up Government service observing purdah.
* In those days Tayyaba Begum joined service in the Cooperative Department and founded the first Arts & Crafts
School in Hyderabad. For this Sir Akbar Hyderi lent full support and cooperation to her. Within a short time this
school not only earned a good name and reputation but its branches were opened at Aurangabad, Warangal, and
Nizamabad. Tayyaba Begum earned a name for herself for women's education especially as a Lecturer of Arts and
Crafts.
* She founded the first 'Domestic Science College' and became its first Principal.
* Tayyaba Begum retired from service in 1965.
Sarojini Naidu:
* Sarojini Naidu was a famous English poet.
* She was admired as 'Bul-bul-E-Hind' (Bharata Kokila or Nightingale of India). She was born in a Bengali family on
13th February 1879. Their family migrated to Hyderabad in 1878.
* Her father was Dr. Aghoranath Chatopadhyaya. He was a great pundit and an enlightened person. He obtained the
D.Sc. degree from Edinburgh University. Along with that he was awarded 'Coveted Boxted' prize in Physics, and
'Hope" prize in Chemistry. When he came back to India after completing education Nawab Mahaboob Ali Khan the
sixth Nizam invited him to develop the education system in Hyderabad.
* Her father Chatopadhyaya successfully and fully delivered the task assigned to him.
* Sarojini Naidu led in a luxurious way of life. For her education her father employed English and French governors.
He gave her the best training. At 12 years of age she matriculated from Madras University. By 14 years of age she
read about all the English writers.
* Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan greatly liked the drama Meher Muneer written by her and gave her scholarship to go to
foreign countries in First Class.
* In England she was the student of Min Manning who was teaching Indian students. At the age of 18 years she
enrolled in Girton College, but she did not like the University life.
* She then visited Italy and Switzerland. Among her writings The Bird of Time was the best. Returning back to
Hyderabad, she married Dr. Mutyala Govindarajulu Naidu in 1898.
* Attracted by politics and with an intention of serving the Motherland, she came back to he own country. Her first
attempt of service to people was to attain unity between Hindus and Muslims
* In the Bombay Congress of 1913 she addressed the Muslim group. She lectured in support of self -rule resolution'
during 1915. Later she fought for political equality of Indian women.
* To give a talk on the subject she went to London as a representative of Home Rule League. She participated in the
Second Round Table Conference in London along with Gandhi. She was very close to the families of Gandhi and
Nehru.
* She was participating in the Indian National Movement meetings of Congress She fought against purdah and child
marriages. She saw the agony of Mahaboob Ali Khan due to the hardship being felt by the people during floods of
Musi and described awfully in the poem 'Tears of Asaf.
* Sarojini Naidu did not participate in State politics. She assumed leadership of Congress by indulging in national
politics together with Mahatma Gandhi, Jamnalal Bajaj and others. She participated in the national movement.
* She participated in the movement of Bengal Division in 1905. During the period of 1915-18 she travelled to
different places and spoke on women empowerment, and National movement. She took active part in forming the
"Women Indian Association' in 1917.
* She was President of the Indian National Congress's Kanpur session in 1925. She presided over the East African
Indian Congress meetings in South Africa in 1929.
* British Government awarded her the title of 'Kaizar-E-Hind' medal. This was done in recognition of her services to
plague victims in India
* She participated in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930.
* She went to London along with Gandhi and Madan Mohan Malaviya to attend the Round Table Conference in 1931.
* Her poems bearing the title The Golden Threshold were published in 1905.
* The house she lived in at Hyderabad became a temple of Hindu Muslim friendship after her demise. She gave away
her house to the University.
* During her life time itself she became an icon and leading lady in the whole of Asian Continent. After India's
independence, she worked as the Governor of West Bengal.
* Her daughter was Padmaja Naidu and son Dr.Jayasurya who studied medicine in Germany and obtained M.D.
Degree. He returned to India when Hitler took over the leadership of Germany as he was committed to Communist
ideology. He played active role in the State politics and was an important figure in the State politics.
* Padmaja Naidu worked as Governor of West Bengal for ten years and after that she participated in social activities
in Delhi.
SOCIAL EVILS IN TELANGANA
* The social evils prevalent in Telangana like Vetti, Bagela, Illiteracy, Child marriages, Polygamy, Dowry system,
Kanyashulkam, Aadapapa, Purdah, Jogini and Prostitution damaged the society from inside like termites.
* Vetti:
* Vetti is a form of forced labour system without any remuneration. It was present in entire Telangana during the
Nizam period.
* One person from every Harijan family had to be allotted for Vetti.
* Working in the houses of Patel, Patwari, Mali Patel, Karanam and Deshamukh.
* Carrying reports to Police stations and Taluk offices and serving the officials when they visit the village.
* Collecting wood from nearby forest and delivering of post. The Harijan cobblers were not paid by the landlords
when they prepare footwear for them. They were only paid by the peasants.
* The people of backward classes like Boyas, Bestas and Rajakas had to carry the palanquins of the landlord's family
members without any remuneration.
* Toddytappers had to supply toddy to the families of landlords free of charge by tortured by the landlords in many
ways. The thing which existed in Telangana as in the form allotting them five to ten palm trees exclusively for them.
* The people of backward classes were exploited and of Vetti was keeping the slave girls and sending them with their
bride daughters. The duty of these slave girls was to act as concubines of the landlords. They had to meet the sexual
desires of the guests of the landlords,
* Vetti had another perspective. The Nizam's government recognized some classes as Balothadars. It provided inam
lands in lieu of their services to the villagers. The landlords gradually occupied their lands and the services of
Balothadars were transformed into vetti. These people were very unfortunate in Telangana society.
* Washermen, barbers, potters, carpenters, blacksmiths and Dalit sections were forced to do vetti.
* They had to serve the officials of Police, Revenue, Forest and excise departments without any remuneration.
Whenever these officials arrange camps in the villages, they also had to send the women from their families to serve
them physically also
* In this manner, the system of Vetti downgraded the life of backward classes in Telangana and pushed them into
slavery.
* The exploitation by the Jagirdars, Paigahs and rulers of estates is evident by the forcible collection of more than ten
crore rupees in the form of land revenue from the peasants.
* The Jagirdars, Deshmukhs and landlords continued their looting with the support of corrupt officials.
* Visunuri Ramachandra Reddy, the Deshmukh of Janagama in Nalgonda district forcibly occupied the lands of
tenants and farmers. He also forced the people of 40 villages to do Vetti. Telangana armed struggle started in 1946
against his atrocities.
1. First Andhra Mahasabha : (Jogipeta meeting- 1930) demanded the abolition of Vetti by passing its 16th
resolution.
2. Sixth Andhra Mahasabha : Nizamabad (1937) In this meeting, the 6th resolution proposed by K.V. Ranga Reddy
demanded the abolition of Vetti system.
3 Nineth Andhra Mahasabha : (Dharmavaram- Warangal 1942) President: Madiraju Ramakotewara Rao
* M.S.Rajalingam described about the Vetti system and the pathetic conditions in his autobiography.
* The miseries caused by Vetti were described in Prajala Manishi and Gangu written by Vattikota Alwar Swami
* Chillara Devullu written by Dasarathi Rangacharya
* Mrutyu Needalu authored by Bollimuntha Sivaramakrishna.
* Vetti was practiced even in factories, shops and the houses of the rich. The system of Vetti is a remnant of the
Jamindari system. It can be compared with the Jajmani system of olden days.
* In the system of Vetti, people of 12 castes provided services to the landlords. They were paid Tegam once in a year
for their service.
* The Nizam who prohibited Begar, bonded labour & Vetti in 1911 was- Mir Osman Ali Khan.
* Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman on 20 March 1923 abolishing the Vetti system. But it was not implemented.
* The Vetti system was stopped due to Naxalite movement. It is called as Bhagela system in Telangana.
* Andhra mahasabha endeavoured for abolishing the bond labour system
* Measures taken by the Government:
• Article 23 - Prohibition of bonded labour like Vetti
• Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children below 14 years
• Article 21- Right to life
• Bonded Labour System (Abolition) act, 1976
* Bagela:
* The conditions in Jagirs were more outrageous than the Surfekhas lands.
* With the deception of Jagirdars and Zamindars and being unable to pay the inhuman taxes imposed by the landlord
on the peasant he became a servant of the landlord (Bagela).
* "Bagela' system was prevalent in Nalgonda and Warangal districts of Telangana.
* Having been robbed of his land, Bagela was a hopeless unlucky person to pay the taxes.
* Being unable to pay arrears of tax he was converted into a servant and in lieu was doing unpaid labour. So much
work was done by the indebted peasant but still remained indebted due to the interest on tax money having been
compounded.
* If the indebted Bagela got married, his wife also had to do the unpaid labour. Bagelas were usually agricultural
slaves. Unless the debts were repaid, they could not be freed.
* If they borrowed small amounts for inconsequential expenses that small borrowed money multiplied with interest
after interest increasing and rendering him bankrupt and consequently he was forced into bonded labour.
* Landlords were getting service from these people towards adjustment of debt.
* If a Bagela, was unable to repay the debt in his life time his son or heir had to repay the debt.
*The Government of Nizam abolished the Bagela system in 1930.
* Begari:
* Here the 'Begari' system was in vogue since time immemorial. This was also like Bagela.
* Along with villages, this was in vogue in towns and cities. Begaris became victims of forcible unpaid labour
without receiving a single paisa as wage. They had to work very hard during visits of Government officials on
inspections.
* Even salaries fixed by the Government were not paid to them.
* A Government Officer by the name of Imtiaz Jung in his report on the horrible lives of Begaries described that these
people worked without taking rest even for two seconds. If a Begar became sick and even if his wife did not know
how to do the work, they had to work without fail. Their lives were horrible.
* In 1911 Mir Osman Ali Khan issued farmanas (orders) abolishing Begari. Even then it did not show any result on
the Begari system.
* H.E.H. Nizam issued a Farman in 1922 that the person connected with Begari was to be given Inam land as 'bajota'
and that when a Government officer came for inspections, the Begaris were to be paid absolute wages for their
services, no forced labour to be extracted from women and that towards wages were to be paid at 12 seers paddy for
males, 8 seers for women, 6 seers for children for their services and that children below 10 years of age should not be
employed as Begaris.
* Peoples movements and armed struggle by Dalits started as people could no longer bear the inhuman conditions.
Due to the developments in the 20th century the conditions changed to some extent.
* When the Nizam Government merged into the Indian Union in 1948, Government of India abolished the Begari.
* Safe-guards provided by COI :
1. Article 23 : Traffic in Human Beings & begar & other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited
2. Article 24 : Prohibition of Child Labour
* Acts made by the Parliament:
- Minimum Wages Act : 1948
- The Special Marriage Act : 1954
- Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act : 1956
- The Equal Remuneration Act : 1976
- Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act : 1976
- The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act : 2012
- Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act : 2005
- The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act : 2013
- The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act : 2006
- The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act : 1986
- The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act : 1986
* Child Marriages:
* Child marriages were occurring more in Hindu families than among Muslim families. Especially in the Brahmin
community there were more child marriages.
* Along with them in low class families also child marriages were used to take place. In some families there was the
practice of marrying even toddlers.
* If a girl was more than five years of age, she was not being accepted for marriage for the reason that she has
overgrown.
* Among Jains child marriages and widow marriages were being performed. There were child marriages in Girijans
also. There was no child marriage among Christians
* Main reason for the child marriage was illiteracy, poverty, and large number of children.
* In Hinduism attained puberty marriage was being performed. As a result, conception at a very tender age, leading
there was less number of child marriages in higher castes than in lower castes.
* Organizations like Andhra Maha Sabha, Andhra Jana Sabha and Arya Samaj struggled against social evils. With
them the Christian Missionaries also propagated denouncing child marriages.
* Government also encouraged such propagation. The result was in 1899 Age of Consent for Marriage Act' was
passed.
* Child marriages were abolished through the Sarada Act of 1930 by the Government and the British.
* After these Slowly and steadily the tradition of child marriage also disappeared.
* Legislations enacted by the Government of India:
- The Untouchability (Offences) Act : 1955
- The Dowry Prohibition Act : 1961
- The Maternity Benefit Act : 1961
- The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act : 2006
- The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act : 2005
- The Child Marriage Restraint Act : 1929
* Widow Marriages:
* Especially in lower castes widow marriages were easily done. In upper castes, widows remained as such throughout
their lives. Their living condition was deplorable. They were not given a respectable position in the family and the
society.
* But in the 20th century there was change in their condition. Particularly, there were less number of widows. Main
reason for this was the stoppage to the practice of child marriage.
* In the Nizam state the number of widows was four times more than the male number of widowers.
* Though a Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856 this never was put in practice.
* Due to reforms of Salar Jung and efforts of social reformers there was sea change in the lives of these people.
* Salar Jung married a widow and was an ideal in the society in this respect.
* Legislations enacted by the Government of India:
- The Prohibition of Sati Act : 1829
- The Hindu Marriage Act : 1856
- The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act : 1955
- The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act : 2006
- The Special Marriage Act : 1872
* Polygamy:
* Not only during the times of Nizam, but in the whole of India, there was discrimination against women.
* A widow was not getting married again. That was impossible, but a widower could remarry very easily. Society was
male biased. Every time male was getting better justice.
* Males were having more wives than one. Especially in a landlord based society like that of Hyderabad, rulers, kings,
Nawabs, Zamindars, and high officials thought that it was a status symbol to have more than one wife.
* Polygamy was most common in this society. According to Muslim Shariat it was legal to have four wives.
Following their footsteps men of upper Hindu classes maintained more wives than one.
* On the same analogy women could not have more than one husband. This bad practice of polygamy of males also
diminished due to efforts of social reformers and societies, and that of Government of India in the 20th century.
* Dowry:
* In the Hindu society women were not considered as belonging to them. They thought it was important to get them
married to a husband and hand her over to him.
* That was why they were being called 'Aada' pilla. Hindu legal system did not give property rights to women.
* At the time of marriage, however, women of this pattern were coming under the practice of varasulkam (dowry
payable to bridegroom's parents for marrying the woman), and kanyasulkam.
* Kanyasulkam means paying dowry to the parents of the bride and marrying the girl.
* On the contrary the parents of the bride paying dowry and get the daughter married is varasulkam.
* In the olden days there was Kanyasulkam. But in Telangana area varasulkam was rampant than kanyasulkam.
* This dowry was paid in two kinds, in the shape of money and in kind. If dowry was not paid, women were not
getting married.
* In Telangana, dowry in practice was more among Reddys and Velamas. That practice spread to other castes slowly
* Aadapapa:
* It was a system of keeping the slave girls and sending them with their bride daughters by Jagirdars and Zamindars.
* The girls of lower castes were made aadpapa. They served as bonded labour in the homes Reddy, Velama,
Deshmukhs and Deshpandes.
* The duty of these slave girls was to act as concubines of the landlords and was sent along with their bride daughters.
They had to meet the sexual desires of the landlord's in- laws house.
* The aadapapas remained unmarried throughout their lives and their daughters were also made as aadapapas.
* Courtesans (Concubines):
* This evil practice was prevalent during the reign of Nizam. The wealthy and upper classes like nawabs and nobility
maintained women artists for their entertainment. They were called as 'Tawaif'.
* They entertained men with their songs and dance.
* The wealthy and the nobility felt visiting Tawaifs as a status symbol.
* Asaf jahis established offices named Daftar-e-nishan kanchen kacheri for the Tawaifs.
* These offices were supervised by Mamasharifa. They were paid monthly salaries from Nizam. Their number was
dependent on the Nawab. These dancers later became concubines and prostitutes.
* Tawaif was not present in Andhra region. It was confined only to Telangana.
* Purdah System:
* The Purdah is a very old custom. It was not originated in our country. It entered North India along with the Muslims
and came to Telangana society.
* Muslim women and Rajput women wear Purdah to avoid being seen by men who are not related to them.
* The custom of Purdah entered Telangana society during the Qutbshahi period. It continued in Asaf jahi period also.
* Hindu women also wore Purdah with the influence of Muslim women.
* Mainly the women of noble Hindu families wore Purdah.
* They disappeared gradually in Hindu families and women in traditional Muslim families are still wearing it.
* JOGINI SYSTEM:
* From ancient period, women are being dedicated to the Gods.
* According to Herodotus, women were dedicated to Mylitta temple in the ancient Babylonian civilization.
* In India, the system of Jogini gradually settled in the kingdoms which had the influence of Virashaiva sect.
* Historians believe that the system of Jogini in the name of Yogini prevailed in Jain tradition during the Rashtrakuta
and Chalukya dynasties which ruled Telangana and Karnataka regions between A.D 7th to 9th centuries.
* Historical evidences reveal that the system of Jogini settled in the society when Virashavism was strongly
established during the period of Kakatiyas and Hoyasalas who ruled Karnataka and Telangan regions between A.D
9th to 13th centuries.
* During the Mauryan period, women proficient in 64 arts competed to win the title of Nagara Vadhu and the women
who got selected as Nagara Vadhu lived very luxurious life.
* They served as the royal courtesans. The famous dancer Amrapali was selected as Nagara Vadhu during that period.
* Jogimara inscription of A.D 3rd century found in Jogimara cave in Chattisgarh mentioned about the Devadasi
system.
* The book Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies written by a French missionary describes that the system of
Jogini was present during the reign of Kakatiyas and Reddyrajus.
* This system belongs to Virashaiva sect. It mainly involves the dedication of a girl to a male God. It is an evil
practice. It is a Dravidian and low classes customary.
* It is an issue of Dalits, women and humanity.
* The term Jogini has the meanings of Gudisetudi, Jaarangi and Prostitute. It is a sexual activity in the guise of
religion.
* It is a brutal customary that leaves a girl in the name of God. It is a remnant of the feudal system.
* After the decline of Kakatiya kingdom, the Jogini system crept into united Andhra Pradesh state form the
Basavirandra system in Karnataka.
* Joginis are called as 'Parvathi' in Karimnagar district.
*Note:
1. The district in Telangana that never had the system of Jogini is- Khammam (According to older districts)
2. Hemalatha Lavanam did research on Jogini system in Telangana.
Jogini system-Terminology:
* Jogini Samarpana: In olden days when a village experienced drought and diseases, one family was selected and a
girl from that family was offered as Jogini.
* Pothuraju : He is a brother of Village deities. He ties knot (Mangala sutra) to Jogini. Generally Pothuraju has long
hair which is tied by him. It is believed that his hair knot has magical powers. He wears armlet and anklets and holds
a whip and has a frightening appearance.
* Jogupattam : After the puberty of the girl, intercourse is arranged with the person who spent money at the time of
Jogupattam. It is called Kannerikam. The person gives money and property to the girl. It is called Mylapattam. Jogini
lives in his custody for some time.
* Rangam : The process of foretelling by Jogini is called 'Rangam'. On this day, a new pot is driven into the ground.
Jogini climbs up the pot and prays the Goddess. Later she gives answers to the questions of the chieftain. The Jogini
who climbed the Rangam is called as 'Kollamma'.
* Village Deities
1. Mysamma - Protects tank bunds and houses
2. Ooradamma - Protects the village
3. Yellamma - Guards the village
4. Lakshmamma - Guards the fortune of the village
5. Poudalamma - Guards the boundaries of the village
6. Poshamma - Guards the burial ground resisting the evil spirits
The organizations founded for the eradication of Jogini system:
* Samskar (1923)- Vijayawada:
- Director- Lavanam (Died in 2015)
- Secretary - Hemalatha Lavanam
- The main objective of this foundation is bringing about change in the lives of Joginis individually and socially.
- This foundation established a home named 'Chelli Nilayam' (1987)' for the rehabilitation of Jojinis at 'varni' village
in Nizamabad.
* National Institute of Social Action (NISA):
- It was founded by the former Governor of Andhra Pradesh Smt Kumud ben Joshi.
- This organization assisted in the establishment of Chelli Nilayam.
- It organized a National conference in 1987 at New Delhi on the welfare of Joginis.
* Jagan Mithra Mandali:
- The first person who made efforts for reforms in Jogini system in Telangana region was- Bhagya Reddy Varma.
- Bhagya reddy varma founded Jagan Mithra Mandali in 1906.
- It was changed to Manya Sangham in 1911 and later became Adi Hindu Social Service League in 1922.
- It made tireless efforts to eradicate evil practices in the princely state of Hyderabad.
- In the All India Adi Hindu Social Conference held in 1922 at Hyderabad, the main resolution adopted was not to
offer girls to temples.
* Ashray:
- It was founded by - Grace Nirmala.
- It provides education to the women who came out of the jogini system.
- Constitutional Safeguards provided by the Government
• Article 23 - Prohibition of forced labour, devadasi system and human trafficking.
• Article 24- Prohibition of Child labour (Prohibition of employment of Children below the age of 14 years in
hazardous activities)
• The Andhra Pradesh Devadasis (Prohibition of Dedicated) Act, 1988
• The suppression of immoral traffic in women and girls act, 1956 (SIT Act)
* V. Raghunath Rao Commission:
- It was a one man commission headed by Justice V. Raghunath Rao was appointed by the Government of Andhra
Pradesh in 1991-92.
- It was appointed on the problems being faced by children of joginis and others proposes to suggest the State
Government to amend the Jogini Abolition Act, 1988, for effective implementation.
- The Government amended the Act according to the report of commission to treat complaint/statement by the victim
as conclusive proof of abctment of jogini system.
- The act was also amended to skip the trial by judicial first class magistrate and vested power to the Revenue
Divisional Magistrate to take up suo motto investigations.
- The commission also recommended the formation of a fund for the welfare of Joginis and their children.
- It also suggested the government to provide education and job opportunities to the children of Joginis.
* GO 139:
- It was issued in 2009.
- According to it, permission was granted to enter the mother's name instead of father's name while joining the
children of Joginis in schools.
* DEVADASI SYSTEM:
* The custom of Devadasis came into existence in Telangana with the strengthening of Vaishnavism during the
Qutbshahi rule.
* Historical evidences reveal that it existed in Tamilnadu in the beginning of middle ages.
* This system belongs to Vaishanvism.
* It is a social evil. It is a problem of women and humanity.
* It is a culture of upper castes and Aryan culture.
* The Devadasi is a Sanskrit term which means a woman servant of God.
* According to this tradition, a woman in every generation of a family is married to the God.
* The practice of dedication of women to the God is called as Theogamy.
* Devadasis were experts in art and literature.
* They sing and dance for the God.
* The dance performed by them is called as Nattuva Melam, Darbar aata, Kacheri aata, Sadar and Chinna melam.
* The system of Devadasi is spread in entire India. Matriarchy is followed in this tradition. Daughter is the successor
of mother.
* The Muslim women in the Devadasi system are called as Achyutis. If they are married to Quran, they are called as
bibi.
*Devadasis were classified into four divisions. They were:
1. Those who perform prostitution
2. Royal dancers in the courts of Kings
3. Dedicated to the service of God
4. Those who became female artists after the enactment of Prohibition of Devadasi act.
* Narayana Swami, Kalakrishna and Gadiyaram Ramakrishna Sharma did research on the Devadasi system in
Telangana.
* Bhagya reddy varma established Manya Sangham to eradicate the practice of Devadasi and Joginis.
* Measures taken by the Government against the Devadasi system:
- Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act, 1947
- Prevention of dedicationof Women act 1930.
* Justice Raghunath Rao Commission:
1. It was appointed by Kiran Kumar reddy government.
2. According to the report of this commission, the number of Devadasis was highest in the districts
of Karimnagar and Nizamabad.
Women of 20th century
* Syyed Mumtaz Ali and his wife Mohammadi Begum started a paper 'Tahajib-un-Nisan' (civilized woman) in 1898.
* Sheik Abdullah Hadis and his wife Jahana Begum started a paper Khatoon (Lady) ijn Aligarh in 1904.
* In Deccan Soughra Humayun Mirza did a lot for women education. She edited many a magazine. These magazines
tried to spread good thoughts among ladies.
* Anjuman-E-Khavaatin-E-Islam (Group of Msulim women) got recognition becasue of the magazines.
* Talim-E-Nissan (Women Education) paper published writer Noorani Begum Sahiba's article on bringing up children.
* Safdaria school was started in 1934 by Sowghra Humayam Mirza in Urdu medium at Masab Tank.
* Another prominent lady was Mehmooda Begum Sahiba. Her husband Khadil Nawaz Due to the efforts of all these
there was was a higer official in development in Nizam's army. He had the title 'Jung Bahadur'.
* Dr. Alma Latifsaw to it that women education run smoothly by creating the post of an Inspecting officer for the
girl's schools.
* The Sixth Nizam Mahaboob Ali Khan tried to change the position of women education of the 19th century.
* Mir Osman Ali Khan during his 25years of rule took a great deal of interest in women's education. As a result 677
primary, 28 middle, 4 special training Schools were established.
* In 1938 the Board of Secondary Education introduced for women a new syllabus. These were: Cleanliness,
nutritious food, cooking, stitching, first-aid, nursing, child welfare, laundry etc. - and named it as Domestic Science.
* Madapati Hanumantha Rao struggled alone for women education and started a Girls School in Narayanaguda.
* Sangem Laxmibai went to Guntur and studied in the School run by the Unnava couple.
* Leadership qualities among women sprouted due to the programs of Andhra Mahila Sabha. Padmaja Naidu started
Swadeshi League to protest against arbitary British rule.
* During this time the woman to start the first Satyagraha in the town was Jnama Kumari Heda. She was the lone
Satyagrahi from Hyderabad State.
* Arutla Kamala Devi participated in the independence movement.
* Prominent social workers was T.Varalakshmamma, She was president of the Second Andhra Mahial Sabha. She
was a specialist in women's health. She started Women Health Education Parishad. She pointed out that Purdah
system had to be abolished and the marriage system should be introduced among prostitutes (Joginis).
* Chatrati Narasamma was another lady participating in the Andhra Movement. She donated her texts along with the
bookshelf to the Madapati Hanumantha Rao. Though her own place was in Godavari district, Nadimaplli
Sundaramma settled in Hyderabad and fought against the evil practices in society.
* Under encouragement from Margaret Ikajims an organization with the name. 'The Women Association for
Education and Social Advancement' started in 1922. 'Hyderabad Streela Sabha' was formed with 300 members.
1. Rookhnapet Ratnamma: She is the first poetess of the modern period. Shatakas written by her are-
Venkataramana Shatakam, Srinivasa Shatakamu.
* Ratnamma propagated the Gandhian principles through her writings and established a hostel for widows.
* Books - Balabodha, Shivakumara Vijayam, Dashavatara Varnana
2. Yellapragada Sitakumari:
* She was a poetess, social reformer and a founder of Andhra Yuvathi Mandali. She presided over the following
Andhra Mahila Sabha meetings:
- 3rd Andhra Mahila Sabha held at Khammam in 1934.
- 10th Andhra Mahila Sabha held at Hyderabad in 1943. She was elected as a member of Legislative Assembly of
Andhra Pradesh in 1957.
* Writings - Ujjwalanaari,Kodi Kumpati, Telivaina Ghattam
* Plays - Manchukondallo Mahila, Nenu Maa Baapu, Kulamaa Premaa
3. Illandla Sarawathi Devi:
* Saraswathi Devi was one of the founders of Andhra Yuvathi Mandali (1935)
* Writings: Tejomurthulu, Swarna Kamalaalu, Jaathi Ratnaalu, Naaree Jagatthu
4. Nandagiri Indira Devi : She presided over the Nizamabad meeting of Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1937.
* Indira Devi was a poetess from Hanamkonda.
* Writings - Ghoshaamaatra, Adrushta Sikharam, Premamayi, Perulu- Daarulu (Essays)
5. Somaraju Indira Devi (Hanamkonda):
* Writings: Shakuntala and Ramayana poems
* The literary work of Parsa Janaki - Nilinda Stree
6. Princess Durru Shehvar:
* Princess Durru Shehvar was the daughter of Abdulmejid II of the Ottoman dynasty, the last heir apparent to the
Ottoman Imperial throne.
* He was the last Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate. She was married to Prince Azam Jah Bahadur, the elder son of the
7th Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan.
* So she became the queen of Berar.
* In1904, she started the first Airport in Hyderabad and Osmania hospital.
* She founded Durru Shehvar Children and General Hospital and Princess Durru Shehvar Girls School.
* She started Aligarh Muslim University.
* She founded Nizam Silver Jubilee Museum in 2004.
7. Niloufer:
* Princess Niloufer Farhat Begum Sahiba was the second daughter in law of 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan. she is
the last princess of Ottoman Empire
* The marriage of Prince Moazzam and Niloufer took place in Nice, in France on 12 November 1931. She was very
generous.
* She was deeply moved by the death of her servant at the time of delivery. So, she founded a hospital in Red hills for
Women and children after consulting with the Nizam.
8. Tehminabai Dhage: She was born in a middle class Parsi family as Tehmina Ferozeshah Mehta on 18 June 1910.
* Tehminabai secured B.A Degree from Aligarh University.
* She learned Urdu from Venkat Krishnaji Dhage. She fell in love with his tutor. Her father opposed their marriage.
* She married Krishnaji Dhage after he became a Chartered Accountant.
* The couple founded Hyderabad Children's Aid Society in 1950. In 1955, they founded an orphanage named Radha
Kishan Homes with their own money.
* Later, Tehminabai established Radha Kishan Girls Home for orphan girls. She took care of these organizations until
she passed away in 1990.
9. Masuma Begum (1901-1990):
* Masuma Begum was born to the couple Bilgrami and Dr Khadil Jung on 7 October 1901 in Hyderabad.
* She was the first woman graduate in Nizam period, when women usually didn't come out of their houses.
* All India Women's Conference was established in 1927.
* She served as the President of All India Women's Conference from 1962 to 1964.
* She was recognized as the first Woman minister of India (In Hyderabad state also, she was the first woman to serve
as a Minister).
* Masuma Begum visited Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Geneva as the head of a group from India.
* She established Anjuman-e-Khawateen for poor children. Government of India honored her with Padmashri award
for her social service.
10. Premalatha Gupta :
* Premalatha Gupta started Training Social Welfare Workers' Scheme in Hyderabad. She served as the President of
the Family Planning department of Andhra Pradesh.
* Later, she also served as the Vice President of the Family Planning department of India.
11. Sangem Lakshmi Bai :
* She was born in 1911 at Ghatkesar in Rangareddy district. Parents- Donthala Ramaiah, Seethamma
* Sangem Lakshmi Bai was the only woman born in Telangana rural society who was imprisoned for participating
in the National movement.
* She was one of the first generation graduates of Telangana. She obtained Diploma and B.A Degree from Madras
Arts School.
* She participated in Salt Satyagraha during 1930-32 along with Durgabai Deshmukh, and was imprisoned by the
British at Rayavellore prison until 1933.
* The book written by her was- Naa Jailu Gnaapakaalu- Anubhavaalu. She also took part in the movement against
Simon commission in 1928.
* She founded an orphanage named Indira Seva Sadan at Santosh Nagar in Hyderabad along with Indira, the daughter
of Burgula Ramkrishna Rao.
* She actively participated in Telangana Armed Struggle and 1969 Separate Telangana agitation.
12. Constant Gibbs (1900-1984):
* Gibbs who joined the Hyderabad education service endeavored for women's education.
* She ran Karuna Garden School for the women.
* She served as Secretary and Treasurer of Lady Hyderi Club for more than 40 Years.
* Gibbs was one of the members of Osmania University College for Women.

Land Tenure & Land Revenue Systems during Asafjahi Rule

* As Hyderabad State remained essentially an agriculture-based one, land system occupied primary place in economic
relations. Out of the total population, 68% depended on agricultural occupations for their livelihood.
* From the Governmental revenue point of view also, land revenue, for instance, in the year 1933-34, formed as much
as 50.29% of the total tax revenue in the State.
* Land Classification:
* Looked at from the point of view of tenures, the lands of the State fell into two broad divisions:
1. Lands which were under the direct management of the officers of the State, the revenue of which went to the State
coffers and remained the property of the Government. Such lands being under the direct administration of the Diwan
or Prime Minister of the Nizam's Government, were called Diwani lands. They were also known as Khalsa lands,
meaning funds directly held by the State. Of the total area of the State, viz., 82,698 Sq. miles, these Government lands
formed 54.8% of it.
2. Lands, the revenue of which has been wholly or partially assigned for some special purpose. The lands of the
second category could be further divided into two classes viz.
a) Lands which were the property of H.H. the Nizam, and the revenue of which went to the privy purse of the Ruler.
These were called Sarf-I-Khas lands
b) Lands which have been the subject of State grants, and the revenue from which has been assigned wholly as Jagir
or Inam in favour of some person or persons. These non government lands formed as much as 45.2% of the total area
of the State.
* Types of Land Tenures:
* Diwani or Khalsa Lands (Ryotwari Tenure Cultivating Tenures) :
1. Pattedari
2. Pot-Pattedari
3. Shikmidari
4. Asami Shikmi
* Other Tenures of Khalsa Land:
1. Pan-Magta
2. Tahud or Sarbasta
3. Ijara
4. Agrahar
* Non-Khalsa Lands:
1. Sarf-I-Khas
2. Samsthan or Peshkash
3. Jagir
a) Paigah or Jamiat Jagirs
b) Al-Tamgha Jagirs
c) Zat Jagirs
d) Tankha Jagirs
e) Mashrooti Jagirs
f) Madad Mash Jagirs
4. Inam
* Different types of land tenures, as indicated in above were in vogue both in Khalsa and non-Khalsa areas.
* In Diwani villages, Ryotwari tenure, based on Bombay system, was widely prevalent.
* It happened to be the most important tenure in the State, as more than 50% of the area was held on this tenure by
land holders who had no special grant or any other peculiar title by which they were connected with the soil. More
than 20 million acres were held on this system. Under this tenure, as long as a pattedar pays the revenue assessment,
he is free to hold his registered patta land, and he cannot be evicted from it unless the land be required for a public
purpose, in which case Government can forcibly acquire it according to the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act on
payment of compensation. Further, at the close of the period of Settlement, the holder or pattedar must accept the
revised rates of assessment, and if he does not approve of them, he may have to relinquish the land.
* The Ryotwari System :
* Although theoretically the Ryotwari tenure does not recognise a middle man between the land holder and the State,
yet, as the registered occupant need not always and necessarily be the actual cultivator, certain tenures, inferior to that
of the registered occupant (pattedar), based on contract or custom, do occur in Ryotwari villages. But, these tenures
give rise to no complications, and each case could be easily disposed off according to the circumstances.
* The forms in which land was actually held and worked in the Ryotwari system, may be classified as follows:
1) Pattedari or simple occupancy, when the occupant cultivates personally or by hired labour.
2) Pot-Pattedari, in which two or more cultivators amalgamate on the joint-stock principle.
3) Shikmidari, wherein the occupant makes over the land to cultivators on certain terms. Such cultivators are known
as Shikmidars and they cannot be evicted so long as they carry out the terms of their agreement with the registered
occupants.
4) Asami-Shikmi are tenants-at-will.
* Under Pattedari tenure, the owner or pattedar was himself the cultivator of the land, and so long as assessment that
was determined and fixed from time to time was paid, no interference was made with his land rights.
* In Pot-Pattedari, on the other hand, two or more cultivators worked together on joint-stock principle, and the rights
of all partners remained equal.
* The pattedar could neither evict the pot-pattedar nor enhance the assessement payable by him.
* Meagrerness or insufficiency of agricultural inputs had generally induced the cultivators to resort to this type of
cultivating tenure, but any how, it did not appear to be much in vogue in the area.
* Tenants:
* The Ryotwari tenure never intended to recognise any middle man between the land holder and the State and the
owner becoming an absentee. But, factors like old age, sickness, lack of heirs, indebtedness, staying away from the
piece of land, large holdings and the owner adopting a non-agricultural profession, etc., had all resulted in inducing
many a land holder to lease his land.
* Further, as land became a commodity of value owing to the security it offered and the prestige and status it
conferred on its owner, many non-cultivators began to acquire lands which they leased out to others for cultivation.
* Shikmidars and Asami-Shikmis were otherwise known as protected tenants and tenants- at-will- respectively.
* Where as the former enjoyed the right of remaining on the land as long as he fulfilled the terms of the agreement
with the owner, the latter, on the other hand, enjoyed a temporary or annual tenancy.
* An Asami-Shikmi could become a Shikmidar if he had been a partner in the cultivation of the holding from the time
it was first cleared, or had been in uninterrupted occupation for twelve consecutive years.
* But, rarely was the same tenant allowed to cultivate the same land for more than two to five years.
* Pattedars very much resorted to changing their Kowldars (tenants) frequently so that the latter might not claim a
prescriptive right on the strength of long possession.
* This had also given them the benefit of claiming higher rants as these was keen competition among landless tenants
to take land on lease. It was with the same intention to deprive the Kowldars of occupancy rights over the lands which
they cultivated that the Pattedars showed aversion to enter into written agreements with them.
* That was the reason why leases were mostly oral and as many as 75% of them remained tenancies at - will that got
terminated after one year. If at all a written agreement was executed, its terms and conditions had only put the tenant
completely at the mercy of the landlord.
* A typical specimen of such an agreement executed in Warangal District, is enclosed in that above tenures
* The appointment of a committee in 1940 to enquire into the tenancy problem and the passing of the Asami-Shikmi
Act in 1945, based on its recommendations, though well-intentioned, had failed to bring any perceptible change in the
condition of the tenantry.
* Though the Act which came into operation in 1947 had regulated that these Asami-Shikmis, who were in
continuous occupation of land for six years between 1933-43 were to be recognised as permanent or protected tenants
and the period of lease in case of tenants-at-will was to be for not less than ten years, these were not implemented due
to Governmental indifferences, the intransigence of the landlords and the ignorance of the tenants.
* The tenants, besides being generally ignorant of the beneficial provisions of the Act were not allowed to take
advantage of them if at all they willed, by the strong-arm tactics adopted by the wealthy Pattedars.
* Sample survey conducted by a special officer in Warangal District in April, 1949 and also the gathering of opinion
by the Agrarian Reforms Committee in the same year, revealed that insecurity of tenure created by short and yearly
leases, frequent evictions and rack-renting had characterised the situation in different parts of the area.
* More and more lands were resumed under the guise of bringing them under personal cultivation.
* The condition of Kowldars in the other tenures of Jagir, Maqta, Ijara, Agrahar and Inam was no better.
* It was even graver in the sense that even cultivators of long standing extending to even a period of 90 years, had
came to be regarded as tenants-at-will with no independent rights of sale, mortgageability and transfer and were also
evicted freely as and when they refused to pay higher rents.
* Even in Jagirs which were surveyed and settled, Pattedars were regarded as Shikmidars who, in turn, let their lands
on rent to Asami-Shikmis. In other words, unlike in Ryotwari, these tenure- holders or assignees came to regard
themselves as the sole Pattedars of the villages that were under their charge.
* If at all permission was ever accorded by Jagirdars for sale, transfer, heirship or according of Pattedari rights, nazars
or nazaranas (Present or gift, but compulsorily extracted) amounting to one or two years, assessments were demanded
from the cultivators. These evils were more pronounced in un-surveyed and un-settled Jagirs out of non-Diwani
villages in the State.
* Whenever Government intended to undertake survey and Settlement of a Jagir village rather compulsorily, then the
alienator took all care to get the village records prepared in such a way that the actual land holders were showed as
tenants.
* There was no supervision or scrutiny by Government Officers of the village papers of alienated villages.
* As a matter of fact, Government rules regarding grant of Pattedari rights in Khalsa villages were only issued in
Jarida (Gazette Notification) No.32 of 19th Thir (May), 1356 Fasli (1947) and even these legal provisions had
remained mostly on paper.
* Further, it is significant to note that Chapter No.7 of Section 169 of the Hyderabad Land Revenue Act which
referred to Survey and Settlement, was made not applicable to non-Khalsa villages, except on the written application
of the holder of any such village which under the circumstances stated above, would never be forthcoming.
* The rights of the tenants in both Khalsa and non-Khalsa villages and their relationship with Patttedars and landlords
was put on proper footing, ensuring occupancy rights, security of tenure and reasonable lease rates, only with the
passing on 10th June, 1950 of the Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act. Its implementation however, was
witnessed only after the close of 1950.
* Other Tenures of Khalsa Land:
* Besides the Ryotwari tenures described above, there were, as indicated in Table No.1, four other tenures of
Government land, viz., Pan-Magta, Tahud or Sarbasta, Ijara and Agrahar.
* The holders of these non-Ryotwari tenures being invariably landlords or officials of considerable wealth and power,
the economic condition of the cultivators, tenants and other sections of the rural population had come to be
immensely influenced by the way of their functioning.
* The fact that tenurial rights over a number of villages were vested in one person (Raja Rameshwar Rao, Maqtedar
and Surebhi Rao Venkat Lakshman Rao, another Maqtedar, for instance, had under them respectively 123 and 105
villages in Nagarkurnool Taluq of Mahaboognagar District of Medak Suba) had led to vast concentration of landed
power which, in turn, prompted them to indulge in different kinds of excesses, causing misery to the local population.
1) Pan-Maqta Tenure:
* Pan-Maqta or Maqta was a Kowl or tenure by contract granted by former Government under which lands extending
from small isolated fields to whole villages and even groups of villages, were given to the holders on a fixed quit rent
without liability to enhancement.
* These were granted either permanently or for a life or lives. There were also some Maqtas, on which no quit-rent
was levied and thus, they very much resembled Inams or revenue-free grants.
* The quit-rent remained always less than the full assessment of the lands assigned, and the concession was meant to
profit the tenure-holders.
* It is of much significance that, not being satisfied with the revenue benefit or profit, the Maqtedars have indulged in
all kinds of excesses, causing misery and hardship to the cultivators.
* The most significant development in respect of these Maqtas which has considerable bearing on agricultural
development of the concurred areas, was the fact that, though these Pan-Maqta lands were Diwani lands for all
practical purposes, the Maqtedars behaved like Jagirdars by collecting a huge number of illegal contributions or
patties from the poor cultivators.
* They not only resorted to militant methods of evicting the rightful owners from the lands, but even managed to
change the revenue records, eliminating the names of the real pattedars, as the former themselves in most of the
villages held the posts of Patel (Village Officer who looked after law and order) and Patwari (Village Officer who
maintained land record and collected land revenue).
* Taking all these things into consideration, the Pan-Maqta villages, for all practical purposes, have come to be
regarded as non-Khalsa.
2. Tahud/Sarbasta/Watandari Tenure:
* Prior to the introduction of the modern Ryotwari system, the land revenue of the State, together with certain other
cesses, such as Abkari (excise), Mohtarfa (tax on professions) etc., used to be farmed out to the contractors.
* The persons selected were generally wealthy and influential residents of the city whose social position commanded
respect.
* This system of farming of tax collection was called Tahud. If the revenues were farmed out to a zamindar of the
district, as was frequently the case in Telangana, the transaction was termed Sarbasta and some times Bil-Maqta.
* The Tahud or Sarbasta tenure resembled Pan-Maqta in so far as both were contracts between the Government and
the lessee, but with this difference that, whereas in the case of Pan-Maqta, the amount levied was fixed by the
Government once for all and the lease was in perpetuity, the Tahud or Sarbasta Kowl was for a specified number of
years only, and the amount entered in the Kowlnama was liable for alteration after the period of Kowl had expired.
* Further, whereas the Maqtedar became the proprietor of the land, the Talhuddar never became proprietor and he
remained only a contractor or manager for the time being.
* Although these Talhads were given with the best of intentions, they were, owing to the general mismanagement that
prevailed in those days, disastrous in their results both for the Government and for the people.
* As a matter of fact, Talhuddar usually turned out to be a blood-sucker, out only to realise as much as he possibly
could within his period and with no thought or responsibility for the future.
* While on one hand the peasantry was reduced to extreme hardship and suffering due to the extortions of the
contractors, on the other hand, the amounts received by the Government diminished at each renewal of the contract.
* Consequently, Sir Salar Jung I, the Prime Minister, got the Tahud or Sarbasta tenure abolished in 1866 A.D.
* But, it is of much significance in economic and more particularly in agricultural fields that this abolition of the
Talhud or Sarbasta system or tenure, did not affect much the strength and position of Deshmukhs (hereditary village
chiefs) and Deshpandes (Village Accountants who also participated in the collection of land revenue) who happened
to be earlier tax-farmers.
* On the other hand, it was further strengthened.
* This resulted because of the fact that in consequence of the removal of tax-farming, the former revenue-farmers
were given land in compensation and most of them availed of the opportunity to seize as much of the best land as they
could.
* Further, they being absentee landlords, indulged in the most lucrative trades of money and grain lending and also
liquor and toddy contracts which not only made them exceedingly rich, but more important than that, completely kept
the different sections of the population under their strong and unrelenting thumb.
* As though these accretions of power and position were not enough, and more so to keep these Deshmukhs and
Deshpandes tied to the apron-strings of the Nizam's Government, irrespective of the fact that they proved to be the
tormentors, day-in and day-out, of the cultivators, tenants, village artisans and handicraftsmen, business men and
women and children, these Watandari (this is one of the most ancient tenures arising out of the services rendered by
the several grades of hereditary revenue officers, such as Patels, Patwaris, Deshmukhs, Deshpandyas, Sirdeshmukhs
& Sardeshpandes) tenure-holders of a district level were allowed by the Govemment, an annual pension on hereditary
basis, known as Rusum-i-zamindari, calculated at 74% on the revenue collections, out of which 5% was the share of
Deshmukhs and 2% that of the Deshpandes.
* This payment was made to these Watandars without requiring them of any service.
* Watandars, at the village level, consisted of principally Patels and Patwaris, besides some others such as
- Talari or Village Peon for tax collection purposes;
- Sethsindhi or the Village Watchman;
- Neredu who looked after irrigational sources and water supply to the fields and
- Dhein or messenger, etc., who assisted the former in village administration.
* Cash remuneration was allowed to Patels and Patwaris which was calculated according to a progressively
decreasing scale fixed by the Government i.e., the larger the collection, the smaller the rate at which remuneration
was calculated.
* Besides this fixed scale, they also received at 2 pies each out of one anna (12 pies made an anna) from the Village
Service Fund.
* Further, their salaries were increased by 50% in the closing forties.
* Village staff who assisted the Patels and Patwaris that are referred to above, were also paid some percentage or
share from the Village Service Fund under Sir Salar Jung besides enjoying assignments of revenue-free lands.
* The Patels and Patwaris, though their salaries were nominal and rather meager, had, due to their landed property and
local background, commanded considerable influence on rural administration.
* Every villager, right from a middle farmer down to an artisan, was made to feel their impact either in the payment of
land revenue, recording of land rights, claiming of talafimal (claiming land revenue remission for crop damage, either
due to excess or less rainfall or any other natural factors) and taccavi (loans to ryots at times of drought or other
natural calamities) or in the collection of food grain levy.
* Just like Deshmukhs and Deshpandes, Watandars at the higher level, these Patels and Patwaris being absentee
landlords in general, also indulged in the most lucrative trades of money and grain-lending and also liquor and toddy
contracts which not only made them highly rich, but more important than this, completely kept the different sections
of the rural population under their strong and unrelenting domination.
* These manifold layers of power naturally encouraged all the Watandars of higher and lower levels to perpetrate
different types of excesses including vetti (forced labour which was mostly unpaid or meagrely paid) and the
punishments inflicted on them by the authorities were not only rare, but seldom effective and deterrent.
* Added to these factors, the huge concentration of number of villages in different Taluqs of a district under the
control of one Rusumdar or big Watandar (Raja Dharam Karan Bahadur, Qanungoi or District level Watandar like
Deshpande, enjoyed Rusum from the Taluqs of Nizamabad, Armoor, Bodhan and Banswada in Nizamabad District)
has also much emboldened them not only to be wary or indifferent to the people's problem or woes, but very indulge
in all kinds of excesses and atrocities through their Gumasthas (all big landholders or title holders, being absentee
landlords, appointed Gumasthas or their agents to look after the matters relating to their villages who were no less
than the former in troubling and torturing the local population) that brought untold misery and suffering to the local
population, including cultivators and tenants.
3. The Ijara Tenure:
* The Ijara tenure was primarily concerned with land development. This tenure was introduced in the former
Hyderabad State in 1878 A.D., in order to get the numerous deserted villages repopulated and bring under cultivation
large tracts of cultivable lands lying waste, which had arisen, and rather increased, owing to the mal-administration of
Governments that were there prior to Salar Jung I.
* As a special inducement to attract people to take up the development of these lands, the Ijara system was introduced
under which land was given on lease, assessed at light rates, subject to progressive increase till the full assessment
was reached, the period of concession varying from 5 to 30 years and in some cases to 40 years.
* On the expiry of the Kowl period, the village was surveyed and settled, and was given permanently on Bil-Magta or
a fixed annual quit-rent equal to half the settlement assessment provided that the ijaradar during the period of the
lease had brought 1/3rd of the land allotted to him under cultivation, and he was also given the right of Patelgi of the
village, if there were 40 houses or huts in it.
* This system of leasing out Government lands was in force till the year 1318 Fasli (1909A.D.), when it was
abolished as being no longer necessary.
* As the value of and demand for land has increased, this was effected.
* The leases issued prior to that year were, however, allowed to run their due course.
* As a matter of fact, the periods of most of these leases have already expired and a Special
Officer has been appointed since 1323 Fasli (1914A.D.) to look into and settle the claims of various lessees.
4. Agraharas:
* Agrahara tenure, like that of Maqtas, was also based on the arrangement that the assignee has to pay a fixed quit-
rent permanently.
* These were granted for the support of Hindu or Muslim places of worship.
* But, in practice, the Agraharas did not strictly and sincerely conform themselves to the sacred religious duties that
they were expected to perform.
* They indulged in absentee landlordism and employed agents to look after land tax collection and other affairs of the
assigned village or villages on their behalf. As no bandobast or survey of the lands was done, the agent kept on the
scene levied high rates and those ryots who refused to pay were evicted.
* If talaf-mal was done by Diwani administration, no exemptions were given by him. The Agraharik being
independent in revenue administration, the cultivators could neither represent their sufferings to Ryotwari officials,
nor the Agraharik bothered at all about them, even when the ryots took all the trouble of going all the way to represent
to him in person.
* Besides absenteeism, concentration of more than one Agrahara tenurial rights in one person was also there.
* This further emboldened them to indulge in all kinds of excesses and atrocities being perpetrated on the common
people or cultivators under their control.
* Further, just like the Ijargdars, the Agrahardars also indulged in illegal occupation of lands of neighbouring villages,
and some times in the same village over and above the extent that they were granted which included Government
lands also.
* The Agrahar tenure-holders, thus, though they were supposed to carry on the noble task of religious worship,
proved in practice that they were no lesser than other tenure-holders, such as Maqtedars, Ijaradars and Watandars in
exploiting the peasantry for their self-aggrandisement. Only forms varied, but basic methods remained the same.
* Non- Khalsa Tenures:
1. Surf - i - Khas:
* Non-Khalsa or Diwani lands which were not under the direct administration of the Government, consisted of
broadly, as already stated (see the item 'Land Classification' in this chapter), those which formed the privy purse or
the personal property of the Nizam or the Ruler and those which were assigned for some specified purpose (Paigahs,
Jagirs, Inams, or Samsthanas), whose holders have to pay, in majority of the cases, a fixed annual revenue or tribute
to the State treasury, or else render the specified military or religious service.
* A few lands or villages have been assigned without any payment or service condition, especially in recognition of
participation in war, service in the Government or proficiency in literary and cultural fields.
* Each of these tenures had their special characteristics and a bearing very much considerable, on the interests and
well-being of the agriculturists, artisans, craftsmen, business men and all other sections of the people under their
control and influence at large.
* Surf-I-Khas lands covered an area of one-tenth of the Dominions and spread over 18 Taluks of different Districts.
* The sprinkling of Surf-I-Khas villages over a wide number of Taluks in the State was because of the fact that these
were picked out by the Nizam on the basis of their proximity to the capital city, fertility of the soils, road or transport
facilities available to them etc.
* These Surf-I-Khas villages, though belonged to the Ruler, were kept under the administration of Diwani officials,
who, of course, managed them on behalf of the Sarf-I-Khas Department.
* The administrative control over these villages was exercised by a Special Officer, known as the Sadar-ul-Moham,
working directly under the orders of the Nizam.
* The revenue from these Sarf-I-Khas villages, after deducting management charges, was credited to Surf-I-Khas
treasury.
* The Diwani officials, though they were put in charge of the administration of these Surf-I-Khas villages, never used
their individual discretion in deciding cases relating to revenue matters for fear of incurring the displeasure of the
Ruler and all such matters were simply forwarded to be decided by the Sarf-I-Khas Chief Secretary.
* Further, it also became the practice that, on personal approach to the Nizam, persons of influence who were
involved in offences of serious nature, such as the illegal occupation of forest land, could get themselves not only
absolved of the charges, but even got rewarded by huge allotment of land.
* Even though fairly good revenue was received from the Surf-I-Khas villages, and taxes were collected in such a
rigorous manner that, even in the Depression years of 1933 and 1934, 100% collections were recorded, the Sarf-I-
Khas administration was so stringy and regardless of the welfare of the agriculturists in its spending that, when due to
scarcity of water, 1/4th remission of land revenue was granted in all Diwani lands for 1933, and when the same was
recommended for Sarf-I-Khas areas by the First Taluqdars (District Collectors), it was flatly denied by the Secretary,
Sarf-I-Khas, and repeated representations in this regard were made even by Subedar (head of a Suba or Revenue
Commissioner), but to no effect.
* Even in respect of maintaining sources of irrigation on which the development of agriculture in the area has fully
depended, the amounts spent were so negligible or nil that during the 15 years period between 1933 and 1948,
whereas the total number of sources remained the same, the number of sources to be repaired or unserviceable ones,
had increased considerably.
* Added to these unhappy and discouraging factors, the miserliness of the Sarj-I-Khas administration failed to attract
men of efficiency to serve it on account of the depressingly low salaries that were offered.
* As an instance, a clerk in Diwani area was paid Rs.30/- per month, whereas he was paid only Rs.15/- under Sarf-I-
Khas.
* Though, as seen above, only a fraction of revenue was utilised in Surf-I-Khas villages for the benefit of the
cultivators, yet they enjoyed the benefit of Survey and Settlement and the non-presence of the overlord of these
villages on the spot. Consequently, compared to alienated villages like Jagir Inams, etc., these were relatively, free
from those exploitations which arose either due to the presence of the assignee on the spot, or frequent visits to
receive various kinds of payments in money, kind and labour.
* These Surf-I-Khas villages were taken over by the newly formed Government in February 1949.
2. Paigahs:
* 'Paigah', a term of Persian origin, meant stable or cavalry. It was also a kind of Jagir, otherwise known as Jamiyat
Jagirs which were originally granted by H.H. the Nawab Nizam Ali Khan (1761-1803) which was aimed to serve as a
counter-balancing military force between himself and his troops (as there was the domination of the Minister
Rukhnuddaula over the Nizam, Nizam Ali, he took this step after the death of the said Minister in 1775, in order to
have military support in case the regular troops acted under the orders of any future Minister.
* Just like the Surf-I-Khas villages, the Paigah villages, in the State, consisting of over 1,000 villages in an area of
over 2,000 Sq. miles, were so much scattered that they spread over 237 Taluqs and 10 Districts.
* Similar to the selection of Surf I-Khas villages, Paigah villages or Jamiyat Jagirs, have also been chosen depending
on the proximity to the capital city, fertility of the soils and the availability of road facilities.
* It is for this reason that, as rich or fertile soils were not very much available in Nalgonda District, coupled with the
sparsity of irrigational facilities, no Paigah villages were there in it.
* As the condition of the military service was not in force long before the turn of 20th century, the keeping of troops
became only symbolic and ceremonious, serving no worthwhile purpose.
* Though freed from this obligation, the Paigah noblemen had full control of revenue and judicial administration and
ran their own Departments of education, health, public works, survey and settlement etc.
* But, the efficiency of these was often absurdly low. It had proved almost impossible for the Government to secure
effective cooperation from the Paigah Departments in public health administration, food control and similar matters.
* Further, there was excessive interference of the Nizam not only in the administration and succession of these estates,
but even in family matters, such as marriages, disposal of personal property etc., for he came to treat them familiar as
mere branches of the Asafjahi family.
* Thinking that these Paigahs were not serving any useful purpose, the Reilly Commission had recommended as early
as 1927 to disband their armies and remove the Jagirs from them.
* But, the Nizam in his Firman (order) issued on 23rd April, 1929, did not favour these recommendations stating that
the Rulers were served hereditarily by these noblemen.
* The result was that, most of these Paigahs continued to be happy hunting ground for interested noblemen, and the
land rights and condition of the cultivators was none the better than in other assigned lands.
3. Jagirs:
* Among the non-Khalsa tenures, Jagirs occupied premier place both in respect of number, as well as impact on the
agricultural development, as well as other sectors of the economy of the State as a whole.
* The Mughal system of making land grants to noblemen was introduced with necessary modifications occasioned by
time and place, by Nizam-ul-mulk, the founder and first Nizam of the State.
* So greatly did he come to depend on the support of the Muslim and Hindu noblemen that he brought with him from
Delhi to the Deccan for his strength and stability that, one-third of his territory was distributed among them, the
Muslims being engaged for military service and the Hindus in administrative work.
* Of these land grants, the most important from the point of view of wide and sovereign rights enjoyed by the fief-
holders, were the Paigah or Jamiat Jagirs.
* Jagirs, other than Paighas or Jamiat Jagirs, could better be classified as 'exempted' or 'non- exempted', 'conditional'
or 'unconditional' and 'rent-free' or 'rent-paying'.
* 'Al-tangha Jagirs' were'revenue-free' grants (but a kind of royalty, called Haq-e-Malikana was collected from almost
all Jagirs, which were originally absolutely rent-free) made permanent and hereditary, and Zat Jagirs were
unconditional in the sense that large areas of land were granted for the maintenance of the grantee without any
stipulation of service.
* Mashrooti Jagirs were, on the other hand, granted for the performance of some definite service, religious civil or
military, and were continued only so long as the conditions of the grant were fulfilled.
* Religious grants made for the support of religious or charitable institutions, mainly dominated this category.
* Madadmash Jagirs were granted as a gratuity, either as the sole means of maintenance for the one who might be the
holder of Mashrooti grant, or as a supplement to his other means of livelihood.
* Opportunity was thus provided for an individual to receive two types of Jagirs and thereby get strengthened
enormously in land and revenue power.
* Tankha Jagirs were, of course granted when the State was in financial difficulties before 1853 in lien of the payment
of salaries to military and civil establishments.
* But, these were resumed or redeemed with the assumption of power by Salar Jung-I in 1853, as he was able to put
the finances of the State in sound state by his wise and beneficial reforms.
* A significant factor which contributed for the growth of the feudal system was that, the grants of Jagirs which were
originally meant for definite periods not extending beyond the lives of the grantees and were resumable with the
office, became in course of time, permanent and hereditary either because it was thought below the dignity of he
Ruler to resume, or by mere usurpations made possible by the weakness of the Central Government before 1853.
* Exempted Jagirdars could otherwise, be considered as big Jagirdars.
* Their number in the State was not small, which could be gauged from the fact that in Medak Suba itself (one of the
four Subas in the State), there existed as many as 222 such Jagirdars.
* It needs to be appreciated in this connection that, not only the number of these big Jagirs, was huge, but also there
was heavy concentration of these Jagir villages, spreading over several Taluks and different Districts in the hands of a
single nobleman.
* To quote one such instance, Raja Dharmkaran Bahadur had his exempted Jagir villages numbering 20 in
Mahaboobnagar Taluq; 17 in Pargi Taluq; 5 in Makhtal Taluq, all in Mahaboobnagar District; 8 in Siddipet Taluq; 7
in Kalabgur Taluq; 5 in Medak Taluq and 3 in Andol Taluq, all in Medak District; 5 in Bhongir Taluq; 5 in Jangaon
Taluq, both in Nalgonda District, altogether totalling 77 villages, forming around 35% of the total number of
exempted Jagirs in Medak huge scattering naturally contributed for monopolistic power and administrative
inefficiency and Suba and which were spread over all the four Districts of the Suba. This heavy concentration and
indifference.
* Poor and highly undeveloped and neglected means of transport and communications have augmented the troubles
and suffering of the local population in getting their needs attended by the administration.
* Excepting some minor control over their Judiciary and the Police by the Diwani administration.
* these big Jagirdars functioned as independent princes with having administrative control of their territories
completely at their disposal, and this feature was so horrible that one shuddered at the very sight of it.
* They maintained a complete system of private Government with their own Courts of Justice Police, Revenue staff
and also Survey and Settlement Departments.
* On the Revenue side, the Jagirdars appointed their own Tahsildars and Taluqdars (District Collectors) and had the
same right of appointing continuing or dismissing the village Patwaries, Patels etc., which the Government had in
Diwani areas.
* The independent authority of these Exempted Jagirdars very much appeared like a State within a State', grievously
affecting the uniform implementation of the latter's policy and developmental measures.
* Non-exempted Jagirs numbered far higher than exempted ones. In Medak Suba, for instance, they numbered 531 as
against 222 exempted Jagirs.
* These tenure-holders, by and large, had only one Jagir village under their control, and hence, they could be
considered as small Jagirdars.
* But, here and there, there was concentration of more than one Jagir village in the hands of one tenure-holder.
* These small Jagirdars had full revenue jurisdiction, but their Judicial and Police power varied considerably
according to their status and the income of their Jagirs.
* They were, however, not free from Government control, and majority of them remitted Haq-e-malikana or royalty
which ranged from 2 to 5% of their income in normal cases, to 25% in exceptional cases.
* These non-exempted Jagirdars, though they remained under the jurisdictional control of the concerned Diwani
administrative units, have totally remained indifferent to their people's woes and needs, and instead, turned out to be
their exploiters and perpetrators of injustices on them.
* In accordance with revenue laws, the proprietary rights over all Jagir lands vested with the Government, and the
Jagirdars were entitled only to revenues on these lands and never to the rents from them. As the value of lands has
gone up, the Jagirdars started claiming rents, as well as Pattedari rights on these lands.
* Most of them began to treat their hereditary cultivators as if they were tenants-at-will. This led
to the enhancement of rents or assessment even in respect of old cultivators.
* These absentee landlords collected 25 to 50% more land revenue than the Khalsa villages and freely evicted even
cultivators of long standing if they failed to pay these abnormal assessments.
* To add to the burden, majority of the Jagirdars never granted their ryots remission and suspension of land revenue
on the scale that was sanctioned by the Government to the ryots in Diwani areas.
* There were Jagirs where the benefit was completely denied.
* Due to this denial, the impact of the usually heavy assessment was felt with crushing weight by the cultivators
whenever there was crop failure due to natural and unforeseen calamities which some times happened in seven out of
ten years.
* Even in surveyed villages, nazarana in the shape of one or two years' assessment was extracted by the Jagirdars
before according Pattedari rights even to old cultivators, to permit them to sell or mortgage their lands and also to
recognise heirs.
* These evils of high assessments, rack-renting, easy evictions and nazars were resorted to by the Jagirdars in a more
candid and pronounced manner in unsurveyed villages which formed 20% of the total non- Diwani villages in the
State in 1949.
* The main reason for a large number of Jagirs to remain unsurveyed and un-settled, standing at 1,1000 villages, was
the absence of any legal provision for compulsory settlement of these villages, and the Jagirdars had, on their part,
had always longed its non-conduct or at least postponement, in order that they could have a free field for exploitation.
* Besides the collection of land revenue assessments or rents whose burden itself was more than what the peasants
with their meagre incomes could bear, the Jagir holders levied a motley of irregular cesses.
* The nature and number of these extra payments differed from one Jagir to another, but in total these numbered as
many as 35.
* Shadi-Patti (marriage cess), Ghar-Patti (house tax), 'Mohtarfa' (tax on handlooms), 'grazing tax' and fine @Rs.12 to
Rs.50/- for every cattle trespassing into Jagirdar's fields; collection of one anna per rupee extra on local fund;
collection @ 100 maize Kankulu (maize tops containing grain) from every ryot for the food of Jagirdar's horses,
irrespective of the fact whether they were maintained by him or not; mamul (customary collection becoming a regular
feature) @ one ram from each herd of sheep or goats per year and even tax for cremating dead bodies @Rs.0-6-6, etc.,
were among these sundry duties (Golkonda Patrika (bi-weekly), 29-06-1939 & 03-07-1939).
* This long list makes the point clear that these tenure-holders, in order to satisfy their too many demands of their city
or town life filled with luxury and vaingloriousness, laid their huge tax net not only around the necks of the ryots, but
also all other sections of the rural population, such as weavers, shepherds, carpenters, potters, goldsmiths, blacksmiths,
etc.
* The ryots were made to shut their mouths and undergo the hardships caused by these hated cesses on account of
Ghasti No.53.
* More than the collection of these illegal cesses, the one which earned utmost odium to Jagirdars, and caused untold
suffering to the people was the extraction of vetti or forced labour from different sections of the local population.
* Occupants, tenants, labourers, weavers, shepherds, washer men, etc., each was made to serve the needs of the
Jagirdar in the sphere relating to his profession as and when demanded, even relegating personal necessities to the
background, failing which, the defaulters were subjected to physical torture and deprivation of basic necessities of life,
like taking of water from village wells and provisions from shops (Meezan, 04-12-1945).
* Its prohibition by a Firman (Royal Order) of the Nizam, as early as 12th December, 1926, made no impression on
these hard-headed feudal lords. Compared to these vexatious exactions, the contribution made by the Jagir
administration towards the development of agriculture, irrigation, education, health and water supply was dismal
(Jagir Administration, Vol.I, 1952; PP 15-16; Golkonda Patrika (bi-weekly) 10-4-1939; Royal Commission Report on
Jagir Administration and Reforms, H.E.H., the Nizam's Government, 1356 Fasli (1947 A.D.), P.P. 99-81).
* There did not seem to be a single Jagir which spent at least one rupee out of every hundred rupees of its income on
education.
* 75% of the villages did not seem to be absence of any kind of organisation for public health in non-Diwani areas
and lack of control measures having even primary schools (Golkonda Patrika (bi-weekly), 29-06-1939).
* Owing to the complete during the outbreak of epidemic diseases, these areas constituted a perennial source of
danger to the neighbouring Diwani tracts.
* The Jagirdars concerned did not take proper and adequate measures for relief and further more they did not even
relish the idea of Diwani officers visiting Jagir areas and taking proper relief measures.
* Further, there were no facilities for the supply of even drinking water in Jagir villages, which was very much vital
for public health. Inadequacy of communications had also serious effects on the economic development of Jagir areas
in the sense that the farmers have to sell their products locally even at lower prices that are offered by the one or two
local dealers, and at the same time buy the goods that they need for their family and agricultural needs at
comparatively higher prices.
* There were no arrangements at all for providing relief to the Jagir cattle and prevention of cattle diseases.
* Similarly, there were no adequate arrangements for providing facilities for the improvement of agriculture in Jagir
areas, such as the supply of water for irrigation, improved seeds, manures and pesticides, cheap agricultural credit,
granting of timely remissions for crop failures, etc.,
* Government having no control over Jagirs in this regard, has been in a great measure, responsible for a dismal
situation in this regard.
* Steeped in the habits of a bygone feudal age, receiving generally nazars, gifts in cash and other parasitical incomes
without simultaneous exertion, many a Jagirdar had become negligent of the affairs of his Jagir and indulged in a
good deal of extravagance, pomp and ceremony. Indebtedness, inspite of large incomes, exceeding one lakh rupees
per year in respect of some, had soared up in many cases.
* The Jagirdars and their dependents as a class could not be said to be reasonably educated despite the means at their
disposal and neither their intellectual attainments not their social thinking seemed to be keeping pace with the tide of
the time. It is no wonder then, that popular opinion or the masses at large clamoured for the removal of these
intermediaries and directed their vehement attack against them during the Peasants Armed Struggle of 1946-51.
4. Inams:
* 'Inam' is an Arabic word which means favour or reward.
* As Inam holding was thus a grant of land in which the State had given up its right to the land revenue or a portion of
it in favour of an individual or an institution in return for the performance of certain duties or as a charitable
endowment without the obligation of service, or as a reward to favourites.
* These grants were usually hereditary and permanent and varied from small isolated fields to whole villages or
several villages.
* Besides the Inams, which were usually granted for the staff associated with religious institutions, the one which has
been coming by way of convention or practice were Balota Inams (lands with only 1/4th of the original assessment
given in consideration of the service rendered to the village community and Government officials).
* Inam tenures were granted in such a liberal manner that even public women were also bestowed with them.
* During the days of administrative confusion and disorder that prevailed before Salar Jung-I (1853-1885), the grant
of these lands had been greatly abused, and the impoverished condition of the treasury prompted the Ministers to
issue these grants as a means to meet the claims on it.
* But, they were often fraudulent and their number got so much multiplied that they threatened to eat up a large
portion of the revenue of the State.
* In order to set right the mal-administration, a Commission, known as the Inam Commission, was established in
1865 A.D., which carried on its work till 1912 when it was abolished in view of the major part of the work being over,
and the Revenue Department took up the completion of the remaining work.
* As a result of this enquiry, Inams that were proved to be valid were granted fresh title deeds, and others where
sufficient evidence or continuity of possession was not forthcoming, were either resumed or charged with a portion of
the full revenue at the discretion of the Government.
* Though it was stated that the total number of Inamdars in the State was 83,000, of which 57,000 were in Diwani and
28,000 in Jagirs, area-wise figures are not available.
* However, few details that are available in respect of Warangal District reveal an interesting fact that Inam land areas
were in high proportion in those Taluqs of the District where Deshmukhs and Deshpandes were also in good number.
* This had naturally resulted in intensification of the pressure on the peasantry.
* Inamdars of minor holding and Dheir balota Inamdars were not allowed to enjoy water supply to their lands and
occupancy rights over them on account of the exercise of domination by Deshmukhs, Patels and Patwaris.
Representation at the Taluqdari and Subedari level in this regard did not result in much change in this situation, as the
Watandars enjoyed considerable influence with higher Revenue Officials.
* Further, some of the Inamdars themselves like temple priests showed little interest in cultivating the lands allotted.
Even after grant periods running over decades, the lands remained uncultivated, the reasons being that they primarily
remained non-agriculturists, not cultivating the lands by themselves and the lands, on the other hand, fetched poor
rents or no rents at all, as they remained uncultivated.
* At the same time, Inamdars with necessary potential and interest in land development were permitted by Circular
No.4 of 1298 Fasli (1889) to bring excess lands under their occupation over and above the extent prescribed in the
sanad without the broad demarcated limits.
* This provision contributed towards concentration of land in the hands of big Inamdars.
* But, all the same, one thing needs to be appreciated that even though the Inamdars thus enjoyed concessions in land
occupation and revenue payment, yet, as they did not enjoy the right of revenue collection like Jagirdars, Maqtedars,
Ijaradars, Inamdars, etc., much was not heard in the records of any excesses in the matter of enjoyment of land rights
by pattedars and tenants.
* It was for the same reason that these lands did not come under the purview of the Jagir (Abolition) Regulation
* Yet, vesting of vast lands, even extending to several villages, with a marginal or no revenue payment, had by itself,
led to land monopolisation with necessary attendant evils.

Rise of Socio - Cultural Movements in Ts

* INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST SOCIO - POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN TELANGANA:
* There was no freedom of Speech, assembly and expression (Press) to the people of Hyderabad state during the
Nizam rule (under Nishan Ghasti 53). They have no political or responsible rights.
* Mandumula Narsing Rao, editor of Rayyat in his book 50 Years of Hyderabad' described the following: 'When
compared to the Telugu people in Andhra, the Telugu people in Telangana are lagging behind 50 years'.
* The following incidents, movements, journals, books, unions and organizations contributed for the growth of
political awareness in Telangana region.
* Chanda Railway Scheme Agitation (1883-85):
* Nizam Mir-Mahabub Alikhan at the time of Chanda Railway Scheme Agitation. It is considered as the first political
agitation that brought political awareness among the people of Nizam state. It was the first People's movement started
in Hyderabad Princely State.
* The Chanda Railway scheme agreement was made between Nizam's government and the British in 1883.
* Intellectuals like Dr Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya, Mulla Abdul Qayyum and Aysagi Hoshang and Ramachandra
Pillai felt that the agreement was only remunerative to the British capitalists and would result in a great financial loss
to the State.
* In 1870, the British made an agreement with the Nizam government signed by Salar Jung I to construct a railway
line from Madras to Bombay through Hyderabad, Wadi and Gulbarga.
* Note: The first railway line was laid between Hyderabad and Wadi in 1874.
* High quality coal reserves were found at Singareni, Dornakal, Illandu and other places in the Nizam State.
* The British began production of coal at Chandrapur in Maharashtra.
* The English government wanted to construct a railway line from Chandrapur to Vijayawada through Wadi.
* The British Railway Company named it as Chanda Railway Scheme.
* The company agreed to invest 3 lakh pounds.
* The British Company was in treaty with the Nizam's Government to extend the Railway from Hyderabad to Chanda,
on condition of a guarantee by the Nizam of six per cent.
* Chanda Railway scheme was first agreed at the time of Salar Jung and executed during the period of Salar Jung I.
* People of Hyderabad State became aware of Chanda Railway Scheme and started agitation.
* The Nizam at the time of Chanda Railway Scheme agitation was Mir Mehboob Ali Khan.
* Intellectuals of Hyderabad propagated that the Scheme would result in a great financial loss to the State. They
include:
1. Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya (Father of Sarojini Naidu)- First Principal of Nizam College
2. Mulla Abdul Qayyum-First Muslim to join Indian National Congress from Hyderabad State
3. Dastur Aysagi Hyoshang- (Parsi, A Tahsildar in Nizam government)
* The committee of intellectuals requested the government to place before the public the full details of the scheme.
* The Nizam Mir Mehboob Ali Khan expelled the intellectuals for 2 years.
• On 22 May 1883, Hyoshang and Qayyum was sent to Pune.
• On 20 May 1833, Aghoranath was sent to Sholapur.
* The people opposed this and meetings, conferences and processions were organized. This led to the awakening of
people.
* The news papers that had given publicity to the Chanda Railway Scheme agitation were-
1. Times of India 2. Bengal Gazette 3. The Bombay Gazette 4. The Hazar Dastaan
* Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya:
* He belonged to the State of Bengal. He was the first Indian to obtain Phd in Chemistry from Edinburgh University.
He went to England and became the first Indian to obtain B.Sc degree.
* In 1879 he preached many aspects like freedom, rights, equality through Young Men's Improvement Society.
* Mulla Abdul Qayyum:
* He was the first Muslim to join INC from Hyderabad.
* He established two organizations Ikhav Unspah, Anjuman Imaresh for educational reforms.
* He ran a monthly magazine in Hyderabad state and propagated that both Hindus and Muslims should have equal
opportunities. He had written many articles in Safar-e-Deccan journal in support of Congress. Sarojini Naidu praised
him as the Great Musalman, Great Indian and a Great man.
* He propagated a protest statement of Ayodhyanath Kunzru in Hyderabad state.
* ANDHRA JANA SANGHAM:
* About 80% of the total population of Nizam's dominion was Telugu speaking people. But they had no recognition to
Telugu language and culture. So they were discriminated in all sectors.'
* Mandumula Narsing Rao stated that the people of Nizam State were lagging behind 50 years when compared to the
people of Andhra State.
* Hyderabad Social Conference meeting was held on 11th and 12th November 1921 at Viveka vardhini Auditorium in
Hyderabad. It was presided over by Maharshi Karve. (The founder of SNDT Women's College- Maharshi Karve).
* Many participants delivered their speech in English, Urdu and Marathi.
* Karve also addressed the meeting in Marathi and English.
* Madapati Hanumantha Rao addressed the meeting in Telugu on the first day. But he was not disturbed by any one
because he was a great orator and top leader.
* On 12th November 1921, Allampalli Venkata Rao an advocate of Hyderabad started his speech in Telugu. But he
was interrupted and ridiculed by Kannada and Marathi participants.
* The Telugu speaking people felt it as an insult. They met at the residence of Tekmal Ranga Rao at 8 PM on 12th
November 1921. They formed an association named Andhra Rashtra Jana Sangham to preserve and promote Telugu
culture and literature
* First Secretary- Madapati Hanumnatha Rao. It was started at the residence of Tekmal Ranga Rao
* The key founders of the association were - Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Madapati Hanumnatha Rao, Mandumula
Narsing Rao, Adiraju Virabhadra Rao, Palakurthi Satyanarayana, Papireddy, Nadimpalli Janakiramayya, E.
Seshacharyulu, Alluri Lakshmi Narayana, Kaila Balavantha Reddy, Mushtyala Sambayya, Panditi Ramaswami and
others.
* The number of founder members of Andhra Jana Sangham - 12.
* The first meeting of Andhra Jana Sangham was held on 14 February 1922 at Reddy Hostel. It was presided over by
Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy (more than 100 persons attended the meeting). At this meeting, the association was
renamed as Nizam Rashtra Jana Sangham.
* Madapati Hanumantha Rao acted as the Secretary of the meeting. A draft of regulations was adopted at this meeting.
* Andhra Jana Sangham had played an important role in organizing social and cultural and political movements in
Telangana.
* Main objectives:
- Popularizing Telugu language, history and culture. Establishing libraries, study halls, schools to help the students.
Honouring and encouraging scholars.
- Collection and publication of palm leaf manuscripts and inscriptions.
- Publishing pamphlets, booklets, articles and speeches to spread knowledge and mobilize people.
- Organizing programs for propagation of Andhra language.
- Promoting exercise and arts.
- Providing emergency relief to orphans.
- Many organizations were established with its inspiration.
* Nizam Rastra Jana Kendra Sangham (1923):
* On 2 April 1923, the second meeting was held at Mattewada Sri Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple in Hanamkonda
by uniting many organizations that sprang up with the inspiration of Nizam Rashtra Jana Sangham.
* At this meeting, the Andhra Jana Sangham became Nizam Rashtra Jana Kendra Sangham.
* First President - Barrister R. Rajagopal Reddy
* First Secretary - Madapati Hanumantha Rao (Andhra Pitamaha)
* It was decided at the meeting to establish Telugu libraries, to promote Telugu publications and magazines, to study
the history of Telugu, to felicitate Telugu writers and Poets, to promote Telugu arts and literature and to award
scholarships to Telugu students.
* This association established a historical research council named Andhra Parisodhana Sangham.
* Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao founded Andhra Parisodhaka Mandali as an associate of Jana Kendra Sangha and
endeavored for historical, cultural and scientific development in Telangana.
* After the death of Komarraju Lakshmana Rao, its name was changed to Lakshmana Rao Parisodhaka Mandali,
Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao acted as its first Secretary.
* Due to the efforts of the Mandali, many historical and cultural details of Telugu people were brought to light.
* Many poets, writers collected inscriptions and palm leaf manuscripts and disclosed a lot of information regarding
the history and culture of Telugu people.
* The works of Sheshadri Ramana Kavulu were unique among them.
* Telangana Sasanalu and Andhrula Charitra written by Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao, Andhrula Sanghika Charitra
written by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and Sweeya Charitra (Premchand stories) written by Madapati Hanumantha Rao
were the most important.
* Golkonda Sanchika released in 1934 is considered as a greatest mile stone in the literature of Telangana.
* Andhrula Sanghika Charitra written by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy was conferred Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in
1955.
* Third meeting of Andhra Jana Sangham - It was held at Madhira in 1926. First Library Conference was also held
along with it. This meeting was presided by Pingali Rami Reddy.
* Fourth meeting of Andhra Jana Sangham - The second Library meeting was planned at Suryapet in 1926. But due to
the delay in obtaining permission from the Nizam's government, it was held at Suryapet in 1928. This meeting was
presided over by Vamanrao Nayak.
- Nizam Rashtra Jana Kendra Sangham published the following books:
1. Nizam Andhra Rashtra Prasamsa
2. Nizam Rashtra Abhivruddhi Margamulu
3. Nizam Rashtra Andhrulu
* Andhra Jana Sangham became popular with publication of the following books and pamphlets:
1. Varthakulaku Swechcha Varthaka Swatantram - It protected from corrupt officials (Sar barahiki) Sarbarahiki
meant the suppply of commodities to officers free of cost.
2. Vetti Chakiri - It persuaded the government to take measures against bonded labour and prohibition of the practice
of bonded labour system.
3. Mothurpha Maggam Pannu- It persuaded the government to abolish tax on handlooms.
* From 1928, Andhra Jana Sangham made efforts for the development of Women education. It founded Andhra
Balikonnatha Pathashala in 1928(Andhra Girls High School) (Madapati Hanumantha Rao Girls High School-1928).
When Osmania University which imparts education in Urdu medium refused grant recognition, it conducted
metrication examinations under the affiliation of Karve University in Maharashtra.
* Note: The Nizam government didn't give permission to the school. So it conducted Matriculation exams in
affiliation with Karve University, Maharashtra.
Socio - Cultural Movements
* Spread of modern English education, religious propaganda by the Christian Missionaries, Liberalism, Rationalism
and Humanism movements which started in Europe in the 19th century had influenced the educated Indians. .
* Influenced by the changes in Europe, in India too, the socio-religious reform movements have changed the life-style
of Indians.
* In India, religious reform movements have first started in Bengal and later spread to the western India.
* Subsequently, these movements have also started in Telangana region and influenced the people of this region.
* Brahma Samaj:
* Rajaram Mohan Roy is considered as the father of modern Indian Renaissance, as he was the first person to start
reform movements in the socio-religious and political spheres.
* He felt that modem English education is required for the progress of India. He studied and examined the eastern and
the western cultures with open mind and was able to digest the greatness of both the cultures.
* He strongly felt that unless the orthodox Hindu religion and Hindu society were reformed India would become
lifeless and hence resolved to bring amendments in Hindu religion and society.
* He was also motivated by the Persian language, in which he was well-versed. It was this education that has
intensified his desire to bring reforms in religion.
* He argued that it was idol worship of Hindu religion that had harmed the Indian society.
* In 1828, Rajaram Mohan Roy started the Brahma Samaj.
* The main activities taken up by the Brahma Samaj included the boycott of child marriages, performance of widow
remarriages, fight against polygamy, etc.
* He felt that worship of god should be simple without elaborate rituals. But Roy has fully supported English
education. He helped David Hare in establishing Hindu College.
* He was strongly against the establishment of Sanskrit College in Calcutta because he considered it as a setback.
* He supported Duff, in the introduction of English language, though the latter always held a low opinion about
Indian culture and traditions. Roy desired that India should develop scientifically also.
* He believed that God is one and opposed idol worship.
* To propagate his ideas and to eradicate orthodox beliefs and practices in Hindu religion, he first established the
Atmiya Sabha in 1814 at Calcutta.
* In all religious aspects, he had given greater importance to human cause and reason.
* Even for Christianity he applied reasoning. He supported the Hindu religion and its philosophic aspects as
mentioned in the Vedas. He protected the Vedas and Upanishads from the attacks by the Christian Missionaries.
* Under his leadership, Brahma Samaj stood on the two pillars of reason and Hindu texts (Vedas, Upanishads).
* Throughout his life, he fought against sati sahagamanam.
* He promoted hereditary rights, property rights and other rights of women.
* He opposed polygamy. He criticized for not giving due respect for widows.
* He believed in bringing national awakening and unite the diverse social groups of Indian society
* Ram Mohan Roy accepted with the British views on Indian society. He supported the introduction of English
language and abolition of sati sahagamanam.
* It is, in fact Roy's wide spread campaign that has finally made William Bentinck to pass the Abolition of Sati Act'
on December 4, 1829.
* He wrote many essays on scientific aspects. He fully supported the freedom of press Supporting the free will and
independence of man, he maintained that in this civilized society, freedom of press should be there compulsorily and
it is, in fact, one of the rights of mankind.
* Rajaram Mohan Roy was the first landlord who felt that permanent revenue settlement system would make the
peasants poor. He condemned the free trade policy of the colonial rulers.
* He thought that the introduction of modern investment system and industries in India would eradicate the
difficulties of the poor people in India.
* By opposing the caste system, demanding higher position for the Indians in Civil services, showing equality for the
Europeans and Indians in the court of Law are some of his demands through which, he was able to bring about
national awakening.
* The Brahma Sabha which Ram Mohan Roy established in 1828 later came to be popularly known as Brahma Samaj
(1861) by the efforts of Devendranath Tagore.
* In 1872, the Hyderabad government provided legal approval for the marriages performed in accordance with the
traditions of Brahma Samaj.
* From 1899-1904, the Principal of Mahbubia College, Secunderabad, Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu had
participated in various reform movements.
* The first conference of the Brahma Samaj was held at Residency Bazaar in Hyderabad on 20 September 1914.
* Sarojini Naidu suggested the name of Narayana Govind Vellinkar as the president of this session. He strived for the
spread of Brahma Samaj in Hyderabad.
* In this first meeting, the organizer of this event Bhagya Reddy Varma, though himself did not take oath as a
member of Brahma Samaj, but made H. S. Venkataramaiah, B.Ramayya, J. S. Mutthaiah, A. R. Mukundaswamy,
Malthati Seshaiah, M. Raghupati, G. Balaiah, S.Durgayya, H.S. Sivaram and 14 others to take oath as members of
Brahma Samaj.
* But in Telangana, the Arya Samaj was more popular than the Brahma Samaj.

*Arya Samaj:
*The people of India not only embraced Hinduism, but also respected other religious faiths like Buddhism, Jainism,
Christianity and Islam.
* Sati sahagamanam, untouchability, child marriages, etc., have ruined the Hindu religion.
* After Islamic conversion movements started, the activities of Arya Samaj strengthened especially in the area of its
origin, i.e., north India.
* In the north, Arya Samaj had a strong hold in the Punjab.
* Even now it works actively in the Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. In South India and other parts of the country, it
functions only for the name sake.
*The foundation of Arya Samaj can be considered as the first step of Vedic reformist movement.
* According to the definition given by Arya Samaj, the word Hindu is wrong. There are no Hindus. All of them are
Aryans.
* Arya Samajists claim that the meaning of Hindu is slave and the word Hindu was propagated widely by the
foreigners to present them as the slaves or servants.
* Arya Samaj was founded to defend Vedic religion from the attack of Islam in North India.
* Swami Dayananda Saraswathi:
* Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswathi in 1885 at Bombay.
* He explained the significance of Vedas with the slogan Go back to Vedas.
* His aim was to re-establish the supremacy of Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth.
* The Book written by him was Satyartha Prakashika in Hindi. It is the holy text of Arya Samaj.
* He propagated the principles of Arya Samaj through a journal named Vedic Adarsha (1934). It was banned by the
Nizam's government in 1935.
* He criticized Christian, Islam and Sikh religions in Satyartha Prakashika.
* Satyartha Prakashika was translated into Telugu by Adipudi Somanatha Rao.
* Swami Dayananda criticized all religions and emphasized that Vedic religion is the paramount among all.
* He asks all Arya Samajis to perform Sandhya Vandan.
* Principles of Arya Samaj:
- The Shodasa Samskaras (16 rites) of Manu dharma must to be accepted and practiced. No one is borne with certain
caste.
- People become Brahaman, Kshatriya, Vyshya or Shudra (4 Varnas) based on their profession.
- Vedas are eternal and supreme.
- Idol worship, religious rites and priesthood are condemned.
- Polytheism, unnecessary sacrifices and rituals, untouchability are prohibited.
* Arya Samaj- Hyderabad Branch (1892):
* In 1890, the first branch of Tharoor Arya Samaj was founded in Hyderabad state.
* The Hyderabad branch of Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Nityananda and Girijananda Saraswathi in 1892.
President - Kamla Pershad,
Secretary- Lakshman Deshji.
* Renowned personalities of Hyderabad like Kesavarao Koratkar, Vaman Nayak, Damodar Palekar and Aghoranath
Chattopadhyaya joined at the members of Arya Samaj and promoted its activities by explaining the importance of
Vedas to the common public.
* Kesavarao Koratkar (Former Chief justice of Hyderabad) served as the President of Arya Samaj until 1932. He
translated Satyartha Prakasika by Dayananda Saraswati into Telugu.
* He along with Vamanrao Nayak and Ganapatirao Hardhikar founded Viveka Vardhini School in 1907.
* Note: It is the earliest founded Telugu school in Hyderabad.
* Some businessmen annoyed by the pressure of Muslims extended their support to Arya Samaj.
* MIM and Anjuman Tabliq Islam with the support of Nizam's government started Tabliq movement to convert
Hindus (Dalits) into Islam.
* Bahadur Yar Jung, the President of MIM sent a secret circular ordering to Convert Dalits to Islam. It was informed
to Arya Samaj by a postal employee named Venkata Swamy.
* The Arya Samaj initiated the Shuddhi movement against Tablig and to reconvert to Hinduism.
* Shuddhi movement was organized by Pandit Chandrapal.
* The Arya Samaj leader who was killed by a Muslim leader Khaza Hasan Nizam for organizing Shuddhi movement -
Shraddhananda.
* The Arya Samaj leaders who were expelled by the Nizam government in 1894 for organizing Shuddhi movement -
Balakrishna Sharma, Nityananda.
* The Nizam government imposed many restrictions on the activities of Arya Samaj.
* The leaders of Arya Samaj who were detained by the Nizam government - Viswananda Saraswathi, Vidyananda
Brahmachari
* In 1929, a Muslim named Siddique Deendar insulted Hindu deities by claiming himself as Chenna Basaveswara
* The members of Arya Samaj held many meetings to counter his propaganda.
* The Arya Samaj organized many programmes such as preaching the Satyartha Prakash and performing
Havanakunda (holy fires) in 1930 to attack the allegations against Hindu society.
* The Nizam government prohibited the Havans and the activities of Arya Samaj without prior approval of the
government in 1934.
* The magazine of Arya Samaj Vaidik Adarsh was banned in Nizam State in 1934.
* In December 1938, Shyamlal ji, an Arya Samaj leader was poisoned to death at Bidar.
Satyagraha of Arya Samaj:
* Communal riots were occurred at Dhulpet in 1939. The representative of Arya Sabha appealed to the Nizam to
enquire into the incident. It was refused by the Nizam.
* The Police detained only Hindus whenever such incidents happened. To protest against the partiality, Sarvadeshik
Arya Samaj took up Satyagraha under the leadership of Mahatma Naryana Swamy.
* On 24 October 1938, Hindu Civil Liberty Union started Satyagraha against the Nizam government and to secure
civil rights to Hindus. It took full form by February 1939. About 1200 Satyagrahis were detained by July.
* So, the government was forced to climb down. Lala Desh Bandhu Gupta on behalf of Arya Samaj Sabha
participated in negotiations with the government and withdrew the Satyagraha on 7 August 1939.
* Note:1. Vavilala Ramachandra Rao sung Vandemataram at this moment and became famous as Vandemataram
Ramachandra Rao.
2. Hyderabad Day was observed all over India on 24 October 1939.
* Arya Samaj extensively propagated Swadeshi movement. The ideology of Swadeshi movement was spread from the
residences of the famous people.
* The government expelled many of them from the state.
* Some leaders left the State and continued their campaign.
* The government imposed strict restrictions on temples and Bhajan mandals.
*The members of Arya Samaj were untouchables in the view of the government from 1942 to 1948. Their houses,
shops and of their friends were often attacked or torched.
* In March 1942, some Muslims fired on their procession and four Arya Samajists were dead.
* The Arya Samajists were punished when a same incident occurred at Nagarkurnool.
* Riots were occurred in Nizamabad during Dussehra festival.
* The members of Arya Samaj founded hundreds of schools without the aid of government.
* On 2 September 1947, flag was hoisted at Parakala.
* The police opened fire and 15 people died and more than 250 persons were injured.
* Arya Samaj tried to protect Hindus before police action by founding shelters at the border areas.
* Pandit Narendarji described that 'Hyderabad state was a vast prison'.
* The government imprisoned Narendraji under sedition for giving such slogan.
* The members of Arya Samaj organized Hyderabad Day in 1939.
* The activities of Arya Samaj at Warangal fort were started in 1942.
* Bolusugodu Achari, a member of Arya Sabha founded Sadhanagandi, a gym at Warangal.
* A social activist Bathini Mogilayya developed this gym by showing special attention. He hoisted National flag on
Warangal fort.
* The Razakars murdered Mogilayya on 11th August 1946 for hoisting the flag. It is the first political murder in
Telangana.
Note: Bhupati Krishnamurthy participated along with him in hoisting the flag. Mogilayya was murdered by Lakhadi
Master Pahilwan. Wife of Mogilayya - Lachchamma.
* Pandit Narendarji was a prominent leader of Arya Sabha in Nizam dominion. He extended the activities of Arya
Samaj throughout Nizam state.
* On The invitation of Kaloji, he attended the meeting held at Warangal to intensify the movement against the Nizam.
* Kaloji Narayana Rao had written a poem "Dhairyam leni Daddammalaku Dhairyam Cheppaga eenadu" on
Narendarji.
All India Arya Samaj Conference (December 1938- Sholapur)
* It was presided over by Loknayak Sri Madhava Rao.
* Chief guest - Vir Savarkar
* Savarkar extended his full support to the Hyderabad movement. He warned the Nizam that he had to face an intense
movement if he did not agree the demands of Hindus.
Activities of Arya Samaj in Telangana:
* Some local dignitaries of Suryapet decided to buy a building for Arya Samaj to help the activities of Arya Samaj
against the tyrannical rule of Nizam.
* In achieving this task, many renowned persons like Yama Kannayya, Nakirekanti Ramalingam, Uppala Venkanna,
Gavva Amrutha Reddy and Kodati Venkateswara Rao extended their support to Bommagani Dharmabhiksham.
* The building became a center for enthusiastic youth, students, social reformers and freedom fighters. Everyday at 4
am, the members of Arya Samaj uttered the words 'Jai Bolo so Abhay vai devarki Jai'.
* The tradition of sacrificing animals before their Ghadis by Doras, Deshmukhs and landlord on the occasion of
Dussehra was practiced for ages. The members of Arya Samaj wanted to stop that tradition.
* Under the leadership of Bommagani Dharmabhiksham, they gave a representation to Suryapet deshmukh Kunduru
Lakshmi Kantha Rao to stop animal sacrifice. The Deshmukh tore the paper before them. The protestors strongly
condemned his action. The Deshmukhs of Sirkonda, Vatti Khammam Pahad and Eapuru accepted their appeal and
celebrated festival by breaking pumpkins.
* The Yadavas of Durajpalli in the vicinity if Suryapet celebrate Lingamanthula Swami Jathara for every two years.
They sacrifice a sheep at this event. The Arya Samajis wanted to appeal them to stop animal sacrifice. They atleast
wanted to propagate the message if stopping was not possible.
* Dharamabhiksham invited the Anti animal sacrifice Bhajana group headed by Lalji Meghji from Hyderabad. The
Bhajana group started singing after setting up of camps on the hillock. They raised slogans and showed cardboard
placards.
* On the second day of the Jathara, a rumour spread that the gamblers cheated public and attack Muslims if they
appear. The people pursued Muslims. The Muslims in the town started to the hillock with swords and weapons.
* The Hindus on another side stood along the road to attack Muslims and a terrible situation created. So, the police
imposed section 144. The President of Arya Samaj who participated in Anti Nizam protests in 1947 - M.R.Shyam
Rao.
* Narayana Rao, a member of Krantidal of Arya Samaj made an attempt on the life of Nizam on 4th December 1947.
The Nizam escaped unhurt.
* The Arya Samaj took up constructive activities also. After the death of Keshav Rao Koratkar, his son Vinayak rao
Vidyalankar became the President of Arya Samaj and Pandit Narendraji became its Secretary. In memory of Keshav
Rao, they founded Keshav Memorial Education Institution on 29 July 1940 at Narayanguda in Hyderabad. It started
training centers named Upadeshak Vidyalaya at Nalgonda.
* Arya Samaj in its 6th Annual meeting passed a resolution demanding the Hyderabad dominion to join the Union of
India and to establish a responsible government. When the Hindus migrated to other places due to the atrocities of
Razakars, Arya Samaj established shelters for them. In this manner, the Arya Samaj provided immense services in
social, cultural and political sectors of Telangana.
* Movement Associations : Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen
* In Hyderabad state, there existed an association called 'Anjuman Tabligulislam'.
* Its main aim was to tempt the poor and harijans among Hindus to join in Islam.
* This association had support from the Nizam. As against this, the Arya Samajists established the 'ShuddhiSabha'.
* At last, the Nizam government prohibited both these associations.
* A non-political organization called 'Ittehad-ul-Jainul-Muslimeen' was formed on 9th November 1927 for the
development and dominance of Muslims.
* In 1929, the term 'Jainul' was removed by forming 'Majlis-Ittehadul-Muslimeen' (M.I.M).
* Immediately after the prohibition of Tabligulislam, Bahadur Yarjung became the President of this organization and
created it as a political organization.
* Their main aim was to protect Muslims special rights.
* He was well-versed in Quran even when he was a boy and was a good speaker.
* People like Nehru and Jinnah were also
astonished by his eloquence. Impressed by his oratory skills, the seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan conferred on
him the title of 'Yar Jung'.
* He emphatically said that the Asaf Jahi dynasty is a symbol of Muslim rule, and it is the duty of
every Muslim to consistently protect it, thus spreading the idea of communalism.
* He started a movement called 'An-al Malik (I am the King)' where every Muslim was a king. He also tried to
convert other religious groups into Islam.
* Till 1938, their activities were not noteworthy. Later, it grew against the movements started by the Arya Samaj,
Congress and Communists.
* Since Muslims are in small number, in order to make them powerful and for their self protection, Innaitullah
Mushrik not only supplied arms, but also gave training 'Kaksar' (training in arms) to the Muslims.
* With this, in 1938, for the first time in Hyderabad, there were conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims.
* This spread throughout the country and came to be popularly known as 'Dhulpet case'.
* In order to end these conflicts joint were held between Mandumula Narsinga Rao and Bahadur Yarjung. This
meeting was known as 'Sing-Jung' meeting. But it was a failure.
* In 1938, a professor of Islamic Theology and Studies, Maulvi Abdul Khadar Siddiqui from Osmania University has
become the president of this organization.
* From then onwards, Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen has opposed all the reforms initiated for the democratic rule.
* During the celebrations of Hyderabad Independence Day, the Nizam declared Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen as an
independent kingdom. Under the presidentship of Bahadur Yarjung, it started having greater influence than the Nizam.
* When a discussion took place to lift prohibition on Congress, Jung opposed it. He said that Hyderabad should be
declared as a Muslim state.
* The process of converting the harijans into Muslims had started. Muslim leaders like Yamini Juberi, Abdulraoof
gave a call for 'ready to die but save the Nizam government'.
* In September 1940, Sayyed Mahmud Hasan prepared a plan to enroll volunteers in this organization. These
volunteers are known as 'Razakars'. In Urdu, the term 'Razakar' means 'independent servants'.
* It was planned to organize the low level Razakars into groups in different parts in Hyderabad province.
* In this 'salar' a low level employee would be the leader of 30 Razakars.
* In every taluka 'Salar-e-sagir' and for every district 'salar-e-kabir' were the leaders.
* In Hyderabad, the central organization was known as 'Asfar-i-Ala'. Razakars wore Khaki uniform and a black cap to
get military training.
* Based on their qualification, the Razakars used to carry weapons.
* Similarly, Jung also decided to form an organization for the entire Muslim population in India. He announced that
the Hyderabad province and Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen are the only representatives of Indian Muslims and more than the
Muslim League, they alone have the right to speak about them.
* To conclude this program, he advised to collect donations and if necessary, forceful taxes from the Muslims.
* But even before that 'Milat-i-Islamia' was assigned the duty to collect a tax on provincial internal trade called
'Maash'.
* Not only this, Yar Jung also determined to collect several taxes for his organization. Thus, it was clear that during
the presidentship of Bahadur Yarjung in about 1940, foundations were laid for Iteehad-ul-Muslimeen to form as a
group with military characteristics.
* An anniversary meeting of the Majlis was held in 1943 at Warangal. In this meeting Bahadur announced thus: 'this
kingdom is not Nizam's property, but it is the property of all the Muslims, this is not my personal view but it is the
opinion of the Majlis'.
* Subsequently, the Nizam issued prohibition orders on the speeches of Bahadur Yar Jung for one year.
* Bahadur Yar Jung died in 1944.
* After Bahadur Yar Jung, Kasim Razvi became the president of Majlis-i-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen in 1946. He belongs
to Latur in Maharashtra.
* Under his presidentship, attempts were made to convert Razakars as a complete military force.It got transformed
into a private military force. It was decided in July 1947 to give military training to the volunteers in a disciplined and
systematic way. They provided guns and uniforms to the volunteers and made them do parade in the streets with the
intention to threaten and suppress the people. This type of parade in the streets by non-government armed forces
is against the rule of 57 and 58 of defence appointments.
* By November 3, 1947 the number of Razakars has reached 50,000 in accordance with the government numbers.
* Kasim Razvi clearly announced that his volunteers number would be raised to 5,00,000 (five lakhs).
* For this purpose, he had set up 52 military training camps and recruited large number of students and made every
student to submit a written oath which reads thus: ....... I so and so named would whenever, my leader commands me,
for the welfare of the party to which I belong, for the welfare of the Hyderabad state,
* I take this oath to dedicate my life for this purpose. To raise the Muslim authority in the Deccan, I will fight till the
end of my life in the name of Allah'. The then police commissioner, Nawab Deen Yar Jung extended full support to
Kasim Razvi.
* Nizam government encouraged the organization of Razakars anticipating that it would support it. But as the time
passed, when the organization which it pampered resorted to cruel attacks, the government remained in a helpless
state.
* The Razakars tried to enroll some of the low caste Hindus as members by stating that their organization was not a
Muslim religious organization.
* The low caste Hindus who enthusiastically joined thus, were misled and became responsible for the brutal killings
in Bidar.
* In a book on Hyderabad in Retrospect, it was stated that 'the Razakars collected money from the rich people in the
villages and towns. They even took forceful signatures from the Hindus and sent messages through mahajars to the
Nizam government that, since the Razakars were providing protection to them, the Nizam government should support
and encourage them.
* Razakars attacked not only villages and peoples associations, but even trains.
* Soldiers and police resorted to several violent acts. Looting, murders, smoldering (setting ablaze), rapes have
become the order of the day.
* On January 10, 1948 the Razakars set ablaze the Railway station at Bibinagar.
* Mallikarjunappa and others decided to resign to their minister ship as they could not do anything by being in the
Ministry. Some others have lost their membership in the Assembly. Several incidents took place on the borders of the
province.
* Unable to bear these villainous acts, many intellectuals like Bakar Ali Mirza, Nawab Mansoor Jung, former chief
Engineer Mohammad Mirza, former Accountant General Afzal Munim, former Director of Public Instructions Jafri
and others requested the Nizam on 13th August 1948 to abolish the Razakars organization and the ministry of Laiq
Ali.
* It was also informed that some of them would be announced as culprits and others pension would be stopped.
* Ali Yar Jung stated that though these people knew that they would be in trouble, yet they expressed their views
bravely.
* Razakars murdered the editor of 'Imroz' magazine, Shoabullah Khan on August 21, 1948 for criticizing the
merciless acts of the Razakars.
* Between 1946 and 1948their vindictive acts have tremendously increased in the villages of Telangana. With the
success of Operation Polo' the Razakars did not involve in further activities. After merging the Nizam provinces in the
Indian Union, Razakars vicious acts were banned. Union Government attacked the Razakars as part of Police Action
and arrested Kasim Razvi and sent him to jail.

LIBRARY MOVEMENT IN TELANGANA

* 'Suravaram Pratapareddy said that the Grandalayodyamam first movement in Telangana.
* With the partition of Bengal by lord Curzon in 1905, there were moments in various states of the country against the
partition of Bengal at the sametime, in the kingdom of Hyderabad, there is no freedom for people and no responsible
administration.
* Reforms brought by Salar Jung in the 19th century resulted in not only modernizing Telangana but also led to the
emergence of modern ideologies in the Telangana region.
* This not only led to rise of cultural, social and political movements, but also brought about awareness among
different social groups.
* These movements got transformed into political movement, movement against British, anti-Nizam and anti-
Landlords movements.
* In an attempt to know about the greatness of ancient and medieval past of the Telugu people and to make available
to them, the books on the history of Telangana the Library Movement has started.
* This movement played an important role in the process of bringing the social, cultural and political awareness in the
society.
* As a part of cultural development, many clubs, literary organizations and societies were formed.
* This movement started as a part of Andhra Movement in Telangana.
* This educated the people of Telangana and prepared the stage for them to root out the fascist rule of the Nizam.
* In the words of the Nizam government the term 'Library' means revolutionary organizations.
* The government thought that, one qualitative book is equivalent to many movements than many voluminous books.
* The government took very stringent steps to prevent the sale of such books.
* Even to open one library, the have to take permission from the government.
* Wherever there was a new Library, the government was petrified and became restless till it was closed down and
imposed many restrictions on them.
* Despite severe oppressions and constant vigilance, the Library Movement continued to spread like a cool breeze
showering its fragrance.
* The practice of distributing books secretly has begum.
* The people who started these Libraries came from the high communities with philanthropic and democratic
ideologies.
Libraries in the state of Hyderabad:
* The library of Nagai Village is located near wadi Railway Station and is said to have been established by the
Chalukya King Prathamashekar in the year 1058 A.D.
* Secunderabad Library (1872):
* In Telangana, Somasundar Mudaliar started a library in Secunderabad in the year 1872.
* This can be considered as the first libary not only in Hyderabad, but also in the Telugu speaking areass.
* This was merged in Mahboobia College in 1884.
*Shankarananda Library(1872)-Secunderabad
*In 1872, Mudigonda sankara dyulu started 'Shankarananda' library.
* The first notable person in the Telugu library movement - Mudigonda Sankaradyulu (Wang founded Secunderabad
Sarvajanika Library in 1872 Secunderabad.
* In 1920, he founded Srisaiva Maha Sabha and acted as its head.
* Note:1. In 1879, Aghoranatha Chatopadhyaya founded a library under 'Young men Improvement Society' and
bought books and magazines of different languages.
2. Aghoranatha Chatopadhyaya established Brotherhood Society with the assistance of Mulla Abdul Khayyum.
* Asafia state Library - 1892:
* The library was established as a civic library in the 1880. Founder - Moulvi Abdul Qayoom, Imad-ul- mulk.
* Syed Huaasin Bilgrami played an important role in its establishment. The Nizam captured it and renamed it Asafia
State Library. In 1892 'Asafia State Library' was established.
* Initially, in this library only Arabic, Persion, Urdu, English and Sanskrit books were available. But, dueto the efforts
of Andhra Maha Sabha, it also kept books in other regional languages, such as Telugu, Kannada, Marathi and Hindi
since 1940.
* This library is today's state central library. It is locally known as Afzal Gunj library.
* Bharat Gunavardhak Association Libary - 1895 (Shalibanda):
* In 1895 'Bharat Gunavardhak Association Library' was started at Shalibanda.
* Rich people from Marathi community started this library for the improvement of their own language and culture in
this region.
* Sri Gopal Rao was one among prominent persons to develop this library.
* In 1896, Albert Reading Room was set up at Bollaram.
* Library Movement - Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao:
* Komarraju Lakshmana Rao is considered as the Pioneer of library movement. He was born on 18 May 1877 in
Penuganchiprolu village, Nandigama taluk, Krishna district.
* Parents- Venkatappaiah and Gangamma.
* He was an eminent researcher and historian.
* Komarraju got his education in Marathi language up to B.A in Nagpur. Later in 1902, he obtained private M.A
degree from University of Calcutta.
* He served as the Diwan of Munagala zamindar Nayini Venkata Ranga rao. He was adopt in Telugu, English,
Kannada, Marathi languages.
* He worked as assistant editor of a Marathi journal named 'Vividh Gnan vistar' for some period.
* Books:
1. Shivaji Charitra
2. Mahammadeya Yugam
3. Haindava Maha Yugam
4. Andhra Vignana Sarvaswam (First encyclopedia in Telugu)
5. Sivatatva Sara of Mallikarjuna Panditha
6. Lakshmanaraya Vyasavali
* Komarraju laid the foundation of cultural renaissance in Telangana and established cultural relations between
Andhra and Telangana regions.
* Along with N.C.Kekkar, Komarraju released the Karna Parva of Mahabharata in Marathi by famous Marathi writer
Moropant.
* LIBRARY FOUNDED BY KOMARRAJU LAKSHMAN RAO:
1. Krishnadevarayandhra Bhasha Nilayam:
* It was the first library established in Telangana as a part of Library movement on 1 Sep 1901 in Koti.
* It was started at the residence of Ravichettu Ranga Rao.
* The first secretary of this library - Ravichettu Ranga Rao.
* Srikrishna devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam' gave further impetus to the Telangana cultural renaissance and library
movement in Telangana. After this, number of libraries and organisations were started in the Telangana region.
* The main aim for setting up this library was to improve Telugu language in Telangana region.
*The prominent people like Adiraju Veerabhadrarao worked as volunteers in this library.
* Contributors to the establishment and development of the library
1. Sri Munagala Srinayani Venkataranaga Rao (Financial Aid)
2. Ravichettu Ranga Rao
3. Adipudi Somanatha Rao
4. Kodati Narayana Rao
5. Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao
6. Raghupati Venkatarathnam Naidu
7. Parthasarthi Appa Rao (Ruler of Paloncha estate)
8. Valipe Lakshmana Rao (Munsab of Hyderabad)
* Literacy festivals and conferences organized by Sri Krishan Devarayandra Bhasha Nilayam.
• Potana Vardhanti Sapthaham - 1940
• Bhuvana Vijaya Sapthaham - 1942
• Reddy Yuga Sarvaswata Sapthaham - 1941
• Ramayana Kalpavruksha Sapthaam - 1950
* Note: Kodati Narayana Rao Auto biography - Narayana Natrayam
2. Sri Rajaraja Narendra Andhrabhasha Nilayam:
* It was founded on 29th January 1904 at the residence of Pingali Venkata RamaReddy, Hanmakonda under the
chairmanship of Subedar Raya Muralidhar.
* It continued from 1904 to 1934 at the residence of Pingali Venkata Rama Reddy.
* Key role in the establishment of this basha Nilayam :
- Kommaraju Lakshmana Rao
- Srinayani Venkataranga Rao
- Ravichettu Ranga Rao
- Tungaturthi Narasimha Rao
3. Andhra Samvardhini Granthalayam - 1905 Secunderabad
4. Balabharati Nilaya Andhra Bhasha Vartaka Sangham - 1905 Shamshabad
5. Vignana Chandrika Mandali - 1906 (Chaderghat- Hyderabad)
* This mandali was founded by Komarraju Lakshmana Rao, Ravichettu Ranga Rao.
* Kommarraju Lakshmana Rao, Ravichettu Ranga Rao opined that, without developing the modern science and
technology,India cannot move forward and hence started a council named "Vijnana Chandrika Gantha Mandali" in
1906, at Hyderabad, Ravichettu Ranga Rao was the Secretary for this Counil.
* This Council conducted number of competitions in Telangana region.
* This was the first Council to conduct competitive examinations for the studetns of Telugu region.
* It believed that any difficult subject could be easily grasped if taught in the mother tongue.
* This Council published number of books in History, Literature, Science and thus contributed towards the spread of
Language.
* Not only that, this Council also played a crucial role in the development of Andhra - Telangana cultural relationship.
*Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao's Andhrula Charitra (1910), etc., show the diversity in the publications of Vignana
Chandrika Mandali. Kommaraju lakshmana Rao mentioned various aspects of scientific knowledge in his Vijnana
Sarvaswam. This was published in three parts with 2000 pages.
* Other publications of the Mandali
• Gadicherla Harisarvothama Rao - Abraham Lincon Charitra
• Achanta Lakshmi Pathi - Jeevasashtram, Kalara, Maleriya
• Viswanatha Sharma - Rasayana Sastram
• Kattamanchirama Linga Reddy - Arthasastram, Musalamma Maranam
• Pelala Subba Rao - Rani Samyuktha
• Suravaram Pratapa Reddy - Andhrula Sanghika Charitra
• Khandavalli Lakshmiranjanam - Andhrula Charithra - Samskruthi
* OTHER LIBRARIES SET UP UNDER LIBRARY MOVEMENT:
* Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1910 (Khammam)
* Prataparudra Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1913 (Madikonda-Warangal)
* Shabdanusasanandhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1908 (Warangal)
• Founder-Mudigonda Shankaracharyulu
* Samskrutha Kalavardhini Granthalayam- (1913- Secunderabad)
• Secretary-Peddi Sivarajaiah
* Andhra Vignana Prakasini Granthalayam - 1918 Suryapet
• Founder- Puvvada Venkatappayya (Teacher). In 1918, a teacher named Sri Puvvada Venkatappaiah started a library
with the help of local people and named it as "Andhra Vijnana Prakasini" at Suryapet in Nalgonda District.
• He also established "Krishi Pracharini Organization" and published Telugu books. Because of this, the Nizam
govemment suspended him from services.
* Reddy Hostel Library- 1918 Hyderabad
* Reddy Hostel Library was established in 1918 at Reddy Hostel in Hyderabad with the initiation of Kotwal Raja
Bahadur Vekatrama Reddy.
* In this Library, Palm Leaf Records available in Telangana were preserved.
* From 1924 to 1932, Suravaram Pratapa Reddy served as a secretary of this Library.
* It contained the book The Indian War of Independence written by Veer Savarkar which was banned by the Nizam
government. So Suravaram Pratapa Reddy was removed from the post of Secretary.
* Suravaram Pratapa Reddy wrote a famous book called Telangana - Andhrula Kartavyam for the purpose of
maintaining libraries and for the activists of Library Movement.
* Andhra Sarawathi Granthalayam - 1918 Nalgonda
• Founder - Shabnavis Venkata Ramanarasimha Rao
* Vignana Pracharini Mudralaya - 1919 (Inugurthi- Warangal). It was founded by Oddiraju brothers.
* Bhashakalpavalli Grandalayam Secunderabad - 1920. Founder - Madhuri Raghavulu
* Deshoddharakamala - Vattikola Alvarswamy
* Bahiramiya Granthalayam- 1921 (Kolanupaka)
* Sri Balabharati Granthalayam- 1921 (Nalgonda)
* Umamaheswara Andhra Bhashanilayam - 1922 (Siddipet)
* Balasaraswati Granthalayam- Afzalgunj (1923)
* Bala Saraswathi Andhra Bhashanilayam - Kodati Narayana Rao
* Vignana Pracharini Granthalayam- 1923 Manthani
• Founder-Avadhani krishnaiah
• Another name of this library- Osmania Andhra Bhasha Nilayam
* Vemana Andhra Bhasha Nilayam- 1923 Hyderabad
• Founder- Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy
* Prataparudra Bhasha Nilayam- 1924 Madikonda
• It was established at the residence of Peddi Sivarajaiah.
• It was assisted by- Palla Durgaiah, Mothkur Madhusudhan Rao, Pingali Venkateswara Rao
* Andhra Sodari Samaja Granthalayam- 1925 Hyderabad
* Adi Hindu Library- 1926 (B.S.Venkata Rao)
* Deccan Vysya Sangha Granthalayam-1926
* Jogipeta Granthalayam- 1930 (Medak-Jogipet)
* Sri Seetha Ramanjaneya Hindu Varthaka Grandalayam-1930 (Singareni)
* Desoddharakamala- Vattikota Alwar Swamy
* Andhra Bhashodharaka Granthalayam- 1939 (Pidagopavaram)
* Sri Venugopala Granthalayam - 1934 Vemsuru
• Chairman of this library- V.Srinivasa Rao
• Secretary - Bellamkonda Chandramouleeswara Shastri
* Vignana Niketa Granthalayam- 1936 Khammamettu
• It was founded with Akula Purnananda Gupta as the Chairman, Suggula Akshaya lingam Gupta as the Vice
chairman and Kodati Narayana Rao as the Secretary.
* Vidyabhivardhini Granthalayam-1939 (Thotapalli)
• Boyinapalli Venkata Rama Rao founded this library in 1939 at Thotapalli in Karimnagar district.
• He also founded a mobile library, a western book library, an adult school and a Harijan school in association with
this library.
* Bapuji Library-Founder - B.S. Gupta, Choudavarapu Purushottam, Nalla Pichaiah.
* Gandhi Granthalayam-1940 (Hanamkonda - Bandaru Nagabhushana Rao)
* Rythu Granthalayam- 1941 (Chilkur-Ravi Narayana Reddy)
* Sri Hanumadandhra Granthalayam- 1943 (Khammam- Mulkapalli)
- It was established by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad.
* Viveka Vikasini Granthalayam- 1943 (Pillalamarri-Suryapet)
• Founder - Ummethala Ramanuja Rao
* Annah Granthalayam :It was founded by Veldurthi Manikya Rao. He was assisted by K.C.Gupta (Kalwakuntla
Chandra sen Gupta).
- Veldurthi Manikya Rao translated the Urdu firmans issued by Nizam into Telugu.
* First Mobile Library in Telangana : The first mobile library in Telangana was started by T.K.Balaiah, a Taluk
officer in Nizamabad district carried books on a bullock cart and distributed them in the Armoor Taluk.
NIZAM STATE LIBRARY CONFERENCES:
* Nizam state Library first Mahasabha:
- Madhira (1925)
* The first Mahasabha of the state library president over by Pingalivenkata Ramareddy on February 22, 1925 at
Madhira.
* This library meeting was held during the Andhra Jana Kendra Tertiary meeting.
* President of Reception committee: Madapati Tirumala Rao.
* A total of 30,000 delegates from each library attend the library meeting. They are:
* Rajarajanarendra Bhashanilayam (Hanmakonda)
* Shabdanushasandhra Bhashanilayam (Mattewada) - Thumuvarada Rajulu
* Nilagiri Library - Shabnavisu Venkata Ramanarsimha Rao.
* Nizam State Library Second Mahasabha - Suryapeta (1928)
• It was held on 25th May 1928. Presidential address by- Vaman Naik. The Mahasabha was held at the 4th meeting of
the Andhra Janakendra Mahasabha.
* Arjuna Pustaka Bhandagar:
* In Suryapet of Nalgonda District, Dharma Bhiksam and Kannayya with the support of other friends starteda6 secret
Pustaka Bhandagar (Books Godown) and named it as "Arjuna Pustaka Bhandagar" and maintained with utmost care.
* This Bhandagar housed "Arya Samaj" texts, Golkonda Patrika Magazine, Meejaan, Deccan Rayyat and Prajashakti",
Kagada, Vahini, Gobhoomi etc., were also subscribed.
* This library is not only a books association, but also has become a centre for important political, cultural debates
and discussions. It also served as a venue for the best left-wing cultural activities.
LITERARY ORGANIZATIONS
* Many social changes occurred due to the autocratic rule of Nizam, bonded labour, illiteracy, taxes and tenancy
systems and others.
* Due to social changes, library movement and Peasants armed struggle, a 'Special literature' was originated in
Telangana region.
* The Golkonda Kavula Sanchika released by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy stood as a symbol of Telangana self respect.
It is the First Telugu Prose Collection released in the modern age.
* Chandala Kesava Dasu wrote a drama Kanakathara (1911) and laid foundation for modern drama writing.
* Ratna Mamba Desai had authored many beautiful verses to prepare the society to encourage the upliftment of
women in education and poetry, Kodati Narayana Rao managed magazines namely Pragathi and Bala Saraswati.
* Pasam Narayana Reddy (inspired by Arya Samaj) wrote the Biography of Dayananda Saraswati (Burra Katha) and
'Thyagamurthulu', and a verse poem Sada Siva Reddy.
Note: Writing of a poem about Sada Siva Reddy, the ruler of Papannapeta estate who revolted against the British for
the sake of friendship was a part of Telangana national movement.
* Many literary organizations were established as a part of Telangana literary movement.
* Sahithi Mekhala (1936):
* It was the first literary organization. Sahithi Mekhala was founded in 1936 at Nalgonda by Ambatipudi
Venkataratna Shastri. Suravaram Pratapa Reddy, Dhavalaa Srinivasa Rao and Pulijala Hanumantha Rao provided
assistance for its establishment.
* Books published by Sahithi Mekhala:
1. Dasarathi - Agnidhara
2. Punna Anjaiah - Neelagiri Kavula Sanchika
3. Pulijala Gopala Rao - Khadga Tikkana
4. Ambatipudi Venkataratnam - Tarkabhasha
* Sadhana Samithi (1939):
* The founders of Sadhana Samithi were Burgula Ranganatha Rao, Bhaskarabhatla Krishna Rao
and Veldurthi Manikya Rao.
* Objectives of Sadhana Samithi:
- Building a coordinated world of language with both old and modern literatures.
- Encouraging young writers.
- Encouraging all literary forms like verses, Poems and songs.
* Books published by Sadhana Samithi:
- Burgula Ranganatha Rao Vyahyali (Stories)
- Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao Navya Kavitha Neerajanam (Essays)
- Bogi Narayana Murthy Pareeksha Chaduvu (Drama)
- Gadiraju Venkata Ramanaiah Bhojaraju (Verse poem)
* Vignana Vardhini Parishad (1941):
• Founder- Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
• Books published by this organization:
- Suravaram Pratapa Reddy - Ramayana Viseshaalu, Mrutyu Siddhantham, Andhra Prataparudra Yasobhushanam.
* Andhra Saraswatha Parishad - 1943:
* After the conversion of Nizam Andhra Jana Sangham into Andhra Mahasabha in 1930, it became a political
organization.
* As the Andhra Mahasabha was far from the development of Telugu language and literature, the supporters of
Telugu wanted to establish an organization for the development of Telugu language.
* The foundation of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was discussed at a meeting held in 1943 at Hyderabad.
* Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was founded on 26 May 1943 at the office of Golkonda Patrika in Hyderabad.
* It was established as a non political organization exclusively for the development of Telugu language.
* Founder- Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao (Father of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad)
* Devulapalli, Lokanandi, Rangamma and Obul Reddy played an important role in its foundation.
* First President- Lokanandi Shankar Narayana Rao.
* First secretary- Venkatereddy Seshaiah
* Second President - Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
* Current President - Yendluri Shiva Reddy
* Initially, Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was run from the office of Golkonda Patrika.
* The magazine published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad- Andhra Sri (1944)
* First annual meeting of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad was held at Warangal.
* Important books published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad:
1. Andhra Vangmaya Charitra- Diwakarla Venkata Avadhani
2. Saraswatha Muktaavali- Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
3. Salivahana Gatha Sapthasathi Saaram- Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma
4. Andhrula Charitra- Nelakuri Venkata Ramanaiah
* Important Speeches organized by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad
1. Andhra Mahabhrata Upanyaasam
2. Mahabhagavatha Upanyaasam
3. Andhra Saptaaham
* Important functions of Andhra Saraswatha Parishad:
- Promotion of Libraries.
- Conducting essay competitions and presenting prizes.
- Promotion of Telugu medium schools.
- Conducting election competitions in Telugu.
- Felicitating Telugu poets and writers.
* The books namely Panditha Sarasaswatam, Praja Sarasaswatam and Bala Sarasaswatam were published by Andhra
Saraswatha Parishad.
* The books published under Panditha Saraswatam were:
• Suryanarana Reddy Shastri - Kavyalankara Sangraham
• Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Shastri- Salivahana Gatha Saptasathi Saaramu
• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao - Saraswatha Vyasa Mukthavali
• Diwakarla Venkata Avadhani - Sahitya Sopaanaalu
* The books published under Praja Saraswatam were:
• Suravaram Pratapa Reddy - Andhrula Sanghika Charitra
• Nelaturi Venkataiah - Andhrula Charitra
• Krishna Shastri - Palle Padaalu, Stree Poranika Paatalu
* The books published under Bala Saraswatam were:
• Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao - Mana Desam
• Gadiyaram Ramkrishna Sharma- Veera gaathalu
• Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao- Mithayi Chettu
Note:1. After the formation of Andhra Pradesh state, Nizam State Saraswatha Parishad/ Andhra Saraswatha Parishad
was renamed as 'Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy'.
2. First Chairman of Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy - Bejawada Gopala Reddy
* Telangana Saraswatha Parishad:
* After the formation of Telangana state, the government of Telangana renamed Andhra Saraswatha Parishad into
Telangana Saraswatha Parishad on 21st May 2015.
* C. Narayana Reddy was its first Chairman.
* Present Chairman- Yelluri Shiva Reddy.
* Other literary organizations:
*Ravi Narayana Reddy - Navya Sahithi Samithi
* Kaloji Narayana Rao - Vythalika Samithi
* When Andhra Mahasabha meetings highlighted the problems of the farmers, many works were authored on the
farmers.
* Boyinapalli Viswanatha Rao wrote many verses on farmers. Inspired by the efforts of Gandhiji for the upliftment of
Dalits and the works of Bhagyareddy Varma, many verses were composed by Jonnalagadda Hanmantha Reddy.
* Gangula Sayi Reddy not only composed verses on Dalits but also established hostels and schools.
*'Tholisanja' published in 1946 contains the poems with emotional elements along with
real elements.
* Dhavala Srinivasa Rao depicted how the Andhra people degraded Telangana migrants during the period of Armed
struggle in his book 'Aadaraabhimaanaalu'.
Note: Some scholars opine that the first story written in Telangana region is 'Ebadivela Beramu' by Komarraju
Lakshmana Rao in 1910 and some opine that Hrudya Shalyamu by 'Madapati Hanumantha Rao' in 1912.
* The songs composed with the inspiration of Telangana armed struggle were
* 'Bandenaka bandi gatti padahaaru bandlu gatti ee bandlo vastav kodako Nizamu sarkaroda'- Bandi Yadagiri
* 'Pasulagaase poragaadaa paalu marisi ennallayindo'- Suddala Hanmanthu
* 'Sye Sye gopala reddy! Neevu eduru nilichaavu praanaaloddi'- Tirunagari Ramanjaneyulu
* Organisations - Founder
1. Andhra Chandrika Granthamaala (1945) - Hyderabad, Madapati Hanmantha Rao
2. Navya Sahithi Samithi (1952) - Hyderabad, Kuruganti Sitaramaiah
3. Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy (1957) - Hyderabad, Bejawada Gopala Reddy,Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao.
4. Sahithi Vikasa Mandali (1960) - Siddipet, Vemuganti Narasimhacharyulu
5. Medak Jilla Rachayithala Sangham (1964) - Medak, Mudumbai Rangakrishnacharyulu
6. Snehalatha Kavitha Sangham (1966) - Hyderabad, Kandakurthi Anjaneyulu
7. Bharatiya Sahitya Samithi (1971) - Warangal, Ande Venkatarajam
8. Majeera Rachayithala Sangham (1986) - Medak, Nandini Siddha Reddy
9. Telangana Rachayithala Sangham (2001) - Siddipet, Nandini Siddha Reddy
10. Talangana Samskruthika Samakhya (2007) - Hyderabad, Guda Anjaiah
* Telangana Sahitya Academy (2017):
* After the formation of Telangana state, Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy has been renamed as Telangana Sahitya
Academy
* First Chairman- Nadini Siddha Reddy
* Present Chairman- Juluri Gowri Shankar
* The logo of Telangana Sahitya Academy was designed by noted painter Ravishankar Rao from Cherial, according
to the directions given by the Chief Minister K.C.R.
* On Sahitya Academy logo, a swan is drawn in filigree style in the middle of the logo.
* In the place of the swan's beak, a pen's nib is drawn.
* The swan is shown to be floating on pages of a book.
* On the upper side, the backdrop of the Telangana map is drawn and a full-grown tree is drawn on it depicting that
literature is spreading like a full-grown tree in Telangana.
* In the middle of the logo a line from poet Palkuri Somana's poem, 'Sarasamai barigina jaanu telugu' is inscribed.
* MAGAZINES - THEIR IMPACTS
* Sambad Kaumudi founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in 1821 is considered as the first news paper founded by
Indians.
* Many English, Telugu and Urdu newspapers are published to bring awareness among people by overcoming the
ordinances issued by Nizam Government in the form of Gasti Nishan 53, which prohibited the freedom of expression
and press.
* The magazine sector is referred to as the fourth estate. The 1st Newspaper in India - the Bengal Gazette (1780, Jan
27)
* James Augustus Hicky, founder of the Bengal Gazette. Country first Language Magazine - Digdarshan (1818)
Printing Press:
* Brahma Vidya Vilasam Printing Press (1870):
• Established in 1870 by Wanaparthy rulers.
• This printing press was the 1st in the Hyderabad State.
• In 1875, a printing press was established in Gadwal Samsthanam.
Newspapers:
* Jubdoot-Ul-Akbar - 1833: Jubdoot-Ul-Akbar was one of the first newspaper of India. It was established at
Hyderabad in 1833 A.D.
* Risala Tabbi – 1859:• This was a medical journal, published in Urdu
language.
• This was the 1st newspaper published in Hyderabad.
* Octareshfak – 1878:• This was in Parsi language.
• Some opine that this was the 1st newspaper in Nizam State.
* Deccan times – 1864:• 1st English newspaper from Hyderabad.
• Established by Abdul Khader.
* Hyderabad Recorder – 1885:• English newspaper published from Hyderabad.
• This was the 1st newspaper which was banned by the Nizam Government.
• This paper have described the British Resident as Kaizer. For this, British pressurized the Nizam Government to
ban it in 1892.
* Maulim-e-Niswan (1892):• Maulvi Mohib Hussain started this Newspaper to propagate the reforms for Muslim
women. He was known as the father of Journalism in Hyderabad.
• The titles of Maulvi Mohib Hussain: Hyderabad Women’s Education Vaithalika.
• Telangana Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
Telugu Newspapers:
* Shedya Chandrika – 1886: Recent researchers argued that it was the 1st Telugu newspaper published in Telangana.
According to a Researcher Sangishetty Srinivas, this was started in the year 1886.
• This was a translation of Urdu Magazine – “Punoon”.
• This was published by Munshi Mohammed Musthak Ahmed Malik.
• Shedya Chandrika newspaper gave agricultural information.
* Hithabodhini (1913): In 1913, it was established by Bandaru Srinivasa Sharma.
• This was the 1st Telugu newspaper distributed all over Telangana.
• It is a weekly magazine.
• Published from Mahabubnagar.
• Atmakuru ruler Sri Rama Bhupala Bahiri Balawant Bahadur financially supported to purchase the printing machine
for this paper.
* Nilgiri - 1922: Editor was Shabnaveesu Venkatarama Narsimha Rao.
• It was the 1st political weekly magazine in Telangana.
• Shabnaveesu established a library with a name “Samskarini” and printed many books.
• He wrote a poem – BalikaVilapam.
* Tenugu Vara Patrika - 1922: Founders: Oddiraju Sitaramachandra Rao, Oddiraju Raghava Ranga Rao.
• Oddiraju brothers started Inugurthi printing press in Inugurthi village of Mahabubabad district. This paper was
printing here only.
• Oddiraju brothers also established Vignana Pracharini Sri Grandhamala (1919) and printed many educational books.
* Golconda Patrika - 1925: It was started on 10th May, 1925, Suravaram Pratap Reddy as editor.
• The main centre was Nalgonda.
• This is half-weekly newspaper was released every Wednesday and Saturday.
• First Suravaram tried to name it as Andhra Patrika but Nizam government opposed it, So, he chosen the name
Golconda.
• Golconda Patrika published Political,Economical, Social and Cultural news happening in Telangana.
• Golconda Patrika was closed in 1966.
* Bhagyanagar Patrika - 1931: This was established by Bhagya Reddy Varma in 1931 for the development of Dalits.
• The Front page of this paper contains the pictures of Charminar, Mecca Masjid and the paintings of Ellora and
Ajanta.
• From 1937, it was changed as Adi Hindu Newspaper.
* Phula Thota Patrika: It was published from Hanumakonda in between 1930-35.
• Editor: Kambampati Appanna Shastri.
• This was the 1st children’s paper in Telangana.
* Telugu Talli - 1939: Editor: Rachamalla Satyavati Devi.
• This was the 1st paper published by a Women editor in Telangana.
• It was a monthly magazine.
* Telangana Patrika - 1942: Founded by Rajgopal Mudaliyar.
• Editor: Bukkapatnam Ramanuja Chary.
• It was the 1st daily newspaper from Telangana.
* Kakatiya Vaara Patrika - 1946: Founder: P.V. Narasimha Rao.
• Editor: Pamulaparthi Sadashiva Rao.
* Shoba - 1947: Founder: Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao.
• It was a literary monthly magazine.Devulapalli ran a secret newspaper from Karil with a title “State Congress
Vartha Sanchika” in 1947.
Urdu Newspapers: Payam – 1935:• Founder – Khaji Abdul Gaffar.
• this was a Urdu daily Newspaper, which supported the independence struggle of Nizam people.
* Rayyat – 1927:• It was started and edited by Mandamula Narsingh Rao.
• Rayyat means a farmer.
• This was a Urdu weekly magazine.
• It gave information to National leaders regarding the movement against Nizam in Hyderabad. It demanded the
formation of responsible government in Nizam State and fought for the rights of the people.
• Shoyabullah Khan editor of Imroze paper, initially worked in this.
* Imroze - 1947:• Shoyabullah Khan started Urdu weekly magazine “Imroze (means fire)”.
• Through this paper, he criticized Razakars.
• He wrote editorials that describes Hyderabad state should be merged into Indian union. As a result, in 1948,
Shoyabullah Khan was murdered by Razakars.
• Payam, Rayyat and Imroze Newspapers supported the freedom struggle of Nizam people.
* Rahbar-e-Deccan: Editors:
1) Ahmed Mohinuddin
2) Abdullahkhan
• This Newspaper supported by MIM party.
* Meezan -1944:• Meezan is a Arabic word, which means “the balance” (Trasu)
• It was the 1st paper in Telangana which was published in three languages.
• Founder – Gulam Mohammed (Gulam Alauddin) belongs to Calcutta.
• It was published in Telugu, English and Urdu languages.
• Urdu edition was supported Razakars.
• English edition supported Nizam and telugu edition supported communists and other radicalists.
• Editor of Meezam telugu edition was Adavi Bapiraju.
• Sub-editor : Vidwan Viswam.
• Adavi Bapiraju published the stories and songs written by Avula Pichaiah of suryapet.
• It was the 1st daily news paper that started a novel serials in daily newspaper.
• Himabindu, Gona Gannareddy and Toofan novels of Adavi Bapiraju are published as serials in meezam newspaper.
Other important newspapers & their editors:
• Nedu Patrika (1925) – Bhaskar
• Andhra Abhyudayam (1925) – Kokila Sitarama Sharma
• Deshabandhu (1926) – Bellamkonda Narasimha Charyulu Tagline: Andhra Vignana Prabodha monthly magazine
• Deccan Kesari (1934) – Adusumalli Venkat Dattatreya Sharma
• Vibuthi (1939) – Chidiremattam Veerabhadra Sharma
• Sandesham (1941) – Quazi Abdul Gaffar
• Andhra Kesari (1941) – Gundavaram Hanumanth Rao
• Telugu Desam (1948) – Suryadevara Rajya Lakshmi
• Sudarshan Patrika – Sudarshana Devi Published from Wanaparthy as monthly magazine.
• Janashakti (1950-54) – Juvvadi GoutamRaju, Raghuveerarao
• Prajavani (1951) – Suravaram Pratap Reddy
• Navayuga (1954) – Telangana Writers Association
• Padma Prakash Monthly Magazine – Burgula Ramakrishnaiah
• Hyderabad Weekly – Marri Chenna Reddy
* Telugu Book Stall in Nizam State:During Nizam Period, there was only one Telugu book stall besides Srikrishna
Devaraya Andhra Basha Nilayam in Hyderabad.
• It was run by Nampalli Gouri Shankar Sharma
• He distributed Telugu books all over the Nizam state, for that he regarded as language servant.

ADI HINDU, DALIT MOVEMENTS

* Adi-Hindu movements is the first Identity and Self-respect movement in Hyderabad state.
* Hyderabad was one of the largest princely state in India. Hyderabad state was under the rule of Nizams.
* In Nizam's state Zagirdars, Jamindars, Deshmukhs and Deshpandes enjoyed enormous powers under the approval of
the king. They dominated over the weaker sections. Vetti (free labour), Untouchability, Devadasi system and child
marriages preavailed in this feudal society.
* People belonging to downtrodden castes used to perform vetti to Zamindars. Along with Mala, Madigas (Who are
Dalits), the Potters, Weavers, Dhobis (Washerman), Toddy tappers also used to perform Vetti.
* Dalits were also used to perform free labour as Begaris, Neeradis, Bhagela by cutting woods and carrying carts.
* The vetti along with Bhagela subjected Dalits to much oppression.
* The condition of Dalit women was worse.
* The Jogini system forced minor Dalit girls into sacred prostitution in the name of dedication of the local goddess.
This is the height of cruetly towards women.
* Superstitions were rampant in villages. Dalit women were tortured in the pretext of performing black magic such as
Banamati and Chillagi and Chetabadi.
* Sexual violence against Dalit women, agricultural labour was a common part of feudal system.
* In Hyderabad several organisatisons as Arya Samaj and Andhra Maha Sabha strived hard against teh discrimination
against Dalits.
* Arya Samaj reformers like Roy Balmukund, Keshavarao, Koratkar, Lalji Meghjee took up Harijanodhyamam as a
part of the social reforms.
* Andhra Maha Sabha which started in 1930s took several resolutions against untouchability, vetti etc.
* Andhra Maha Sabha in one of its meetings published a small booklet on Vetti Chakiri.
* Subsequently the seventh Nizam Mir Osmal Ali Khan brought out a Farman against Vetti.
* R.P. Venkata Swamy documented the Dalit movement in Telangana in the form of a book titled Our Struggle for
Emancipation'.
* Bhagyareddy Varma, Arige Ramaswamy and B.S. Venkatrao can be considered as the Triumverate of Dalit
movement in Telangana.
* Adi Hindu Dalit Movement - role of Bhagya Reddy Varma:
* Adi Hindu movement was started in 1906 in Hyderabad state against the atrocities on Dalits and questioning the
caste discrimination.
* Bhagyareddy Varma was born to Rangamamba and Madari Venkaiah on 22 May1888 at hyderabad.
* His parents named him Bhagayya and their family master renamed him Bhagyareddy.
* His original name - Madari Bhagayya
* In the year 1912 he joined as an Electrical Department.
* In 1906 itself he founded Jagan Mitra Mandali.
* The important aim of Mandali was to impart education to Dalits.
* Titles:
- Varma
- Shiva Shrestha
- Sangha Maanya
- Dalita Vaithalikudu
* Bhagya Reddy Varma became pioneer of Dalit self-respect movement in Andhra Desa Panchama conference at
Vijaywada in 1917.
* On the first day itself he condemned the word Panchama and stated that this word was not there in Vedas and
Puranas and it is a creation of dominant castes to exercise their selfish motto of dominance.
* He also made it clear that Dalits were original inhabitants and hence replaced Panchama
with Adi Andhra.
* Bhagyareddy Varma organized regional meetings with the name Adi Andhra meeting. They were:
S.No. - Year - President - Place
1. 1917 - Bhagyareddy Verma - Vijayawada
2. 1919 - Bhagyareddy Verma - Machilipatnam
3. 1920 - Bhagyareddy Verma - Gudiwada
4. 1921 - Bhagyareddy Verma - Eluru
5. 1925 - Bhagyareddy Verma - Anantapuram
* He founded Devadasi Nirmoolana Sangham for the eradication of social evils.
* He also established a publishing house namely Vaidika Dharma Pracharani Sabha in 1910 aasociated to Jagan Mitra
Mandali. It published small books and pamphlets to bring awareness in Hindus and other castes.
* Humanitarian League was founded by Bhagyareddy Varma and Roy Balmukund in 1913. Later, it became Jeeva
Raksha Gnana Prachara Mandali.
* In 1914, Bhagyareddy Varma founded Brahma Samaj at Hanuan Tekdi at Residency Bazar in Hyderabad.
* He established Viswa Gruha Paricharika Sammelanam in 1915. This institution worked for the welfare of house
maids.
Note:
* In 1913, a member of Arya Samaj Balaji Krishna Rao conferred the title Varma to Bhagyareddy and gave the
membership of Arya Samaj.
* In 1915, Bhagyareddy Varma established Sangha Samskara Nataka Mandali and made Harijans perform dramas.
* In1912, he established Swastik Dal & Voluntary Health service Force.
* Budda Jayanti - Bhagya Reddy Varmav
* In the year 1913 he organised Buddha Jayanthi for the first time. Padmaja Naidu, Adipudi SomanathaRao,
Chandravarak etc participated in these celebrations. He continued this activity every year till his death.
* The last Budha Jayanthi he celebrated was on 25th May 1937 under the chairmanship of Raja Bahadur Rai
Bisweswaranath, member Nizam Government Judicial committee.
* In this speech, Varma stressed to follow pachasheel which is the basis of Buddist Morality, rationality and non-
violence.
* Bhagyareddy Varma: The term panchama should be deleted. He strongly believed that Dalits were not part of
Hinduism. Due to the consistent efforts of Bhagaya Reddy, The Madras Government issued a Government Order(GO)
817 on January 24th 1922.
* The Madras Legislative Council adopted a resolution stating that the council recommends to the Government that
'the term Panchama or Paraya which usede to designate the ancient Dravidian community in the Southern India
should be deleted from the Government records and the term Adi Dravida in the Tamilnadu and Adi Andhra in the
Telugu districts to be substituted instead'.
* In Hyderabad state also due to his efforts the term Adi Hindu was accepted by the Nizam Government and referred
all the Dalits (Mala, Madiga, Dekkali, Dhed, Chamar etc) as Adi Hindu in 1931 census report.
* Adi Hindu Samajika Seva Samkhya:
* The year 1922 is very crucial in the history of Hyderabad state.
* The Manya Sangam started by Bhagaya Reddy in the year 1911 was renamed as Adi Hindu Social Service League.
* The first conference was convened under the presidentship of A.T.J. Papanna, at Hyderabad.
* Dalit representatives from Bombay, Pune, Karachi, Akola, Amaravathi, Nagpur, Madras and coastal region
participated in this conference.
* The Spirit of Social Service League attracted several cast Hindus of the state and they actively associated with the
League.
* Prominent among them were justice C. Bal Mukund, Pandit Keshav Rao Koratker, Set Lalji Meghji, Professor
Wellinker and R.E. Repouku.
* The discussions took place in Hindi and Telugu languages.
* On the second day 900 people of different castes participated in the 'Shapankati Bhojanam' Program.
* Kusuma Dharmanna sang the song 'Makoddee Nalladoratanam'.
* In order to solve the internal feuds among Dalits Bhagya Reddy took several resolutions. Bhagya Reddy Varma was
conferred with a title 'Siva Sresti' in a meeting organised by Dharam Veer Naik.
* He was also conferred with 'Sangha Manya' in an Adi Andhra conference held in March 1921.
* Bhagya Reddy Varma made an attempt to bring solidarity among Dalits and Bahujans.
* He founded Yadava Sangam under Singam Sitaram; Sabari Sangham, with Durgaiah, and Pardhi Sangam with
Hanuman Singh.
* In 1925 he organised Adi Hindu Sabha under the leadership of Arundhatiya leader Subedar Sayanna.
* In 1925 itself he organised Matanga Janasabha under the leadership of Guntimalla Ramappa.
* Bhagya Reddy founded the Matangi Sabha in 1927 at Mallepalli. The Sabha passed resolutions against liquor and
toddy consumption.
* Along with Mala's, a movement under the leadership of N.R. Babaiah took place demanding rights of the Madigas.
He made Secunderabad the centre and toured extensively to Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nizamabad
demanding rights to the Madigas.
* Mudigonda Laxmaiah an industrialist extensively supported this movement and offered monetary help in giving
scholarships to poor Madiga Scholars.
* In the year 1937, Jambavarna Seva Samithi made efforts to create awareness among Arundhatiyas.
* Matanga Mahasabha leader Guntimalla Ramappa strived hard to bring unity among Dalits during 1932.
* The Adi Hindu and other Dalit movements not only brought awareness among urban Dalits but also Dalits in the
rural areas, for example is one of the villages called Jogilepadu in Madhira taluk, a Dalit family Bulusupati Luci and
Devasahayam refused to perform vetti. This was reported in Golkonda Patrika on 28th February 1931.
* In this context, the role of Peesari Veeramani who revolted against the Vetti system is worth mentioning.
* He organised Dalits not to perform vetti and also questioned Gandhi by opposing the word Harijan.
* Bhagya Reddy Varma requested the social reformer Dhanrajgir to lay the foundation of the office building of Adi
Hindu Social Service League.
* On July 10th 1931 in the Adi Hindu Dharmik Sabha, Bhagya Reddy gave a call to bring unity among different sub
castes of Dalits.
* National Conferences attended by Bhagya reddy Varma:
* He attended the All India Depressed Classes Conference hed at Allahabad as a representative of South India.
* He presided over Adi Hindu Conference held at Lucknow in 1931.
* In this meeting, some representatives raised objection against the word Varma. So Bhagyareddy Varma
immediately relinquished it.Dr Ambedkar was elected as the sole representative of Dalits to Round table conference.
They demanded separate electorates for Dalits.
* Bhagyareddy attended the Adi Hindu Conference held at Nagpur in 1933. It was his last meeting.
* Andhra Maha Sabha - Bhagya Reddy Varma:
* Bhagya Reddy participated in the meetings of Andhra Maha Sabha and made them to adopted several resolutions to
bring reforms in the society.
* In its first meeting held at Jogipet on 3rd, 4th and 5th March 1930, Suravaram Pratap Reddy presided over and
proposed resolutions on Educational facilities to Adi-Hindus, whereas Bhagya Reddy gave a call to remove
untouchability. Varma also spoke in the second meeting at Hyderabad.
* In 1934 Khammam conference, Varma in his message mentioned that 'Those upper castes who loves the pet animals,
ants and also snakes but ask their fellow human being to step out their way, what kind of Justice is it?' He cited
several instances of Dalit sages in Epics and Puranas.
* Bhagya Reddy also conducted Adi Hindu gymnastic competitions under the presidentship of Kodi Ramamurthy.
* In 1925, to encourage youth, he conducted painting, drawing and craft exhibitions at Prem theatre, Hyderabad.
* The idea behind organising the exhibition was to expose the skills and fine arts of Dalits.
* They also staged a drama on the theme Aryan and Non Aryan conflict to create awareness among Dalit Youth. This
program was inagurated by Goswami, and Dharajgiriji Narismhji.
* Adi Hindu Maha Sabhas:
* After returning from Lucknow on 7th November, 1931, a conference was organised at Bollaram presided over by
Bhagya Reddy.
* Bandela Chittarayya as Chairman and Vemula Kurmaiah as the president of Independent Adijana Conference of
Andhra inaugurated the sessions.
* It was held at Bollaram, part of British ruled secunderabad, as Nizam did not give permission to hold the conference
in Hyderabad.
* The conference unanimously took resolutions accepting Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as their leader, it demanded for
abolition of Vetti, reservations for Adi Hindu, in police and other military posts.
* Bhagya Reddy in his speech directly targeted the upper castes. He stated that 'You cannot make us slaves for long.
How many years will you oppress us? The dawn of freedom arises, our strength in number in 7 crores. We are more
powerful now. I am very sure that we will reach out goal. We don't want to eat along with you. We want you to do
away with the evil of untouchability'.
* On 6th April, 1935 Bhagya Reddy during ugadi celebrations thanked the Government fro choosing Ariga
Ramaswamy as representative of Hyderabad Muncipal Corporation and also demanded for two Adi Hindu
representations in the labour department.
* Bhagya Reddy also participated in the Adi Hindu conference and several other meetings in 1936 at Vijayanagaram
and in 1938 February at Kakinada.
* On 22nd September 1937, Nizam government constituted a committee for reforms.
* In the same year, Bhagya Reddy conducted a meeting and requested the government to allocate ten seats to Adi
Hindus.
* Bhagya Reddy's relentless activities and frequent travels affected his health.
* Krishna Swamy Mudiraj mentioned in one of his books that Bhagya Reddy, gave 3348 public speeches.
* Bhagya Reddy's life is synonymous with Adi Hindu movement. He strived hard to create awareness among Railway
employees, Military soldiers, cloth merchants, contractors, workers and labourers.
* He breathed his last on 18th February, 1939.
* His death was a major setback to the Adi Hindu Movement and also to the Dalits of Hyderabad.
* From 1921 to 1924 it was Hindu mahasabha under Bhagyareddy varma. They are:
Years - House - Presidents
1. 1921 - First House - Papanna (Belgaum)
2. 1922 - Second House - Vaman Nayak
3. 1923 - Three House - Keshavarao Koratkar
4. 1924 - Four House - Rajadhan Rajgiri
* Gandhi - Bhagya Reddy Varma:
* Bhagya Reddy attended several meetings and conferences in other parts of India. One such meeting he participated
was in the Divyagnana Samajam meeting held on 15th December 1917 at Calcutta and spoke how Brahmanism
caused the degradation of Dalits.
* Mahatma Gandhi was present in the conference and praised him for his interest in the upliftment of the
downtrodden. Later Gandhi visited Adi Hindu Social Service League and Adi Hindu School in the year 1929.
* In 1920 several identity movements took place in Northern India.
* All India Adi Hindu (Depressed classes) conferences were organised in places like Delhi, Alahabad, Lucknow and
Nagpur. Varma attended all these conferences as a delegate from Hyderabad state and Andhra. He also attended the
Adi Hindu special conference held at Delhi on 24th February 1928.
* In the year 1930, on 16th November Varma participated in the 8th session of All India Adi Hindu (Depressed Class)
conference held in Mayo Hall at Allahabad.
*The conference demanded for a repressentative from Adi Hindu background in the Central as well as State
provincial Legislatures.
* He also demanded separate electorates to ameliorate their social and political status.
* Further the conference also asked for free and compulsory education to Dalits.
* The conference also expressed gratitude to the viceroy for nominating Dr. B.R.Ambedkar and R. Srinivasan as
representatives of depressed classes to the Round Table Conference.
* Peesari Veeranna:
• In this conference, Bhagya Reddy deleted 'Varma', from his name as one of the participants suggested that the term
'Varma' denotes upper caste.
• The word Harijan was first used by Gandhiji in his magazine Navjivan.
• Peesari Veeranna organized movements against bonded labour in Karimagar and Warangal districts and preached
that Malas and Madigas should not engage in bonded labour. He propagated that the Dalits should embrace Islam. He
adopted Islam and became P.V.Sardar Ali.
* Arige Ramaswamy:
* He is the contemporary of Bhagya Reddy Varma. He worked for Dalits and fought against caste discrimination. He
was born in Ramanakola, of present day Ranga Reddy district.
* After his primary education did various jobs such as office boy, carpenter and later as ticket collector at Bollaram
Rail Road.
* He founded Suneeta Bala Samajam at Secunderabad and Matangi Mahasabha at Nampalli.
* He struggled for abolition of Jogini system. He fought against superstitions, animal sacrifies and child marriages.
He propounded Achala Philosophy, believed in Brahma Samaj principles. He too felt that Dalits are separated and not
part of Hindu fold.
* Adi Hindu Jateeya Sabha:
* In the year 1922 he started Adi Hindu Jateeya Sabha, along with J.Papayya as vice president and Konda
Venkataswamy as president.
* This organisation worked to bring reforms among Adi Hindus. It also worked for Devadasi Abolition.
* Arige Ramaswamy rescued a mala girl from dedication as Jogini and married her with a Madiga boy, with a hope
that it will create cordial relations among these two sub castes in later years.
* He founded Arundhatiya Maha Sabha and created awareness among Media castes.
* Arige Ramaswamy is not only a reformer but also a poet.
The main purpose of the organization:
* Rejecting the doctrine of menial castes.
* Propagation of universal equality.
* At this meeting, Bhagyareddy Varma stated that the Dalit were the original descendents of India and they should be
called as Adi Andhras or Adi Hindus.
Note: The only Dalit poet included in the list of poets in Suraaram Pratapa Reddy's Golkonda Kavula Sanchika was
Arige Ramaswamy.
* Sanghabhivruddhi Samajam:
* It was founded by Arige Ramaswami and Madari Adeyya.
* They made efforts for the upliftment and unity of Dalits.
* Adeyya Memorial High School:
* It was started by Adeyya in 1906 at Secunderabad for the advancement of dalits in Nizam's dominion.
* Original name of the School - William Barton School (Land was donated by William Barton).
* When B.S.Venkata Rao was the education minister, it was renamed as M.L.Adeyya Memorial High School. Adeyya
tried to stop the habit of drinking toddy at caste panchayats.
* The All India Adi Hindu Social Conference in 1922 was organized by Bhagyareddy and Adeyya.
* The President of Secunderabad branch at this conference - Adeyya.
* Adeyya was also known as Dalit Bhishma.
* Arundhatiya Maha Sabha (1931):
* It was founded by Arige Ramaswami.
* He was assisted by Girakala Mallesh Rao, Venkata Rao
* The meeting of Arudhatiyas in Nizam State was held on 1 June 1931 at Reddy Hostel.
* Arige Ramaswami along with Magundi Mallayya and Subedar Sayanna demanded equal rights to Madigas with
Malas.
* B. S. Venkat Rao (1898-1953):
* B.S. Venkat Rao is another Dalit Leader who led the Dalit Movement in the Nizam state. He is greatly inspired by
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's movement.
* He got several benefits for Dalits in the fields of education, employment and politics.
* Popularly known as, Hyderabad Ambedkar; B.S. Venat Rao was born on December 11th, 1898 at Hyderabad.
* In 1922 he joined Nizam Government, Engineering College and also worked as recruitment officer at Nizam Sagar
Project. Soon he resigned to his job and started his career as 'A' class contractor. He founded several Dalit
organisations.
* Adi Dravida Sangham (1922):
* In the year 1922, he along with his friends Madari Govindarajulu, Madari Venakatswamy founded Adi Dravida
Sangham.
* In the same year he started Adi Hindu Mahasabha along with C.S.Yatiraj, K.Ramaswamy. He is also worked for
removal of socila evils and bring unity among Dalits.
* Adi Hindu Maha Sabha (1926):
* Through these organisations he started a library and night school as an affiliation to Adi Hindu Maha Sabha in 1926
at Secunderabad.
* Ambedkar Youth League (1936):
* In the year 1936, he started Ambedkar Youth League for the development of Dalit Youth.
* The name of Ambedkar Youth League was changed to Hyderabad State Depressed Classes Association in 1938.
* First president- B.S. Venkat Rao, Secretary- P.R. Venkata Swamy. He elected as Secundrabad Cantonment Board
member in 1938, Muncipal elections.
* In 1946 elected as Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)on behalf of local bodies and finally became Education
Minister in the year 1947.
* He presided over the Mahar Conference in May 1936 at puna. He started City Depressed Classes Association at
Hyderabad in 1938.
* He met the Prime Minister of Nizam State, Sri Akbar Hydar in the year 1934 and demanded for
adequate representation of Dalits in legislature and seperate electorates based on population.
* When he was the Education Minister, he changed the Burton High School as Adaiah Memorial school and upgrated
it to High School.
* He provided an opportunity to Dalit Students who passed HSC to join in colleges. He prepared the list of eligible
Dlait children and sent to Nizam government and British India officers and provided opportunities for pursuing their
studies in foreign countries. He was conferred the title Khusrou-i-Ali by the 7th Nizam.
* For the first time in history he convinced Nizam government to allocate one crore to scheduled caste trust fund for
the welfare of Dalits.
* B.S.Venkat Rao condemned the practice of Devadasi and made efforts for the unity of Dalits.
B.S.Venkat Rao- Political Career:
* B.S.Venkat Rao, who strived for the upliftment of Dalits and lead the Dalit movement for 30 years got reputation in
civil, political and administrative sectors. The Nizam nominated him to Nizam's Defence Council.
* He was nominated as a member of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation in 1937.
* He was elected as a member of Secunderabad Cantonment board in 1938 and the as a Councillor in 1939.
* He was appointed a member of Nizam Defence Council in 1943.
* He led Hyderabad Depressed Classes Association by merging several small Dalit organisations.
* After Hyderabad accession into Indian Union, he was kept under house arrest and died in the year 1953.
* Battula Shyamsunder:
* B. Shyamsunder was born on 18th December 1908. He was the son of B. Manikyam who was a railway employee
of Aurangabad district of Hyderabad state.
* He did his primary and middle school at Aurangabad and B.A. and L.L.B. from Osmania University in 1925.
* He emerged as a student leader and later trade union leader. He presided over Depressed Classes Maha
Sabha(Anjuman-e-Fastukhamum) on 30th May, 1942.
* P.R. Venkataswamy in his book 'our struggle for Emancipation' wrote that B. Syamsunder's entry into Dalit
Movement as a 'Red Letter Day'.
* He worked as secretary to scheduled Castes Federation along with B.S. Venkata rao. He attended All India
Scheduled Castes Federation meeting held at Nagpur in the year 1944.
* He worked as president of Osmaniya University Graduates Association.
* He was member of Reconstruction committee of Osmaniya University in 1944, Standing Committe member and
senate member.
* He played a crucial role in taking Dalit issues to Nizam government. He demanded for proportionate representation
of Dalits in Nizam's Executive Council. He believed in Dalit Muslim unity.
* He opined that Dalits are separeate entity in Hinduism. He believed that Dalits should be together to get political
and social freedom.
* B.Shyamsunder was instument in influencing Nizam to grant 5Lakhs Rupees to Peoples Education Trust started by
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
* This institution helped for the advancement of Dalits and deprived sections. He spoke on the status of Dalits in
International forums when sent along with Moin Nawaj Jung and Jaheer Ahmad by Nizam government as
representatives demanding seperate statehood to Hyderabad.
* He started the movement to install Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's statues at various places as symbols of self- respect. He
became president of All India Depressed Classes Association in 1954. He is also one of the Bhimsena founding
members in 1968.
* When AP Government approached the court to recover Rs. 12 Lakhs given by Nizam government to Peoples
Education Trust, he argued on behalf of Nizam government and won the case.
* In the year 1968 he demanded that the Maratwada University be named as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University.
* Hyderabad State Scheduled Castes Federation - 1942:
* On 18th July 1942, When the All India Depressed Political Maha Sabha was convened representatives from
Hyderabad namely J.H. Subbaiah, B.S.Venkata Rao, B. Shyam Sunder, P.R.Venkataswamy, Ethirajan, P.V.Manohar,
Arige Ramaswamy decided to from Scheduled Castes Federation.
* Ambedkar visited Hyderabad in the year 1944 to inspire the Scheduled Caste Federation.
* Scheduled Caste Federation contested general election in 1952 and won two seats: M.R. Krishna from Karimnagar
and P.S.Rajbhoj from Sholapur.
* It also won five assembly seats among 24 contested.
* Arige Ramaswamy and Subbaiah Joined congress.
* Republican Party of India was started after Scheduled Castes Federation.
* In late years J. Eshwaribai's entry into politics as member of Repulican Party of India further infuluence Dalit
politics.
* Early Dalit Journal:
* M.B. Goutham in his Biography on Bhaghya Reddy "Bhagyodayam' mentions that Panchama was the first ever
Dalit journal published from Telangana.
* This is a English monthly journal J.S.Muttaiah who was the secretary of Manya Sangam started by Bhagya Reddy
Varma was its editor.
* This journal was published between the years 1918-19; Dalit's situations, Sub caste issues among Dalits were some
of its themes.
* Another journal was Adhishaki which was started from Chaderghat during 1926.
* Based on sub title Adi Hindu Society Sahitya Pracharaka Grandha Mala, it may be considered as Dalit Journal.
* Bhagya Reddy Varma started a journal Bhagyanagar Patrika in the year 1913 for the upliftment of Dalits in Nizam
State.
* This journal worked as a channel for social reform movements started by Bhagya Reddy.
* Various features covered are Harijan movement of Gandhi, Depressed castes struggles led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar,
Round Table conference and Poona Pact etc., reports of Various incidents of atrocities on Dalits were published and
brought them to the notice of Government.
* Several serial stories, essays were published against untouchability.
* From the year 1937 its name was changed as Adi Hindu Patrika.
* From 1930 onwards demon rule prevailed in Nizam's Telangana region, anarchy of feudal landlords, illegal
collection of taxes, slaverly, bonded labour, illegally occupying poor people's land (Bhedakhal), illegal rationing, high
interest rates, atrocities on women etc were the problems faced by the people in Nizam state.
* Several restrictions were imposed on the news papers, which publish news on above issues.
* In continuation of this suppression in the year 1929 Nizam state issued GO. 53, it is also known as 'Gasthinishan
Thirpan'.
* After the GO. No. 53, conducting meetings in Nizam state became difficult.
* There was no justice done in case of revolt against injustices or anarchies of feudal lords, they were killed by Nizam
state.
* Political parties were not allowed in Nizam (like British India).
* In spite of suppressive conditions in Nizam state, because of continuous canvass of Sri Unnava Venkata Ramaiah,
the conditions in Telangana were changed in favour of Nizamdhra movement.
*Jogipet business association came forward to conduct Mahasabha at Jogipet.
* During that period a library called Sri Joginatha Swamy' was efficiently functioning in Jogipet.
* On 24th December 1929, organizers requested Nizam government for permission to conduct meeting according to
the guidelines mentioned in Gastinishan GO. 53.
* Nizam state examined the application and accorded permission on 22 February 1930 with following conditions.
Those are:
1. Non-Mulki shall not preside over the meeting
2. Shall not insult, humiliate other religions
3. Shall be a non-political meeting.
* In 1930, Andhra Jana Sangham met at Jogipet in Medak district.
* The meeting was presided over by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy. At this meeting, the Nizam Andhra Jana Kedra
Sangham transformed to a political organization named Andhra Maha Sabha.
 Andhra Maha Sabha (1930)
* Andhra Maha Sabha is the first Political organization in Telangana.
* The first generation leaders of Andhra Maha Sabha were moderates such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Suravaram
Pratapa Reddy, Mandumula Narsing Rao, Burgula, Jamalapuram Kesava Rao, Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao.
* The second generation leaders of Andhra Maha Sabha were extremists. Eg- Ravi Narayana Reddy, Baddam Yella
Reddy, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao.
* The meetings of Andhra Maha Sabha were held at various places from 1930 to 1946.
* With the efforts of Durgabai Deshmukh, Women Andhra Maha Sabha meetings were also held at different places.
1. First Nizamandhra Maha Sabha (Meeting) 1930:
* The First Nizamandhra Maha Sabha was held at Jogipet, Medak district on March 3, 4 and 5 - 1930, under the
presidentship of Sri Suravaram Pratap Reddy.
* He was the editor Golconda news paper, he wrote several books and was also called as king of board of Telangana
(Telangana Vaitalikudu).
* Sri Vaman Nayak belongs to Maharashtra played prominent role in first Nizamandhra Maharashtra meeting.
* The meeting confined to non-political aspects, opposed child marriages and passed a resolution on widow
remarriages.

Andhra Mahila Sabha:

Women Nizamandhra Mahasabhas (1930-1946):
* Andhra Maha Sabha and Andhra Mahila Sabha were started in 1930. These reformist women organisations
provided a platform for women.
* The feudal culture in Hyderabad forbid not only Muslim women but also Hindu women of the upper and middle
classes to go out without purdah.
* In those days women speaking from open platform was a serious issue.
* Andhra Maha Sabha conducted 13 Maha Sabhas and 10 Mahila Sabhas.
* These Mahila Sabhas simultaneously had the privilege of having the leadership of prominent women such as
Nadimpalli Sundaramma, Tanguturi Varalakshmamma, Yellapragada Sithakumari, Madapati Manikyamba, Burgula
Ananta Laxmidevi, Nandagiri Indira Devi, Yogyasheela Devi and Rangamma Obul Reddy etc.
* Several resolutions about women welfare and women's education were taken in these Mahila Sabhas and sent to
Nizam.
* Andhra Mahila Sabha used to conduct its meetings in the same premises of Andhra Maha Sabha.
* In the first conference held at Jogipet discussions on women education, status of Women, evil customs such as
prostitution were discussed.
* The second conference was held at Devarakonda. T Varalakshmi delivered presidential address. Though she was a
Brahmin widow, remarried and actively participated in the movement. She denounced purdah and called for
marriages among Kalavanthula caste women.
* Yellapragada Sitha Kumari presided over third conference held at Khammam and discussions took place on the
increase of age of marriage for women.
* Madapati Manikyamma presided over the fourth conference held in the year 1935 at Sircilla, resolutions on child
marriage, compulsory primary education were passed.
* In the year 1935, 5th conference was held at Shadnagar.
* Burgula Anantha Lakshmi presided over it.
* Resolutions on women's succession rights, rights to the children of inter caste married couples, abolition of child
marriage, abolition of untouchability, rights of peasants at Jagirs, were taken up and were sent to Nizam government.
* Andhra Mahasabha in 1937 (Nizamabad Conference) passed a resolution for Constitutional reforms.
* In this committee, Smt Carnilious, Smt.Nandini were members. Through their efforts the Mahila Sabha had
achieved same progress.
* Nizam government issued a farman allowing widow remarriage. This might be the first farman of the social reforms
in Nizam state.
* Later in 1940, 18th Andhra Mahila Sabha convened at Chilkur. In this the president Rangamma Obul Reddy gave a
call to women to come out of purdah and stop child marriage.
* Pulijala Kamala Bai, the secretary emphasised that women's movement should be led by women only.
* Most of the members of Andhra Mahila Sabha were from middle and upper class families with nationalist spirit.
* They took up issues pertaining to women's education, abolition of prostitution.
* Purdah and women's remarriages etc. Often these issues aroused resentment from conservative sections within the
organisation and people outside.
* During the 3rd conference of Andhra Mahila Sabha held at Khammam, conflict took place between the reformists
and the opponents who branded themselves as the protectors of Hindu Dharma.
* In the year 1937, Maharastra, Karnataka Parishads started their own platform.
* All India Women's Conference was started in 1945 under the leadership of Prameela Tai.
* Members of the Conference were Mankumari Chowrasia, Jaduav Behen, Gita Devi, Leela DeviDangoria, Yashodha
Devi etc. They were drawn from various linguistic groups.
* Another organisation Andhra Yuvati Mandali was started in 1935 at Hyderabad by Yellapragada Seetha Kumari and
Illendula Sraswathi to discuss about women's problems. They also started schools and Sisu Vihars. This organisation
also worked for promotion of Women's education.
* The consciousness of muslim women in Hyderabad was reflected in the number of such
organisations.
* Suegra Humayun Mirza started Anjuman-e-Khavateen-e-Deccan in 1895. Primary objectives were to help poor
women, widows to earn their livelihood, and remove social evils.
*Lady Hyderi started Hyderabad Ladies Club this also worked for solving women's problems.
* In Nizam State education opportunities for women were less. However, Nizam VI and VII provided many
opportunities to women in the city
* In the year 1934 all Hyderabad Students Union was started, by organising people from various organisations.
* During those days women students used to attend the classes in Osmania sitting behind chilman (Purdah).
*Three women students joined the executive, Shakuntala as secretary, Susheela as treasurer, Padma as member in
executive committee
* Women Nizamandhra Mahasabha meetings were conducted simultaneously along with all ten Nizamandhra
Mahasabhas.
* Nadimpally Sundaramma, T. Varalaxmamma, Yalla pragadaseeta Kumari, Madapati Manikyamma, Burgula
Anantha Laxmi Devi, Nandagiri Indira Devi, Yogya Shila Devi, and Rangamma obulReddy etc presided over women
Andhra Mahasabha meetings.
* These meetings tried for women development, women education, training to women to face atrocities of local
landlords, Razakars and Nizam military.
* Atrocities like forced (naked) Bathukamma dance by women was faced bravely with the help of women armed
forces.
* Arutla Kamala Devi, Mallu Swarajyam, and Chakali Iylamma played key role in the women Armed Struggle.
* The resolutions which were not passed in Nizamandhra Mahasabha, were passed in women Nizamandhra
Mahasabha and were implemented.
* In this way, Women Andhra Mahasabha played signification role and has unique place in the
history of Telangana movement.
2. Second Andhra Mahasabha 1931:
* Second Nizamandhra Mahasabha was conducted at Devarakonda, Nalgonda district on 3, 4 and 5th March 1931,
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was its president.
* As in the first meeting, in this meeting also social issues were discussed and resolutions were passed in a requesting
manner to the Nizam Government.
* The deliberations of this meeting were conducted in Telugu.
* Keshava Rao and Maharashtra leader Vaman Nayak participated in this meeting.
Note: Nizam refused to give permission to Andhra Maha Sabha meetings in 1932, 1933. He was angered by the
discussion of politics in second Andhra Mahasabha meeting and refused permission.
3. Third Nizamandhra Mahasabha (Meeting) 1934:
* The organizers decided to conduct the Third Nizamandhra Mahasabha meeting at Jatraprolu, which was in Kollapur
Samastanam.
* Prominent High Court advocate Chakrahari Narasaraju wrote a letter to samastam officials for permission.
* The officials replied that, they do not have the power to give such permission, further they said that, they can allow
the meeting if the organizers obtain permission from the Nizam Government.
* The organizers requested Mahabubnagar district collector for permission.
* On 24 Dec 1931, Collector replied that he cannot interfere into the affairs of Princely States. Then organizers
approached home secretary, finally issue reached Prime Minister Kishan Pershad.
* He replied that, government will not give permission to conduct meeting either in Princely State or in other place.
* On 2nd March 1932, again organizers started efforts for the meeting, after six months Minister concerned to police
Mr. Karnal Trunch asked the organizers to meet him on 19th July, but met them on 20th July. He put a condition to
pay Rs. 2000 as deposit for permission to conduct the said meeting.
* Treating this condition as deposit for permission to conduct the said meeting.
* Treating this condition as insult to them, the organizers refused to pay the deposit. Finally government accorded
permission to conduct the meeting with some conditions.
* It took three years for the organizers to obtain permission to conduct third meeting.
* On 13, 14 and 15th Dec 1934, the third Nizamandhra Sabha was held at Khammam under the presidentship of Sir
Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao, Government imposed restrictions even to discuss social issues besides political issues.
* Hence this meeting discussed farmer's partership in Nizamandhra Maha Sabha and in next meetings.
* Here after the farmer's problems also became part of Nizamandhra Mahasabha meetings.
4. Fourth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1935:
* The Fourth Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at Siricilla, Karimnagar district on 30, and 31 December 1935 and
1st Jan 1936.
* This meeting was presided over by Madapati Hanumantha Rao.
* Third Nizamandhra Mahasabha constituted a subcommittee to decide rules of Mahasabha. Committee submitted its
report.
* The rule 31 in the report provided that all the affarirs, resolutions and speeches of the Sabha should be in Telugu
language.
* This was recommended to stop insults and injustices to the Telugu language and culture.
5. Fifth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1936:
* This meeting was held at Shadnagar, Mahabubnagar district on 15, 16 and17th Dec 1936.
* The meeting was presided over by Sri Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, who was an elected representative of High
Court Advocates for two years.
* Though Kannada, Marathwada representatives of Nizam state participated in the meeting, they could not speak in
Telugu (condition Imposed in fourth meeting).
* This meeting demanded for the total prohibition on liquor in Nizam state.
6. Sixth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1937:
* The sixth Nijamandhra Mahasabha meeting was held at Nizamabad on 6, 7 and 8th Dec 1937. Mandumala
Narasimha rao was its president.
* Maharashtra leaders Kashinadha Rao Muchpalkar, maulvi Ghulam Bashani attended this meeting and failed to
speak in Telugu.
* Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy, Valluri Baswaraju and Nandagiri Venkata Rao etc demanded to follow condition 31
i.e., speaking in Telugu is mandantory.
* But Ravi Narayan Reddy clarified that this condition shall be waived to the National Leaders.
* During this period, Nizam state appointed Ayyangar Committee for political reforms.
* Sixth Nizamandhra Mahasabha requested Ayyangar Committee to recommend for the formation of representative
government in Nizam State.
* Nizamandhra Mahasabha again for the first time in the history of Nizam State passed a political resolution and also
passed two other resolutions. They are:
1. To allow speakers to speak in other languages besides Telugu. It was declared that Nizamandhra Mahasabha shall
work not only for Telugu speaking people but also the development of all people living in Nizam state.
2. Nizamandhra Mahasabha shall work for the formation of responsible government Nizam state. The Nizamandhra
Mahasabha which was started as scientific movement, by the sixth meeting it converted and become as political
movement.
7. Seventh Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1940:
* In the year 1940, Seventh Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at Malkapuram, Hyderabad district.
* The meeting was presided over by Mandumula Narasinga Rao.
* After the Sixth Nizamandhra Mahasabha meeting, following changes took place in Nizam State- those are
formation of State Congress committee, Satyagraha movement, and formation of communist party.
* Volunteers of Nizamandhra Mahasabha participated in all those activities.
* On 19th July 1939 Ayyangar Committee submitted its recommendations on Constitutional reforms.
* The Mahasabha decided to boycott the committee recommendations declaring them as anti development and useless.
* Seventh Nizamandhra Sabha was divided into two groups
(1) Extremists(Youth leaders)
(2) Moderartes (Old leaders)
* on Ayyangar Committee recommendations after voting took place.
* Land taxes were very high in Telangana, Rs.15-22 was collected as tax from wet lands. where as in British India
government collected Rs.5-10.
* After Prakasham Panthulu became the Revenue minister of Madras state, he reduced 25% of this tax.
* Mahasabha demanded for the reduction of taxes on the line of Madras state.
* During the Silver Jubilee year of Nizam rule, Nizam abrogated Rs 40 lakhs to entire Diwani, same time Nizam
repealed Rs 42 lacs to Surfe-e-Khase region.
* Special permission was required to enquire criminal case on Surfe-e-Khase employees.
* Mahasabha demanded to repeal, this type of differences between 'Diwani and Surfe-e-Khase' regions.
8. Eighth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1941:
* This meeting was held in Chilkur village, Huzurnagar taluq of Nalgonda district, on 3,4 and 5th June 1941, under
the presidentship of youth leader Ravi Narayana Reddy.
* This meeting took up for discussions new issues like ill-effects fo capitalist economic system, freedom of women,
women economic independence, Second World War, policies of Princely State toward British India etc.
* Mahasabha membership fee was reduced from Rs one to 25 paise (four anas) to give an opportunity to the common
man to become its member.
* Condition 31 of Mahasabha (deliberations in Telugu only) was removed.
* This meeting demanded to take up a year long movement programme to struggle on Nizam state people's problems,
started programmes like poltical prisoners day, education week, against bonded labour etc.
* By conducting these programmes Nizamandhra Mahasabha wanted to unite and educated the people of Nizam state.
9. Ninth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1942:
* This meeting was held in Dharmavaram village, of Warangal district on 22, 23 and 24th May 1942, under the
presidentship of most moderate leader Madiraju Rama Koteswara Rao.
* This was the last simultaneous meeting of Nizamandhra Mahasabha and women Nizamandhra Mahasabha and
declared it as one of the prominent associations in Nizam state.
* But along with the growth of Mahasabha, the differences between members also increased which divided the
Mahasabha into three groups
(1) Congress
(2) Communists
(3) Moderates.
* Moderates were the supporters of landlords, Communists fought in favour of farmers, naturally communists become
enemies to moderates, others formed third group.
10. Tenth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1943:
* This meeting was held in Hyderabad on 23, 24 and 25th May 1943.
* In the history of Mahasabha for the first time an election was conducted to decide the presiding officer of 10th
Mahasabha.
* Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy won the election with a narrow majority on Baddam Yella Reddy a
leader belonging to the extremist group.
* In this meeting extremist group introduced a resolution demanding interim people's government with full powers.
* But extremists(communists) group, proposed an amendment to the interim people's government that 50% seats of
interim government be given to Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, remaining 50% seats should be distributed to
Telangana, Marathwada and Kannada regions representatives of Mahasabha.
* The Extremist's resolution was defeated after much discussion.
* Dr. Jaya Surya Nayudu son of Smt Sarojini Devi attended this meetings as Chairman Invitation committee of
Mahasabha.
* Smt. Sarojini Naidu, Rajabahadur Venkata Ram Reddy, Major. M. J. Naidu, some heads of Princely States also
participated in the meeting.
11. Eleventh Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1944:
* During this period struggle for ownership on land struggles began, which was led by the Communist group of
Nizamandhra Mahasabha led the movement. Nizamandhra Mahasabha president Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy
(Congress group) prohibited the communist group from Mahasabha on the allegation that, they are transferring
Mahasabha activities into violence.
* To counter this, the Communist group decided to capture Eleventh Mahasabha presidentship.
* Finally after realizing the fact that, they do not have the majority in Mahasabha, Nationalists and Moderates gave up
the Mahasabha leadership.
* As a result, the Eleventh Mahasabha identified as communist Mahasabha.
* Under these conditions mentioned above, the Eleventh Mahasabha meeting was held at Bhongir, Nalgonda district
on 27th and 28th May 1944, Ravi narayan Reddy was unanimously elected as its president.
* This meeting under the leadership of Communists was called as the common man Janasangham people and
volunteers attended this meeting unprecedentedly, From this date onwards all activities of the Communists were
conducted on the name of Mahasabha.
* To reach the common man further the Mahasabha membership fee was further reduced from four anas to one ana.
* Kaloji, Raja Bahadur Goud and polkampally Venkata Rama Rao had important roles in the meeting.
* Chandra Rajeshwar Rao from Andhra Region played key roles in organizing Mahasabha and successful deliberation
of the meeting.
* Impact of first world war, the exisitin conditions, food problem, price control, rationing, licences, thakthas, tax
burden on farmers, food production and interest rates were the other issues discussed by the Mahasabha.
* Because of the communist domination on Mahasabha, influence of Andhra communist leaders increased. Eleventh
Mahasabha played key role in driving the people towards armed struggle.
Note:- In this meeting, the leaders were divided into Moderates and Extremists.
- Total number of Andhra Maha sabha meetings- 13
-Joint- 11: Separate-2.
12. Rebel or Nationalist (12th) Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1945:
* As discussed earlier, Mahasabha was divided into three groups Congress (also called Nationalists), Communists and
Moderates.
* After the capture of Mahasabha by Communists, Moderates and Congress lost their place in Mahasabha;
* Mandumula Ramachander Rao released a press statement and criticized eleventh Mahasabha meeting and stated that
this meeting (Rebel or Nationalist (12th) Nizamandhra Mahasabha) was against the main arms of Nizamandhra
movement.
* After three weeks Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Konda Venkata Ranga Rao released a joint statement for the
necessity of the revival of Nizamandhra Mahasabha, 'which should have the representation and work for the collective
benefits of 80 lacs Telangana people, who are professing different occupations.
* Hence, except Ravi Narayana Reddy all ex - presidents of Nizamandhra Mahasabha had supported for the revival of
Nizamandhra Mahasabha.
* Suravaram Pratap Reddy played neutral role, but one can see news supporting Nationalists group in his paper
Golconda.
* Former presidents of Mahasabha, many district Mahasabha leaders, volunteers (other than communist followers)
formed a standing committee with full powers.
* Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Madiraju Rama koteswara Rao, Parsa Srinivas Rao,
Mandumala Narsinga Rao are the members of the committee.
* On 15, 16 and 17 March 1945 Nizamandhra Mahasabha was held at MadiKonda village, Warangal district, under
the presidentship of Mandumula Narsinga Rao.
* This Mahasabha was also called as Nationalist group of Mahasabha, revivalist Mahasabha, Congress Mahasabha
and rebel Mahasabha etc.
* The Mahasabha passed following resolutions :
1. Taking action against illegal activities of the Nizam state officers
2. Eradiction of corruption
3. Stopping forceful procurement of food grains
4. Independece to India
5. Standing council members should always wear Khadi
6. Lifting the ban on Congress (Nizam imposed ban).
12. Twelfth (Communist) Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1945
* This meeting was held on 26, 27, April 1945 at Khammam, under the presidentship of Ravi Naryana Reddy.
* This meeting was also called communist Nizamandhra Sabha.
* During this period National freedom movement and Telangana Armed Struggle were in peak stage.
* 12th Mahasabha decided to support Telangana Armed Struggle and worked hard to spread Armed Struggle to entire
Telangana.
* Fighting against Razakars and removal of feudal state were the other issues taken up by the Mahasabha.
* Nizam state also started army camps in Telangana, increased watch on people and banned communist party.
* It was because of all these developments that the communist leaders went underground and next meeting ie 13th
Mahasabha meeting could not be held.
* Standing council meeting was held at later period, council appointed Baddam Yella Reddy as its president and Ravi
Narayana Reddy as secretary.
13. Thirteenth Nizamandhra Mahasabha 1946:
* This meeting was held on 10, 11, 12th May 1946 at Kandhi village, Medak district under the presidentship of
Jamulapuram Keshava Rao.
* This meeting discussed in detail on International conditions, Indian National politics, Princely States, Constitution
of Hyderabad State legislature, Nizam State Government, people, their citizenship, education, farmers, animal
husbandary, health, formation of responsible government.
* This was the last Nizamandhra Mahasabha meeting.
* In 1946 Nizam lifted ban on state Congress after this Nizamandhra Mahasabha merged in the State Congress party.
* Hereafter all activities of Nizamandhra Mahasabha were conducted on the name of Congress party.
* Telangana district were increased from 8 to 9, Nizamandhra Mahasabha meetings were held in '7' district, because
of Marathi domination in Adilabad, self rule of Nizam in asrafbalda, the Nizamandhra Mahasabha meetings were not
conducted in these two district.
* First to Ninth meetings both Nizamandhra Mahasabha and women Mahasabha meetings were conducted
simultaneously same time.
* After Ninth meeting women started conducting their meeting independently.
* Tenth women Mahasabha Meeting was held under the presidetn ship of Palvancha Princely State queen Smt.
Alivelu Manga Tayaramma.
* Other women Mahasabha was also conducted
in Hyderabad under the presidentship of Gurugunta princely state queen Lalita Devi.
* The following associations like Farmer's Associations, Jeeva Dayagnana Prachara mandali Padmashali Sangam,
Business Associations, Aryasamj and Hari Janoddharana Sangham et. also co-operated with Nizam
Andhra movemnet.
* Particularly through Nizamandhra Mahasabha, Bhagya Reddy Varma, Malleshwara Rao, B. Chittaraiha and Arige
Rama Swamy worked deeply for the propagation of Harijana movement.
Note: Only 11 meetings of Women Andhra Maha Sabha were organized.
 Tribal & Peasants Revolts
TRIBAL STRUGGLES IN TELANGANA

* In India, the lifestyles of agriculture dependent plain area people, the forest resources and shifting cultivation based
tribal people, inspite of many diversities, the revolts against the landlords, moneylenders, revenue and forest officers,
police and the government were similar in both classes. Particularly from 1778 to 1971 around 200 tribal and peasant
revolts took place in India.
* Of them, some were held against the British Government which troubled the tribal existence, their life-style, their
identity and autonomy, where as other were against the tyrannical landlordism, suppressive policies of princely state
rules, bonded labour and the over exploitation.
* Mainly the tribal and peasant revolts against the Nizam's rule in the princely state of Hyderabad in South India were
important. They are:
1. In 1857-60, around 300 Gond tribals, 200 Rohilla Muslims and some of the Marathi and Telugu people revolted
against the British Government for their liberation under the leadership of Ramji Gond and Hazi Rohilla in Nirmal
area of Adilabad district in the Nizam's State.
2. In 1879-80, in Bhadrachalam-Rekapalli forest region, the tribals revolted against the government and forest officers
who imposed heavy taxes on shifting cultivation and against the forest laws under the leadership of Nayak Podu,
Kolam and other tribals.
3. 1915-16, in Bhadrachalam - West Godavari border, the Konda Reddy tribes of Papikondalu area had held a great
revolt against the non-tribal moneylenders, forest officers, police and government.
4. In 1938-40 a Gond fighter Kumaram Bheem with the cooperation of nearly 1000 Gonds, Kolam and other tribes
revolted against the Nizam's rule for their rights and independent rule of 'Maavenat -Maave Raj'with the slogan of Jal-
Jungle-Jameen in 12 tribal villages of Asifabad, Jodeghat, Babezari forest region in Adilabad District.
5. In between 1946-51 under the leadership of communists, the people of Hyderabad State revolted against the Nizam
and his tyrannical suppressive policies; with the slogan of 'Land, bread and liberation' in Telangana region, which is
Historical Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle.
* Above mention in all movements the most important were:
• Ramji Gond Movement - 1857-60,
• Kumaram Bheem Resistance Movement - 1938-40
* Tribals- Forest Acts:
* Where ever the tribal people may lives are always related with their forests and due to the historical reasons their
entire existence is depended on forests.
* The forests are also playing a major role in protecting the tribal people.
* In this way it was believed that the economic system of forest is equal to the tribal economic system.
* But, in fact, it is different, Not only the economic system but also the religious aspects and beliefs were also co-
related with the forests.
* Mainly, the people would pray the trees, animals and nature as a part of Nature's Worship.
* In this context, the tribal people built their unity in them that of non-tribals.
* In the mid 19th century, the government to extend its powers to the parts of state which was neglected regarding the
aspects like wildlife, forestry interaction and others like, soil, moisture, rainfall and the climate conditions.
* Due to this extension, landlords were under stress and were uncomfortable.
* Along with the methods chosen by government to protect the forests, some forest acts were also brought.
* The acts that were introduced in India by British government.
The First Forest Act-1865:
* This act was the first attempts in the direction of regulation of collection of forest produced by the forest dwellers.
* In the process, the socially regulated practices of the local or plain area people of exploitation of the foresters were
restrained by law.
The Forest Act-1878:
* This was second step in the direction of further extension of state's authority over forests.
* The control over forests was further tightened by prohibiting certain acts such as treespass or pasturing of cattle and
declaring certain activities as forest offences by 1878 Act.
* Imprisonment and fines were also prescribed for these offences.
The First Forest Policy - 1894:
* The first forest policy envisaged for the first time, the regulation of rights and restriction of privileges of the users in
the forests.
* These regulations and restrictions were justified only when the advantages to be gained by the general public were
great and the cardinal principles observed i.e., the rights and the privileges of individuals must be limited in the larger
public interests.
* It is to be noted here that it was only in 1894 that the forest officials seriously appeared on the scene and claimed the
authority to limit and regulate the traditional tribal rights over forests.
The Land Transfer Act- 1917:
* The British government has brought the Land Transfer Act in 1917, it was the reflection of the government to the
rebellions which occured mainly in the agency areas of Andhra region of the Madras State.
* This act has banned the land transfer between the tribals and non-tribals, which were taking place without the prior
permission from the appropriate officer or government agent.
* But the Nizam government of that period did not take any care for the land rights of the tribals except in
neighbouring Andhra areas.
* By using this advantage the non-locals migrating from the other areas occupied the lands of the tribals and also they
were able to register the lands on their names.
* When the government made the limitations, the lands which were cultivating by the tribal people in the process, of
'Shivai Zamabandi' or Occupation from the long period have been joined in the reserve forest.
* The residences of the people even though the villages have been removed from the wide forest areas and that
resulted in the form of armed struggles.
The Forest Act - 1927:
* In continuation of the measures, already taken, this act was an attempt to regulate further people's rights over forest
land and forest land and forest produce through this act, elaborate provisions were made in the direction of further,
extension of states authority and control over the forests.
* Forest offences were defined as offences punishable under the act.
* This act created an extremely powerful and adequately protect executive consisting of forest officers of Indian forest
service, state forest service, Rangers, Foresters and Forest Guards.
* This act gave the powers to the executive to make rules which were not necessarily permanent in nature. These
officers enjoyed legal powers. For example section 64 of Indian Forest Act states that any forest officer without a
warrant could arrest any person against whom a 'reasonable' suspicion exists of his motive to pilferage forest or forest
wealth and his act was punishable with imprisonment for one month or upwards.
* Section 68 deals with power to compound the offences while section 70 deals with the power to seize and impound
the cattle of the offender under Cattle Trespass Act 1871.
* The forest department was established for the first time in Hyderabad State in 1857 in the period of Salarjung-I.
* Then, after the forest policy was declared in 1890 and 1900.
* The authority of government on the forest increased the revenue of the government through these policies.
* But traditional rights of the tribal people, who are living in the forest since the thousands of years, were cancelled.
* The government divided the forest areas in two parts. They were reserved and unreserved. It was banned to cultivate
the lands and collect the forest produce in the reserved forest areas.
* Consequently, the large changes were occurred in the lives of the social and economical conditions of the tribal
people.
* Mainly, the Gond tribal people of Adilabad District in the Nizam's State suffered more and more by the un-
necessary interruption of the non-tribals and the forest officers.
* They strongly opposed the tyrannical rule of the Nizam, at the same time they want to protect their autonomous
power on their cicumstances nature and the residence areas.
* Consequently, the large changes were occurred in the lives of the social and economical conditions of the tribal
people.
* Mainly, the Gond tribal people of Adilabad District in the Nizam's State suffered more and more by the un-
necessary interruption of the non-tribals and the forest officers.
* They strongly opposed the tyrannical rule of the Nizam, at the same time they want to protect their autonomous
power on their circumstances nature and the residence areas.
* They started and continued their struggles under the leadership of their leaders Ramji Gond and Kumaram Bheem.
* Dr. Panneeru Ramesh and Dr. Dyavanapalli Satyanarayana have given the important information about the tribal
struggles.
* The information given by them was very useful.
* The Gonds and their Conditions:
* The old Bastar Kingdom of the present Chattisgadh State was the mother land of the Gonds.
* The Gonds were largest tribal race in India according to the population.
* The Book 'Scheduled Tribes' published in 1994 by the Anthropological Survey of India stated that the Gonds race
spread from the Satpura mountains through the Godavari area, and from the 'Gonda' District of Uttar Pradesh to the
north Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha State.
* Now the Gonds are seen in large number in the areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgadh States and Adilabad District
in Telangana. These are called as Rajgonds. There are three types in Gonds. They are
i) Mariya Gonds,
ii) Konda Mariyas
iii) Bishohar Mariyas
* Mainly, if we want to understand the social setup of the Gonds in Adilabad District, we have to understand the
Gonds including 'Paradhan, Kolam and Thoties'.
* The words used by the Gonds like, Rajgonds, Koyarajas, Dorasattam, Koyadoralu, Rajakoyas are expressing the
previous Royal heritage of the Gonds.
* This is the example to say that socio economic and political system of the Gonds had gradually developed frome
generation to generation and considered as the best system.
* The strong Gond kingdom of 'Chanda' in Maharashtra extended up to the present Adilabad District in Telangana.
* In so many places of Chattisgadh, there was the rule of Gonds in existence even up to 1947.
* After the leaving of the British from the princely states of Gonds all of them were merged in Madhya Pradesh of
that day.
* The ancient history and the historical evidences of the Gonds were available in a less quantity.
* But there was the topic of the Gond Kings as Gondwana in the contemparory historical writings, even from the
before period of the Mughals.
* As we observe some destructed forts were said to belonged to the Gond Kings, we know that the Rajgonds of that
period did not follow the other tribal groups, but they had maintained the foreign affairs even with the mainstream
Kings.
* And also while maintaining good relations with the nearby kings, the Gonds tried to imitate the lifestyles of that
kings.
* There were plenty of tales and bravery stories of Gonds in the folkore along with the Royal shades in Adilabad
District till a few years back.
* The Gonds says that the kings of the Gonds were never answerable to any king or outside ruler, were not
subordinate kings to an emperor or any king from outside Gonds practiced the agriculture which become stable and
settled with the use of plough and oxen.
* The territorial area was very wide, broad and the in Gonds as it was very easy for the Gonds to go from one
settlement area to another settlement area freely when and where they wanted.
* But that freedom and availability was decreased gradually because of the decreasing of lands.
* Thus, the lifestyle of the Gonds was changed totally and even lost the features.
* Subsequently, the Gond State declined, Marathas and Mughals came to rule.
* Gond State remain as the inner part of those kingdoms.
* Even though the Gonds were recognized as the Zamindars in the time of Maratha and Mughals, and after the
coming of the Nizam rulers the Gond were ruled by the Nizams.
* During their ruling, Deshmukh (land tax collectors), Deshpandes (they were responsible to protect the land records)
became very strong and occupied the Gonds land by using small and silly reasons or surrendered the Gonds lands to
others.
* On the other hand the land of the Gonds were merged in the forest due to the forest acts.
* Along with the forest officers, Excise and Revenue officers, the Banjara, Brahaman, Maratha, Shakur,
Moneylenders and Advocates etc., non-tribal peoples atrocities were unaccountable and devere.
* In those compulsory conditions the tribal Gonds revolted.
THE TRIBAL REVOLTS:
* Particularly the awareness of the Gonds was amazing very strong, Most of the tribal revolts were agriclutural based
and also they were related to the forest.
* Even though, some of the revolts were naturally the racial movements, they were against the atrocities and unlawful
activities of the local Zamindars, moneylenders and the non-local, lower level government officers. When the tribal
people were unable to pay debts which they have taken, the moneylenders and landlords used to occupy their lands.
And sometimes they would have to become the rented tenants, bonded labourers or coolies of their own lands.
* Even the police officers or revenue officers would not help the poor tribals in that cases. And they practiced many
atrocities, exactly quite opposite to their duty.
* They used the tribal people to their personal works and public works without giving any remuneration. It was called
as 'Vetti' or bonded labour.
* On the other side the forest contractors, their agents, bussinessmen and the people of the plain areas forcibly
occupied the forest lands and took away the forest products and the property of tribal people with greediness.
* These are all the immediate causes for the tribal revolts in the Hyderabad State.
* Even the courts also did not have the idea on the critical conditions and problems of the tribal people and they were
in neglect attitude on the traditions and customs of the tribal people and on their shifting (Podu) agricultural method.
* Thus the actions of sending away the tribal people from their lands, occupying those
lands, using the tribal people as the bonded labourers, giving the least wages as the 'coolie', the cruel forest tribal
revolts.
* The Munda, Santhal, Kol, Bhil, Warli, Gond etc., tribal races in the various areas of the country acts, illegally
occupying the lands of the poor tribal people were the main reasons for the emerging of the have stated the tribal
revolts and emerged them strongly in their local areas.
* The Revolt of Ramji Gond - 1857-60:
* Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor handed over the administration of Berar along with the 5 Subas to the Viceroy of
Deccan.
* The capital of the Hyderabad Deccan was changed to Hyderabad from Aurangabad in 1769 and their kingdom was
called as Hyderabad State, Deccan area afterwards.
* And also those kings were called as Asafjahis and Nizams.
* The Adilabad District was in Berar State, in those days. Taking advantages of these political changes, the Gonds
captured the fort of Manikhgarh for the first time. This was the first victory of the Gonds against the state.
* Consequently, Sirpur the ancient seat of the Gond Rajas directly passed into the hands of the Asafjahi Nizam rulers.
* In 1853 a treaty was concluded between the Nizam and East India Company.
* According to that treaty the Berar Suba came into ruling of the British.
* The treaty was not liked by the people, the people favoured leaders and the leaders of 1857 revolt like, Thantia
Thope, and even the Siraj-ul-mulk, the Prime Minister of the Hyderabad state.
* In the same time, from 1853 to 1860 years the tribal people called Gonds, the muslim people called Rohilla in the
region of Nirmal and surrounding places of Adilabad District. And they were able to get the suggestions and
cooperation of the National leaders like, Thantia Thope.
* So Ramji Gond, Haji Rohilla have prepared the Gond armies and have given military training to them and led the
Maratha, Telugu, Rohilla and Gond armies against the British rule up to 1857.
* They made free the whole area in around Adilabad and made Nirmal as the capital.
* Ramji Gond has ruled the area independently for a few days.
* He arranged himself the strong army of 300 members of Gond soldiers, 200 members of Rohilla Muslim soldiers
and 500 members of Telugu and Maratha soldiers.
* But, the British government send its army including with the Nizam army in large number immediately under the
leadership of army officer Col. Robert to the Nirmal area of Adilabad District.
* The British army involved in violence. It harassed the Gonds and Rohillas and hunted them.
* In the starting the army of Ramji Gond used militant guerilla warfare and defeated the English army in some of the
areas, but the large number soldiers of the English and Nizam army, the superiority of the weapons caused the defeat
of the Ramji Gond's army.
* The Gonds fought bravely and finally were defeated.
* Ramji Gond and over 1000 of his guerillas were killed in the massive execution by the British army. They were
hanged to the branches of a massive banyan tree, which was came to known as 'Veyyi Urula Marri' (the banyan tree of
1000 nose). This tree was at the bank of Khazana Tank in Nirmal.
* The British officers hanged the Gond and other guerillas each to each branch of the banyan tree.
* The people worship the tree with honour, where Ramji Gond, Haji Rohilla and their followers were hanged. A
memorial stands for Ramji Gond Nirmal fort.
* We have to observe one thing here that Ramji Gond was hanged over on 9th April 1857. This fact was from a
specific source.
* If it is real, Ramji Gond has played key role in first phase of the mutiny of 1857.
* Some of historians had the opinion that the followers of Ramji Gond had taken part in the second phase of the 1857
revolt, after the death of Ramji Gond and they continued their revolt successfully up to 1860.
* However, we can see the memorial statue in the fort of Nirmal as the symbol of the victory of the wonderful revolt
of the Gond people.
* As the conclusion, the great revolt of the Haji Rohilla and Ramji Gond was continued as the part of 1857 revolt.
* Even though the struggle proved to the world that the Gonds, lovers of the freedom and the other tribal people
would not tolerate the dominance and authority of the non-tribals on them, for the same reason, the Jodenghatt
Movement led by Kumaram Bheem.
* Kumaram Bheem Resistance Movement:
* The brave person of tribal Gond Kumaram Bheem was born in a small village called Sankepally in the forest area of
Jodenghat which exists in Asifabad (Jangama) division of the Adilabad District, on 22nd october, 1901.
* His parents were Kumaram Chinnu and Sombai.
* In the begining Kumaram Bheem was an illiterate and was unknown to the external world.
* The whole Asifabad area was under the ruling of the Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan, as it was the part of the
Hyderabad State.
* Particularly, the tribal people of the Gond, Kolam, Paradhan, Thoti and Nayakpodes were lived in the Jodenghat
area by practicing the shifting agriculture or Podu agriculture in the forest.
* But, they were not in the direct control of the State until then.
* The 1917 Act was brought by the Nizam government for the protection of the Adivasi Lands made much
disturbance and confusion in the lives of the tribals.
* Not only that, it brought so many limitations and taxes into the tribal lives.
* According to the act, when the tribals feed their cattle in the forest, they have to pay "Bancherai Pannu and pay
Dumpa Patti' for bringingthe firewood.
* The Ghar Patti, Nagar Patti, Fasal Patti, Choubina etc., were the taxes which have to be paid by the tribal people to
the government.
* The tribal people used to practice the Podu Agriculture cultivates the lands and they live by using the forest as the
income and financial sources.
* They don't know how to use the money, hence, when the Nizam government was ready to implement the forest Act,
the tribal people were so much confused and suffered to the most.
* Along with these, there was established the forest revenue or Tahasil office at Utnoor in 1918 to collect the taxes.
* A paper mill was established at Sirpurkagaz Nagar area and government had occupied a wide forest area to obtain
the raw material for the peper mill, the number of Gond tribals became the factory workers in the helpless condition.
* Then, including these, the non-locals like, Marathas, Telugu and Muslim people used to unlawful occupy the lands
of the Gonds and Kolams with the cooperation of the officers and the cheating moneylenders.
* Many false cases were field against them and they were subject to many troubles. By observing all these bad
conditions of the tribals and the suppressive methods and expolitation of the government officials and the non-tribal
people they young Gond brave Kumram Bheem began to search solution for the Gonds problems.
* At that same time Bheem's father Kumram Chinnu suffered with the poisoned fever and died, so, the family of
Bheem migrated to Surdapur village from Sankepalli.
* In the mean time, Kumram Bheem came to know the bravery of the Gond king who stood against to the
expolitation classes.
* He also came to know about the revolt of Birsa Munda, the courage of Ramji Gond and the martyrdom of Alluri
Sita Rama Raju from his near friends Madaavi Mahadu and Mothiram.
* After knowing the history and observing the tearful condition of his own race, Kumram Bheem came to the strong
decision of doing atleast something to his people.
* He was practicing Podu Agriculture cultivation along with his brothers by preparing the land and cultivated hard for
the crop.
* When he was about to cut the Patwari Laxman Rao brought Muslim Pattedar Siddiq Ali and told kumram Bheem
that the land cultivated by Kumram Bheem belonged and was of Siddiq.
* Bheem was shocked and his heart had shaken with tension.
* Bheem's uncle (younger brother of Bheem's father) Kurdu argued that the land belonged to them and they had right
over the land which they were cultivating since long back.
* Siddiq manhandled Kurdu and the quarrel became serious, in that situation, Kumram Bheem killed Siddiq for the
self protection.
* This incident brought many changes in the life of Bheem.
* But this incident paved the path to the decision of do or die and created strong base for unity in between the Gond
and Kolam tribes living dependent on the shifting cultivation as the only source of their livelihood.
* After the death of Siddiq, Kumram Bheem expected the forthcoming problems and suppressions.
* So, he went to Ballarsha of Maharashtra along with his Kondal.
* He worked there for one month and next went to Chandrapur. He worked there in printing press of Vithoba, a
person with social consciousness and awareness.
* Bheem was very much influenced by Vithoba, and he also learned to read and write at the time. * But the British
officers arrested Vithoba accusing him that he was printing the anti-government issues and information.
* Kumaram Bheem escaped from the press and ran away to Assam(the land of tea powder).
* He worked in the coffee and tea plantations for five years there.
* Bheem observed that there also the British officers were practicing the exploitation and dominance on the farmers
of tea and coffee plantations and leader of labourers.
* To give the solution to the problems faced by the farmers and labourers, Bheem led them against the atrocities of
the British officers.
* Bheem became their leader. Meanwhile the coolies had killed one mesthri, a cruel person.
* Then, Kumram Bheem escaped from that place also. He thought and decided for himself that he has to work and
devote himself for his people in his own area and with this intention he reached the Jodeghat forest area of Adilabad.
* All the Gond villages came to know that Kumram Bheem has come back again.
* Bheem met his relatives and brothers Somu and Bojju, his sister-in-laws Kukubai and Radhabai, uncles (brothers of
his father) Kurdu and Yesu or Yashwanth and their children Suddu, Jangu, Raghu, Somu, Baddu, Lacchu, Ramu and
Raju.
* The Gonds and Kolams expected that Kumram Bheem became education and intelligent in Assam.
* But in the area of Jodeghat and the surroundings, the atrocities of the police and Pattedars were continuing same as
the before.
* There was much angry and unsatisfaction in the tribal people.
* Bheem had knowledge of Telugu, Marathi and Urdu languages, on that cause he became near to Lacchu Patel the
head of the Kakanghat Village.
* Kumram Bheem made with Lacchu Patel in the case of the cultivation of Podu in 12 acres of land, when the case
was filed by the Ameen Saheb at Janagama in the past.
* So the name and fame of the Bheem reached a new high.
* At the time, by the interference of the Lacchu Patel, Kumram Bheem got married with Sombai, the daughter of
Ambati Rao belongs to the devadam Village.
* Kumaram Bheem united his uncles, brothers, relative at first, who were living in Surdapur area.
* Gradually, he extended the concept of Jal-Jungle-Jammen to the surrounding areas of Jodenghat.
* He explained to them that from many generations the Jal-Jungle-Jammen (Water-Forest-Land) belonged to them
from number of generations; so, they should unite and fight against the government officers and thus they could
continue their shifting (Podu) cultivation.
* Kumram Bheem was successful in his effort. He has convinced the people and united them.
* He established 12 Gond Villages. They were:
1. Babezari
2. Jodenghat
3. Chalbardi
4. Goginmovadam
5. Thoyikhan Movadam
6. Bhimangondi
7. Kallegam
8. Muralikilanka
9.Ankusapur
10. Narsapur
11. Demdiguda
12. Patnapur
* The revenue and the forest officers declared that there was 3000acres of land in the limitation of the 12 tribal
villages where cultivation was taking place against the regulations of the government under the leadership of Kumram
Bheem.
* The tribals of these villages were given some time, to inform the government if they have an objection on the
declaration.
* But the illiterate and innocent Gonds did not know the rules and formalities.
* So they continued to cultivate the lands. The officers filed the cases on the tribal people.
* Then, with the support of Kumram Bheem, some of the tribals without fearing for the cases filed against them
quarreled with officers and were injured.
* At the time, Kumaram Bheem was injured severely by a bullet.
* The officers observed that the conditions were becoming out of hands and therefore the Taluqdar (Collector) of
Asifabad, First Tahasildar Abdul Sathar had discussions with Kumram Bheem.
* Before that, the police had arrested Kumram Sonu, the follower of Bheem, along with other five of his relatives,
when they went to the market.
* The officers tried to convince Kumram Bheem to stop the struggle against the government.
* They said that, if he did so the government will give the land registrations (Pattas) to the tribal people.
* But, Kumram Bheem did not believe them.
* He demanded that, the tribal people demanded the freedom and autonomous power (independent authority)
(Maavenate- Maave Raj) on their 12 tribal villages.
* Hence, the discussions failed.
* Kumram Bheem has made correspondence with the government on the advise of Janakapuram Panthulu and
Ramchandra Rao, the Advocate of Asifabad.
* He sent so many letters to the Nizam through Mahdu, requesting that the tribal people were asking for land rights on
their lands and they want the autonomous power and freedom in their area.
* But, the Nizam did not give any answer. So, Bheem thought that this will not work out.
* He went directly to the Nizam to Hyderabad to express theri problem by a letter along with Raghu and Mahadu.
* But the officers and the Prime Minister did not listen to his voice.
* They strictly warned them and sent them back.
* Bheem returned with disappointment from Hyderabad when he saw horror attacks on the Jodeghat by the police, it
was unbearable and intolerable.
* He felt that there was no way expect war.
* Then, he organized a meeting with all tribal people of 12 tribal villages.
* He told them that they should be ready with their traditional weapons.
* He gave the call for struggle and he declared that all their 12 villages were liberated.
* He chose the jodeghat as the center for his struggle. Immediately, Bheem prepared the guerilla army with Gond,
Kolam, Paradhan, Thoti, Nayak Podu tribals and he was ready for the war.
* At the same time, the Ameen Saheb (S.I) came to arrest Kumram Bheem and the followers of Bheem, the armed
Gond soldiers beaten the Police.
* They also informed the police that the Gonds rule under the leadership of Kumaram Bheem had began, this should
be told by the police to their king Nizam, they also warned that if anybody stepped into the Gond State, the Gonds
will teach them a lesson through war.
* This incident filled more enthusiasm in the Gond youth and the tribal people.
* The struggle became severe, the government officers of the Nizam and the police were afraid to enter the Kumaram
Bheem Kingdom at a stage.
* Immediately, Mir Hidayath Ali Saheb, the D.S.P. of Asifabad was sent a application to the Collector, requesting the
additional forces of police.
* The Collector went to the Warangal and told the same Subedar Azar Hussain Beg.
* The Subedar sent the matter to the Nizam immediately.
* The Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan understood the total situations. He sent the Sub-Collector to discuss thing so with
the Kumram Bheem and to solve the problem.
* Then the Collector went to Kumram Bheem and said 'We can give the Pattas (land right) to all of your 12 tribal
villages, but we can't give you the authority of the state, you have to stop your struggle'.
* Kumaram Bheem answered that the tribals asked the Nizam minimum land for their living at first, but Nizam did
not listen to them and did not give the land. Now the problem modified into the power of decision.
* The tribal people have lost hope that the Nizam will solve theri problems.
* So, the decision of Gond rule and state cannot be changed. The Collector was asked to go from the place. The
Collector left the place. Thus, the second discussion between the Gonds and the government also failed.
* At the time when the conditions were out of hands of the government at Jodenghat, the officers befriended Kurdu
Patel associate of Kumaram Bheem by bribing and other means covertly.
* With the help of Kurdu Patel, the government force of 90 to 300 soldiers climbed the Jodeghat hills of 800feet
height, under the leadership of Captain Ali Raza Branden, the Superindent of Police of Adilabad (Asifabad).
* The guerilla squad of Kumaram Bheem who fought with police at the time had 200 to 500 warriors were the main
followers of Kumaram Bheem present on that day.
* According to the information provided by the local people of the Jodeghat and the information provided by the
leader of the Communist Party and Andhra Maha Sabha of Nizam State, Baddam Yellareddy the facts of incidents
that look place on that day were known.
* After news of Kumaram Bheem's moment was given to the officials; Bheem Abdul Sattar, District Collector, the
Superintendent of Police Ali Raza Branden, Asst. Collector Aga Muhammad Ali, Civil Surgeon Doctor Nayudu along
with 300 members armed police went to attack Kumram Bheem, who organized the meeting with the people of 12
tribal villages, on 1stSeptember, 1940 at Goddess Temple of Galgad. It was the night time and the day was of
Ashwayuja Pournami.
* The information about the movement of Kumram Bheem and about the meeting was given by the traitor to the
revolution Kurdu Patel.
* On the same night suddenly the police attacked Bheem and his followers without any warming before.
* The police killed the tribal people sleeping and were running after getting up from sleep.
* The police cruelly killed the number of people at the Neykappi Waterfall and the Kariyar Gundam of Jodeghat
valley.
* As part of the police firing, KumAram Bheem died and he has fought bravely until the last second.
* Approximately 140 tribal people were martyrs of these police firing.
* According to the paper statement released by the Nizam government on 17th September, 1940, Kumaram Bheem
and his nine followers had died in the incident and afterwards six members died out of 13 injured persons.
* But, Baddam Yellareddy has estimated that 138 tribal people had died.
* Another evidence was from the Advocates of Asifabad, Srinivasa Chary and Laxman as they went to Jodeghat after
the incident. They said that they have seen that the hundreds of dead bodies were thrown as a heap and were burnt and
the smell of burning bodies spread to some kilometers of distances.
* This matter was printed as the news in newspaper Musheere-Deccan. Along with the above two Advocates, another
two Advocates of Hindu Praja Mandali of Hyderabad and the leaders of the Andhra Maha Sabha Mandumulla
Narsinga Rao, Suravaram pratapa Reddy, Kasinath Rao Vaidya, Sirajullah Thirmaji, G.Ramachary etc., demanded the
government to order detailed investigation impartially on the Jodeghat incident and to declare the particulars of the
investigation.
* After this incident, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan appointed the Australia Professor Christoffven Furer Heimondrf
who has been working in the famous London University as a Anthropology to study the conditions of the Gonds.
* Afterwards, on the suggestion and indication of the Professor, Nizam and his Revenue Minister Sir Wlifred Grigson
have brought the "Dastur-ul-Amal' Act in 1940 on behalf of the government.
* Particularly Dr. B.R.Ambedkar has formed the rules and regulations in the 5th and 6th schedules for the protection
of lands of the tribal people because of the Kumaram Bheem struggle.
* Consequently, the 1/70 Act was also declared in India.
* However, Kumram Bheem stood as the hero, worshipped, and remains the eternal leader of Gond people, so, the
heirs of the Bheem the Gond tribals and the residents of Adilabad District used to celebrate the Bheem's death
anniversary on the Pournami (Aswayuja Pournami) after Dassehara festival in October.
* The government of Telangana is also conducting the death anniversary day of Kumram Bheem as the 'State Festival'
from 2014 onwards.
* Haimendorf:
* Haimendorf was born in Australia in 1909.
* His complete name was Christopher von Furer-Haimendorf.
* He came to India in 1936. He learned Naga language when he worked among the Naga people. He came to
Hyderabad state after he met Theodore Tusker, an officer in the Nizam's government at an international conference
held at Copenhagen in 1938. He married his colleague Betty Barnardo (Elizabeth dorf).
* The Nizam government appointed him to study the reasons of unrest among aboriginal tribal communities.
* The book written by Haimendorf on Gonds- The Rajgonds of Hyderabad.
* The department of Ethnology was established at Osmania University in 1945.
* Haimendorf was appointed as head of the department and many students who studied under his guidance became
ethnologists and were appointed as Tribal development officers.
* Haimendorf visited Adilabad district and was moved by their pathetic living conditions.
* He lived along with them at a Gond village named Marlavai for years following the lifestyle and customs of
adivasis.
* Later he worked on many Tribes living in Hyderabad state.
* Haimendorf authored a book named Tribal Hyderabad in which he mentioned the details of his studies on tribals.
* Haimendorf did research on Chenchus in 1943 and on Kondareddys in 1945.
* The Nizam's government appointed Moazzam Hussein and Sthu Madhava Rao in 1945 as special officers for tribal
development.
* They recommended the government to grant land rights to Gonds where they perform permanent agriculture. So the
tribal people got land pattas. On Haimendorf's recommendation, 1,60,000 acres of forest land was distributed among
the tribals.
* Tribal welfare acts were also introduced with the efforts of Haimendorf. He started the tradition of organizing a
darbar at Keslapur Nagoba jathara to resolve the problems of local tribal people in 1942 which has been continuing
even today. District officials including the Collector, SP and others also attend this darbar.
* Sethu Madhava Rao wrote a book named Gonds of Adilabad in 1949.
* A Gond tribal youth named Athram Lachchu Patel served Haimendorf couple during their stay at Marlavai village
and Haimendorf named his son as Atram Lachchu after Lachchu Patel's untimely demise.
* Haimendorf who became the voice of tribal heartbeat passed away at London on 11 June 1995.
* TELANGANA FIRST SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS PROMINENT LEADERS:
1. Keshav Rao Koratkar (1867-1932):
* Keshav Rao Koratkar was born in a Brahmin family in Pharbani district of Maharashtra. He started his career as an
advocate and actively participated in the movements organized by Arya Samaj.
* He along with Vaman Nayak and Ganapathi Hardikar founded Vivek Vardhini School in 1907 in Hyderabad.
* He along with Vaman Nayak founded Hyderabad Social Service League 1915.
* He served as the President of Hyderabad State Reforms Association.
* In 1920, he founded Marathi Library in Hyderabad. Raja Hamsa, a Marathi journal started by him.
* He became a Judge of Hyderabad High Court when Sir Ali Imam was the Prime Minister.
* After his demise, Keshava Memorial School was established on 29th July 1940 at Narayanaguda in Hyderabad.
* Keshav Rao Koratkar was born in a Maharashtra Brahmin family in 1867.
* He played an important role in the movements organized by Arya Samaj. He founded Hyderabad Social Service
League along with Wamanrao Nayak in 1915.
* He served as the president of Hyderabad State Reforms Associations founded in 1918.
* He worked for the establishment of Marathi Library at Hyderabad in 1920. He started a Marathi magazine Rajhansa.
* In 1907, he established Viveka Vardhini School along with Wamanrao Nayak and Ganapati Hardhikar.
2. Madapati Hanumantha Rao:
* Madapati Hanumantha Rao was born on 22 January 1885 in Pokkunuru village in Nandigama taluk, Krishna district.
Parents- Venkatappaiah, Venkata Subbamma.
* He is the pioneer of Telangana Cultural development.
* Titles:
- Andhra Pithaamahudu
- Telangana Vythalikudu
- Sahakaara Ratna
* He established Andhra Baalikonnatha Pathasala in 1928 in Narayanaguda with Telugu as the medium of instruction.
* On 12 November 1921, the Nizam's states' social reforms conference was held at Viveka vardhini school,
Hyderabad. It was presided over by Dondepant Karve, the founder of Pune Women's University. When the attempts
of a delegate to move a resolution in Telugu were hooted down by the Marathi and Kannada members, the Telugu
members formed an association named Andhra Jana Sangh on that very night.
* Later, its name was changed to Nizam's State Andhra Jana Sangh and Madapati Hanumantha Rao was chosen as the
Secretary.
* He presided over the Andhra Mahasabha meeting held in 1935 at Sircilla.
* He tried his best to convince the Nizam's government that it was not a political meeting but a cultural meeting for
the development of Telugu people.
* Hanumantha Rao served as the Secretary of Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam during 1914-15.
* He wrote editorials in an Urdu journal named Musheer-e-Deccan.
* Madapati established Andhra Chandrika Granthamaala and published books like Praacheenanadhra Nagaramulu,
Rajakeeya Parignanam, Nizam Andhrodhyayam etc.
* On 4 November 1956, he was awarded honorary doctorate D.Litt by Osmania University.
* He also served as a permanent member in the senate of Osmania University.
* In 1951, he became the first Mayor of Hyderabad.
* In 1958, he served as the first Chairman of the Legislative council of Andhra Pradesh.
* In 1965, he worked as the Secretary of Hyderabad Co-operative Union. He passed away on 11 November 1970 at an
age of 86.
* Literary Writings:
- Hrudaya Shalyam (Story)
- Rani Saarandha
- Musalidaani usuru (story)
- Atmaarpanam (Story)
- Tappu
- Nene
- Agnigundam
- Malathi Guchchamu
- Naadu nee pantham
- Evariki
- Roman Saamrajyam Garibaldi (1911 Biography)
- Mallika Guchchamu (Collection of Stories)
-Nizam Rashtramlo Rajyanga samskaranalu
Note:
- In 1912, all the above stories were published in the form of a book titled Mallika Guchcham.
- The story Hrudaya Shalyamu was published in Andhra Bharati in 1912. First short story (Kathanika) in Telangana-
Hrudaya Shalyamu.
- Madapati had written a book named Telanganalo Andhrodyamamu (1950) on Telangana liberation history.
- In 1955, he was honoured with Padma Vibushan by the Government of India. He was the first Telugu recipient of
this award.
3. Suravaram Pratapa Reddy (1896-1953):
* Born-28 May 1896 (Boravelli village)
* Died-25 August 1953
* Parents-Narayana Reddy, Rangamma
* Native village- Itikyalapadu, Mahabubnagar district
*A symbol of Political and Social activism of Telangana.
* Literary Writings:
- Suddhantakantha (Novel) 1917
- Nizam Raasthra Paalanam
- Andhrula Saanghika Charitra
- Ghaznavi
- Pratapa Reddy Kathalu
- Bhakta Tukaram (Drama)
- Haindava Dharma Veerulu
- Padmini
- Premaarpanam
- Hari Sharmopakhaayanam
- Hinduvula Pandugalu
- Suravaram Kathalu
- Champaki Bhramam Vishadam
- Utchala Vishaadam. (Play)
- Grama Jana Darpanam
- Prajaadhikaaramulu
- Ariveerulu (Novel) 1924
- Hamsa Veera Sambhavam
- Mogalayi Kathalu
- Raamaayana Visheshaalu
- Granthaalayodyamamu
* The work Raamaayana Rahasyamulu is an example of his thorough understanding, thinking capacity and research
capability.
* The story "Nireekshana' shows his talent of narration.
* The story 'Vintha Vidaakulu' shows the social condition in Telangana.
* He produced many writers and research scholars by establishing Vignana Vardhini Parishad'.
* At 1926, May 10, Pratapa Reddy established Golkonda Patrika which was released twice in a week (Every
Wednesday and Saturday).
* He strived for the establishment of Andhra Saraswata Parishad in 1943.
*The book Andhrula Saanghika Charitra written by Suravaram on the social history of Telugu people won Kendra
Sahitya Akademi award in 1955.
* Suravaram Pratapa Reddy was the first Telugu poet to win this prestigious award.
* He wrote the biography of Rajabahadur Venkatarama Reddy.
4. Mandumula Narsing Rao:
* Mandumula Narsing Rao was born on 17 March 1896 in Chevella in Rangareddy district. He lived in Palamur
(Talakondapalli).
* In 1916, he founded Young Men Union along with his friends under the leadership of Vaman Nayak.
* He was one of the founders of Andhra Jana Sangham in November 1921.
* In 1927, Mandumula Narsing Rao began the Urdu news paper Rayyat and worked as its editor.
* He presided over the Nizamabad Andhra Maha Sabha meeting in 1937.
* Narsing Rao served as a member of Nizam's executive council during 1938-42.
* Mandumula Narsing Rao contested from Congress party and got elected to Hyderabad Assembly from Kalwakurthy
constituency of Mahabubnagar district in the year 1952.
* In 1954, he worked the Chairman of Land Commission.
* Motivated by the works of Mahatma Gandhiji, Narsing Rao founded Bharat Sevak Samaj and worked as its
president.
* He was a member of the council of ministers during 1957-62. He passed away on 12 March 1976.
* Writings: He wrote his autobiography titled '50 Years of Hyderabad' which also described the misrule of Nizam.

* Peasant Rebellion:
• In Telangana, Peasants revolted because of the atrocities of the landlords and due to the extraction of money in the
name of different taxes.
* Kolanpaka Peasants Agitation:
• Kolanpaka village is near Alair of Bhuvanagiri Taluq.
• Leaders of Andhra Maha Sabha Arutla Lakshmi Narsimha Reddy and Arutla Ram Chandra Reddy belongs to this
village.
• Kolanpaka Jagirdar – Nawab Turaj Yar Jung
• Jagirdar used to collect illegal taxes from farmers and performed Vetti with them.
• Kolanpaka Jagirdar Took a Programme i.e forcefully converted Dalits in the village into Islam. Arutla Brothers
opposed the conversion and called Arya Samaj members, performed Shuddi program and re-converted them into
Hindu Religion.
• The main reason for the agitation of Kolanpaka Peasants is the forcefull religion conversions did by the Jagirdar.
* Bethavolu Peasants Agitation:
• Bethavolu is a Zamindari region.
• Bethavolu was in Huzur Nagar Taluq of Nalgonda district. At present, it is in Suryapet district.
• Bethavolu is a collection of some Makta villages.
• Bethavolu Maktadar – Tadakamalla Sitha Ramchandra Rao
• The important reason for the rebellion of farmers and other people in the village is the collection of illegal and
exorbitant taxes.
• Different taxes imposed by Bethavolu Maktadar are:
1. Cents Tax
2. Pullari Tax
3. God Tax
4. Marriage Tax
5. Relatives Tax
6. Adoption Tax
7. Illarikam Tax
8. Adabidda Gampalu (Baskets)
9. Koulu Pannu (Tenant Tax)
10.Maggam Pannu (Weavers Tax)
11. Manthrasani Pannu (Midwife Tax)
12.Santhana Pannu
13. Prostitute Tax
• Farmers felt frustrated with all the taxes and revolted against the Maktadar.
• The demands of the agitating peasants were abolition of illegal taxes and to give rights on the land.
• In this agitation, Suryapet Pleader Amrutha Reddy fought in favour of peasants and Vemulapalli Venkata Krishna
fought for the Zamindar.
• In this, Bethavolu Patwari was in favour of peasants: Pragada Raj Gopala Rao.
* Shaik Bandagi land agitation – against Visnoor Deshmukh:
• Visnoor Deshmukh in Janagaon Taluq was Rapaka Ramchandra Reddy.
• He is cruel & committed many atrocities on the people.
• Shaik Bandagi was a poor Muslim peasant.
• Shaik Bandagi’s Village – Kamareddy Gudem
• Shaik Bandagi was having 4 brothers (total 5 with him). The elder brother Abbas Ali was working as clerk near
Ramachandra Reddy. And remaining 4 were doing cultivation.
• The 5 brothers were separated and divided the land amongst themselves.
• Abbas Ali was given 8 acres more as he was eldest in the family.
• Later, he was sold off his land an wanted to annex the land of his brothers.
• Shaik Bandagi protested against this on behalf of other brothers. Panchayat was held near Deshmukh and he gave
judgement in favour of Abbas Ali.
• Then, Shaik Bandagi approached the court. Deshmukh was angered by this and humiliated Shaik Bandagi and
threatened him.
• But Shaik Bandagi continued his protest in court and got judgement in his favour.
• Deshmukh felt humiliated by the court judgement and planned to kill Shaik Bandagi with Abbas Ali.
• On 26th July, 1940 Shaik Bandagi was going to Hyderabad to bring the judgement copy. While going, the goons of
Deshmukh murdered Bandagi near the Bus stop.
• Brothers and friends of Shaik Bandagi have buried him near the bus stop only & Tomb was built there only.
• Every year “Urus / Ursu” (death anniversary) will be held here.
* Munugodu Peasants Revolt:
• Munugodu village was in Nalgonda Taluq.
• Munugodu Deshmukh – Kancharla Rami Reddy
• He have harassed the general public in the village.
• One day, while Deshmukh was going to Nalgonda in bullock cart. Then, people stopped and killed him and set cart
ablaze.
* Paritala Peasants Struggle:
• Paritala Jagirdar – Nawab Kamal Yar Jung.
• He harassed the people in Jagir and extracted money in the form of illegal taxes.
• Paritala jagir villages was not connected either to the Nizam government or to the British ruled Andhra State.
• Paritala Jagirdar’s agent was Lanka Subramaniya Shastri, he tortured the people in different ways.
• People revolted and killed Subramaniya Shastri.
• In the following places also, agitations against landlords took place:
• Ammula Palem Landlord – Kalluri Rajeshwar Rao
• Mella Cheruvu Landlord – Chennuru Veera Bhadra Rao
• Bakkamanthula Gudem Landlord – Boghala Veera Reddy
• Errabadu Landlord – Jinna Reddy Pratap Reddy
• Dharmapuram Zamindar – Vekuri Raghav Rao
• Mundrai Landlord – Kadari Narsimha Rao
• Mulkala gudem Landlord – Pingali Ranga Reddy
• The Lambada tribe people in Dharmapuram
and Mundrai villages of Jangoan Taluq had 200 acres of land, which was taken over by the Landlords.
• Then Lambada people protested and took back their lands with the help of Andhra Mahasabha and Communists.

Telangana Armed Struggle

* Not only in the History of people liberation struggle of the world, but also in the history of the communist party
movement of India, the Telangana Armed struggule was denoted as the great Autonomous movement.
* It has proved a historical truth that, where there was a suppression, there will originate a peoples revolt.
* Particular by at the time of the second World War the Indian people had fought against the two systems of
tyrannical ruling, the first was the Exploitation by British colonial policies and rule and the other one was the
monarchical attitudes and Exploitation of the local rulers.
* So that the Indians had fought two independent movement simultaneously.
* They have formed the democratic foundations on the tombs of the monarchical system and thus they have played a
vital role in the History of world.
* Then, the Telangana peasant Armed straggle emerged in the princely state of Hyderabad of Nizam's in Telangana
area during the period of 1946-51.
* The following International Communist ideas and ideologies inspired the Armed struggle.
* Karl Marx:
* Karl Heinrich Marx was a German national. Books written by him were:
1. Communist Manifesto
2. Das Capital
3. The Poverty of Philosophy
* Karl Marx organized the first and Second Communist International Congresses at London.
* Both of them met failure.
* Lenin inspired by Marx, formed Communist government in Russia.
* Original name of Lenin- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. He published a newspaper Iskra ("The Spark").
* Lenin organized third Communist International Congress at Moscow in 1919.
* The person who attended the conference from India - M.N.Roy.
* M.N. Roy:
* The original name of M.N. Roy was- Narendra Nath Bhattacharya.
* Book authored by M.N.Roy- India in Transition.
* M.N.Roy founded C.P.I at Tashkent in Russia in 1920.
* He published a journal named Vanguard-First Communist journal in India.
* The secret journal of C.P.I- Swatanra
* The first meeting of C.P.I in India was held at- Kanpur
* It was held on 26 December 1925 organized by M.N.Roy.
* This meeting was chaired by - Satyabhakta Bagchi.
* Secretary- Mohammad Siddiqui.
* C.P.I was reorganized by Bagchi at this meeting.
* The events such as Russian revolution in 1917, announcement of Lenin against colonialism, collapse of capital
markets due to 1929 Great Depression and progress of Soviet Union in all fronts led to the spread of Socialist and
Communist ideologies in India and they got a lot of attention in India.
* Puchchalapalli Sundarayya secretly established Andhra Communist Party in January 1936 at Kakinada. Inspired by
him, Annapragada Kameswara Rao secretly started political school for the training of Communist activists. Schools
were established at Kothapatnam, Guntur, Kakinada.
* Important persons to organize Socialist, Communist and Anti Zamindari movements in Andhra were- N.G. Ranga,
P. Sundarayya. Strongholds of Communists- Vijayawada (Stalingrad of India), Guntur, Nalgonda, Khammam.
* Many songs were composed during the Telangana Armed Struggle. The song written by Bandi Yadagiri against the
most influential landlord Jannareddy Pratapa Reddy (owned one lakh fifty thousand acres) was:
- Bandenaka bandi gatti..Padahaaru bandlu gatti
Ye bandlo pothav kodako.. naa koduka Pratapa Reddy.
* Bandi Yadagir was martyred in the struggle. Later the song was changed against the Nizam-
- Bandenaka bandi gatti..Padahaaru bandlu gatti.. Ye bandlo pothav kodako..Nizam Sarkaroda... Nazila
minchinairo..Nizam Sarkaroda... Golkonda khillakaada.. Nee gori kadatham kodukaa...
* The song Palletoori pillagaada, Pasulagaase mongaada written by Suddala Hanumanthu for Maa Bhoomi became
very popular.
* Many writers mobilized people with their writings:
• Telangana Abhyudayansaalu - Madiraju Ramakoteswara Rao
• Veera Telangana- Naa Anubhavalu-Jnapakalu - Ravi Narayana Rao
• Veera Telangana Viplava Poratam - Gunapathaalu- P. Sundarayya
• Telangana Sayudha Poratam - Naa anubhavaalu Nalla Narasimhulu
• The History of the Peoples Armed Struggle of Telangana - Devulapalli Venkateshwar Rao
• Telangana Porata Smruthulu - Arutla Ramachandra Reddy
• Veera Telangana Viplava Poratam - Chandra Rajeswara Rao
• Telangana Prajala Sayudha Porata Charitra - Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao
• Bhuvana Ghosha, Adavi - K.V. Ramana Reddy
• Haveli - Makhdoom Mohiuddin
• Nazi naizam - Ayyapu Venkata Ramanaiah
• Telangana nagaramlo Vaanaa - Kundurthi Anjaneyulu
• Vajrayudham - Avastha Soma Sundar
• Naa Godava - Kaloji Narayana Rao
• Agnidhara, Rudraveena - Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu
• Telangana nunchi Telangana daakaa - N. Venugopal
• Telangana - Vattikota Alwar Swamy
* Novels:
• Prajala Manishi, Gangu - Vattikota Alwar Swamy
•Simha garjana - Krishna Prasad
• Onamaalu, Ratha Chakraalu, Mrutyuvu needallo - Mahindara Ramamohan Rao
• Maa Bhoomi- Sunkara Satyanarayana, Vasireddy Bhaskara Rao
• The life history of a revolutionary named Shaik Bandagi was narrated in this drama.
• The theory of right of the Cultivator (Dunnevaadide Bhoomi) was used in this drama which was played in villages.
* Poems:
• Naa Telangana thalli Kanjatha Valli
Naa Telangana Koti Andala jaana
Naa Telangana lema Soundarya Seema
Naa Telangana Koti ratanaala Veena..- Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu
• Nanugani Penchinayatti karunamayi Naa Telangana- Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu
* Slogans:
• Maa Nizam raaju janma janmala booju - Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu
• Pagaleyi Nizam kota, yegareyi erra bavutaa - Rentala Gopala Krishna
• Maa Nizam rajyam kalthee leni Madhya yugapu bhooswamya vyavastha - Ravi Narayana Reddy
• Maa kompalaarpina, manalni champajoosina, maanavaadhamulanu mandalaadheesulanu kaalambu raagaane kaatesi
dheeraale - Kaloji
• Andhra Thesis - Chandra Rajeswara Rao
REASONS FOR TELANGANA ARMED STRUGGLE:
* The terrible conditions present in Nizam State motivated the people of Telangana for taking up armed struggle
against the Nizam.
* Objectives- Land, Livelihood, Liberation.
* The person who commented that "such kind of struggle never took place anywhere in Asia except in China"- Will
Caldwellsmith.
Activities of Nizam against the Hindu Culture:
*The Hindu population that was more than 80% of the total population experienced discrimination in Hyderabad state.
It was declared an Islamic state.
* Some places were renamed according to the Islamic culture.
• Elagandala - Karimnagar
• Indur - Nizamabad
• Bhuvanagiri - Bhongir
• Palamur - Mahabubnagar
• Methuku - Medak
• Manukota - Mahabubabad
* When a place had 'Padu' as suffix, it was changed to 'Pahad'.
* Establishment of M.I.M in 1927. Later it became a violent communal organization.
* M.I.M and Anjuman Tablistan initiated 'Tabligh movement' which aimed at converting Hindus to Islam.
* The main objective of M.I.M was to protect the autonomy of Muslims in Hyderabad state.
* State existed with three linguistic areas. Those were
i) Marathwada - consisted with 5 Districts
ii)Telangana consisted with 8 Districts (Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad, Nizambad, Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Atraf-
e-balda and Nalgonda with 84 lakh population)
iii) Kannada region consisted with 3 Districts (Gulbarga,Raichur and Bidar with 30 lakh population).
* The total Hyderabad State weas divided into 4 Subhas as Aurangabad, Gulbarga, Medak and .......... with one crore
sixty four lakh population and 42,000 sq miles of land area.
* Telangana was divided into 2 Subhas (Medak and Warangal) with 8 Districts.
* Telangana region was most backward in comparison with the other areas. It was suffered with all types of problems.
* Particularly, this area was nil development, when compared with other areas under the British rule.
* Along with this, there was continued implementation of the medieval period feudalistic system in Hyderabad.
* The Jagirdari system was implemented in the name of the Jagirs, Izaras, Banjaras, Paigas, Samstanas, Maktas,
Agraharas and Inams etc., in the 30% of land in Hyderabad state, under the control of these sections. 10% of the land
was under the control of Nizam as Surf-e-Khas for his own expenses.
* In the remaining 60% of land, the government was able to collect the land taxes directly according to the method of
Diwani or Khalsa.
* When these conditions were prevailing Mir Osman Ali Khan came to power in 1911.
* Mir Osman Ali Khan a much as the capable and also same that much controversy.
* During the period of Mir Osman Ali Khan the Deskhmukhs, Deshpandes, Namindars, Jagirdars, village officers,
and even their agents owned lands in large scale and they used to harass the peasants daily.
* Along with this Vetti (bonded labour), forced labour, levy system (taxes on grain), Bedakhal (land alienation),
religious conversions (Thabliq-Shuddhi) corruption, illegal bribes or mamuls, robberies, atrocities, diseases, rapes,
famines etc., increased extremely in his period.
* The administration became totally incapable and when the time came for the revolts of the Peasants in 1918, Nizam
Mir Osman Ali Khan received the title of His Exalted Highness from the British. He also tried to implent the cruel
suppression on the people movements, instead of implementing the administrative reforms.
* And also he encouraged and developed indirectly the Muslaim religious philosophy in the State.
* The Feudal Landlords Oppression:
* Because of the land reforms brought by Salarjung-I the Prime Minister of the Nizam Sate, the authorities appointed
to collect the land revenue or tax were the Deshmukhs and Despandes.
* They changed thousands of acres of land as their own property due to the "Vatan's allotment to them. And they
removed the farmers form the land when they wanted. They reduced the status of the farmers to that of the tenants
through this power.
* The landlords played with the farmers as they like. They registered the lands of the farmers in their own names,
without any intimation to the concern farmers.
* Thus, the landlords owned the large areas of lands and they got the legal rights on the lands.
* The feudal system was executed with unlimited and uncontrolled illegal actions towards the farmers, particularly, in
occupying the lands.
* Socio-Economic Conditions:
* A the beginning period of Telangana Armed Struggle, there was in implement the three types of land revenue taxes
in Telangana with the object for the suppression and exploitation of the farmers and exploitation. They were:
* Diwani or Khalsa : There was 5 crore 30 lakh acres of land was usable to the cultivation in the Hyderabad State.
Out of that, 3 crore acres of land means 60% of the land in the total agricultural and was directly under the land
revenue tax system. This was called Diwani or Khalsa area.
* Jagirs : 30% of the land out of the total agricultural land was under the Jagirs in the State. There were so many
feudal classes in the Jagirs with different names such as Paigahs, Samsthans, Jagirdars, Ijardars, Banjardars,
Maktedars, Inamdars, Agraharas and so on. And at the places where there were no Jagirdars
the villages were under control of the local landlords. They were called as Deshmukhs, these were all belonged to the
upper castes, who owned the majority percentage of land in the villages.
* Surf-e-Khas : The 10% of the agriculture land which was kept under the control of Nizam for his own expenses
was called Surf-e-Khas, yearly above two crore reupees of income was possible through this system. But, the Nizam
did not use any percentage of this money for the public usage purpose. And also he used to take extra amount of
rupees 70 lakhs per annum from the treasury of the state.
* Vetti System :The poor people were ordered to do the works to the feudal landlords and government officers
without any payment. They have to do all types of services freely, forcibly and when they reject to do, they have to
face the violence. This system was called bonded labour or "Vetti'. This was the most common in the Hyderabad
States, particularly in Telangana. The owners of the estates, paigas, Jagirdars, landlords
and government officers used to exploit the people of the villages in many ways. In every village, where the feudal
system was implemented, the people of artisan and professional castes such as Washermen, Barbers,
Blacksmith, Potters, Carpenters and other caste people were treated as the serventa. The landlords used these people
as the bonded labourers and also they treated the people as the slaves. On the other side the untouchable caste people,
Mala and Madigas were treated cheaply than the slaves. Along with this, illegal exploitation of labour, illegal levying
of taxes, severe punishments discrimination against the lower castes the forcibly collection of the levy like 'Nagula
Vaddi' (high tax on the paddy) etc., were implemented strictly on the people and they collected such heavy taxes
mercilessly.
* The Exploitation of Bonded (Forced) Labour: Exploitation of the forced and bonded labour was an unjustified
method in the tyrannical feudalistic
rule of the Nizam. The landlords, Deshmukhs, Namidars, Maktedars even the village officers and their agents also
unlimitedly practiced this system in every village without any discrimination as the representatives of the Nizam, this
was a symbol of the tyrannical rule of the Nizams in those days.

FORMATION OF ANDHRA MAHASABHA - CALL FOR ARMED STRUGGLE

* Venkatarama Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and Maharshi Karve for the Nizam
Rashtra Janasangham was formed in 1921 by Madapati Hanumnatha Rao, Alampalli development of Telugu language.
* It was renamed as Andhra Mahasabha in 1930 at the conference held at Jogipet in Medak district. It dedicated itself
to resolve the Problems of farmers and rebuilding the villages under the leadership of Madapati Hanumantha Rao and
Suravaram Pratapa Reddy
* A Communist leader Ravi Narayana Reddy presided over the conference held at Bhuvanagiri in 1944.
* The communists conveyed their ideology to the masses through Burrkathas performed by their cultural wing Praja
Natya Mandali at villages and towns.
* The communists strongly established their roots in the Telangana Society by 1945.
* Many branches were started in erstwhile Warangal and Nalgonda districts. They were known as Sanghas. These
Sanghas motivated the people of Telangana against the rule of Nizam.
* The Communists gave the call for Telangana Armed Struggle.
* First renowned Communists of Telangana- Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Raj Bahadur Gaur (They were trained by
N.G.Ranga at Kankipadu in Krishna district).
* In December 1939, Comrade Association with communist ideology was started at Hyderabad by Makhdoom
Mohinuddin, Dr Raj Bahadur Gaur, Sambamurthy, Mohin, Linga Reddy, Srinivasa Lahoti, Javed Razvi, Syed Ibrahim
and Syed Alamkund Mir. Comrade Association has been recognized as the first organization that spread the
communist ideology in Telangana.
* Supporters from Khammam- Madhira areas first joined Communist party. Later, Ravi Narayana Reddy and others
joined.
* N.V.K. Prasad had arrived to from Andhra to provide training to the youth who were attracted to communist
ideology.
* The Andhra communists Chandra Rajeswara Rao and Putchalapalli Sundarayya had given training to Telangana
communists like Alwar Swami, Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao, Ravi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy at
Jagtial School.
* Chandra Rajeswara Rao lived for 3 months at Reddy Hostel with the name Subba Reddy as a roommate of Gurava
Reddy.
* He had conducted political training classes at Bollepalli to many youth along with Ravi Narayana Reddy.
* In 1940, Ravi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy launched Communist Party at Hyderabad.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy presided over the Andhra MahaSabha meeting held at Bhuvanagiri in 1944.
* A large number of Communists from Andhara area also attended the meeting.
* The speeches delivered at the meeting prompted the people of Telangana against Nizam.
* The details of Bhuvanagiri meeting were included in the book Telanganalo Andhrodyamam written by Madapati
Hanumantha Rao.
* The Hyderabad State Congress leadership of 1938, and also the encouragement of Javvad Razvi, Raj Bahadur Gour,
Sayyed Ibrahim Alam Kundmeer the leaders of the Comrades Association of 1939, and the Hyderabad State
Communist Party established in 1939, the total Telangana people were led towards the awareness by the Communist
leaders such as Ravi Narayana Reddy, Devulapalli Venkateswra Rao, Baddam Yella Reddy, V.D. Deshpande,
Srinivas Rao, S.V.K. Prasad, Peravelli Venkata Ramaiah, Chirravuri Laxmi Narasaiah, Maqdoom Mohiuddin, D.V.
Subba Rao, B. Dharma Bhiksham, Bheemireddy Narsimha Reddy, D. Raghavendra Rao, C. Thirumala Rao, C.
Yadagiri Rao, Hafizuddin, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Lakshmi Narsimha Reddy and so on including the women
leaders of Communist Party influenced the people and they helped in many ways for the peaceful movements, which
were launched against the feudal landlords and their atrocities.
* Some of the important incidents were mentioned below, To understand the total 'Telangana Armed Struggle' easily,
it was divided into four parts, they were:
1. The individual agitations taken place against the landlords from 1940 to 1945
2. The peaceful revolts launched against the Landlords, Deshmukhs and the village authority from 1945 to 1947.
3. The Peasant Armed Struggles which took place against the Landlords, Deshmukhs, Razakars and the Nizam
government from 1947 to 1948 September 17 which were led by the Communists and the Hyderabad State Congress
Leaders.
4. The people's Armed Struggle which had taken place against the Indian Union government from 1948 to 1951,
launched by the Communists and the Telangana people.
FIRST PHASE 1940-1945
* Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle was organized by the Communists (C.P.I).
* Communist Party was secretly founded in 1940 in Telangana by - Ravi Narayana Reddy
* Ravi Narayana Reddy is considered as the Father of Telangana Armed Struggle.
Consolidation in Hyderabad Princely State:
* In 1940, Andhra Maha Sabha went under the control of the Communist party when a resolution against the Iyengar
Committee Reforms proposed by the Communists was passed at Malkapur (Hyderabad).
* They put forward many demands like abolition of vetti system, reduction of exorbitant tenancy rates and taxes,
compulsory survey settlement, abolition of taxes on toddy tapping and formation of a responsible government.
* They gathered the support of people. Ravi Narayana Reddy presided over a meeting held at Chilkur in 1941.
* The Communists took control of Andhra Maha Sabha in this meeting.
* In the Andhra Maha Sabha meeting held at Bhuvanagiri in May 1944, Ravi Narayana Reddy was elected as the
President and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao was elected as the President of Nalgonda district.
* About 10,000 people attended this meeting. An Andhra Communist leader Chandra Rajeswara Rao also attended
this meeting. Andhra Maha Sabha completely went under the control of Communists.
* After the Bhuvanagiri meeting, branches of Andhra Maha Sabha were set up in many villages in Nalgonda and
Warangal districts. The branches were known as 'Sanghas'. The Sanghas mobilized peasants and farmers in the
villages.
* Comrades Association mobilized educated youth and labour of Hyderabad city to participate in the movement
against the Nizam.
* The Nizam collected very high levy from the farmers during the Second World War period.
* Communists had taken advantage of the conditions of the farmers and intensified the movement.
The following incidents took place during this phase:The Communists instigated the people against the Nizam
when he imposed additional levy on farmers during the Second World War. During this phase, the following revolts
were started against the Zamindars and Landlords.
* Resistance Movement of Shaik Bandagi Saheb:
* Shaik Bandagi Saheb was a poor and honest Muslim farmer belonged to the village of Kamareddy Gudem of the
Jangaon Taluq, which was under the control of the authority of Visunnuru Deshmukh, Rapaka Venkata Ramachandra
Reddy.
* Bandagi had the 4 acres of agriculture land, but there started a dispute with his relatives, Fakir Ahmed, Abbas Ali
and his brothers appertaining to land.
* Abbas Ali was having authority as the police patel of Devaruppula and Kamareddy Gudem villages. So, he
requested the Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy in the above said case.
* But Bandagi Saheb who had the right of justice at his side, did not surrender the land.
* At last the land dispute case reached the court and the judgment was declared in favour of Bandagi Saheb.
* When Bandagi won the court case of the land dispute, it was unbearable to Abbas Ali and his brothers.
* All of them were not tolerating him and they murdered Bandagi cruelly by the cutting off with axes on 26th July,
1940.
* They dared to kill Bandagi with the support of Deshmukh. This shocking incident has given the dare to question the
authorities and the philosophy to fight against the atrocities of the power.
* The Telangana villages were secured to be silent until this incident. But after the incident, they rapidly alerted and
dared to battle.
* The courageous role of Sheik Bandagi was commemorated by the Andhra Maha Sabhas and
Communist Party.
* There is a mention of Sheik Bandagi in Maa Bhoomi. The play was written by Sunkara Satyanarayana and
Vasireddy Bhaskara Rao.
* The Revolt of Lambadas at Dharmapuram - Mondrai:
* Dharmapuram and Mondrai Villages of Jangaon Taluq were under control authority of the Maktedars, Pusukuru
Ranghava Rao and Katharu Narsimha Rao respectively.
* In the total area of the both villages, there were many of tribal Lambada people living by cultivating the land.
* Then the landlords occupied nearly 200 acres of land unlawfully from the Lambadas and they registered false cases
on them.
* The Lambadas revolted against the Maktedars.
* At last, under the leadership of the Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist Party the tribal Lambadas fought against
the landlords and were able to get back their lands.
* People Revolt of Errabadu:
* There was nearly one lakh and fifty thousand acres of land registered on the name of the landlord Jenna Reddy
Pratapa Reddy of Errabadu village in Suryapet Taluq of Nalgonda District.
* He has occupied the lands of the poor peasants of the villages like Chilpakunta, Edavelli, Nuthankallu, which were
under the control of his authority. He drove away the farmers from their lands and registed them on his own and also
arranged the hired goondas to attack the poor peasants. Thus, he wanted to break the confidence of the people.
* But the peasants of the above villages were united under the leadership of Gajula Ramchandraiah of Edavelli
Village.
* All of them were fought against the landlord by the disciplined revolt and taken over or re-occupied their lands
successfully.
* At the same time, the people continued to fight against landlords in other areas in Telangana.
* Peasants committed to revolt on Kunduru Lakshmikantha Rao, Deshmukh of Old Suryapet village of Suryapet
Taluq; Thadakamalla Sitha Ramachandra Rao, the Maktedar of Bethavolu of Huzurnagar Taluq; Bhogala Veera
Reddy, the landlord of Bakkavanthula gudem villages; Police Patel of Mallareddy Gudem; Veerabhadra Rao, the
banjardar of Mellacheruvu; Anwar Pasha, the Jagirdar of Allipuram and Thimma Puram of Warangal District; Pingili
Ranga Reddy, the Zamindar of Mulakala gudem; Pingala Narsimha Reddy, the landlord of Nashikal.
* Along with the biggest landlords, the people also committed to fight even against the small and average landlords
who were owned above 5000 acres of land.
* The peasants raised these revolts for their lands in the above said areas of Telangana. This occurred due to the
cooperation and support of the 'Sangham' to the peasants.
* The Land Struggle of Chakali Ailamma:
* Chakali Ailamma was a courageous woman who fought against the Deshmukh of Visunoor during the Telangana
People's Armed Struggle.
* Her husband was Chityala Narsaiah.
* She died at Palakurthi of Warangal district in 1985.
* Ailamma was a member of Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist party.
* Her house became a center of revolutionaries in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* The landlords kept under their control thousands of acres of land illegally, they used to make the poor peasants who
were cultivating banjar lands legally after taking the lands as the tenants.
* The landlords often used to remove the peasants from their lands on the name of "Bedakhal' (land alienation).
* They made the peasants to suffer in many ways.
* In the same way, Chityala Narasaiah and Ailamma, the local washer men family of the Palakurthy village used to
cultivate the 10 acres of the wet land and 20 acres of dry land as the tenants.
* This land was under control authority of Utham Raju Rahava Rao, the Maktedar of Mallampally.
* At the time of the movement, the family worked against Visunuru Deshmukh, Ramachandra Reddy and local police
patel Veerammneni Seshagiri Rao by cooperating with the Andhra Maha Sabha members and Communist Party
Sangam.
* For this reason, the police accused the family of Ailamma by registering on them the 'Palakurthy conspiracy Case',
when there occurred a riot in the Palakurthy Jathara.
* The police have arrested Chityala Narasiah husabd of Ailamma and her sons including the main leaders of the
communist Party and sent all of them jail.
* In the meanwhile Ramachandra Reddy the Deshmukh of Visunuru had managed with the Mallampalli Maktedar and
made him to write an agreement that Ramachandra Reddy was cultivating the land which was cultivated by Ailamma
and Narsaiah until then as a tenant.
* Not only that, the Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy waited for an opportunity and at the time when no person were
wandering about these fields, used his persons to attack on the field and to take possession of the land with the yielded
crop of Ailamma and Narsaiah's field.
* The reason for this was the struggle of Yadagiri Rao, an organizer of Andhra Maha Sabha on behalf of Chakali
Ailamma's land.
* But the Communist Party already arranged the person for the protection.
* The local leaders Bheem Reddy Narsimha Reddy, Nallu Pratapa Reddy, Nalla Narsimhulu and so on faced the
attack successfully with the help of the people according to the decision of the party district committee.
* The people have beaten the hired goodans of Deshmukh and sent the yielded crop to the home of Ailamma.
* The Communist Party District leader Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao was surprised that Ailamma has shown that
much dare in the incident.
* Her boldness, cooperation to the party leaders astronished the others also.
* Thus, she got named as Communist Ailamma in the history.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy submitted a memorandum to the Superintendant of Police on the atrocities committed by
Visunoor Deshmukh.
* The summary of the memorandum was bravely published in the news paper Meezan.
Note: Editor of Meezan- Adavi Bapiraju (Sub editor- Vidwan Viswam)
* Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao toured in Jangaon taluk to know the atrocities of Nizam's Police goons of landlords
and the system of bonded labour.
* He published the events that took place during his visit in the form of a book named 'Janagama Prjala veerochitha
Poraataalu, Hyderabad rajyamlo Poleesula Duranthaalu'.
* He also wrote a book Vetti Chakiri on bonded labour and a pamphlet named Goddalipettu.
* All these activities motivated the public and the activists.
* Martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah (4th July, 1946):
* Doddi Komaraiah was the own brother of Doddi Mallaiah, the active worker of Andhra Maha Sabha village
committee of the Kadavendi.
* He was the common man and shepherd of the Kurma caste.
* Primarily, Doddi Komaraiah had no connection with the Sangams.
* But he tensioned himself as helpless, when he saw the cruel lady Janamma Dorasani subjected his brother Doddi
Mallaiah to suffer in many ways.
* In the meantime with the encouragement of the yong leaders as well as the Sangham and mainly because of the
sufferings of his brother, he joined as a member in the village committee of Andhra Maha Sabha.
* His brother Doddi Mallaiah has gotten the impression as the rival of Dorasani in those days.
* The Visunuru Deshmukh and his hired goondas always used to try to kill Doddi Mallaiah including the village
leaders Yerramreddy Moan Reddy, Yerramreddy Kondal Reddy, Nalla Narsimhulu and their orgqnizer Katkuri
Ramachandra Reddy.
* The village leaders had observed this situation and they prepared the group of volunteers with weapons (sticks) for
self protection.
* At that time, the main office the village committee of Andhra Maha Sabha was at the house of the Mashetti
Ramachandraiah a member of Andhra Maha Sabha in Kadavendi. That was the people's dais of the village in those
days.
* Mishkin Ali and Gaddam Narsimha Reddy along with the 40 members of armed goondas stayed in the School,
which was opposite the Dorasani's building or Gadi with the conspiracy or deceit, to attack and kill the Andhra Maha
Sabha Communist Party leaders, who were uniting the people against the atrocities of the Deshmukh, from the stage
of incidents of the murder of Shaik Bandagi Saheb and the land struggle of the washer women Chityala Ailamma.
* Mishkin Ali and his followers had drunk heavily in the evening,, they wanted to instigate the activists of Andra
Maha Sabha and they threw the stones on the house of Jampala Lachemma, which was beside the School.
* Then, immediately about 100 members of Andhra Maha Sabha turned into a procession under the leadership of
Yerramreddy Mohan Reddy.
* Many number of people with the sticks followed the procession, which was moving towards the Gadi of Dorsani.
* This news of attacking spread rapidly all over the village within half an hour.
* In the meantime. Doddi Komaraiah aged 23 years came from the forest with the flock of sheep, sent the sheep into
the shed and was taking the food.
* The people had no idea that what would happen with the procession and attack. The people's procession with about
500 people moved emotionally.
* The procession with peasants and agricultural labourers shouted slogans against the Deshmukh, Dorasani and their
followers.
* They reached the Gadi (near by the school), meanwhile, the hired goondas have seen directly, the great procession
and the revolt of the people and were confused.
* The armed goondas, under the leadership of Mishkin Ali went on firing indiscriminately on the people without any
pre information or warning at 9.15 pm on 4th July, 1946.
Note: The First person martyred in the Telangana Armed Struggle was- Doddi Komuraiah.
* The martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah laid down the origins of Telangana Armed Struggle.
* Vattikota Alwar Swamy, a member of the central committee of Andhra Maha Sabha, Hyderabad visited Kadiventi
to observe the tensions escalated by the death of Komuraiah.
* He wrote a novel named Prajala Manishi. He narrated the issues such as poverty, bonded labour and terrible
conditions prevailed in Telangana villages.
* He explained the political and social movements that took place between 1940-45 in his novel Gangu.
* The head of the enquiry committee appointed to enquire into the atrocities committed by the Police against the
leaders in Chakali Ailamma case was- Arutla Lakshmi Narasimha Reddy.
* The Chairman of the Commission appointed by the Nizam to suppress the Armed struggle was-
Mirza Ali Haider.
* The Incidents of Akunuru and machireddy Palli:
* In 1943, the people of Akumuru village in Jangaon Taluq have revolted against the forced levy under the leadership
of Seethal Prasad the Police Patel of the village and then made the police and the officers retreat before their wrath.
* After this the government has sent a big armed police, who took revenge on the people by beating them.
* And along with this a case was registered on Seethal Prasad and 12 other person, and they were sent to jail.
* Even then, they did not stop the struggle and they did not pay the levy.
* So, the incident has remained as significant and the important in the history.
* The same way, the most heinous another incident occurred in Machireeddypalli village of Bidar Taluq of the Telugu
speaking area.
* The Machireddypalli incident of levy collection is an excellent illustration of the behavior of different classes of
Telangana rural society and their forging of unity aginst the state officials.
* In 1945, the Tahsildar of Bidar, Kwaja Mohinuddin, learn that some riots of the village were not paying the levy
and a few of the stockists had not submitted their stock statements, therefore he came to investigate the matter.
* In the house of Police Patel Hanumath Reddy, he found un-reported grain stock and then immediately that was
seized.
* After some time, Hanumanth Reddy and his assistant Ram Reddy came to the godown along with 100 members of
farmers and they demanded the return of the the levy deu from him and later he fled the village expecting more
trouble. When he was seen back in the grain.
* The Tahsildar after noticing the situation directed the Girdawar to release his stock after deducting village, about
hundred farmers demanded that he and his assistants write an order that the levy grain would be collected at the rate
of half a mound (5 kg) and not one mound (10 kg) per acre.
* On being informed by the Tahsildar, the Taluqdar and the high officials like D.S.P. and others came to the village at
about mindnight along with a police party of 30 members attacked the village, beating, arresting the men
and molesting women; but the people did not stop their struggle and they did not forget their aim.
* This incident indicated that the peasants were no longer passive.
* In their perception, the levy collection was an evil and a sin, so they refused its payment.
* So Kumari Padmaj Naidu, who received a letter from Mahatam Gandhi (he reacted severely on the incidences of
attacks and molests), visited both villages for the fact finding with the cooperation of Sadhineni Dharmaiah, the party
organizer of Jangaon Taluq. She has keenly criticized the cruel repressive policy of the Nizam Police and the
Government.
* Heroic struggle of Gopal Reddy:
* Gopal Reddy was born in Atmakur village in Suryapet taluq.
* He joined in anti-Nizam movement in 1946 at the age of 20. He started as a volunteer and upgraded to the leader of
central guerrilla squad.
* On the basis of reliable information 100 soldiers and 200 razakars attacked the squad of Gopal
Reddy in Patharlapadu in Suryapet taluq.
* Gopal Reddy fought back and opened fire on the police. Two policemen died on the spot.
* Gopal Reddy attacked the camps of soldiers in Atmakur and Enubamula and killed several soldiers.
* Renigunta Rami Reddy:
* Rami Reddy was a landlord with progressive ideology.
* He belongs to Renigunta village in Buvanagir taluq.
* He actively participated in Andhra Maha Sabha. Police and the razkars used to loot, set fire to the villages and rape
the women.
* So, Rami Reddy gathered the youth in the village and formed a protection force. He gave them barmars, shot guns
and trained them.
* There was a buruju in Renigunta like several villages in Telangana.
* All these burujus in the villages were utilized to protect the areas.
* Police could not dare to enter the villages without dismantling them.
* Rami Reddy made and protected burujus like forts. One day the police and the razakars reached the village in big
numbers and attacked the village.
* Twenty member guerilla squad tried to retaliate against them. Kolanupaka Tahsildar climbed nearby tree and
targeting Rami Reddy released the bullets. Rami Reddy became a martyr in this firing.
* Almost all of them died. That was a heroic struggle and the sacrifice filled inspiration in the hearts of the people.
One of the songs written on Rami Reddy became a war song in the entire Telangana.
SECOND PHASE (1945- 47) FORMATION OF SQUADS:
* The Communists formed many Village Protection Squads to carry out the armed struggle.
* Each squad consisted of 20 to 30 members who propagated the Communist ideology and were ready to sacrifice
their lives.
* They were trained in Politics, usage of arms and providing health services.
* The associations having the activists of Andhra Maha Sabha and Communists as their members got the support of
women and tribal people.
* Ban on Communist Party:
* The Peasant struggle of Nalgonda and Warangal spread to Karimnagar and other districts.
* The Nizam government recognized the severity of the movement in Telangana region of the state.
* In October 1946, the Nizam government organized surprising attacks against the Communists.
* It succeeded a little by detaining some second grade leaders like Vattikota Alwar Swami.
* Top leaders like Ravi Narayana Reddy and Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao escaped.
* In October 1946, the Nizam government set up military camps in disturbed areas of Nalgonda and Warangal
districts to control the violent activities of the Communists.
* Alarmed by the developments, Andhra Maha Sabha and Communist Party shifted their head quarters to Vijayawada
which was also known as Stalingrad in those days because it was a distribution centre of arms and ammunition.
* The Nizam government imposed ban on Communist Party in November 1946.
* The Communist Party decided to raise weapons against the Nizam government after considering various actions of
the government such as ban against the party, setting up of military camps in the villages and to consolidate the Party
ideology in villages against the goons of landlords.
* They strategically kept themselves silent for procuring arms and ammunition and preparation of plans.
* In early 1947, there were no major activities of the Communist party. So the Nizam government
believed that the movement was subsided and withdrew military camps from villages.
THIRD PHASE (1947- 17TH SEP, 1948):
* The British government announced that it would grant independence to India by 15th August 1947 and the Princely
States should express their opinions.
* On 12th June 1947, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan declared his sovereignty. The people were annoyed by his decision.
* Hyderabad State Congress initiated Join India Movement under the leadership of Swami Ramananda Tirtha.
* Kasim Razvi, with the blessings of Nizam formed a private militia named Razakars to violently oppose the
accession to the Union of India and to suppress the Hindus of Hyderabad state.
* Congress party failed to stop the atrocities of Razakars.
* The rural people of Hyderabad state were tortured by the Razakars.
* The State Congress Party was confined only to urban areas. So they couldn't help the rural people.
* At that moment, the Communists came forward to save the people from the cruel activities of the Razakars.
* They decided to launch Armed struggle. After taking the decision, they left Andhra Maha Sabha
from 21st April 1947 and initiated Armed struggle with the name 'Communist Party'.
Objectives of the Struggle:By observing the enthusiasm of the war of the people, which was raised with the
martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah, the leaders of the Communist Party and Andhra Maha Sabha decided to take the
movement forward and they have resolved some specific objectives to implement strictly and compulsory. They were:
* Stop immediately the bonded labour and illegal exactions
* Non cooperation of the forced levy system.
* Unite the people to own the lands which they were cultivating for so many years as peasants and as the tenants to
the landlords and to re-occupy the lands which were occupied by the landlords.
* Decreasing the tenancy to bring the awareness in the farmers not to pay the tenancy taxes to the big landlords and
the main enemy. To seriously implement these aims.
* To take possession of the stock of the paddy from the landlords and Deshmukhs and to distribute the paddy to the
poor and needy people.
* To burn the records, promissory notes, which were written in the name of the landlords, debit papers and bonds of
the village officers, feudal and money lenders.
* To arrange the arms and ammunition (guns and weapons) in the place of the sticks and rods to extended the
movement and to form the village squads.
* The Communist Party - Andhra Maha Sabha was able to extent the movement with the above said specific
objectives.
* It campaigned against the wicked atrocities of the Nizam towards farmers. It also opposed the arbitrary ruling and
violence of the government.
* The government observed the actions of the party and as the reaction. It has banned the Communist Party in
November, 1946.
* Then, the government arrested many leaders of the party.
* Not only that, it has encouraged the Razakars, the organization which was affiliated tto the Majlis-Ithehadul
Muslimeen.
* The government has decided to send the Razakars into the villages to suppress the peoples movement. It intensified
the attacks on the people.
* In the compulsory conditions to protect themselves from attacks of the government the Communists prepared for
the revolt by forming into armed groups as the village squads.
* Even though, the great armed struggle was continuing against the feudal landlords, Nizam's government and the
Razakars, remained as silent for some time.
* The Independence of India - Independent Nizam's State:
* India got freedom on 15th August 1947 and the government was formed with congress ministry, Jawharlal Nehru as
the Prime Minister.
* The small and large princely states of the country except Nizam's Hyderabad state, almost agreed to join into the
Indian Union with some terms and conditions.
* But, the Nizam did not agree to join in Indian Union and he declared his Hyderabad state as the Independent State.
* Nizam felt that if his government collapsed, the next government will be of the Hindus. So, he indirectly
encouraged the Razakars and supplied weapons publicly to Razakar Army.
* By taking advantage of the situation, Khasim Razvi dared to follow the wicked deeds and illegal actions, with one
and with aims to abolish the Congress and communist party, he formed the Razkar camps in every village of
Telangana. He tortured the people with his violence.
* Then, against the brutal attacks of the Razakars, inefficient Nizam's rule and abolition of feudal landlordism, the
Communists once again gave the official call for the Peasant Armed Struggle on 11th September, 1947 in Telangana.
Aims and Objectives of the Struggle:
* To occupy the weapons of the Landlords, Police and Razakars
* To occupy the government banjar lands and distribute them to the poor farmers.
* To boycott the government officers, courts, educational institutions and to improve the trainings of the Communist
theory.
* To paralyze the government by not paying all types of taxes.
* To form the District, Taluq and Village level guerrilla squads for the protection of the people.
* To hoist the Natinal flag and the Communist flag and to declare that the Telangana became liberate.
* Finally to abolish the Nizam rule and the feudalism.
* The achieve the above said aims and objectives and to protect themselves from the attacks of the Nizam's Police and
Razkars, the communists have formed the Armed guerilla squads at various levels. They were:
1. Village Protection Squads:
* The enthusiastic youth in the village used to continue their common activities in the village, on the other hand they
used to face and fight with the razzakars and the Nizam's Police by collecting the Baramars (Shells), spears and
common weapons.
* They used to take care and see that the enemy does not surface at anywhere in the village. And they used to improve
the political understanding and motivate the people and helped them in the daily activities of the village committee.
2. Destruction Squads :
* These squads had to carry on their normal occupation and on top this, had to dig up the roads so that enemy vehicles
did not come that way, keep planks full of nails on the road to puncture the tires of the enemy's vehicle and destroy
the property of those enemies who were in the police and enemy camps.
* They had muzzle loaders, spades, crow bars, baskets, planks, nails and such other things as their equipment. They
had to coordinate their work with the village squads. The members of these squads were not to be exposed.
3. Guerilla Armed Squads:
* In these squads, such youth were recruited after they had given up their own occupation and were working as whole
timers, had courage, guide with and had won the people's and party's confidence too and who were very much
disciplined.
* They had limited modern weapons with muzzle-loaders, spears etc.
* Their duty was mainly to resist Razzakar and Police raids, destroy the enemy and protect the people.
* Their number used to be about 10 to 25 in a squad.
* Whenever necessary, they used to carry out raids and immediately disperse.
* Every member who was recruited into these squads had not only to take a pledge but also remember and concentrate
on it always as follows:
- "I am joining in the guerilla squad and I have pledged with determination to destroy the exploiters rule and establish
people's raj. To fight and destroy the enemy and the help the people is my only duty. Weapons are more valuable than
life. In getting weapons and protecting them, I am prepared to give my life. I shall never show cowardice submit to
the enemy but shall emulate the example of glorious martyrs. I take this plege in front of the red flag"
* After the formation of the guerrilla squads, the party work was divided into political and army wings. There was a
great change in the construction of the guerrilla squads and armed revolution.
* This helped to bring the movement to further development with capability and coordination. Particularly, the attacks
of the guerrilla squads made it was possible to collapse the power of the government of the villages one by one. Thus,
they were helped much to establish the peoples rule at 3000 villages in Telangana.
* PARAKALA - THE ANOTHER JALIANWALA BAGH (2ND SEPTEMBER, 1947):
* Parakala was the part of the Karimnagar District in the days of Telangana Armed Struggle.
* The people of the 30villages of the surroundings reached the Parakala village on 2nd september, 1947 to participate
in the programme of the National Flag Hosting.
* This programme was organized under the leadership of Kattanguri Keshava Reddy and S. Manohar Rao, the
president and secretarities of the Taluq committee of the Congress party.
* So, Chitikesti Srisailam belonged to Jukallu village walked infront of the procession with the national flag in the
hand at Parkala, under the guidence of Daggu Veeragopal.
* All the people walked forward with the inspiration of Chitikesti Srisailam in the front, that time the Nizam's police
ensconced before the people procession and fired on the orders of Vishweshvara Rao, the Tahasildar of Parkala and
Circle Inspector Ziaullah, without any pre announcement or warning.
* They dared to create the massacre at Parkala.
* There were 15members of agitators died on the spot, they were:
1. Chitikesi Srisailam, Jukallu
2. Gajji Parvathalu, Kaniparthi
3. Kunta Ailayya, Nagarjunapally
4. Kattula Sammaiah, Rayapalle
5. Amudapuram Veeranna, Rayapalle
6. Mekala Poshaiah, Rayapalle
7. Manthrikedari, Dammanapet
8. Pothuganti Peddulu, Dammanapet
9. Gundarapu Komraiah, Regonda
10. Dathupelli Rajaiah, Regonda
11. Gelle Kattamallu, Damaramchepalle
12. Jaligapu Musalaiah, Challagarige
13. Thonagar Purnasingh, Challagarige
14. Kaluvala Ankus, Govindapuram
15. Kummari Ramulu, Regonda
* Then the Razzakars and the Nizam's police robbed the Parakala village on the spot.
* They stole ornaments even from the dead bodies in the massacre.
* The terrific and heinous incident, which was occurred on 2nd September, 1947 in Parkala has been compared with
the Jalianwala Bagh incident at Amritsar which took place as part of the Freedom Movement in 13th April, 1919.
* So, the Parkala incident became popular as the another Jalianwala Bagh in the history of the Telangana.
* However, Mohd. Abdul Hafeez, the police superindent of the Karimnagar District has recorded in the FIR that there
were 200 members of the activist injured severely in the incident.
* That statement has declared the severness of the incident to the world.
* The Brave Heroes of Dharmapuram:
* Dharmapuram was the village, where the tribal Lambada population was high in Jangaon Taluq.
* The Razzakars, Nizam's police force and Babu Dora combinedly attacked and robbed the village.
* And they killed 12 people including a young boy of 12 years old.
* First, they caught 8 people and ordered them to pluck out their own huts and made these people to arrange for the
cremation with the sticks of their own huts and also made the people to tie their hands mutual.
* At last, the police threw the same Lambada people into the fire and burnt theme to ashes. They killed persons were:
1. Banoth Somla, 2.Banoth Redya, 3. Banoth Sankru, 4. Banoth Golia, 5. Boda Dhavurya, 6. Azmira Chandru,
7.Azmira Balram, 8. Azmira Ramu, 9. Dharavath Kishan, 10.Janoth Davulu, 11.Janoth Thanu, 12.Kunduru Venkulu
* THE MASSACRE OF VEERABAIRAN PALLI-27TH AUGUST, 1948:
* The heroic struggle of the Bairanpally people at Jangoan Taluq, which was launched by the people against the
tyrannical, exploitative and feudalistic policy rule of the Nizam has much importance in the history.The Nizam's
government, Razakars and the police have decided the abolish of the Communists as the main objective and they
combinedly attacked 6 times on the village in between the period from March, 1948 to 27th August, 1948.
* But they were completely defeated 5 times in the hand of the people due to the attacks of the Communists.
* But at the 6th time 150 members of Razakaras, 150 policemen including 200members of civil officers attacked on
the village on 27th August, 1948, Friday early morning at 4 am under the supervision of Iqbal Hussain, the Deputy
Collector of Bhuvanagiri Taluq of those days.
* They created the massacre in the village, 84 members became martyrs on that day in the attacks.
* And nobody knew accurately the number of the severely injured persons got dead where and when.
* At the same day, when the attack took place at Bairanpally, there was another brutal incident at the nearby village
Kutigallu.
* The Razzakars and police forces created that massacre and took the revenge on the people.
* This was and also organized under the supervision of the Deputy Collector, Iqbal Hussain on 27th August, 1948
early in the morning.
* 31 people became martyrs in the heinous calamity of Kutigallu.
* After, the two incidents of Bairanpalli and Kutigallu, the communist guerrilla squads attacked and put an end the
Razzakars camps, which were located at the Razzakar camp centers in Ladnuru, Madduru, Salakpur and Cherial, the
nearby villages of Bairanpalli and Kutigallu.
Note: Bairan Palli is located in Maddur mandal of Siddipet district.
* Communist Guerrilla Squad Attacks:
* With the help and support of the people, the Communist guerrillas have conducted the great attacks successfully
against the Zamindars, Nizam's government and the Razzakars, some of them were:
1. 50 memebers of the Razzakars came to Ekkaram from Suryapet, then the Communist guerrilla faced and opposed
them strongly with the help of the people of Balemla, Kandagatla, Thimmapuram and Patha Suryapet. As well as, the
people of Kothapally, Pinavura villages rounded the tax collecting officers, who came with the Razzakars and killed
them on the spot.
2. The people of Pamulapadu village of Miryalagudem Taluq drive out the landlord Laxma Reddy from the village.
3. On 29th November, 1947, about 6000people under the leadership of Asireddy Narsimha Reddy attacked on the big
Razzakar camp of Jagirdar Kolanpaka of Bhuvanagiri Taluq and hoisted the Red Flag there.
4. In the same way, the people and the guerrillas tried many times to attack on the Razzakars and police camps of
Nakirekallu, Nomula Kotaparthi, kattangur and at last they became successful in their attacks.
5. The guerrilla squads attacked on the centers of police station and railway police forces for the weapons and they
acquired a number of weapons in the attacks.
6. And they attacked on the camps of Wangapalli, Kolanpalli, Authapuram, Kaparthi, Pembarthi, Motamarri,
Huzurnagar, Madhavagudem, Karimnagar, Huzurabad, Husnabad, Illanthakunta, Siddipeta, Dubbaka, Khanapuram
etc., and they acquired the guns in large number.
7. The communist guerrillas had to pay the charge in the attack on the camp of Ravulapenta. They lost the two
comrades in the attack.
8. The people's guerrillas have set a bomb as Kotapadu village and killed the seven Razzakars and the seven police,
including Vangeti Linga Reddy, the landlord as he had helped the Razzakars and police. At that time, the number of
special squad members increased from 10 to 20 to 120. Those were called as the company squads.
9. Chintalamma gudem, Pedaveedu villages of Huzurnagar Taluq were the main centers for the Communist party. The
people of the villages strictly rebuked the Sub-Inspector Gurdayal Singh, as he had tortured the people of the
surroundings villages.
10. In the same process, the Communist guerrillas started the truimphant march at Jangaon Taluq and they
reprehended the Visunuru goondas. They distributed the paddy to the poor people, which was stored in the 'Gadi' of
Deshmukh. They formed the "Grama Rajyalu', the village state in many areas, occupied the lands of the landlords and
distributed to the poor peasants. They used to punish the agents of the Razzakars and also they used to warn severely
the agents of the Deshmukh. They killed the enemies in the compulsory conditions only. This was continued as a
programme without obstuction up to 1948.
11. In the same way, the people guerrillas have abolished the Razzakar center and its leader Quadar Ali at Zafargadh.
They killed the 5 policemen at Dhammanapeta, carried away the weapons from the pembarthi railway station,
destroyed the Razzakar center at Kodakandla, and also destroyed the Razzakar center at Madikonda and Komallapalli.
The guerrilla squad killed the landlord Pedda Narasimha Reddy at Macchupahad and Eeturu Narasimha Rao and the
Police Patel of Kadavendi Village. It also occupied the properties of 'Doras or landlords of Ramavaram, Mondari,
Dharmapuram villages and distributed them to the poor farmers. Thus, the Communists have engaged so many
activities and programmes successfully. The above said activities were only some examples of them.

4TH PHASE (SEP 17, 1948 TO OCT 21, 1951):

* Many Communists went underground after Police action.
" The Communists wanted to intensify the movement to establish a stable government.
* But the Government of India sent armed forces to control communism.
* At the Communist Party meeting held at Calcutta in 1948 under the leadership of B.T. Ranadive decided to fight
against the Government of India also. (Secretary of Communist Party - Ranadive)
Throwing pamphlets from aeroplanev
* Within three days after the completion of the operation polo, the military governor issued orders banning Andhra
Maha Sabha, communist party and trade unions.
* He warned all the communist squads to surrender with arms. He also warned stringent actions against those who do
not surrender. Millions of warning pamphlets were thrown from aeroplanes.
* Within short period, the nature of Indian government was understood.
Note: The government appointed a special officer Nanjundappa to suppress the struggle.
Withdrawal of Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle:
* The struggle of Communists in Telangana continued until September 1951. They quit the struggle on 21 October
1951 on the recommendation of Russian Communist leader Joseph Stalin.
* The Armed struggle liberated the people of Telangana from the atrocities of Zamindars and Razakars.
* The Government of India passed 'Tenancy Lands Act' on 10 January 1950 and confiscated lakhs of acres of land.
* The Government of India also appealed the Communists to give up the struggle.
* Communist party appointed a committee to discuss with the Government of India. Member of that committee were:
1. Jyothi Basu, 2. A.K. Gopalan, 3. Muzaffar Ahmed
* The talks were successful and the struggle was withdrawn on 21 October 1951.
* Consequently, the ban on Communists was also lifted.
*They were permitted to carry on their activities in a peaceful manner under the Constitutional provisions.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy who was detained in September 1951 was released on 5 December 1951 to contest the first
general elections under the newly adopted Constitution.
First General Elections-1952
* The Communists won all 14 Assembly constituencies in Nalgonda district.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy was elected to the Loksabha from Nalgonda Parliament constituency and to the Hyderabad
Assembly from Bhuvanagiri constituency.
* He won with a majority of more than 3 lakh votes from Nalgonda Parliament constituency.
* Not even the Prime Minister Nehru won with this huge majority.
* Later Ravi Narayana Reddy resigned to the Hyderabad Assembly.
Note: In this elections, a communist leader Pendyala Raghava Rao contested from three costituencies. He won from
three places and created record.
Effects of the withdrawal of Armed Struggle: The Armed struggle was taken up to end the cruel feudal system
during the rule of Nizam. The struggle fought from 1946 to 1951 under the leadership of Communists brought out
many historic results.
* The 225 years old Asaf jahi rule came to an end.
* The systems of Jagirdars and bonded labour (Nagu) were abolished.
* 12 lakh acres of land was distributed to the poor.
* Land reforms were initiated in Telangana for the first time in India.
* A renowned Gandhiite Vinobha Bhave started Bhoodan movement (April 1951) from Pochampally in Nalgonda
district. Vedire Ramachandra Reddy donated 100 acres.
* As per an estimate, the autocratic rule of Nizam and the atrocities of landlords were ended and lakhs of acres were
distributed to the poor by introducing many welfare activities. Many evils like bonded labour, unlawful collections
and bribes and many forms of feudal practices were abolished.
* Social equality to a considerable extent was achieved in every village of Telangana.
* Free forms of labour and bonded labour were abolished and minimum wage was fixed for farm labourers.
* It introduced a sense of questioning and mental awareness in the youth.
Communist Movement after 1952 and later events:
* Due to the presence of cordial relations between USSR and India and on the recommendation of the Russian
government, the Communists in India extended their support to the Government of India.
* The relations between the two countries were further strengthened by the visits of Bulganin and Khrushchev to
India in 1956.
* So the Communist Party of India at its Palghat meeting held in 1956 decided to maintain friendly relations with the
Nehru government. At this context two sections were formed in CPI. They were:
1. Followers of Soviet Russia,
2. Followers of China's Communist path.
* Many differences sprang up during the Vijayawada session held in 1961. Differences were increased between the
two groups after the Indo China war 1962.
* Communist Party of India split into CPI and CPI(M) in 1964.
* Followers of CPI (Russia)- Ravi Narayana Reddy, Chandra Rajeswara Rao
* Followers of CPI (M)- Puchchalapalli Sundarayya, Basava Punnaiah
* Another split gave rise to CPI (ML) on 22 April 1969.
* Followers of CPI (ML)- Tarimela Nagi reddy, Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao, Chandra Pulla Reddy, Kolla
Venkataiah
* Magazine published by CPI (ML)- JanaShakti Present General Secretary of the Communist Party of India
(Marxist)- Sitaram Yechury
* Writings of Sitaram Yechury- Left hand Drive, What is this Hindurashtra, Socialism in Twenty first Century
* Official news paper of CPI (M)- People's Democracy
* Present General Secretary of the Communist Party of India - Doraisamy Raja
* Official news paper of CPI- New Age

Leaders who played a key role in the Telangana Armed Revolution

* Ravi Narayana Reddy:
* Born-4 June 1908, Parents- Gopal Reddy, Venkataravamma,
* Native place: Bollepalli
* He played a key role in Telangana Peasants' armed struggle.
* He is considered as the Father of Telangana armed Struggle.
* He passed matriculation in 1927 from Chaderghat high school and joined intermediate in Nizam College.
* Nizam government arrested him and imprisoned him for participating in Individual satyagraha organized by
Hyderabad state Congress.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy won with highest majority in the country as a Member of Parliament from Nalgonda
constituency in 1952 general elections.
* Books authored by Ravi Narayana Reddy:
1. Veera Telangana- Naa Smruthulu-Anubhavaalu
2. Naa Jeevitha Pathamlo
* Organizations:
1. Navya Sahithi Samstha
2. Harijan Sevak Sangh (1933)
• President- Vaman naik
• Secretary- Ravi Narayana Reddy
* Objectives- Striving for the development of people through education and programs like eradication established a
Khadi production unit in Bollepalli. Ravi Narayana Reddy founded Rythu Granthalaya in of untouchabilty and
communal meal etc. Inspired by Satyagraha of Gandhiji, Ravi Narayana Reddy founded Rythu Granthalayam in
Chilkur (Suryapet).
* He established a preparatory group with Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and others for the formation Hyderabad State
Congress in 1938.
* In INC meeting held at Haripura in 1938, the responsibility of founding of HSC was given to Ravi Narayana Reddy
from Telangana, Govindarao Nanal from Maratha and Janardhan Desai from Kannada region.
* This group decided to organize a Satyagraha against the autocratic rule of Nizam.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy was the only young man who came forward to observe Individual Satyagraha. He presided
over the Andhra Mahasabha meeting held at Chilkur in 1941.
* During his speech, he mentioned many national and international issues and local issues with his communist
ideology.
* In 1944, Ravi Narayana Reddy presided over the Andhra Mahasabha held at Bhuvanagiri.
* In this meeting, Andhra Mahasabha was split into extreme and moderate groups.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy led Telangana Peasants Armed struggle from 1946 to 1951.
* He got elected to legislative assembly from Bhuvanagiri constituency in the elections held in 1957.
* He efficiently performed his functions as the leader of opposition.
* In 1962 he once again elected to the assembly from Bhuvanagiri.
* In 1967, he voluntarily quit politics. In 1992, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India.
* Vattikota Alwar Swamy:
* Kaloji described Vattikota Alwar Swami as 'Abaddhaasuruni paalita talwar Alwar'.
* He was famous as Telangana Vythalikudu, Prajala Manishi and Telangana Gorky.
* Alwar Swamy is the pioneer of Political novels in Telugu.
* Parents-Ramachandra Charyulu, Simhadramma.
* He was born on 1 November 1915 in Cheruvu Medaram village near Nakirekal in Nalgonda district.
* As his father died when he was young, he completed his education working as cook for his master Seetharama Rao.
* Later he shifted to the house of Sri Naraparaju Raghava Rao in Kandibanda Village.
* The library established by Naraparaju brothers was - Sitarama Library.
* He attended the sixth Andhra Mahasabha meeting held at Nizamabad as the sole representative from Secunderabad
region.
* Alwar Swamy was influenced by Library movement and became a self learned man.
*He worked as a proof reader in Golkonda patrika.
* He was inspired by Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao and established 'Desoddharaka Granthamala' in 1938 to raise
awareness among the people of Telangana.
* The title of Kasinathuni was 'Desoddharaka'. So Alwar Swamy named the library with patriotism. As a Congress
activist, Alwar Swamy participated in Satyagraha performed at Secunderabad inspired by the Quit India movement in
1942.
* He was arrested and imprisoned by the Nizam government at Secunderabad prison for one year during 1942-43.
* Later he was released from prison and he worked as the organizer of Andhra Mahasabha and became the President
of Hyderabad district branch.
* Alwar Swamy wrote a volume of stories titled 'Jailu Lopala' with the stories of prisoners when he was in the Prison.
* He published a magazine named 'Gumasta' in 1951.
Note:
1. Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu dedicated his book 'Agnidhara' to Vattikota Alwar Swamy.
2. Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao praised Alwar Swamy as a patriot who himself moulded and flourished his personality.
3. Telangana Government has named the City Central Library at Chikkadpally as Vattikota Alwar Swamy.
Novels :
1. Prajala Manishi - Alwar Swamy portrayed the rulral life and bonded labour system (Vetti) in Telangana during
1934-40.
2. Gangu- It was an unfinished novel which decribed the political and social movements in Telangana during 1940-45.
Writings:1. Telangana- Alwar Swamy wrote essays related the culture of Telangana in this work.
2. Ramappa Rabhasa- He explained about social and political evil practices. It was printed in the magazine Telugu
Vidyarthi which was published from Machilipatnam.
3. He published the plays in two volumes named Jeevana Rangam on behalf of Desoddharaka Granthamala.
4. Compilation of poems - Udaya Ghantalu
5. In 1956, he wrote two volumes named Parisaraalu and Telangana Rachayitala Kathalu. The first book printed on
behalf of Desoddharaka granthamala was Prajaadhikaramulu by Suravaram.
* He passed away on 5 February 1961.
* Suddala Hanmanthu:
* Suddala Hanmanthu was born in December 1908 in Paladugu village, Mothkur mandal, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri
district.
* Parents- Buchiramulu, Lakshmi Narsamma.
* He was a People's poet and artist who participated in the Telangana armed struggle and mobilized common people
by his songs.
* The songs written by him were printed in the form of a book titled 'Palleturi pillagaada... pasulagaase monagaada'.
* The Song 'Palleturi pillagada... pasulagaase monagaada' was included in the film 'Maa Bhoomi'. Ande Sri claimed
that he was inspired by this song.
* He wrote the song Vetti Chaakiri Vidhaanamo Rythanna, Entha cheppina theerado koolanna on bonded labour
(Vetti) system. He wrote the song book 'Yadartha Bhajanamaala' when he was an
activist of Arya Samaj.
* The song 'Joharlu joharlu joharlu Amaraveerulaara meekiu joharlu' was written praising the martyrs of armed
struggle.
* Suddala Hanmanthu couldn't complete a Yakshagana named 'Veera Telangana' and it was completed by his son
Suddala Ashok Teja.
* Arutla Ramachandra Reddy:
* He was one of the Trimurthis of Telangana Armed Struggle.
* Ramachandra Reddy belonged to Kolanupaka in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district.
* Ramachandra Reddy and his brother Arutla Lakshmi Narasimha Reddy led the fight against the atrocities of the
Zamindar of Kokanupaka in 1936.
* Arutla Lakshmi Narasimha Reddy, an advocate headed the enquiry committee that was appointed to enquire into the
inhuman atrocities committed by Police on the leaders who were illegally detained in Chakali Ailamma case.
* The Telangana freedom fighter who opposed the merger of Hyderabad state in Indian Union was- Arutla
Ramachandra Reddy.
* A student leader who was expelled from Osmania University for participating in Vandemataram movement was-
Arutla Ramachandra Reddy. Arutla RamachandraReddy, who was a member of Andhra Maha Sabha played an
important role in mobilizing peasants against Visunuri deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy and organizing the protest.
(He, from 1934 Mahasabha and his wife Kamaladevi palyed an active role in Andhra Maha Sabha).
* Arutla Ramachandra Reddy started his struggle by protesting against Visunuri Deshmukh when the latter occupied
the land of Chakalai Ailamma.
* With this protest, the zamindar stepped back.
* He and his wife spent a prolonged period in jail and in underground for fighting against the Nizam.
* He got a son in 1944 and he was named as 'Viplava Kumar'.
* Book- Telangana Porata Smruthulu
* Arutla Ramachandra Reddy passed away in 1985.
* Arutla Kamala Devi:
* Kamaladevi was a fiery flower in Telangana Armed struggle.
* Her real name was- Rukmini (Born in Alair).
* Arutla Ramachandra Reddy was her husband.
* After their marriage, Ramachandra Reddy changed her name to Kamala Devi and enrolled her in a girls' high school
founded by Madapati Hanumantha Rao at Narayanaguda in Hyderabad.
* As the school was not recognized by the Nizam's Government, it was affiliated to the University established by
Karve in Pune.
* After completing studies, she was settled in Kolanupaka. Kolanupaka was a jagir of the Nizam.
* So the permission of Nizam was necessary for establishing a school or Temple in that area.
* So, Kamala Devi maintained a School and library secretly with the name "Vantashala' and brought awareness in
people.
* Later she ran armed struggle from Kolanupaka.
* From the 4th Andhra Maha Sabha meeting held in 1934, she participated actively along with her husband.
* In 1943, she underwent military training at the women's self defence training camp conducted by CPM in
Vijayawada.
* Ravi Narayana Reddy presided over the Andhra Maha Sabha conference in 1944.
* As he was a communist, the importance of communists increased in Andhra Mahasabha and Kamala Devi also
became a member of Communist party.
* At this time, martial law was imposed in Nalgonda in 1944.
* So, Arutla couple went to underground and fought with razakars by participating in the Telangana Armed struggle.
Note: Arutla Kamala devi reminded Rudrama devi in her fight at Challur gutta.
* Later, she was arrested at Alair and got 2 years of rigorous imprisonment in Warangal, Aurangabad and
Secunderabad.
* Telangana Armed struggle came to an end in October 1951. So Kamala Devi was released from prison.
* In 1952 elections, she contested from Alair constituency and got elected to Legislative assembly with huge majority
(for 3 terms).
* In 1962, the leader of opposition in Legislative Assembly was Putchalapalli Sundarayya (CPI) and Deputy leader of
opposition was Arutla Kamala Devi.
* In 1964, CPI (M) was formed from CPI. So Kamala Devi became the leader of opposition.
* She is the only woman leader of opposition in the history of Legislative Assembly of United Andhra Pradesh
& Legislative Assemblies of states in independent India.
* She visited Communist countries like Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Soviet Union.
* In 1998, she was honoured with honorary doctorate by Kakatiya University.
* Kamala Devi passed away in 2001.
* Makhdoom Mohiuddin:
* Title - Shayar-e-Inquilab (Poet of Revolution)
* He was born on 4 February 1908 at Andole (Medak) district.
* Makhdoom Mohiuddin was a Urdu poet who got fame for his Ghazals.
* He was proficient in writing Urdu Ghazals. In his Urdu poem Haveli, he criticized Nizam's Palace as Deyyala Meda,
Sithila Samaajaala needa, Peenugulu peekku thine raabandula vaada.
* Ghazals:1. Baat Phir Chidi Baat,
2. Aap Ki Yaad Aati Rahi Raat Bhar
3. Ek Chameli Ke Mandve Taley,
4. Phir Chhidi Raat
* Writings:1. Surkh Savera (1944)
2. Bisat-e-Raqs
3. Gul-e-Tar (1961)
4. Pila Dushala (His first writing)
5. Hosh ke Nakhun (Play)
* A Poem written by him was- Bhagamati
* A Song written by him was- Shaadi, E jung hai jung e Azadi
* He founded 'Comrade Association' in December 1939 which spread Communist ideology in Telangana.
* He was elected as a member of Legislative Assembly from Huzurnagar constituency in 1952 and was elected as a
member of Legislative Council in 1956.
* Awards: Soviet land Nehru Award, Sahitya Akademi Award (Urdu literature)
* Mallu Swarajyam:
* She was born in 1931 in Karvirala- Kothagudem village (Suryapet district).
* She along with her husband Mallu Venkata Narsimha Reddy and brother Bhimreddy Narsimha Reddy participated
in Telanagana Armed Struggle as a member of Guerilla squad.
* Mallu Swarajyam garu was inspired by the book Mother written by Maxim Gorky at an age of 10 years and joined
Communist party.
* She served as Commander of a squad that was fighting against zamindars.
* Her autobiography is Naa Maate Tupaki thootaa
* She contested in 2009 elections from Nalgonda constituency on behalf of Prajarajyam Party and was defeated.
* Bhimreddy Narsimha Reddy:
* Bhimreddy Narsimha Reddy was a freedom fighter from Kothagudem village in Suryapet district.
* He worked as a main leader of Guerilla squad in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* He is considered as Telangana Che Guevara for revolting against Razakars.
* In 1944-45, he agitated for the implementation of Kosuku Veesam firman issued by Nizam. He fought against
Visunoor Deshmukh in support of Chakali Ailamma.
* As a CPI (M) party candidate, he was elected to the Parliament for 3 times from Miryalaguda constituency and to
the Assembly for 2 times from Tungaturthy constituency.
* Later he quit CPI (M) party in 1998 and founded Marxist organization and merged it in MCPI.
* Raj Bahadur Gaur (1918-2011):
* Raj Bahadur Gaur was born in Gowlipura in Old city, Hyderabad.
* He was one of the first generation medical graduates from Osmania Medical College.
* He was founder general secretary of the AITUC-affiliated All Hyderabad Trade Union Council (1946) of which
Makhdoom Mohiuddin was the president.
* He was instrumental in founding the 'Comrades Association' that fought against oppression of the peasants under
the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad.
* Dr. Gaur was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952 while in jail. However, he was ordered to be released by the
Government of India after his election.
* A champion of the Urdu language, he was President of the Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu (Hindu) and received Raj
Bahadur Shah Jafar award in 1991 for his serves to Urdu language.
* Bommagani Dharma Bhiksham:
* Bommagani Dharma Bhiksham was born on 15th February 1922 at Suryapet.
* He worked as a journalist for Meejan, Rayyat, Golkonda journals during freedom struggle.
* He joined Commuist Party in 1942.
* He boycotted Silver Jubilee celebrations of coronation of Nizam.
* Dharmabhiksham was one of the Communist leaders who arrived at Palakurthi in support of Chakali Ailamma.
* He secured highest majority in the elections
held for Hyderabad State Assembly in 1952.
* He was elected to the Assembly of Andhra Pradesh in 1957 from Nakirekal constituency and in 1962 from
Nalgonda constituency.
* He was elected as a Member of Parliament twice, in 1991 and 1996, to represent Nalgonda parliamentary
constituency.
* Baddam Yella Reddy (1906-1979):
* Baddam Yella Reddy was born in 1906 in Galipalli village in Sircilla district.
* He was one of the Communist leaders of Telangana region who played a significant role in Telangana Armed
Struggle against Nizam.
* Earlier, he was inspired by Socialist ideals of Jawaharlal Nehru and joined Communist Party.
* When CPI party began its branch in Hyderabad state in 1939, he worked along with Ravi Narayana Reddy, D.V.
Rao and others.
* He participated in Salt Satyagraha at Kakinada along with Chelikani Rama Rao and went to jail in 1939.
* During this period he established relations with leaders like G.S. Melkote, Gopal Rao Ekbote and Ravi Narayana
Reddy.
* When Gandhiji visited Hyderabad state in 1934, he collected donations for Harjan Sevak Sangh.
* In September 1947, Nizam declared Hyderabad as an independent state and Communist Party, Andhra Mahasabha
and All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress issued a joint statement giving a call for Armed struggle.
* Baddam Yella Reddy was one of the dignitaries who signed on it on behalf of Andhra Mahasabha.
* He was sent to jail during 1948-51 for participating in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* He was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1951 from Karimnagar as a People's Democratic Front candidate against P.V.
Narasimha Rao.
* In 1972 he was elected to Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Indurthi constituency.
* Bandi Yadagiri:
* Bandi Yadagiri was revolutionary poet of Venkepalli village in Nutankal Mandal of Nalgonda district.
* He was an ordinary member of leftist party of Nalgonda in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* He worked as an agriculture labourer of Errabad landlord Jannareddy Pratap Reddy.
* He joined Communist Party and participated in Telangana struggle against the feudal lords.
* The song 'Bandenaka Bandi gatti' written by Yadagiri was first intended against Pratap Reddy and later aimed
against the Nizam. It played a significant role in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* The opposition in people against the feudal lords was clearly expressed in this song. It was recomposed by Gaddar
for Maa Bhoomi movie.
* The song still inspires people.
* Bandi Yadagiri was arrested and tortured which killed him.
* Nalla Narsimhulu (1926-1993):
* Nalla Narsimhulu was born on 2nd October 1926 in Kadivendi village in Janagama Mandal of Warangal district.
* He was the leader of an armed group of Jangaon region which participated in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* The death sentence awarded to Narsimhulu was abolished.
* At the time of his release, the district S.P Dhanaraj Naidu introduced Narsimhulu to Military General J.N.
Chaudhuri as Tiger of Telangana.
* His book- Telangana Sayudha Poratam- Naa Anubhavaalu.
* Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao (1917- 1984):
* Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao's native village Chandupatla in Nalgonda district.
* He was born on 2nd June 1917 at Anugurthi in Warangal district.
* He completed his primary education at Chandupatla, Tirumalgiri and Suryapet.
* He was expelled from Osmania University for participating in Vandemataram movement.
* He completed graduation in Jabalpur and joined Communist party.
* He worked as a group leader in Telangana Armed Struggle.
* Later, he was elected as M.P from Nalgonda.
* He continued in Communist party until his last breath on 12th July 1984.
 The End Of Nizam Rule
* VANDEMATARAM MOVEMENT IN OSMANIA UNIVERSITY-1938:
* In 1915, Hyderabad Education Conference, the first education related conference in Hyderabad State was organized
with the initiation of Mir Akbar Ali, the editor of Urdu journal Sahipah. (They were later held at Aurangabad in 1916,
at Hyderabad in 1917, 1918 and at Latur in 1919).
* The first conference was organized by Mohammad Murthujah.
* According to the resolutions made at the conference, Mir Akbar Ali gave memorandum to the Nizam government
regarding the establishment of a University.
* Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman in 1918 for the foundation of a University on his name.
* From 28 August 1918, classes were started in Abids on behalf of the present Osmania University.
* The system followed in the University was Abliyakat system.
* According to this system, the Hindu students had to study the writings of other religions.
* But the Muslim students need not follow the system.
* The students should wear the Uniform with blue sherwani and pyjama according to Islamic culture.
Vandematharam Movement 1938:
* The Nizam state imposed several restrictions on conducting meetings and conferences, particularly on political
meetings.
* Hence Madapati Hanumantha Rao (Andhra Pitamaha) father of Andhra, Vaman Raghavandhra Sarma used to
conduct political meetings out side the Nizam state.
* Those are, in 1923 meeting at Kakinada, in 1926 Bombay, in 1929 Pune, in 1939 Lucknow.
* In those meetings they demanded for the formation of responsible government in Nizam state.
* During this period Nizam passed GO. 53 ie Gasthinishan Thirpan.
* Which took away freedom of speech and independence of individuals.
* Students of Nizam state used to sing Morning Prayer praising Nizam. Prayer was like this ThaAbdh Malik Aalam
Aeriasath Rakkhe, Thujuko osman basdh Ijlal salamath rakkhe. Which means, god bless Nizam state, Nizam shall
always have the blessings of the God.
* Students were rusticated if they denied singing Morning Prayer praising Nizam.
* It was because of the influence of the Nationalist movement, Satyagraha movement of state Congress, Arya Samaj
activities, and Ayyangar Committee etc.
* That the students started singing Vandemthram song.
* In the year 1938 Osmania University 'B' hostel students, when they assembled to celebrate Dussehra festival sang
Vandemanthram song, they continued to sing Vandemathram and other devotional songs everyday when they meet in
reading room, majority of them were Hindu students.
* Students did not honour the circular and in 1938 started movement against the circular, which is called
Vandemathram movement.
* On 28, November 1938 Nizam banned singing Vandemantharam song.
* Students gradually expanded the Vandemanthram Movement.
* University officials rusticated the students and ordered them to vacate hostels immediately.
* Against the unseemly action of University authorities, students started strike and picketing infront of University
gate, this news spread to all districts of Nizam state and other educational institutions in Hyderabad. Students of
Aurangabad, Warangal and Gulbarga, Parbhani, Nanded and Mahabubnagar had also joined in strike and boycotted
classes.
* Students gave up wearing phizama and serwani, started wearing shirt and dothi.
* Students also demanded to teach Post Graduate classes in Telugu, Marathi and Kannada languages.
* Students participated in strike from 29th November to 10th December. Within a short period, Vandemanthram
Movement spread to entire Nizam state.
* Nizam State issued a circular stating that, students will be allowed to attend classes, only if they give an apology
letter.
* Students refused to give apology letter.
* Resulted 350 Osmania University students, 200 students form Gulbarga colleges and high schools, nearly 500
students from Aurangabad colleges and high schools were removed from educational institutions, Nizam government
wrote a letter to Inter University Board not to give admissions to these removed students in other educational
institutions.
* Andhra University and Banara University accepted Nizam's request as they were receiving 2 lacs grant from Nizam
every year.
* The Vice Chancellor of Nagpur University was Justice Kedarnath Patri.
* The Science students got admission in Nagpur campus and the Arts students got admission in Jabalpur.
* Andhra and Benares Universities refused to admit the rusticated students.
* The Vice Chancellor of Andhra University was Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy and the Vice Chancellor of Benares
University was Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.
* Nehru, Bose, V.D.Savarkar and Vallabh bhai Patel had written letters to the students congratulating them.
* Gandhiji declared that every Indian has the right to sing Vandemataram.
* Some students like Devualpalli Venkateswara Rao brought Jabalpur Marxist literature along with them
NIZAM'S SUBJECT'S LEAGUE (1935):
* All jobs in Nizam state whether, small or big were grabbed by the non locals (non-Mulkis), getting job by a local
(Mulki) became difficult.
* To overcome this situation and to achieve the following aims - like protection of the rights of Mulkis, to acquire
citizenship rights, to bring political reforms in Nizam state and the achievement of a responsible govt etc in the Nizam
State intellectuals though the need for the formation of an association.
* In 1953 they formed Nizam's Subject's League (which was called as Namiyath Rimayaye Nizam in Urdu).
* Nawab Sir Nizamath Jung elected as its President, he also held the posts of Judge of High Court and that of Political
Affairs Minister in Nizam cabinet.
* Dr. Lathif sayeed, Ramachdnra Nayak were its vice presidents. Syed Abig Hassam, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao,
Srinivas Sarma were its secretaries.
* Barister Neshir chinoy was elected as its treasurer.
* Former police commissioner (Kothwal) Rajabahaddur
* Venkata Ram Reddy, Nawab Shamshirjung, Vaman Nayak, Akbar Alikhan, Kashinath Rao vaidhya, Madapati
Hanumantha Rao, Abul Hasan Syed Ali, Gopala Rao vakil, P.v. Joshi, Shankar Rao Borgankar, Janardhan Rao Desai,
Ahmed Mohiuddin (editor Rahebare Decan), Mandumula Narasinga Rao (editor paper Rayyath), kalilujjama (former
High Court Judge), Mir Hasanuddin (editor paper 'Mamlakath), Sripathi Rao Palnitkar (Fornar High Cout Judge),
Nawab Moin Yar Jung, Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung etc. were the members of the working committee of the League.
* Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Majlis, people organizations and Congress joined in the League.
* Tag of Mulki League: Hyderabad for Hyderabad
Ideology and Aims of the League:
1. Development of fraternity and co-operation among the different casts, sects of Nizam state.
2. Searching the possibilities, opportunities for the achievement of League's aims.
3. Protection of Mulki rights and explaining their duties.
4. To make efforts to form Asaf Jahi Family Rule, which shall be responsible to the legislature.
5. Protection of Hyderabad state Monarchy rights.
* For the first time an association formed above and free from the caste, religion and political colour factors; but
because of Nizams' conspiracy differences arised among the members of the League, some members left the League
and joined in MIM. Shortly this League disappeared.
People Convention (1937):
* In 1937, a split occurred in Mulki League and its Hindu members formed People's Convention.
* Hyderabad State Congress was founded in 1938.
Foundation of Hyderabad Congress Committee-1918
* The effect of INC movement developing in British India was also felt in Nizam State.
* The first Congress Committee was formed in 1918 headed by Vaman Nayak (Karnataka).
HYDERABAD POLITICAL CONFERENCES
* All India Congress Maha Sabhas were held at Kakinada in 1923. The representatives attending the conferences
build up awareness among the people of Hyderabad state when they were traveling by train through the State.
* So, nearly 500 leaders from Hyderabad state including Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and
Vaman Rao Nayak.
* At that time, the Ghasthi Nishan (Tirpan) 53 Circle rule was in force prohibiting the public meetings. So there was
no scope for organizing political conferences.
* Madapati Hanumantha Rao organized Hyderabad Political Conference parallel to the All India Conferences held at
Kakinada. It was expected that Sarojini Nayudu would preside over the conference, but she was busy with the
Kakinada Conference. So Madhavarao Anai presided over the Hyderabad Congress Conference.
* In all, Four Hyderabad Congress Conferences were held. They were:
Conference - Location - President - Resolution
1. 1st Conference (1923)- Kakinada - Madhavarao Anai - A resolution was made appealing for the
freedom of press.
2. 2nd Conference - Bombay - Y.M. Kale - A resolution was made appealing for lifting
ban on public meetings.
3. 3rd Conference - Pune - N.C. Kelkar - Discrimination against Hindus in public
appointments was condemned
4. 4th Conference - Akola - Ramachandra Nayak- A resolution was made appealing for freedom of speech and
expression.
* All the conferences were held outside the Hyderabad State.
REGIONAL PARISHADS IN HYDERABAD STATE:
* Maharashtra Parishad:
* Four Andhra Mahasabha meetings were organized between 1930 to 1935.
* The leaders of Karnataka and Maharashtra were being invited to them.
* Inspired by these conferences, the First conference of Maharashtra Parishad was held in 1937.
* Place: Parthur (1937)
* Objective: Conservation of Marathi language and culture.
• 2nd Conference - Latur - 1939
• 3rd Conference - Umri (Nanded) - 1941
• 4th Conference - Aurangabad - 1943
• 5th Conference - Beed - 1944
• 6th Conference - Selu - 1945
• 7th Conference - Latur - 1946
* Maharashtra Parishad was merged with Hyderabad State Congress in July 1946.
* Karnataka Parishad:
* First Kannada Parishad conference was held at Hyderabad in February 1937 for the development of Kannada
language.
• 2nd Conference - Bidar - 1940
• 3rd Conference h Gulbarga - 1942
• 4th Conference - Raichur - 1944
• 5th Conference - Yadgir - 1946
* Karnataka Parishad was merged with Hyderabad State Congress on 3 July 1946.
* The factors that led to the formation of Hyderabad State Congress:
1) Hyderabad Political Conferences
2) Haripura Congress Session
3) Kakinada Congress Conference
4) Foundation of Maharshatra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad
5) Tour of Ramananda Tirtha in Hyderabad State
ESTABLISHMENT OF HYDERABAD STATE CONGRESS (1938) - ITS IMPACT:
* The Hyderabad political conferences directly inspired the formation of Hyderabad State Congress.
* The All India National Congress conference of Haripura in 1938 under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose
passed a resolution that the Indian National Congress would not be responsible for the movements in the Princely
states or provinces and the local people of these states should lead their own movements.
* The name of Congress should not be used in the Princely states or provinces and the national leaders would not
participate in the movements directly.
* The people of Hyderabad state were annoyed by the resolution.
* At the same time, Marathi Parishad and Kannada Parishad were launched for the development of Marathi and
Kannada people respectively in 1937.
* So, the top leaders of Telangana area decided to form an organization for the development of Telugu people.
* Madapati Hanumantha Rao organized a meeting in January 1938 for the development of Telugu people (On the
advice of Ramananda Tirtha).
* Leaders like Burgula, Vaman Nayak, Swami Ramananda and G. Ramachari attended this meeting.
* The representatives of Andhra Maha sabha and Maharashtra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad attended this meeting
and jointly passed a resolution to form a Political organization to protect the rights of people living in Nizam State.
* At this meeting, Ramananda Tirtha announced the launching of Hyderabad State Congress on 29 January 1938.
* Swamy Ramananda Thirtha founded the Hyderabad State Congress a political body, on July 29, 1938.
SWAMI RAMANANDA TIRTHA:
* Founder of Hyderabad State Congress- Swami Ramananda Tirtha
* His original name- Venkatrao Khedgikar; Birth place- Gulbarga.
* He belonged to Aurangabad area. He took the pledge of renunciation and became an ascetic.
* Autobiography of Swami Ramananda Tirtha- Hyderabad Swatantra sangramachya Aathavani (Freedom struggle of
Hyderabad-My experiences and memories).
* He started his political career on 9 June 1938.
* After independence, he became a member of Lok Sabha in 1952 from Aurangabad constituency.
* The announcement of launching of HSC was issued but no one was appointed as members or in key posts.
* The 2nd Maratha conference was held in June 1938 at Latur.
* Ramananda attended this conference. He reached Hyderabad on 9 June 1938 and met local leaders. He established
an adhoc committee in July and selected 1200 members to HSC. So Ramananda is considered as the founder of
Hyderabad State Congress.
* Hyderabad State Congress was founded on 29th July 1938 with the sole objective of establishing a responsible
government.
* On the same day, Govindarao Nanal was elected as the President and H. Ramakrishna Dhooth was appointed as the
Convener of the Provisional Committee.
* The Provisional Committee made an appeal to the people of Hyderabad Princely state to join
Hyderabad State Congress regardless of race, religion or caste and support the objective of establishing a responsible
government.
* The Committee decided to organize a general body meeting on 9th September 1938 to elect the Executive
Committee (President, Vice President, Secretary) and to adopt the rules and regulations of the Committee.
Ban on Hyderabad State Congress (8th September 1938):
* On 8th September, a day before the general body meeting, the then Prime Minister of Hyderabad Akbar Hydari
invited G.Ramachary, a prominent leader of Hyderabad State Congress and discussed also demanded HSC to keep
itself away from other organizations in the State and the members of Indian on the HSC.
* He insisted on the removal of the word Congress from Hyderabad State Congress.
* He also demanded HSC to keep itself away from the organizations in the state & the members of Indian National
Congress should not be given the membership of HSC. But Ramachary rejected these proposals.
* So, ban was imposed on HSC on 8thSep 1938 declaring it as an unlawful religious organization.
* The leaders of HSC started negotiations to lift ban on HSC.
Efforts of Mandumula Narsing Rao/ Unity Negotiations:
* In 1938, communal riots between Hindus and Muslims took place in Dhoolpet for the first time in the history of
Hyderabad. It was known as Dhoolpet Case.
* The negotiations between Mandumula Narsing Rao and Bahadur Yar Jung to decrease tensions between the two
communities are knows as Sing-Jung negotiations.
* Based on these negotiations, Mandumula Narsing Rao appealed to Akbar Hydari to lift ban on Hyderabad State
Congress.
* But Hydari still insisted on removal of the word Congress from HSC and then only the negotiations would become
fruitful.
* So the efforts of Narsing Rao failed.
Satyagraha of HSC (24th October - 24th December 1938):
* The leaders of Hyderabad State Congress planned a Satyagraha demanding the lift of ban.
* They decided to form a Committee of HSC and initiation of Satyagraha against the Nizam on 24th October 1938.
* A Satyagraha Committee was formed with Govindrao Nanal as the President and Ramakrishna Dhooth as the
Convener.
* Satyagraha stir was started at Sultan Bazar at 10am on 24th October 1938.
* Govindrao Nanal was elected as the first President of the Hyderabad State Congress.
* The government immediately declared HSC as an unlawful organization.
* 18 dictators were appointed to continue the Satyagraha after the arrest of Govindrao Nanal.
* First dictator was Swami Ramananda Tirtha and the 18th dictator was Kasinathrao Vaidya (at Abids).
Note: Kasinathrao Vaidya had written the book Hyderabad State Congress.
Leaders of Satyagraha in various citiesv
Area - Leaders who carried out of Satyagraha
1. Hyderabad - Ravi Narayana Reddy, Ramakishandooth, Janardhanrao Desai, Govindarao Nanal
2. Warangal - T. Hayagrivachari, Kaloji Narayana Rao
3. Khammam h Jamalapuram Keshav Rao
4. Aurangabad - Govindarao Sharaff
* All India Satyagraha Day was observed on 23rd October 1938.
* The Nizam government tried to project the Satyagraha as a religious movement.
* Gandhi appealed to stop the Satyagraha immediately against the propaganda.
* In response to Gandhiji's call, Kasinathrao Vaidya had withdrawn the Satyagraha on 24th December 1938.
Efforts of Kasinathrao Vaidya for lift of ban:
* Many efforts were made during 1939-40 to lift the ban on HSC. After the suspension of Satyagraha, Kasinathrao
Vaidya negotiated with Akbar Hydari.
* Vaidya proposed to change the name of HSC to Hyderabad National Conference.
* Hydari rejected the proposal stating that HSC had no support of all religions and the word National was quite
misleading.
* Hyderabad Day was observed for the first time on 21st January 1939.
Individual Satyagraha for lift of ban (11th September 1940):
* Due to the failure of negotiations of Kasinathrao Vaidya, it was decided by Swami Ramananda Tirtha do perform
Satyagraha again.
* He initiated individual Satyagraha on 11th September 1940 demanding the lift of ban on HSC. He was arrested
immediately.
* Rahbare-i- Deccan, a Pro- Nizam news paper described the following:
- There will be no use of removing a word from Hyderabad State Congress. What should
be completely modified is its mindset.
* The government prepared to lift ban on HSC at the time of Individual Satyagraha.
* But the MIM party passed a resolution on 1st December 1940 threatening a direct action against the leaders of
Congress if the ban is lifted.
* During this time, Quit India movement began and the leaders of Hyderabad State Congress actively participated in
it.
* Many political issues at National and international level eclipsed the demand for the lift of ban on Hyderabad State
Congress.
Role of Quit India Movement in Hyderabad (1942):
* This movement was widely promoted by a letter written by Swami Ramananda Tirtha.
* A significant role in the spreading of the movement was played by Dr. Melkote.
* Gandhiji launched Quit India movement at Bombay in August 1942 considering it as the right time to attain
freedom due to the weakening of British Empire in the Second World War.
* Ramanada Tirtha met Gandhiji at Bombay and discussed the course of movement at Hyderabad. He expected his
arrest by the British during his return journey to Hyderabad and had written a letter to Dr. Melkote on the spread of
the movement. He asked Dr. Melkote to send the letter to the Nizam government. Points mentioned in the letter:
1. Lift of ban on Hyderabad State Congress
2. Release of political prisoners
3. Immediate grant of citizenship and freedoms
* The Quit India movement launched at Bombay had its effects on Hyderabad state also.
* Ramananda Tirtha was arrested by the government immediately after his arrival at Nampally Railway Station.
* Leaders of Hyderabad State Congress Padmaja Naidu, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Kaloji Narayana Rao and others
were arrested.
* In 1942, Abid Hasan Saprani and Prof. Suresh Chandra of Hyderabad joined Azad Hind Fauz founded by Subhash
Chandra Bose outside India. Konda Lakshman Bapuji was arrested on the charge of attacking the government
officials.
* William Rushbrook, a BBC Journalist was called to Hyderabad to write articles in favour of Nizam to remove the
dissatisfaction against him in the people.
Note:1. Aruna Asaf Ali secretly toured Hyderabad to propagate Quit India Movement.
2. Padmaja Naidu hoisted the Congress flag on Hyderabad Residency building.
Lift of ban on Hyderabad State Congress (3rd July 1946):
* In 1940, Ravi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy founded Communist Party in Hyderabad.
* Communists consolidated their position in Hyderabad state during 1940-46 and ran parallel government in rural
areas.
* Chattari Nawab, the Political advisor of Nizam suggested him to remove ban on Hyderabad State Congress to
counter the domination of Communists.
* So the ban on HSC was lifted on 3rd July 1946
* The first meeting of HSC after the lift of ban was held at Musheerabad on 16th June 1947. It was presided over by
Swami Ramananda Tirtha. Two important decisions were taken at this meeting. They were:
1. Voluntary arrest by refusing to pay taxes.
2. Setting up of a Working Committee against the attacks of the Police and razakars.
* A working Committee was founded with Jamalapuram Kesava Rao as leader.
* The first officially appointed President of Hyderabad State Congress- Swami Ramananda Tirtha. These people also
joined
1. Padmaja Naidu
2. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
3. Swami Ramanda Tirtha
4. Kaloji Narayana Rao
* Abid Hasan Saprani, Prof. Sri Suresh Chandra joined Azad Hind Fauz revived by Subhash Chandra Bose in
Southeast Asia during Quit India movement in 1942.
* Konda Lakshman Bapuji was arrested on the charge of attacking the Police.
* William Rushbook, a B.B.C journalist was brought to Hyderabad to write articles in favour of Nizam to relieve anti-
Nizam sentiment in the people.
Padmaja Naidu:
* Padmaja Naidu was born on 17 November 1900 in Hyderabad.
* Parents-Sarojini Naidu, Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu
* She participated in active politics from 1930.
* She served as the leader of Swadeshi League which was founded by some youth having progressive ideology in
Nizam State.
* When Mahatma Gandhi visited Hyderabad for second time on 9 March 1934, Padmaja Naidu welcomed him and
organized his visit.
* Padmaja Naidu participated in the Quit India movement (1942) and unfurled Congress flag on the British Residency
in Hyderabad. So the Nizam government arrested her.
* In 1950, she was elected to the Indian Parliament for a term of two years.
* She was appointed as the Governor of West Bengal in 1956 and held that office for 10 years.
* She provided rehabilitation for Bangladesh migrants to India during Bangladesh war.
* Padmaja Naidu donated her jewelry to the National Defence Fund during war with China.
* She edited a journal named One World.
* She published her collection of poetry with the name The feather of Dawn.
* She was also associated with the Red Cross and was the chair of the Indian Red Cross from 1971 to 1972.
* Padmaja Naidu passed away on 29 August 1979 at Teen Murti Bhavan, New Delhi.
Abid Hasan Safrani:
* Abid Hasan Safrani was the creator of the slogan Jai Hind.
* He was born in 1912 in an aristocratic family in Hyderabad.
* His mother Fakrunnisa Begum was the first woman of Hyderabad who burned foreign made clothes.
* She was called as Ammazan by renowned national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and others.
* In 1925, Abid Hasan's brother Badhirul Hasan worked in Young India journal started by Gandhiji.
* After graduated from Cambridge University, he reached Sabarmathi Ashram in 1931 and participated in Dandi Salt
Satyagraha and spent 1 year in prison.
* When Abid Hasan was living in Sabarmathi Ashram, he convinced Gandhiji to add the words Eswar Allah Tere
naam in Raghupathi Raghava prayer.
* After released from prison, he went to Germany to study engineering.
* The establishment, name, flag, script and salutation of independent government in India were discussed when
Subhash Chandra Bose was in Germany.
* Bose wanted the soldiers to stand together and fight for an integrated India, and for starters, he wanted a common
greeting which would unify them.
* Abid initially came up with a simple 'hello'. When that was rejected, he coined 'Jai Hindustan ki', which ultimately
became the shorter 'Jai Hind'. Safrani served as the second Commandant when Indian National Army crossed
Rangoon border and entered India.
* When Sardar Fanillal was the Indian Ambassador in China, Safrani worked as first secretary in his office.
* He served as Indian Ambassador in Denmark during 1967-69 and got retired. He passed away on 11th April at an
age of 73.

ANNEXATION OF HYDERABAD INTO INDIA(END OF NIZAM RULE):

* Labour Party won the 1945 general elections in Britain and formed government with Atlee as the Prime Minister.
* He recognized the need to grant independence to India and sent Cabinet mission in 1946.
* It reached India on 16 March 1946 and examined the conditions in India.
* The Cabinet Mission Plan was a statement made by the Cabinet Mission and the Viceroy,
* Lord Wavell, on May 16, 1946, that contained proposals regarding the constitutional future of India in the wake of
Indian political parties and representatives not coming to an agreement.
* The members of the Cabinet Mission were: Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps,
President of the Board of Trade, and A.V Alexander.
* They met many times with the leaders of INC and Muslim League.
All India States Peoples' Conference:
* In 1920, The Chamber of Princes of British India was founded with the announcement of King George V. All the
large princely sattes joined this association.
* They expressed their opinion that they would continue as independent states at the time of independence and partion
of India.
* In June 1946, The All India States Peoples' Conference (AISPC) held its meeting presided by Nehru to discuss the
matter of unification of Princely states.
* It also discussed with the rulers of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, Jayapur Princely states.
* Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Swami Ramananda Tirtha (as the representatives of HSC) and Ravi
Narayana Reddy, Lakshmi Narsaiah (from Andhra Mahasabha) attended the All India States Peoples' Conference
from Hyderabad Princely state.
* They expressed their intention of joining Indian Union.
* Congress party secured majority in the elections held in the states and formed interim government on 2 September
1946.
* Andhra Mahasabha and H.S.C started protests separately demanding for elections in Hyderabad state and to join
Indian Union.
* The Nizam worried by the recent developments, appointed a BBC journalist Prof. William Rushbrook to publicize
the democratic policies and uniqueness of Hyderabad state.
* Nizam sent the members of Hyderabad Representative Committee- Chhatari Nawab (President of the Executive
Council of the Nizam), Nawab Ali Yar Jung (Minister of Constitutional Affairs), Walter Monkton (Constitutional
advisor to the Hyderabad State) to deliberate with Cabinet Mission.
* They informed the British that the Nizam would continue as the third dominion.
* Hyderabad Representative Committee assumed that India would disintegrate after the exit of the British and this
would be the right time to declare Hyderabad as an independent country.
* On 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten declared that India and Pakistan would become two separate independent
dominions and administrative power shall be transferred on 15 August 1947.
* On 11 June 1947, after 8 days of Mountbatten's declaration, Nizam issued as firman stating that he had right to
declare Hyderabad State as an independent State or Azad Hyderabad and would not send representatives to the
Constituent Assembly.
* This declaration was welcomed by a Muslim leader Chowdhury Hakmat Ali Gulzar and he suggested a name
'Osmanisthan' to independent Hyderabad state.
* At the same time, the Communists who were organizing Telangana Armed Struggle also supported the Nizam rule.
* So Nizam revoked ban on Communist party on 4 May 1948.
* B.S. Venkat Rao, a dalit who was acting as Education minister in Nizam Government and Deputy Prime Minister
Pingali Rami Reddy also extended their support to 7 th Nizam
ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA (END OF NIZAM'S RULE):
* Labour Party won the 1945 general elections in Britain and formed government with Atlee as the Prime Minister.
* He recognized the need to grant independence to India and sent Cabinet mission in 1946.
* The group of Representatives of Hyderabad believed that India would disintegrate after the exit of the British and it
was the right time to declare Hyderabad as an Independent Country.
* On 3rd June 1947, Lord Mountbatten declared that India and Pakistan would become two separate independent
dominions and administrative power shall be transferred on 15 August 1947.
* On 11th June 1947, after 8 days of Mountbatten's declaration, Nizam issued as firman stating that he had right to
declare Hyderabad State as an independent State or Azad Hyderabad and would not send representatives to the
Constituent Assembly.
* Nizam was shocked when the British government introduced Independence of India bill in British Parliament on 9th
July 1947.
* This bill mentioned that Hyderabad State would be an integral part of India or Pakistan.
* The Nizam insisted to keep Hyderabad as the third dominion.
* The Congress made efforts to conducting a Plebiscite or Public opinion to pressurize the Nizam to join India as 80%
of the population of Hyderabad was Hindus.
* The movement that was started in this context- Join India Movement.
JOIN INDIA MOVEMENT (1947-1948):
* This Movement is divided into two types. They are:
1. Open Movement:
* In May 1947, a public meeting of Hyderabad State Congress was held at Karbala Grounds in Hyderabad.
* A resolution was made at this meeting to launch a movement to join India.
* At this time, the Secretary of Socialist Party Jayaprakash Narayan visited Hyderabad on 7th May 1947 attended the
meeting and delivered a speech in support of Join India Movement.
* He appealed to the people to pressurize the Nizam to join India.
* The Nizam expelled Jayaprakash Narayana from Hyderabad for his speech.
* The visit of JP initiated the Join India Movement.
* The labour leaders who spoke at this meeting were Mahadev Singh and Narendra Prasad Sinha.
* The Hyderabad State Congress set up a Committee headed by Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and launched the agitation
against the expulsion of Jayaprakash Narayan.
* The senior leaders of Congress organized this public movement following the Satyagraha theory of Gandhiji.
*Strike of A.H.S.U. Students: All Hyderabad Students Union made a call to organize Join India Union Day on 31st
July 1947. A large number of Students organized a procession and met Swami Ramananda Tirtha at HSC office in
Sultan Bazar and urged him to launch the Join India Movement.
* On 7th August 1947, HSC demanded the Nizam to join the Indian Union. On the same day, Swami Ramananda
Tirtha launched Join India Movement on the occasion of Join India Day/ Hyderabad Day.
* Ramananda Tirtha began Satyagraha for the annexation of Hyderabad princely state with India . The government
arrested leaders like Ramananda and Burgula.
Note: They were released on 29th November 1947 according to the Standstill Agreement.
* Tensions in the city increased as the Independence day approached.
* The Congress party and Hindus of Hyderabad city decided to observe Independence day by hoisting the tri colour
flag.
* The decision was opposed by the Nizam and Razakars.
* Nizam issued a firman on 13th August 1947 declaring his independence. He ordered the people not to hoist Indian
National flag in his state.
* But the people violated that order and hoisted National flag on 15th August 1947.
* Swami Ramananda Tirtha along with Motilal Mantri hoisted the flag at Sultan Bazar which was presented to him by
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
* Rafi Mohammad, Assistant secretary of A.H.S.U hoisted the flag along with students raising slogans to merge
Hyderabad into Indian Union.
* Curfew was imposed in Hyderabad on 15th August.
* But Vimalabai Melkote, Jnanakumari Heda, Ahalya Bai, Brijrani Gaur, Yasoda Behan and other women hoisted the
flag in Hyderabad.
H.S.C. National Flag Day : H.S.C made a call to observe National Flag Day on 2nd September 1947. Flag was
hoisted at many towns in Hyderabad state. On this occasion, 15 people died in police firing at Parakala. The flag
hoisting programme was successfully organized by Kaloji Narayana Rao at Warangal and Jamalapuram Keshav Rao
at Madhira.
2. Anonymously Movement:
* All the senior leaders of Congress party organized Join India Movement in the lines of Gandhiji's Satyagraha and
the youth leaders of Hyderabad Congress decided to organize the movement in the lines of Quit India movement
(secretly).
* They formed three Regional offices in three linguistic areas of the State.
* The Telangana Regional office was set up at Vijyawada due to the ban on H.S.C.
1. Vijayawada Camp,
2. Solapur, Manmad Camp,
3. Chandanagar, Adilabad Camp
* A Central head Office was established at Bombay to coordinate the activities of the three regional offices.
* V.B.Raju, T. Hayagreevachari and Bommakanti Satyanarayana were entrusted with the responsibility of Telangana
Regional Office.
* Border Camps were set up at Paritala, Adilabad, nellamarri, Kokkireni, Chanda, Solapur, Manmad and other areas
to organize the movement and to propagate the aims of the movement (They were Border camps in the Nizam's State).
* Paritala camp was organized by Kodati Narayana Rao and Adilabad, Chanda, Solapur camps were organized by P.V.
Narasimha Rao and K.V. Narsing Rao.
* Regional offices- 1. Gadag (Karnataka) 2. Bombay 3. Vijayawada.
* A.P. Congress cooperated to Telangana Regional Office.
* The Join India Movement sooner developed into a people's movement against the autocratic rule of the Nizam.
* The Nizam encouraged the Razakars to terrorize Hindus. He also ordered them to convert Hindus to Islam
forcefully and invited the Muslims in neighboring states to settle in Hyderabad State.
Note:
1. Hyderabad Congress regularly updated the atrocities of Razakars in Nizam dominion to the Government of India. It
played a significant role behind the Police action against Nizam's rule.
2. The Village that declared itself as it belonged to the Union of India and stopped paying taxes to the Nizm's
government was- Paritala.
Border Camps:
1. Balharsha:
- It was established by Sri K. V. Keshavulu, Secretary of Adilabad District Congress Committee.
- As per the instructions of State Congress Organizing Council, this camp was reorganized by V. Rajeswara Rao of
Huzurabad.
- After the establishment of this camp at Chandanagar by J.V. Narasinga Rao, Balharsha camp joined in it.
2. Dabha Camp:
- It was created as sub camp of Balharsha camp. C. Vaman Rao was the incharge for it.
3. Sirivancha Camp:
- It was established in Karimnagar district on the outskirts of Manthani Taluk under the supervision of Sriramulu.
- All the above camps, as part of Join India Movement, arranged the Satyagraha Kendras and played active role.
- Among the Satyagraha camps, the prominent was Repala camp (Sibiram), Kodati Narayana Rao was its executive
officer.
- The expert in maps Sri Raghavaiah acquired the maps pertaining to the areas of Repala camp from Survey of India
and prepared the maps for indicating the details of Satyagraha centers.
4. Gadwal:
- As a first Satyagrahi, advocate T.Nagappa tried to hoist the Indian flag and was arrested by police.
- Afterwards Swamy Sevak Dal Chief Becham Raju hoisted the National flag.
5. Mordandi Camp:
- It was started in Morkhandi village of Yavatmal district of Maharashtra M.Ganga Reddy was the leader.
6. Murali Camp:
- This was the sub camp to the Morkhandi camp. This was running under the leadership of Gangareddy.
7. Sirivancha Camp:
- It was established on the outskirts of Manthani Taluk of Karimnagar district.
- G. Sriramulu was the organizer. This camp was the headquarter for all the activities of Karimnagar district.
8. Repala Camp:
- Kodati Narayana Rao was the executive officer. In Nalgonda district, Munagala, Lingagiri Paraganas were as islands.
Around these villages, Nizam Jurisdiction were there.
- Communists joined with Nizam and started giving the slogans of Hyderabad to be independent.
- Now, the Congress had to fight with Razzakars and Communists.
- This critical position had to be faced by Repalle camp people.
- Repalle region was representing the villages of Warangal and Nalgonda districts.
- Ex-service men, Venkataramana and Laxma Reddy joined in this camp.
- Repalle camp, further expanded into Nelamarri, Singavaram, Kokkireni and Siripuram villages.
9. Paritala:
- 7 villages of this Jagir, 17 villages in Gulbarga, 2 villages in Parbhani 19 villages in Aurangabad 65 villages in
Osmanabad formed their own independent governments under the leadership of State Congress and disconnected with
Nizam government.
10. Join India Frontier Camps:
- Join India Movement leader Swami Ramananda Tirtha, Social party leader Jayaprakash Narayana, gave a call for
Hyderabad State to join in India Union.
11. Frontier Camps:
- Camps were formed on the border areas of Hyderabad State by action committee to continue the publicity on one
side and to organize the struggle on another side.
• Vijayawada camp - T. Hayagrivachary
• Sholapur, Manmad - J.V. Narsing Rao
• Chandanagar, Adilabad - P.V. Narasimha Rao and others
* In Telangana, in the districts of Nalgonda and Khammam and their Taluk regions, Repalle became very popular as
central office.
* The responsibility of publicity through pamphlets and their publishing for explaining the struggle motives and
objectives in the regions of Warangal and Khammam to maintain the confidence levels of the people in their freedom
struggle was given to V.B. Raju, Hayagrivachary and Bommakanti Satyanarayana Rao.
Bhagya Nagar Radio:
* It was a secret Radio service.
* A freedom fighter Paga Pulla Reddy started a radio service for propagating the activities of Hyderabad State
Congress.
* He brought equipment from Bombay and started services in the name of Bhagya Nagar Radio.
* The programmes were broadcasted in Telugu, English and Urdu languages.
* The Telugu programmes were managed by Ramakrishna Sharma and Urdu programmes were managed by T.
Nagappa. Bhagya Nagar Radio made efforts to awaken the people of Telangana against the atrocities of Nizam's
government and Razakars.
* It was banned by the Nizam's government but continued its activities secretly.
Note: The official Radio of Nizam's government - Deccan Radio (1935)
Narayanrao Pawar
* He made an attempt on the life of Nizam on 4 December 1947 at King Koti palace along with Arya Samaj members
Jagadish Arya and Gandaya Arya.
* The Nizam escaped from the bomb attack.
* Narayanrao Pawar was awarded death sentence by the government and it was commuted to life imprisonment on 17
September 1948.
ESTABLISHMENT OF M.I.M. - SUBSEQUENT SIGNIFICANT EVENTS:
* In 1927, a meeting was organized at Lohit Mandi in Hyderabad to promote socio-economic and educational
development of Muslims.
* At this meeting, M.I.M. was founded as a non political organization on 9th November 1927.
* M.I.M means 'Council for Unity of Muslims'.
* Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung was elected as the first President of M.I.M.
* At the same time Siddiqui Deendar launched a religious movement named Deendar in 1929. He authored a book
named Sarwar Alam.
* Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims took place for the first time in the history of Hyderabad in 1938.
* The riots were known in Dhoolpet case.
* At this time, an English Professor of Osmania University Abdul Latif proposed the theory of Population Exchange.
* According to the theory, all the non Muslims of Hyderabad State should migrate to other places and the Muslims
from other places should migrate to Hyderabad state.
* Mandumula Narsing Rao commented the theory as ridiculous and authored the book Khuda Voh Din Nah Aaye.
* Rehmat Ali, a London student in his book 'Millat Islam & Minhas of Indianism' mentioned that three countries
should be formed from India. They were:
1. Paksitan in the North West India
2. Bangi Islam in the Eastern India
3. Osmanistan in Hyderabad
* Bahadur Yar Jung founded a private militia named Razakars in October 1940.
* Razakars mean the Volunteers of Peace.
* The number of Razakar contingents was 52.
* The leader of each 30 Razakars at field level was Salar.
* The leader of Razakars at Taluk level was Salar-e-Kabir.
* The Chief of Razakars was Afsar-i- Ala.
* In 1946, Kasim Razvi from Latur area of Maharashtra became the leader of Razakars.
* Two Muslim leaders Yamin Zuberi and Abdul Raoof raised the slogan 'Prepare for death but Save the Nizam
government'.
* Kasim Razvi vehemently opposed the Join India movement. In a speech delivered at a public meeting on 19th June
1947 declared that 'Independence is a right of Hyderabad and the sovereign power would lie in the hands of Muslims'.
* He also threatened with direct action against Nizam government if it wishes to join Indian Union.
* The Nizam refused to join India on 15th August 1947.
* He issued a firman on 27th August 1947 asserting his independent sovereignty.
* On 8th October 1947, he sent a delegation to Delhi consisting of Walter Moncton, Chattari Nawab, Sultan Ahmad
and Ali Yavar Jung to negotiate with the Government of India.
* They met Governor General Lord Mountbatten and clearly said that Nizam would not sign on the instruments of
accession like heads of other Princely States.
* On the suggestion of Mountbatten, it prepared for a Standstill agreement with the government of India for a period
of one year.
* The draft was prepared by Walter Moncton. The final draft was confirmed on 18th October 1947 after many
deliberations.
* The Hyderabad delegation returned from Delhi with the Standstill agreement that was to be
signed by the Nizam.
* After discussing with the Executive Council, he accepted to sign on the agreement on 27th October 1947.
* Angered by the news, about 25,000 Razakars surrounded the residences of Chattari Nawab and other delegates by
3am on 27th October.
* So the Nizam had withdrawn his decision (Kasim Razvi got the delegation canceled).
* Later the representatives suggested by Razvi were sent to Delhi in November 1947. They were: 1. Abdul Rahim
2.Pingali Venkatarama Reddy 3. Moin Nawaz Jung
* The Nizam threatened on 3rd October 1947 that he would join Pakistan if the Delhi negations are failed
* At last, he signed on the Standstill agreement on 29th November 1947.
* A significant role in this episode was played by Chattari Nawab.
Features of Standstill agreement:
* Hyderabad shall continue as an associated State of India.
* It cannot be annexed to Pakistan. All leaders of Congress and other innocent people shall be released.
* A government chosen by the People of Hyderabad shall be formed within a year.
* There shall be no aggressive measures to be taken on the people.
* The currency of India shall be valid in Hyderabad state.
* Hyderabad would remain neutral in the case of war between India and Pakistan.
* Banks and Insurance companies of India can be established in Hyderabad without any restrictions.
* The freedom of expression and assembly shall be granted in Hyderabad.
* The agreement shall remain in force for a period of one year.
* Chattari Nawab resigned to his post of Prime Minister after the agreement.
* Mehdi Yar Jung became the new Prime Minister.
* Later, Mir Laik Ali was appointed the Prime minister.
Violation of Standstill Agreement:
* The Nizam signed on Standstill agreement to deceive the government of India.
* He started to violate it since its inception.
* Syed Ahmed El-Edroos, the commander-in-chief of the Hyderabad State was sent to Europe to purchase weapons.
* Laik Ali, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad tried to buy Hakeempet airport from the Portuguese.
* Indian currency was made invalid.
* Export of gold was prohibited.
* Agents were appointed in London and Karachi.
Mediation of Lord Mountbatten:
* Mountbatten tried to establish peaceful relations between Indian Union and Hyderabad state through this Press
Attache Allen Campbell.
* The negotiations between Laik Ali and Campbell were failed.
* The Indian Government was continuously observing the atrocities of Razakars and Armed Struggle of Communists
in Hyderabad state.
* It demanded the Nizam to abolish the Razakar system.
* Mir Laik Ali asked Communist leaders Ravi Narayana Reddy and Makhdoom Mohiuddin to join hand with the
Nizam against their common enemy, Indian Union.
* At this time, the Nizam government lifted ban on Communists on 4th May 1948.
* Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao in his book described that 'supporting of Nizam government means supporting of
Azad Hyderabad slogan which means supporting of independence of Hyderabad. This eliminates the problem of
Congress.
* The Nizam government was weak. Due to this reason, the Communists supported the slogan Azad Hyderabad for
providing better facilities for the people of Hyderabad by the Nizam government'.
* The Union government criticized the action of Communists. So its National Secretary B.T.Ranadive clarified that
the slogan was wrong and it is no way concerned with the party.
* Permission was granted to Pakistan finance minister Ghulam Mohammad to visit Hyderabad state.
* Nizam accepted to grant a security of 20 crores to Pakistan (at an interest rate of 3%).
* The Nizam tried to buy Goa from the Portuguese.
* Mir Laik Ali frequently visited Pakistan.
Supply of arms by Sydney Cotton:
* It is clear that the Nizam accepted the Standstill agreement to procure weapons and military equipment.
* El Edroos, the Commander in Chief of Hyderabad state visited Czechoslovakia and France to purchase fighter
planes.
* A Australian National Sydney Cotton purchased arms and ammunition from many countries and supplied to
Hyderabad secretly.
* Import of guns from Karachi became very common.
* Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao (He was born in Khyatur in Gadwal district. He authored two books namely
'Veer Savarkar' and 'Hindu Sanghatan'. He shouted the slogans Vandemataram when he was beaten by the guards in
prison. So Veer Savarkar had given the title Vandemataram to him) and Veerabhadra Rao were aware of the illegal
arms trade of Sydney Cotton and informed the Indian government.
* Nizam established arms factories at Golkonda, Chadarghat and Moti Mahal violating the Standstill agreement.
* V.P. Menon served as the secretary of the Ministry of the States. He authored the book 'Integration of Indian States'.
Appointment of K.M.Munshi as the Agent General:
* According to the provisions of the Standstill agreement, the government of India appointed K.M. Munshi as the
Agent General to the Government of India, Hyderabad.
* The Nizam government refused his stay at Residency Building in Bolarum, Secunderabad to affirm that the rank of
Agent General was not equivalent to the British Resident.
* Munshi reached Hyderabad on 3rd January 1948 at stayed at Deccan House, Bolarum that belonged to the
government of India.
Atrocities of Razakars:
* The Razakars attacked 10-Off mail, a train service between Madras to Bombay and killed two passengers on 23
May 1948.
* The atrocities of Razakars increased and the villagers of Paritala in Krishna dictrict which was under Nizam's rule
refused to pay taxes and claimed that they were independent.
* One of the ghastly acts of Razakars was happened on 10 January 1948 at Bibi Nagar.
* Qasim Razvi attended a marriage at Bibi Nagar and the Razakars made attacks on the houses of Hindus.
* Qasim Razvi delivered a speech at Dar Us Salam on 31 March 1948.
* He stated that Hyderabad was an Islamic state and the Razakars would occupy Delhi and establish Islamic state.
* The other Muslims of the Country would serve as the fifth pillar of Hyderabad army.
* He delivered another speech on 8 April 1948 in which he declared that they would occupy the ceded districts and
Northern Circars.
MURDER OF SHOAIBULLAH KHAN (21 AUGUST 1948):
* Shoaibullah Khan was born on 2 October 1919 in a small village in Khammam district.
* His parents were- Habibulla Khan and Shaibulla.
* All most all magazines in Nizam State were published in Urdu. Official language was Urdu.
* Mandumula Narsing Rao published the news paper Rayyat in Urdu.
* Shoaibullah Khan worked as the Sub Editor. He was graduated from Osmania University.
* Rayyat news paper had expressed nationalist ideology. It even criticized the Nizam without hesitation. So, the
Nizam banned Rayyat. Shoaibullah Khan launched the Urdu news paper Imroze (it means Today) on 15 November
1947 with the help of Mandumula Narsing Rao.
* Its head office was located at the residence of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao. (He had given financial assistance for it)
Imroze news paper sharply criticized the policies of Nizam. It brought to light the atrocities of MIM and Razakars.
* Shoaibullah Khan asked the Nizam to consider joining India through his writings. Qasim Razvi declared that he
would hoist the flag of Nizam on Red Fort.
* The editorial of Imroze severely criticized his statement. Razvi targeted Shoaibullah Khan and he was brutally
murdered by the Razakars on 21 August 1948 near Kachiguda Railway Station.
* Munir Khan executed the murder and the body parts of Shoaibullah Khan were severed. His tomb is located at a
graveyard opposite to Gosha Mahal.
* The hands of his friend Mohammad Ismail were cut off when he tried to stop Razakars.
* Shoaibullah disapproved religious fanaticism even though he was a Muslim.
* An award in his name has been given for journalists even today at Osmania University.
* Dhavala Srinivasa Rao had authored the poem Kanneti Kanuka in memory of Shoaibullah Khan.
* A library in Malakpet was named after him. Ramachandra Pillai, a journalist of The Hindu also criticized the Nizam
rule and atrocities.
Note: The papers that criticized the atrocities of Razakars
- Imroze
- Hyderabad Weekly: Talluri Ramanuja Swami
- TeluguDesam (Founder- B.V.Raju)
- Surydevara Rajyalakshmi Devi
- Barrister Rudra, a journalist of Pioneer was expelled from Hyderabad state for criticizing the Nizam.
- Golkonda Paper also criticized the despotic rule of Nizam and never considered the warnings of Munshi.
* On 2 August 1948, Laik Ali, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad declared that the government of India could initiate
military attack against Hyderabad and warned Jawaharlal Nehru that they would complain to the United Nations.
* The Nizam Government complained through a cable gram to the UNO on 21 August 1948.
* The foreign minister of Hyderabad Moin Nawaz Jung referring to the Article 35 Para 2 of the Charter of UNO
submitted a complaint before UNO regarding the conflict with the Indian Government.
* On 10 September 1948, a mission was sent under Moin Nawaz Jung to the UNO.
* The members of the diplomatic mission were- Moin Nawaz Jung, Ali Yavar Jung, Jahir Ahmed and Mohammad
Hamidullah.

OPERATION POLO (SEP 13-17, 1948):

* On 2 August 1948, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State Mir Laiq Ali declared that the Government of India
would launch army attack on Hyderabad State.
* He informed Jawaharlal Nehru that they would complain to the UNO regarding the military operation of India. On
the advice Pakistan, the Nizam Government sent a complaint aganist India to the UNO via a cablegram on 21 August
1948.
* The External affairs Minister Moin Nawaj Jung appealed to the UN Security Council to resolve the dispute between
India and Hyderabad as per Article 35, 2nd Para of UNO Charter.
* A delegation led by Moin Nawaz Jung was sent to UNO on 10 September 1948.
* Members of the group were: Moin Nawaz Jung, Ali Yavar Jung, Zahir Ahmad and Mohammad Hamidulla.
* Other names of Operation Polo:- Operation Caterpillar
- Police Action
- 5 Day Battle
Statement of Nehru:
* On 15 April 1948, Jawaharlal Nehru declared that India would not accept the sovereignty of any other State in the
middle of India.
* At a meeting held on 25 July at Madras, he stated that they would not go to war with the Nizam.
* They would only fight with equals but not with subordinate states.
* On 26 July 1948, the government of India released a white paper on Hyderabad State.
* On 7 September 1948, Prime Minister Nehru stated in the Parliament that Hyderabad was an integral State of India.
* Sardar Patel described the idea of an independent Hyderabad as 'an ulcer in the heart of India which needed to be
removed surgically'.
Primary reasons for Operation Polo:
• Violation of Standstill agreement
• Complaint of Nizam government to UNO against India
• Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 12 September 1948
* After considering all above points, the government of India on the insistence of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel initiated
Police action (military invasion) on Nizam State on 13 September 1946.
* It informed the British High Commissioner, Pakistan High Commissioner and American Government that the
government of India is initiating Police action to restore peace in Hyderabad state by controlling the violence
committed by Communists and Razakars.
* Contemporary to this military attack, America also initiated military attack in the name of Police action (Truman
Document) in Korean peninsula against the communists. Indian government also named the military invasion as
Police Action.
* To keep the evidence obscure, it entered the military expenditure under the head of health department.
* The military attack against the Nizam was named as Police action, because any military action against an
independent state would be a violation of core principles of UNO.
* This military action (codename- Operation Polo) was headed by General Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja.
* The Police action was performed by Major Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri.
* In the command of J.N. Chaudhuri, Indian army entered Hyderabad from five fronts.
* The Indian forces received overwhelming welcome from the people of Telangana.
* During Operation Polo, air operations in aid of the military troops were controlled by Subrato Mukherjee (He
became the first Indian Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1954)
* The plan for Operation Polo was laid down by- Eric Goddard (So it is also known the Goddard Plan)
* Indian troops entered Nizam State from various places. They were:
• The attack from Sholapur was headed by- J.N. Chaudhuri
• The attack from Vijayawada was headed by- A.A. Rudra
• The attack from Bombay was headed by- D.S. Brag
• The attack from Berar was headed by- Shivadutt Singh
* Main thrust was from two sides. They were- Sholapur front led by J.N.Chaudhuri and Vijawada front led by Major
General Rudra.
• The areas occupied by 13 September 1948 under the command of J.N.Chaudhuri were- Sholapur, Tamawadi,
Osmanabad, Naldurg, Tuljapur
• Areas occupied under Rudra were- Munagala, Bonakallu
• Areas occupied by the Indian army by 14 September 1948 were-Daulatabad, Jalna, Manikhed, Kannengaon
• On 15 September 1948, the Indian forces under the command of Rudra entered Old Suryapet
Village.
• Areas occupied by 16 September 1948 were- Zaheerabad, Hingoli, Raichur, Parbhani, Koppal, Munirabad.
Note:
- During Operation Polo, the Military Commander of Nizam State Syed Ahmad El Edroos betrayed and acted in
favour of the Indian government.
- He secretly ordered the field officers to return to Hyderabad without fighting with Indian troops.
- So, the Indian troops could easily enter the State and occupied it within four or five days.
- If Edroos didn't do this, the Indian troops couldn't enter Hyderabad state before 17 September 1948.
- The case of Hyderabad would have discussed at UNO on 17th September and Hyderabad would have remained
independent or autonomous.
Books on Hyderabad State:
• J.N. Chaudhuri- Operation Polo
• V.P. Menon- Integration of Indian States
• Laiq Ali- Tragedy of Hyderabad
• Ali Yavar Jung- Hyderabad in Retrospect
• K.M.Munshi- The End of an Era Hyderabad
• Ramesh Thapar- Hyderabad Toofan
• Raj Ali Khan- Hyderabad 400 Years
• Moulvi Chirag Ali- Hyderabad under Sir Salar
• Swami Ramananda Tirtha- The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad
• Lan Austin- City of Legends: The Story of Hyderabad
• B. Narsing Rao- Telangana: The Era of Mass Politics
• A.G.Noorani- Destruction of Hyderabad
• Moulvi Syed Mehadi- Hyderabad of the Introspect
• General El Edroos- Hyderabad of the Seven Loaves
• V.K.Bhava- The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan
• Jubeida Yazdani- The Last Nizam: The Fallen Empire
• Syed Dadh Ashraf- The Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad: An Archival Appraisal
• Narendra Luther - Hyderabad Jeevita Charitra
• Paravasthu Lokeshwar - Salam Hyderabad
• Hymon Darf - Tribals Hyderabad
• M.A. Nayuv - Splendar Hyderabad
• Krishnaswamy Mudiraj - Pictorial Hyderabad
• T. Udayavarlu - Namasthe Hyderabad
Indian dignitaries during Operation Polo:
* Governor General of India- C. Rajagopalachari
* Prime Minister of India- Jawaharlal Nehru
* Minster for Home Affairs & Deputy Prime Minister - Vallabh Bhai Patel
* Agent of the Central Government - V.P. Menon
* Agent of the Indian Union- K.M.Munshi
* Commander in Chief of Indian Army- Robert Bucher
* Defence Minister of India- Baldev Singh
Dignitaries of Hyderabad State:
* Head of Hyderabad State- Mir Osman Ali Khan
* Prime Minister of Hyderabad State- Mir Laiq Ali (Last Prime minister)
* Commander-in-chief of the Hyderabad State- Syed Ahmed El Edroos
* Leader of Razakars- Kasim Razvi
* The leader of Majlis after Razvi- Abdul Wahid Owaisi (Lawyer)
* Son of Abdul Wahid Owaisi- Salauddin Owaisi (M.I.M was strengthened in his time)
* Present President of M.I.M- Asaduddin Owaisi.
* El Edroos surrendered to India army on 18 September 1948.
* Hearing the news that Razakars and Muslims were massacred by the army, Nizam decided to surrender for the good
of his people.
* Nizam visited Deccan Radio station at 5 pm on 17 September 1948 and addressed the people. He had ordered the
surrender of Hyderabad army. But the physical surrender of Hyderabad army took place at 4pm on 18 September
1948.
* Mir Laiq Ali was house arrested.
The Surrender of Nizam:
* Once to the ministry of Laik Ali has resigned and power was handed over to the Nizam.
* On the same day evening at 7 p.m Nizam announced from the Deccan Radio.
* "My dear people! I am very happy to give this message on behalf of the Governor General of India, his Excellency
Rajagopalachary.
* Now, my government has resigned. Now, I am very sorry that, I have not taken this decision before. It is too late I
am helpless in this sensitive situation.
* However, I am bringing the information to the kind notice of Governor General that I have ordered my army to
come back from the war field.
* Along with this, I am giving the permission to the Indian armies to stay at the Bollaram and Secunderabad
cantonment.
* And until the appointment of the new Prime Minister and the establishment of ministry of council, I am forming a
committee temporary to help me in the administration.
* The Committee Members are
• His highness Prince Azamjah - Prince of Berar and Chief of Army.
• Major General Sayyed Ahmed E.L.Edroos - Commander-in-chief of Army.
• Nawab Din yar jung-Commissioner of Police.
• G Ramachary - Advocate.
• Abul Hassan Ali - Former President of Ithe-hadul muslimeen.
• Pannalal Pitthi - Member.
* Along with them. I am inviting Sir Mirza Ismail, Nawab Jain Yarjung and Diwan Aravamudu
Ayyangar. And after the betterment of the transportation, will discuss with them how to face the new conditions.
* I have given order to release Swamy Ramananda Thirta, President of the State Congress immediately.
* I hope that Swamiji will be helpful to the Hyderabad in these critical conditions.
* And also, I have ordered to cancel all the orders and warrants which were issued against the executive body of the
state Congress.
* When, I approached my friend K.M.Munshi, he helped me a lot.
* I am praying so that my dear people will behave with peace and patience without the racial and religious
discrimination.
* And I hope that there is no trouble to arrange the official affairs with Indian government after peaceful conditions
return to Hyderabad.
* My one and only aim is the safety and security of my people.
* So they will live together in unity with others in India".
* On 18th September, 1948 the Major General, Chief of Nizam's army E.L.Edroos has surrendered in the presence of
Major General Choudary.
* According to the military rules; General J.N.Choudary reached the Hyderabad at first, and has taken over the
responsibility of ruling.
* Although Chaudary was appointed as the military governor of Hyderabad State, but legally the Nizam Mir Osman
Ali Khan has continued as the highness - Raj pramukh of the state. On 22nd September, 1948 Nizam informed the
Security Council that he has withdrawn his complaint against India, which was earlier submitted in UNO.At the time
of police action, the chief of the Indian army was General Bucher.
* On 17th September, 1948, the Maharashtra Sangram celebrated in the name of Mukti Diwas' in Maharashtra, with
the name of the day of the liberation of Hyderabad - Karnataka, in programmes and hoisted the national flag.
* In Telangana it is celebrated as Annexation day by some Karnataka and the day of liberation in Telangana.
* All the concerned governments conducted people and as Liberation day by some people unofficially.
* On 18th September, 1948 Laik Ali was kept in house arrest and Kasim Razvi has been in custody in military jail at
Thirumalagiri of Secunderabad.
* At last after the police action Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan has given a grand welcome to Sardar Vallabhai Patel at
the Begumpet Airport.
Note:
1. Hyderabad State Official Radio - Deccan Radio
2. First Director of Deccan Radio - Fazlur Rehman
* In this occasion Sardar Vallabhai Patel has given a statement that the wound (cancer) of Hyderabad state is removed
from the stomach of India.
HYDERABAD STATE ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY:
* On 18 September 1948, J.N.Chaudhuri was appointed as the Governor General of Hyderabad
State.
* The administrative affairs of Hyderabad went under the military. So it is known as Military
Government.
* The military rule continued from 18 September 1948 to 31 December 1949.
J.N. Chaudhuri:
* His complete name was Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri. He was born at Haripura in West Bengal. He was grandson of
Womesh Chandra Bannerjee (First president of the Indian National Congress).
* J.N. Chaudhuri participated in the Second World War and was awarded the Order of British Empire (OBE).
* In August 1944, he took over command of the 16 Light Cavalry, to become the first Indian Commanding Officer to
lead an armoured Regiment into battle.
* He was the 3rd Indian to get the rank of Brigadier in Indian Army.
* In February 1948, he was promoted to the rank of Major General and served as the Chief of Army Staff. He led the
Indian forces in the war with Pakistan in 1965.
* After his retirement in 1966, Chaudhuri was appointed High Commissioner of India to Canada.
* He also served in the British Army in the Bison Polo division of Secunderabad, the largest military station in India.
* The specialty of J.N.Chaudary who has taken the responsibility of ruling Hyderabad State on 18h September, 1948
was that he had worked in the British army at Secunderabad Bison Division, which is the largest military station in
India.
* Because of that he has the complete understanding and estimation of the strengths and military affairs of the
Nizam's state and that way in 1948 he succeeded in achieving the great victory on Nizam by the Operation Caterpillar
or Operation Polo.
* In 1938, there were some positive aspects to Choudary, that there was a combined army adventures by the British
army of Secunderabad division and the army of the Nizam and also Choudary has the perfect idea on the geographical
conditions of the Hyderabad state.
* Finally, he was appointed as the Military Governor of the Hyderabad State. Actually, E.L.Edroos the Major General
of Nizam's state has cooperated completely to the Indian army, particularly to Choudary in the time of operation polo.
* That is why, even though Edroos surrendered himself the Indian army did not arrest him immediately, apart from
this J.N.Choudary decided to appoint him to his Executive Council, but it was stopped, when Sardar Vallabhai Patel
expressed his anger.
* The Executive Council of Military Governor (from 24.09.1948 - 31.12.1949)
1. Military Governor - Jayanth Nath Choudary.
2. Chief Civil Administrator-D.S.Bakle
3. Additional Chief Civil Administrator-D. R.Pradhan (ICS)
Other members:
1. Nawab Jain Yarjung Bahadur - Former Agent General of Nizam in Delhi.
2. Raja Donde Raj Bahadur.
3. GV.H.Krishna Rao.
4. C.V.S.Rao.
5. Khazam Yarjung.
* But, the total ruling was continued in the name of His Exalted Highness Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan as the
Supreme of the State.
* But, Nizam was appointed as "Raj Pramukh 'from 26th January, 1950 only.
* During the period the first and important reformation of J.N.Choudary has been done and the order was released on
6th February, 1949.
J.N.Choudary Farmana (1946, Feb 6):
* According to that order (Farmana); Sarfeknas, which is treated as the own property of the Nizam and his Osmania
Hali-Sikka were cancelled.
* The weekly holiday to all the government offices of Hyderabad State was changed to Sunday from Friday.
* The Indian government has occupied the Sarfekhas land of Nizam and has paid three crore rupees as the
compensation.
* Along with this, the lands in the vast area came under the control of the government because of the cancellation of
the Jagirdari system.
* That is why, the Hyderabad stands as the city of having more government land in India. And in the part of the
changes in the dates of Fasli year, in October, 1946, the 1356 Fasli year was started.
* The Fasli month like, Azoor (31), Dai (30), Bahman (31), Esphandar (31), Farwardi (28), Ardibahasth (31),
Khurdad (30), Theer (31), Amardar (30), Shehriwar (31), Mehar (31), and Aban (30) were cancelled and the English
months were came into usage in that place.
* J.N.Choudary has done some of good efforts in the area of education and archaeology.
* He has released more funds to Archaeology department of Hyderabad State and helped to protect the Architecture.
* Sculpture of the Ajanta, Ellora and also the Bidar fort.
* And also he has allotted funds generously for the renaissance of the ancient places and thus, he developed the
archaeology department Choudary also visited many of villages and solved the problems of the people in the part of
programme in 'Rule at the People'.
* He has sent the representatives to the constitutional council of India from the Hyderabad State.
* The ruling method was started in English along with regional languages in all areas of India as is was done in Urdu
previously.
* During the period, the civil administrative system was established under the control of Military Governor on the
name of Civil Administration'. That office who was responsible for the department was called as Chief Civil
Administrator, officer of the Taluqdar (Collector) was called as Civil naministrator Duvam Talugdar (Dy. Collector)
was called as Deputy Civil Administrator.
* The Chief Civil administrator was respected and was almost the equal designation of Chief Minister
* During 14 months military rule J.N.Choudary has made a strategy to suppress the communists and muslims to bring
the normal conditions in the state and in the process he made shiver the state.
ATTACKS ON COMMUNISTS AND MUSLIMS:
* The communists have directly fought against the tyrannical rule of the Nizam and indirectly on the Union
government, as the second phase of the struggle, they officially gave a call for the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle.
* Actually the communists have driven their struggle against the Razzakars and the Nizam, but when the discussions
between the Nizam and Indian Union government on the merging of Hyderabad state failed, it affected positively the
communists and they became strong.
* Along with this, the atrocities of Razakars, the (ran away) migration of landlords from villages to the towns, slow
reaching of Deshmukhs to their areas with the help and co-operation of the Congress and military rulers etc., and
these were the reasons for the downfall of the conditions in the state, particularly in Telangana.
* At the same time, the Indian government has taken the 'Police Action' on the Hyderabad state against the Nizam
from 13th September to 18th September, 1948; then, immediately the Nizam was surrendered.
* Afterwards the military government which formed after the surrendering of the Nizam, continued the attacks from
September, 1948 to December, 1949 on communists under the leadership of J.N.Choudary, this was continued as it is
until 21st October, 1951 up to the withdrawal of the Armed Struggle and even at the time of Vellodi government also.
* Consequently, about 4000 communists were killed, lakhs of communists were arrested and thousands of them were
imprisoned for a long time.
* Importantly, the military government has taken a decision of the abolition of the Jagirdar system by the "Act of
Jagirdari Abolition'in August, 1949 and to reduce the effect of the communists on the peasants.
* As well as an enquiry committee was appointed for the land reforms for the agricultural labourers.
* At the same time, the Razakars and their leader Kasim Razvi surrendered along with the Nizam due to Police
Action.
* But, the military Governor had the mis-conception that the Razakars have handed over their weapons to the
communists before their surrender.
* The Governor has taken the support of the Indian government and started attacks on Muslims along with the
communists in the form of a massacre.
* At last, according to the people's demand, the Indian government has appointed Sunderlal Committee in October,
1949 to investigate the attacks that were committed on the Muslims.
PANDIT SUNDERLAL COMMITTEE:
* Members of the Committee
• Chairman of the Committee - Pandit Sundarlal
• Members: 1. Khazi Abdul Gaffar; 2. Moulana Abdul Mistri
• Secretaries: 1. Farooq Siar; 2. P.V.Ambulkar.
* This committee visited all nine districts, seven district headquarters, 21 towns and 23 villages along with Hyderabad,
they met the Hindus, Muslims, Congress leaders and students, investigated about the attacks.
* This committee has started its investigation on 29th November, 1949 and submitted its report to the Government on
21st December, 1949.
* Important Points in the Report
• At the time of the police action and afterwards about 27,000 to 40,000 people were killed.
• Among these 18,000 people have been driven to death in Osmanabad, Gulbarga, Bidar and Nanded where the
Razakars were strong.
• In Latur, the native place of Kasim Razvi, the Razakar leader, the attacks were continued for 20 days and killed the
number of people. As part of these attacks, the rapes and exploitations were taken place in a large number.
• These attacks extended to the border places like Sholapur, Nagpur etc. which were no pare the Hyderabad State.
• The property lost was in crores of rupees and the exploitations were in large number during the attacks. And also the
committee stated that some of the Hindu families have protected the neighboring Muslim families from the attacks.
* Then after, the Central government studied the report and took the decision immediately and removed J.N.Choudary
on 31st December, 1949 and appointed M.K. Vellodi (Muller Kading Vellodi) the I.C.S. Officer from Kerala, as the
officer of the Civil Administration.
* We can understand the seriousness of those attacks, that the government did not open the report to the public until
now.
* At present the report is kept safe at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in Delhi.
* Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan appointed M.K. Vellodi as the Chief Minister of the Hyderabad State on the suggestion
of the Indian government.
CIVIL ADMINISTRATION: (From 1st January, 1950 to 31st December, 1952)
* The Chief Minister of Civilian Government- M.K.Vellodi (ICS officer, Kerala)
* His complete name was- Mullath Kadingi Vellodi Menon.
* Vellodi was the fourth son of His Highness K. C. Manavedan Raja, the titular Zamorin of Calicut.
* There was huge influx of Andhra migrants to Hyderabad State during his rule
1. M.K.Vellodi - Chief Minister (Civil Administrator)
2. M.Sheshadri , C.V.S.Rao, Nawab Jain Yarjung, Burgula Rama Krishna Rao, Poolchand Premchand Gandhi,
Vinayaka Rao Koratkar, V.B.Raju - Other Members
* Along with the above members, Ramananda Thirtha, Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Venkata
Ranga Reddy were also nominated to the Parliament.
* Although, the Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan had complete authority in the Hyderabad state as the Raj Pramukh and
also, according to the ordinance of the Indian government, rupees 50 lakh was declared as honorary pension payment
lifelong to the Nizam
* There was no income tax on those payments. And also, the ordinance said clearly that all the properties of Nizam
belonged to him officially.
* Not only that, according to the agreement of 1949 February, between Nizam Nawab and the Indian government, the
government accepted to pay rupees 25 lakhs for the maintenance of the palaces and buildings of the Nawab; rupees 25
lakh for the maintenance of the family members, rupees 25 lakh for the staff and other expenses, rupees 25 lakh as the
income on Surfekhas lands occupied by the government, including other affairs, totally one crore fifty lakh rupees.
Mir Osman Ali Khan as the Raj Pramukh:
* After the Police action, negotiations took place between the Nizam and the Government of India.
* Subsequently the new State of Hyderabad was formed on 25 January 1950.
* According to the negotiations, the Government of India awarded a privy purse of 1.25 crore per annum to the Nizam
during his life time.
* On the request of the Nizam, the Government of India accepted to pay an additional 50 lakh rupees per annum.
* Mir Osman Ali Khan was appointed as the Raj Pramukh of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950. He passed away
on 24 February 1967.
* The government of Andhra Pradesh declared 10 days of mourning.
* Judi Masjid is the tomb of Mir Osman Ali Khan.
* The Important Points in the Administration of Vellodi
• According to the report of the Sunderlal Committee, M.K. Vellodi was appointed as the Chief Minister in the place
of General J.N.Choudary and he continued his civil administration.
• Ramaswamy Mudaliar, the Indian representative in UNO (1949) has announced that the civil administration has
formed in the Hyderabad State and the Nizam stood only as the constitutional head.
• At the same time, Burgula Narsinga Rao said that the civil administrative government was formed in the Hyderabad
State. So, there is no existence of Hyderabad Dominion, hence the UNO should leave the topic of freedom for the
Hyderabad. Telugu and English languages replaced Urdu which was the state language before that. The Andhra
people of Madras province were benefitted by the change in languages in achieving a large number of jobs in
Hyderabad state instead of the local people.
• Land records which existed in Urdu were translated into English, but in that process so many rights of the lands
were cheated. Even though, the total records were spoiled and the land of the Hyderabad state were exploited.
• Telugu language was introduced in the state educational system and most of the teacher posts were allotted to
Andhra people who were perfect in Telugu knowledge.
• The government of M.K. Vellodi removed all the district collectors and replaced them with the Andhra officials in
the name of the Chief Administrators. In the process, Ramachandra Rao, the Tahasildar in Krishna District has been
brought to Hyderabad and appointed as the Chief Administrator of the Hyderabad District.
* The Andhra officials, who were appointed in that manner dared to get appointed their relatives and their region
people in large number in important posts in the Telangana region.
* These people encouraged the corruption and partiality in Hyderabad state.
* When this point was raised by Padmaja Naidu in the Parliament, then, she had to face the anger of Sardar Patel.
* This was the example of the administrative policy of Congress high command in those days. * The employees of the
Telangana who came from Andhra have shown their dominance on this region.
* They treated the Telangana people as inferiors and they felt themselves as the reformers led to the 'Mulki
Movement' afterwards in Telangana.
* During the period, in February, In 1952 the General Elections were held and the people's government was formed
under the leadership of Burgula Rama Krishna Rao.