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Lesson 1

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6 views

Lesson 1

Uploaded by

sawakokuronoma374
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC CONCEPTS direction.

Directed Line Segments, Cartesian Coordinate System, Examples of line segments include the sides of a
Distance Between Two Points triangle or square. More generally, when both of the
segment's end points are vertices of a polygon or polyhedron,
Learning Objectives: the line segment is either an edge

 Know the fundamental concepts associated with Cartesian


ordered pair (x, y), x is called the first coordinates (or abscissa)
coordinate system. and y is called the second coordinates (or ordinate) of the
 Apply the fundamental concepts in solving word points. Together they are called coordinates of a point. The
problems involving distance between two points. coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts, called
Subject Content: quadrants.

Geometry is divided into two kinds, synthetic and


analytic. Synthetic geometry employs the straight edge C. Distance Between Two Points and Midpoint of a Line
and compass as its basic tools, while analytic geometry segment
uses algebra as its main tool. In 1637, however, a French
mathematician and philosopher, Rene Descartes (1596 –
1650) published his La Geometrie, which introduced a device
that is now called analytic geometry.
The basic feature in analytic geometry is the use of
coordinate system in graphical representations of algebraic
equations. Notice that algebra contribute to the study of
geometry, but geometric interpretation of algebraic equations
and manipulations results in a fuller comprehension of many
phases of algebra.
A. Directed Line Segment
Euclid’s axiom, states that “the shortest distance
between two points is a line” and when we say line in
mathematics, we mean that it is straight, otherwise it is
curve.
A directed line is defined as the line on which one
direction is chosen as positive (indicated by arrowhead) and
the opposite direction as negative. A directed line segment is
a segment of the line consisting of any two points and the
part between. Notice that two directed line segments lying in
the same line or in parallel lines are said to be equal if they
have the same length and are measured in the same
(of that polygon or polyhedron) if they are adjacent vertices, or
otherwise a diagonal. When the end points both lie on a curve
such as a circle, a line segment is called a chord (of that curve).

B. Cartesian Coordinates System


A Cartesian coordinate
system is a coordinate system
that specifies each point uniquely
in a plane by a set of numerical
coordinates, which are the signed
distances to the point from two
fixed perpendicular oriented lines,
measured in the same unit of
length. Each reference line is
called a coordinate axis or just
axis (plural axes) of the system,
and the point where they meet is
its origin, at ordered pair (0, 0).
The coordinates can also be
defined as the positions of the
perpendicular projections of the
point onto the two axes,
expressed as signed distances
from the origin.
The invention of Cartesian
coordinates in the 17th century
by René Descartes revolutionized
mathematics by providing the
first systematic link be-
tween Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian
coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be
described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving
the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. The horizontal
number line is called the x – axis and the vertical line is the y –
axis. Points on the Cartesian coordinate system are located by
means of ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y). An ordered pair
of coordinates is a set in which the order of the elements is
significant. In the

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