wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co Ges bold Kiv BUvwjK ev euvKv A¶‡ii kã ev kãMy”QMy‡jvi e¨envi j¶ Ki|

Mr. X is a miser though he earns a lot of money. He seldom buys new clothes.
Besides, he bargains with the shopkeepers to save money. In spite of having
many friends, he always avoids entertaining them. Both he and his wife put on
shabby dresses. In all, he possesses a strange personality.
Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q`wU‡Z ý`Lv hv‡”Q, bold Kiv euvKv A¶‡ii kã ev kãMy”QMy‡jv evK¨My‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU Link ˆZwi
K‡i‡Q| ZvB GB kã ev kãMy”Q‡K Connector e‡j| Gfv‡e K_v ejv ev ýjLvi mgq wewfbœ ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ m¤•K© i¶vi
Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ Connector e¨envi Kwi| GMy‡jv µgaviv, ˆecixZ¨, D`vniY, djvdj, Zzjbv BZ¨vw` cÖKvk Ki‡Z
e¨envi Kiv nq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ ý`Lv hv‡”Q though I both.......and `ywU evK¨vsk‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q| Avevi
Besides I In all Zvi c–e©eZx© ev‡K¨i mv‡_ m½wZ i¶v K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j Avgiv cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi
linkers cvw”Q|
(i) Sentence Connectors : c–e©eZx© ev‡K¨i mv‡_ m½wZ i¶v K‡i
(ii) Conjunctions: `ywU evK¨vsk‡K mshy³ K‡i
Sentence Connectors
(a) ýKv‡bv KviY, djvdj ch©vqµg mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi :
Firstly, secondly, thirdly, first of all, to begin with, to start with, next, then, to
conclude, finally, lastly, last of all BZ¨vw`
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
Firstly the economy is beginning to recover, and secondly unemployment
figures have not increased this month.
There are three reasons for my resignation. First(ly), I am dissatisfied with
my wages; secondly, the hours are too long; and finally, there is little chance
of promotion.
(b) c–‡e© ý`Iqv Z‡_¨i mv‡_ wgj ý`wL‡q bZzb Z_¨ ý`Iqvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi
Kwi : Correspondingly, equally, likewise, similarly, just as. j¶ Ki :
Correspondingly (GKBfv‡e): The new exam is longer and correspondingly
more difficult to pass.
Equally (mgfv‡e) : She has high responsibilities and equally a high salary.
Likewise (Abyiƒcfv‡e) : The food was excellent and likewise the soft drink.
Similarly (Abyiƒcfv‡e) : She was late and I similarly was delayed.
Just as (wVK ýhgbwU) : Just as the Greeks looked down upon the Romans, the
Romans looked down upon their uncivilized neighbours.
(c) c–‡e© ý`Iqv Z‡_¨i Dci ýRvi ý`Iqvi Rb¨ AviI Z_¨ hy³ Ki‡Z Avgiv wb‡æi Sentence Connectors
e¨envi Kwi : Above all, Again, Further, Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, In
addition, On top of it/ Not only that
Above all (m‡e©vcwi) : He has opportunity, the motivation, and above all the
courage to do it.
Again (Avevi, ZvQvov) : He expects high salary. Again, we have to consider the
legal implications.
Further (AwaKš„,ZvQvov): The man was beaten up. Further, he was arrested.
Furthermore (AwaKš„,ZvQvov): The drug has powerful side effect. Furthermore, it
may be addictive.
Moreover (AwaKš„,ZvQvov): He is a good player. Moreover, he is an artist.
Besides (AwaKš„,ZvQvov): He is my cousin. Besides, he is a good company.
In addition (AwaKš„): In addition, there are six other applicants.
On top of it/ Not only that (ZvQvovI): His salary is handsome. On top of it, he
 gets commission.
(d) c–e©eZ©x e³‡e¨i wecixZ ev ýkÖvZvi cÖZ¨vkvi wecixZ wKQy ej‡Z; A_ev c–‡e© ý`Iqv Z_¨‡K ¯•ó Kivi Rb¨
AviI Z_¨ w`‡Z Avgiv wb‡æi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi : Actually, In fact, As a
matter of fact, To tell the truth
Actually (cÖKZ … c‡¶) : Can I call you back? Actually I am busy at this moment.
In fact (cÖKZ … c‡¶) : I used to live in France. In fact, it is not far from where you
are going.
As a matter of fact (cÖKZ … c‡¶) : He looks younger than his wife. As a matter of
fact, he is older.
To tell the truth (mwZ¨ ej‡Z) : ‘Where are the carrots?’ ‘Well, to tell the truth, I
forgot to buy them.’
(e) c–‡e© hv hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi mvi K_v ej‡Z Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi:
Altogether/On the whole, Overall, Therefore, In all, In conclusion/To
conclude/To sum up/Briefly/In short
Altogether/on the whole (ýgv‡Ui Dci/ me w`K we‡ePbv K‡i): The salary is low and
the office is too far away. Altogether/On the whole, it is not a satisfactory
job.
Overall (mvwe©K we‡ePbvq): The bride is educated and beautiful. The bridegroom is
rich. Overall, it has been a good match.
Therefore (ýmB Kvi‡Y): I would like to spend more time with my family. I have,
therefore, decided to resign as chairman.
In all (ýgv‡Ui Dci/ me w`K we‡ePbv K‡i): He lost his watch, his car broke down, and
he got a letter of complaint from a customer; in all, he had a bad day.
In conclusion/ To conclude/ To sum up (Dcmsnv‡i): In conclusion, we can
see that the failure of students is mainly due to lack of their interest and
effort.
Briefly, In short (ms‡¶‡c) : He is lazy, he is ignorant and he is stupid. In
short, he is useless.
(f) c–‡e© hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zv ¯•ó Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq :
Namely, For example, For instance, Specifically, Actually, I mean, In other
words
Namely [viz] (A_v©r, h_v) : We should concentrate on our target consumer,
namely teenagers.
For example [eg] (D`vniY¯^iƒc) : Rabindranath Tagore has written many plays;
for example, Raktakarabi, Bisarjan.
For instance [ie] (`„óvš@¯^iƒc): He has some assistance; for instance, a
secretary.
That is to say (A_v©r, Ab¨ K_vq): They took refreshments– that is to say, sandwiches, coffee,
beer, and chocolate.
Specifically (mywbw`©ófv‡e): The newspaper, or more specifically, the editor, was
taken to court for publishing the photographs.
Actually (cÖKZ … c‡¶): Tommy is really stupid. He actually still believes in Father
Christmas.
I mean (Ab¨ K_vq, eySv‡Z Pvw”Q): We cannot continue with the deal on this basis. I
mean, unless you can bring down the price, we shall have to cancel the
order.
In other words (Ab¨ K_vq): They took with them some chocolate, cans of beer,
a flask of coffee, a pack of sandwiches; in other words, enough
 refreshments. You have not answered my question; in other words, you
disapprove of my proposal.
(g) c–‡e© D‡jÐwLZ Kv‡Ri ýhŠw³K djvdj ejvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq:
Accordingly/ Consequently/ So/ Therefore, As a consequence/ As a result/
As a result of/ Of course/ Naturally
Accordingly (ým‡nZz) : The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we had
to increase our prices.
Consequently/ So/ Therefore (d‡j, djkÖ“wZ‡Z) : He was irritable, unjust,
unreliable, and so/ therefore/ consequently became increasingly unpopular.
As a consequence/ As a result (d‡j, djkÖ“wZ‡Z) : We are polluting the
environment, as a consequence/ as a result climate is changing.
Of course/ Naturally (Aek¨B, ¯^fveZB) : She arrived late, gave answers in an
offhand manner, and of course displeased the interviewing panel.
(h) ýh KvRwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi hw` wecixZ N‡U Z‡e Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv ejvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence
Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq: Otherwise, or else
Otherwise, or else (bZzev, Ab¨_vq): I had better go now; otherwise, Ann will
wonder where I am.
(i) c–e©eZ©x e³e¨ wVK K‡i ýbqvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi : Or better, Or
rather, Actually
Or better (AviI h_vh_fv‡e ej‡j) : He invited several friends, or better, several
people that he thought were friends.
Or rather (AviI h_vh_fv‡e ej‡j) : He was opposed by his mother, or rather by
both his parents.
Actually (e¯„Z) : I thought him to be poor. Actually, he is rich.
(j) c–‡e© hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ msMwZc–Y© bq Ggb Z_¨ hy³ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors
e¨envi Kiv hvq :
However, nevertheless/ all the same/ in spite of this/ despite this/ even so/
still/ yet
However (Z‡e, Aek¨): He is a nice person. However, he sometimes gets
irritated.
Nevertheless/ all the same (Zv m‡Ë¡I): He was inattentive in the class.
Nevertheless, he passed the exam.
In spite of this/ despite this/ even so/ still (Zv m‡Ë¡I/ ZviciI): Dhaka often
makes you feel sickening. Still, it is the place you would love to live in.
Yet (GZ`m‡Ë¡I, ZviciI): He is often rude to me. Yet I like him.
(k) c–‡e©i gZvg‡Zi wKQyUv we‡ivwaZv Kiv, Ges Avevi c–‡e©i gZvg‡Z wd‡i hvIqv
It is true (GUv mZ¨), Certainly (wbtm‡›`‡n), Of course (Aek¨), May (nq‡Zv)- GB Connector
My‡jv c–‡e©i D‡jÐwLZ gZvg‡Zi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| However/ But/ Even so/
Nevertheless/ Still -GB Connector My‡jv c–‡e©i gZvgZ mg_©b Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
I cannot agree with colonialism. It is true that the British may have done
some good in India. Even so, colonialism is basically evil.
I am glad to have a place of my own. It is true it is a long way from the
centre. Still it’s home.
(l) hv c–‡e© ejv/ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci Myi“Z¡ bv w`‡q eis GLb hv ejv/ Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci Myi“Z¡ ý`qvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq: Anyhow/ At any rate/ In any case
In any case (ýhgb K‡i ýnvK) : I am not sure what time I will arrive, may be seven
or eight. In any case, I will be certainly there before eight thirty.
Anyhow (hvB ýnvK) : You are likely to miss the train. Anyhow, you can try.
 Anyhow (ýhgb K‡i ýnvK) I asked him to wait, but he left anyhow.
Anyway (hvB ýnvK) : I knew it would be a sad movie, but I went anyway.
(m) wecixZag©x `ywU e³e¨ ýjLvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq: Whereas,
While, On the one hand, On the other hand
Whereas (c¶vš@‡i) : Some people praise him; whereas others call him a
cheat.
On the one hand (GK w`‡K), On the other hand (Ab¨ w`‡K) : On the one hand we
have plenty of time, but on the other hand our resources are limited.
While (c¶vš@‡i) : I drink black coffee; while he prefers it with cream.
(n) c–e©eZ©x e³‡e¨i mv‡_ mivmwi m¤•„³ bq Ggb e³‡e¨i AeZviYv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors
e¨envi Kiv hvq : By the way, Incidentally
By the way (fv‡jv K_v, ZvQvov) : It’s a lovely sunset. Oh, by the way, what
happened to that bike I lent you?
Incidentally (fv‡jv K_v, ZvQvov) : Jane wants to talk to you about advertising.
Incidentally, she has lost a lot of weight. Anyway it seems the budget is big.
(o) c–e©eZ©x Av‡jvPbvq wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq :
As I was saying (ýhUv ejwQjvg) : ….. on the roof – Jeremy put the cat down,
please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the roof and looks at the tiles….
(p) e³v hv ej‡Qb ým e¨vcv‡i e³vi g‡bi ýRvi cÖKvk Ki‡Z wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq:
Honestly, Frankly, No doubt
Honestly (mwZ¨ ej‡Z) : Honestly, that’s all the money I have got!
Frankly (ýLvjvLywjfv‡e ej‡Z) : Frankly, I’m not surprised.
No doubt (wbtm‡›`‡n) : No doubt he means to help.
(q) ivwR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ hv c–‡e© we‡ePbvq Av‡mwb Ggb wKQz ýRviv‡jv e³e¨ Dc¯‟vc‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence
Connector e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi :
After all (me m‡Ë¡I) : He should have offered to pay – he has plenty of money,
after all.
(r) KZUzKz wVK e‡j e³v g‡b K‡ib Zv eySv‡Z wb‡æi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq : On the
whole, In general/ In all/ most/ many/ some cases/ Broadly speaking/ To a
great/ some extent
On the whole (ýgv‡Ui Dci) : On the whole, I had a happy childhood.
In general (AwaKvsk ý¶‡Î, mvaviYZ) : In general, we are satisfied with the work.
In all/ most/ many/ some cases (me/ AwaKvsk/wKQy ý¶‡Î) : In most cases, people
will be nice to you if you are nice to them.
Broadly speaking (mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z ýM‡j) : Broadly speaking, women are less
strong than men are.
To a great/ some extent (eûjvs‡k, wKq`s‡k) : To a great extent, a person’s
character is formed by the age of eight.
(s) c–e©eZ©x ev‡K¨i mv‡_ mg‡qi m¤•K© ý`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡æi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq:
After a while (wKQy¶Y ci) : Rahim entered the room and after a while, he came
out.
Afterwards (cieZ©x‡Z) : Let's have breakfast now. Afterwards go for skiing.
At that time (H mg‡q) : I saw him entering the room. At that time I was
playing in the field.
At last (Ae‡k‡l) : I searched for the man everywhere. At last, I found him on
the roof.
Presently (AwP‡i) : He will not go now. Presently, he is busy with me.
 Lately (m¤cÖwZ) : Lately he got married.
Subsequently (cieZ©xKv‡j) : Subsequently, he lost all.
Initially (cÖv_wgKfv‡e) : Initially, he was slow.
Meanwhile (B‡Zvg‡a¨) : Meanwhile, he reached home.
Previously (c–‡e©) : Previously, he was a bureaucrat.
Earlier (c–‡e©) : He joined the company as a manager last year. Earlier, he
was working as a commercial officer in another company.
Finally (Ae‡k‡l) : Finally Germany won the World Cup.
Formerly (cÖv³b) : She is from Myanmar, formerly known as Burma.
In the past (AZx‡Z) : In the past, Europe was economically feudalistic.
Now (GLb) : Now it is time to change the world.
Once upon a time (GK`v) : Once upon a time, there lived a great man named
Socrates in Greece.
Presently (G¶zwb, AwP‡i) : Presently he is the Principal of the college.
Shortly (AwP‡i, Awej‡¤^) : Shortly before us, Alam left the place.
Practice
10.1. Choose the right sentence connectors to fill in the gaps.
After
Afterwards Therefore Then Otherwise
sometime
Nevertheless Therefore However Eventually Similarly
(a) There is no more food left. — there is plenty of drinks.
(b) The Interact Club has done well to help the poor. — the Welfare Club has
done well too.
(c) The documents will be scrutinized by the police. — they will be sent back to
the relevant authority.
(d) The retailer has been making losses. — he intends to wind up his business.
(e) Wash the potatoes first. — you can boil them.
(f) We have been trying to contact Michael for the past few days. — we
managed to trace him to a hotel in town.
(g) Life in the country may not be as exciting as life in the city. — you are close
to nature which provides peace and quietness.
(h) The dog will bark without fail every time the ice-cream man passes by. — it
will start howling.
(i) Let us not be complacent with ourselves. — we may lose out in the final
round.
(j) Samira has experienced poverty and hardship before. — she has a
sympathetic heart towards the poor and needy.
Conjunctions
Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ eûj e¨eüZ linkers n‡jv Conjunctions| Giv `ywU evK¨vsk‡K mshy³ K‡i ïay sentence-B
MVb K‡i bv; evK¨vsk `ywUi A_© wKfv‡e m¤•„³ ZvI cÖKvk K‡i| ýhgb :
clause conjunction Clause

I went to bed
because I was extremely tired.
early

Sentence
Conjunction-My‡jv‡K Avevi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(a) Coordinating : `ywU mgMyi“‡Z¡i ¯^vaxb evK¨vsk‡K hy³ K‡i|
(b) Subordinating : `ywU AmgMyi“‡Z¡i A_v©r GKwU ¯^vaxb I Av‡iKwU civaxb evK¨vsk‡K hy³ K‡i|
(c) Co-relative : `ywU mgRvZxq evK¨vsk‡K hy³ K‡i; Z‡e conjunction-My‡jvi `ywU Ask _v‡K|
Co-ordinating Conjunction :
ýh Conjunction mgch©v‡qi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word, phrase ev clause-ýK mshy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Co-
ordinating conjunction e‡j|
Co-ordinating Conjunction-ýK Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) Copulative Conjunction (ms‡hvRK) :
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kÖwYfz³ Z_¨‡K hy³ K‡i DfqUv‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ýh Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K
Copulative Conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
and (Ges) :
and w`‡q `ywU GKB ýkªwYi parts of speech hy³ Kiv hvq| GUv ev‡K¨i subject ev object ev
adverbial ýh ýKv‡bv As‡k em‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡e, and w`‡q hy³ AskwU subject n‡j Zv‡K mvaviYZ
plural ai‡Z nq|
Rahim and Karim are coming today.
I like fish and meat.
I went to Chittagong and Sylhet.
and w`‡q `ywU evK¨vsk‡KI hy³ Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ 1g KvRwUi d‡j Kx NUj Zv D‡j­L Kiv nq|
The rain stopped and the sun began shinning brightly.
as well as (Ges) :
as well as w`‡q `ywU subject hy³ n‡j cÖ_g subject Abyhvqx verb-wU e‡m|
He as well as his brothers is present in the meeting.
both ............and (DfqUv) :
Both .......... and w`‡q hy³ AskwU subject n‡j Zv‡K mvaviYZ plural ai‡Z nq|
Both Sumon and Shohag have passed the examination.
not only ...... but also (ïay GUv bq ........ IUvI) :
not only ....... but also w`‡q hy³ AskwU subject n‡j wØZxq subject part Abyhvqx verb-wU
e‡m|
Not only Maidul but also Muhtadi has passed the examination.
(ii) Alternative (weKíevPK) Conjunction :
nq GUv bv nq IUv ev ýKv‡bvUvB bq Ggb eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ýh Conjunction `yBwU e³e¨‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡K
Alternative Conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
either ....... or (nq GUv ........ bv nq IUv): `ywUi g‡a¨ ýKv‡bv GKUv eySv‡Z either ..........or e¨envi
Kiv nq|
Either Rahim or I will come.
neither ....... nor (GUvI bv .......... IUvI bv): `ywUi g‡a¨ ýKv‡bvwU bv eySv‡Z neither ...........
nor e¨envi Kiv nq| Neither Maidul nor Muhit has passad the exam.
or (A_ev) : cÖ_gwU bv n‡j c‡iiwU Ggb eySv‡Z or e¨envi Kiv nq|
He has lost his purse, or it has been stolen.
Avevi, D‡j­wLZ KvRwUi wecixZ n‡j Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i ev n‡e Zv eySv‡ZI or e¨envi Kiv nq|
Read or you will fail in the exam.
g‡b ivL‡e either ...... or, neither ....... nor, or w`‡q `ywU subject hy³ n‡j 2q Subject
Abymv‡i Verb e‡m|
 otherwise (bZzev) : D‡j­wLZ KvRwUi wecixZ n‡j Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i ev n‡e Zv eySv‡Z otherwise
e¨envi Kiv nq|
Do the work; otherwise you will suffer.
(iii) Adversative (ˆecixZ¨m–PK) Conjunction :
`yBwU wecixZ e³e¨‡K hy³ Ki‡Z ýh Conjunction e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Adversative Conjunction e‡j|
ýhgb :
but (wKš„), yet (ZeyI), still (Z_vwc), nevertheless (Z`m‡Ë¡I) :
cÖ_g KvRwUi ýhŠw³K ýh dj nevi K_v Zv bv n‡q wecixZ ýKv‡bv dj n‡j GB Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
He is rich but unhappy.
He did not study hard nevertheless he passed the examination.
on the contrary (c¶vš@‡i), while (c¶vš@‡i), whereas (c¶vš@‡i) :
`ywU cv_©K¨g–jK e³e¨‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GB Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
I am poor while he is honest/ rich.
The ant was industrious; while the grasshopper was lazy.
(iv) Illative (wm×vš@evPK) Conjunction :
ýh Conjunction ýKv‡bv Kvh©KviY m¤•K© eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Illative Conjunction e‡j|
therefore (ZvB), consequently (d‡j), as a result (d‡j) :
ýKv‡bv Kv‡Ri ýhŠw³K djvd‡ji mv‡_ GB Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
He has starved for two days; therefore/ as a result/ consequently he has
become weak.
Subordinating Conjunction :
ýh Conjunction GK ev GKvwaK Subordinate (Aaxb) Clause ýK Principal ev main clause
ev Independent (¯^vaxb) clause Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Zv‡K Subordinate Conjunction e‡j|
ýhgb :
We study hard so that we can pass the examination.
Doyeta had reached the station before Sumon came.
We eat so that we may live.
We laugh lest we should weep.
Subordinating conjunction mvaviYZ wbæwjwLZ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i :
(a) Time (mgq) :
mgq wb‡`©kK conjunction My‡jv n‡jv: till (hZ¶Y ch©š@), until (hZ¶Y bv ch©š@), before (Av‡M),
after (c‡i), when (hLb), while (hLb), since (ý_‡K)|
Wait until I return.
Wait till I return.
I have not seen him since he was four.
Do not give her this pill (ewo) till the doctor comes.
(b) Cause or Reason (KviY) :
Cause or reason (KviY) A_© cÖKvkK conjunction My‡jv n‡jv : because (KviY), as (ýh‡nZz),
since (ýh‡nZz)| KviY cÖKvkK I djvdj cÖKvkK `ywU evK¨‡K hy³ Ki‡Z GB conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
g‡b ivL‡e, KviY cÖKvkK As‡ki ïi“‡Z GB conjunction hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| ýhgb :
You will not pass because you have not tried.
I could not attend the class as I was ill.
g‡b ivL‡e, conjunction-hy³ Ask cÖ_‡g ev c‡i ýjLv hvq| Z‡e cÖ_‡g wjL‡j `yB evK¨vs‡ki gv‡S Kgv em‡e|
As I was ill, I could not attend the class.
(c) Purpose (D‡Ïk¨) :
 D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvkK Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv that (hv‡Z), so that (hv‡Z), in order that (GB D‡Ïk¨
ýh), lest (hv‡Z bv)| cÖ_g KvRwUi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z GB Conjunction ýhv‡M D‡Ïk¨g–jK Ask wjL‡Z
nq|
Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
Eat good food so that you may keep your health fit.
Read attentively that you can pass the exam.

lest Gi ý¶‡Î verb-Gi c–‡e© should e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges negative word e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv;
KviY GUv A_©MZfv‡e wb‡RB negative|
so that, in order that Gi ý¶‡Î verb-Gi c–‡e© can/could/may/might e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(d) Condition (kZ©) :
kZ© cÖKvkK Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv If (hw`), unless (hw` bv), whether or not (nj wKbv),
provided, providing that (hw`, GB kZ© mv‡c¶)| kZ© I djvdj cÖKvkK `ywU evK¨vsk‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨
GB Conjunction My‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| GB Conjunction kZ© cÖKvkK As‡ki ïi“‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e|
If you read, you will pass.
If you do not read, you will fail.
(e) Effect (djvdj) :
GB ai‡bi conjunction n‡jv so/such .......... that (GZ..........ýh). ýKv‡bv GKwU Ae¯‟vi ev
Kv‡Ri cieZ©x djvdj hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GB conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î 1g As‡ki verb-Gi ci
so/such Ges djvd‡ji ïi“‡Z that ýhvM Ki‡Z nq|
ýhgb : She is so lazy that she cannot prepare her lessons.
(f) Comparison (Zzjbv) :
Comparison (Zzjbv) A_© cÖKvkK subrodinating conjunction My‡jv n‡jv : than ( ýP‡q), So
........ as/ as ........ as (hZ..........ZZ/ gZ)|
Doyeta is wiser than Jui.
Sumon is as tall as Anwar.
Jui is smaller than Aney.
Suvo is not as tall as Rubel.
(g) Manner (ixwZ) :
Manner (ixwZ) A_© cÖKvkK subordinating conjunction My‡jv n‡jv : as .......... so (ýhgb---
ýZgb) ; according as (ýhgb), like (gZ) as if/ as though (ýhb)| ýKv‡bv GKwU KvR Kivi cÖwµqv
ýKgb Zv hy³ Ki‡Z GB conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| g‡b ivL‡e as if/ as though Gi ci verb-wU
Past/ Past Perfect n‡e| KvRwU Present n‡j as if/ as though Gi Ask past n‡e; Avi
KvRwU Past n‡j as if/ as though Gi Ask Past Perfect n‡e|
As you sow, so you reap.
He will get according as he wants.
He talks as if he were mad.
It is raining like the sky is falling.
(h) Concession or Contrast (¯^xK…wZ ev Zzjbv) :
Concession or Contrast (¯^xK…wZ ev Zzjbv) G ai‡bi A_© cÖKvkKvix subordinating
conjunction n‡jv : though/although (hw`I)| ýKv‡bv NUbv ev Ae¯‟vi ýhŠw³K djvdj bv n‡q hw`
wecixZ djvdj nq Z‡e GB conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| ýh Ask Ae¯‟v/KvR cÖKvkK Zvi ïi“‡Z
though/although e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Though he worked hard, he failed.
 Though he was late, he did not say sorry.
g‡b ivL‡e conjunction-hy³ Ask Av‡M ev c‡i ýjLv hvq| Z‡e conjunction-hy³ Ask Av‡M wjL‡j gv‡S
Kgv w`‡Z n‡e|
Though he is ill, he will come.
He will come though he is ill.
(i) Indroductory sense (m–Pbv) :
hLb ýKv‡bv conjunction sentence Gi ïi“‡Z e¨eüZ nq; A_©vr that, there BZ¨vw` Øviv ïi“ nq ZLb
Zv‡K Introductory conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
That he is a good man is known to all.
(j) Apposition (m¤^Ü) :
m¤^Ü cÖKvkKvix subordinating conjunction n‡jv : that, who, whom, whose, what,
which, where, when.
The rumour that his brother Abul has become a smuggler, is false.
Correlative Conjunction :
c–‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq j¶ Kiv hvq, ci¯•i hy³ nIqv ev m¤^Ühy³ nIqv wKQy wKQy conjunction Av‡Q, hv‡`i GKwU
word ev Ask Ab¨ GKwU word ev As‡ki mv‡_ wg‡j GKmv‡_ GKwU ýhŠwMK conjunction G cwiYZ nq Ges
GKwU gvÎ conjunction wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G‡`i‡K e‡j correlative conjunction| Giv ýRvovq ýRvovq
e¨eüZ nq| ýhgb :
hardly ............ when no sooner ......... than
scarcely ............ when neither ............... nor
though .............. yet either ............... or
whether ........... or not both ............... and
such ............... as the same ............. as
the same ............. that as ............... as
Practice
10.2. Fill in the gaps using suitable conjunctions from the list given in the
box.
(i) as for unless because Until
(a) — you work hard, you will not reach your goal.
(b) Wait here — I come back.
(c) — I was weak, I could not walk on foot.
(d) Nobody knows him well — he is a stranger in our village.
(e) Eva could not attend the party — she was suffering from fever.
(ii) though or but as if Unless
(a) I would fail — you helped me.
(b) She talks — she were mad.
(c) Work hard — you will fail.
(d) — he is poor, he is honest.
(e) He tried hard — did not succeed.
(ii
until since if unless Lest
i)
(a) — you work hard, you will fail.
(b) Wait — I come back.
(c) Walk fast — you should miss the train.
(d) I shall go — I am invited.
(e) It is a long time — we last saw him.
(iv) since because if or After
 (a) I hate him — he is lazy.
(b) Walk quickly — you will miss the train.
(c) Many years have passed — his father died.
(d) — you come, I shall go.
(e) The patient died — the doctor had come.
(v) and still because if otherwise And
(a) Two — two make four.
(b) I was annoyed — I kept quiet.
(c) Walk quickly — you will not overtake him.
(d) God made the country — man made the town.
(e) I read the paper — it interests me.