VINH UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

GRAMMAR PROJECT
COMMON MISTAKES OF STUDENTS WHEN
USING VERB IN PRESENT TENSES

GROUP 4 _ CLASS 03_ K64

Group members:
1. Nguyễn Ngọc Du (Leader)
Student ID: 235722020110109

2. Đặng Minh Chiến

Student ID: 235722020110177

3. Đinh Bạt Tuân

Student ID: 235714023130094

4. Đậu Thị Thu Hiền

Student ID: 235722020110004

5. Hồng Thảo Linh

Student ID: 235722020110158

VINH, MAY 2024

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OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS
II.1. Definitions of verb and tenses in English
II.2. The Present tenses
II.2.1. Present simple tenses.........................................................................5-8
II.2.2. Present continuous tense..................................................................8-10
II.2.3. Present perfect tense.......................................................................10-11
II.2.4 Present perfect continuous tense.....................................................11-12
II.3 Comparision of tenses
3.1 Present simple & Present continuous......................................................13
3.2 Comparison of Present Continuous & Present Perfect Tense..................14
3.3 Comparison of Present Perfect Continuous Tense & Present Perfect ....15
II.4. Subject – Verb Agreement
1. Singular verbs............................................................................................16
2. Plural verbs................................................................................................17
III. Data collection
IV. Finding mistakes & Suggestion
IV.1. Common mistake when using verb in present tenses.

- Misuse of present simple and present continuous.......................................18

- Misuse of present perfect and present perfect continuous...........................18
- Mistakes in using words without compatibility...........................................19
- Verb form error.............................................................................................19
IV.2. Analyze mistake in the survey
V. Conclusion
VI. References
VII. APPENDICES

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ABBREVIATIONS
CJ Conjoin

CL Clause
COOR Coordinator
D
Cs Subject complement
CZR Complementizer
DP Determiner phrase
DVE Determinative
E.g For example
N Noun
Od Direct object
Oi Indirect object
Post Postmodifier
Pred Predicate
S Subject
SUBD Subordinator
V Verb

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I. INTRODUCTION

Verb conjugation is an important aspect of using English properly. It is

essential to create clear and concise sentences that accurately convey
meaning. When you conjugate a verb, you are changing the form of the verb
to match the subject and tense of the sentence. This helps the reader or
listener understand who is performing the action and when it is happening.
Without proper verb conjugation, sentences can become confusing or even
meaningless.

Learning how to conjugate verbs correctly not only improves your

communication skills but also improves your English proficiency in writing
and reading. This provides a solid foundation for learning grammar and
communicating effectively in English.

However, we realize that the incorrect use of verbs by many learners,

especially students, is quite common in daily life. Therefore, we have
compiled data to come up with corrective measures. In the research process,
shortcomings are inevitable, so we hope to receive many contributions and
feedback.

As future linguists, mastering English grammar brings many important

benefits. First, improve your translation skills. A deep understanding of
grammar helps you easily translate back and forth between English and the
native language accurately and flexibly.
Second, have a deep understanding of language structure. Grammar is the
foundation of every language. Understanding grammar helps you understand
the structure, systems, and rules of that language.
Besides, mastering languages helps us improve our writing and expression
skills. Avoid grammatical errors during use.
In short, each language contains the unique identity of each nation. Our
research on the subject makes it easier for us to access that country's culture
as well as show our love and respect.

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II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS
II.1. Definitions of verb and tenses in English
- There are a number of definitions of verbs. According to Cambridge
Dictionary a ‘verb’ is defined as “a word or phrase that describes an
action, condition, or experience” (
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/verb.) Besides,
the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary defines a ‘verb’ as “a word or group of
words that express an action (such as eat), an event (such as happen) or
a state (such as exist)”.
- According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, the term ‘tense’ is
defined as “any of the forms of a verb that may be used to show the
time of the action or state expressed by the verb.” The Merriam-
Webster Dictionary provides a slightly different definition. According
to it, the word ‘tense’ is defined as “a distinction of form in a verb to
express distinctions of time or duration of the action or state it
denotes.”
II.2. The Present tenses
According to the Cambridge Dictionary defines present tense as “the form of
the verb that is used to show what happens or exists now.” The Merriam-
Webster Dictionary defines present tense as “the tense of a verb that
expresses action or state in the present time and is used of what occurs or is
true at the time of speaking and of what is habitual or characteristic or is
always or necessarily true, that is sometimes used to refer to action in the
past, and that is sometimes used for future events.
( https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present%20tenses).
II.2.1 Present simple tenses
2.1.1 Definition
The tense that is used to refer to events, actions, and conditions that are
happening all the time, or exist now (Cambridge Dictionary)
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/present-simple

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2.1.2 Structure
a,The present tense with “tobe”:

S + am/is/are + O

S + am/ is/ are + not + O

Am/ Is/ Are + S + (not)+O?

b,The present tense with regular verb:

S + V(s/ es) +O

S+do/ does + not + V + O

Do/ Does + S + (not) + V + O ?

2.1.3 Use

General truths and facts

We use the present simple to talk about general facts that are always true and
permanent about the world:
There is always a holiday on the last Monday in August in the UK.
Time passes very quickly when you get older.
We use the present simple to talk about general facts that we think are true
and permanent at the present time:

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I really love my job.
Mrs Clare doesn’t teach me but she teaches my sister.

Regular and habitual events

We use the present simple to talk about regular or habitual events. We often
use always, often, usually, sometimes, never and other frequency adverbs for
regular and habitual events:
How do you get to work? Do you get the bus?

Instructions and directions

We use the present simple when we are giving instructions or directions. We

often use ordering words, such as and, first and then with this use of the
present simple:
[giving directions]
You take the train into the city centre and then you take a number five bus.
You don’t get off at the museum. You get off at the stop after the museum.
[giving instructions before a test]
So what you do is … you read the questions first and then you write down
your answers in the box. You don’t write on the question paper.

Stories and commentaries

We often use the present simple to describe a series of actions – one action
after another. We see this especially in stories, summaries of stories or
reviews:
[talking about the series of events in a novel]
Alex doesn’t ring back at midnight … she waits till the morning to ring, and
they get annoyed with Liz when she goes on … they know she’s got plenty
of money by their standards …
The present simple is often used by sports commentators to give
commentaries or report actions as they are happening:
Caicedo shoots and volleys. O’Brien blocks.

Immediate reactions

We use the present simple, often with verbs of senses and perception, to talk
about feelings and reactions at the moment of speaking:
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It seems a bit quiet in here. Where is everyone?
Don’t you believe me? It’s true, honestly.

I promise, I swear, I agree (speech act verbs)

We use the present simple with speech act verbs (verbs which perform the act
that they describe):
I will pay you back, I promise, when I get paid.
I agree with everything you say.
We also use the present simple in a similar way in formal statements and in
business or legal communications:
I attach the original signed copies for your records.
On behalf of the Society, and particularly those involved in medical work,
I write to thank you for your kind gift of £20,000 … (more formal than I’m
writing to thank you …)

Timetables and plans

We use the present simple to talk about events that are part of a future plan or
timetable:
The lesson starts at 9.30 tomorrow instead of 10.30.
Lunch is at 12.30. Don’t be late.

Newspaper headlines

We often see the present simple in news headlines to report past events. It
emphasises the drama or immediacy of an event:
Man rescues child from lake
Taiwanese envoys arrive in China
2.1.4 Time expression:
 Daily routines: every day, every morning, every evening, …
 Weekly routines: every week, every Monday, …
 Monthly/ Yearly routines: very month, every year, …
 Adverbs of frequency: always, often, usually, never, sometimes, rarely,
…
II.2.2. Present continuous tense
2.2.1 Definition
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The Cambridge Dictionary defines the ‘present continuous tense’ as
“ the verb form used for actions or events that are happening or developing
now.”
( https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/present-continuous?
q=the+present+continuous)
2.2.2 Structures
Positive S + to be + V-ing
Negative S + to be + not + V-ing
Interrogative To be + S + (not) + V-ing ?

2.2.3 Uses
Events at the time of speaking
We use the present continuous to talk about events that are in progress at the
moment of speaking:
A: What time’s dinner?
B: I’m cooking now so it’ll be ready in about half an hour.
She’s pressing the button, but nothing is happening.
Temporary states
We use the present continuous to talk about temporary states which are true
around the moment of speaking:
Ex: Her mother’s living with her at the moment. She’s just come out of
hospital.

Repeated temporary events

We use the present continuous to describe actions that are repeated or regular,
but which we believe to be temporary:
Ex: I’m not drinking much coffee these days. I’m trying to cut it down.
Change
We use the present continuous to talk about a gradual change:
Ex: They’re building a new stand at the football ground. Maria, 37, is
getting better and doctors are optimistic she will make a full recovery.
Plans and arrangements
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We use the present continuous to refer to the future when we talk about plans
and arrangements that have already been made:
Ex: We’re moving to Cambridge in July.
Aren’t you playing tennis on Saturday?
2.2.4 Time expression.
We often use the present continuous with words
like always, constantly, continually, and forever (adverbs of indefinite
frequency) to describe events that are regular but not planned, and often not
wanted:
Ex: My wife, she’s always throwing things out. I like to keep everything.
II.2.3 Present perfect tense
2.3.1 Definition
The tense you use to talk about actions or events that happen in both the past
and the present (Cambridge Dictionary)
The form of a verb that expresses an action done in a time period up to the
present, formed in English with the present tense of have and the past
participle of the verb (Oxford Dictionary)
2.3.2 Structures
Positive S + have/ has + V3 + O

Negative S + have/ has + not + V3+O

Interrogative Have/ has + S + V3 ?

2.3.3 Use
We use the present perfect simple to refer to events in the past but which
connect to the present.
Experiences
We use the present perfect simple to talk about our experiences up to now.
The time of the experiences is not important.
Ex: And I’ve seen ‘Buddy’ and I’ve seen ‘Starlight Express’ in London. And
I want to see ‘Phantom of the Opera’ next.

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Although we do not give a specific time, we often use general time
expressions like ever, never, before, in my life, so far, up until now with this
use of the present perfect simple.
Ex: We haven’t met before, have we?
-We often use ever, not … ever and never when we talk about experiences.
Ex: Have you ever tried to write your name and address with your left
hand?
We often use the present perfect simple for a unique experience when we are
using a superlative.
Ex: It’s the worst sports programme I have ever seen and the first I have
ever turned off.
We usually use the present perfect simple with the first time when we’re
talking about an immediate, continuing or recent event.
Ex: That’s the first time I’ve seen you get angry.

Recent completed events

-We use the present perfect simple to talk about a finished event or state in
the very recent past. We do not give a specific time. We often use words
like just or recently for events taking place a very short time before now.
Ex: What’s this? What’s just happened?

Past events, present results

-We use the present perfect simple when a single past action has a connection
with the present.
Ex: Why haven’t you dressed in something warmer? (You got dressed in the
past but the clothes are not warm enough for now.)
2.3.4 Time expression:
Time + for and since
-We use the present perfect simple with for and since to talk about a present
situation that began at a specific point in the past and is still going on in the
present. We are looking back from the present to a point in the past.

Just = Recently = Lately; already; before; never; ever; yet; the first/ second…
time; so far = until now = up to now = up to the present.
II.2.4 Present perfect continuous tense
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2.4.1 Definition
The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines the ‘present perfect continuous
tense’ as a tense that is used to ‘talk about an action or activity that started in
the past and continues now or has only just stopped’.

2.4.2 Structures
Positive S + have/ has + been + present participle
Negative S + have/ has + not + been + present participle
Interrogative Have/ Has + S + ( not) + been + present participle

2.4.3 Uses
Recent past activities
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished activity in the
recent past. Using the present perfect continuous focus on the activity.
We don’t give a specific time. Even though the activity is finished, we can see
the result in the present:
Ex: I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)
One continuing event
We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that began at a
point in the past and is continuing:
Ex: I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)
He’s been living in the village since 1995. (He is still living in the village.)
Repeated continuing events
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated activities that
started at a particular time in the past and are continuing up until now:
Ex: I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.
I haven’t been eating many lunches lately. I’ve been going to the gym at
lunchtime.

2.4.4 Time expressions

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- Time expressions such as "for," "since," "all day," "recently," "lately," or a
specific period are commonly used with the present perfect continuous tense
to indicate the duration of the action.
Example: "She has been reading this book for two hours."

II.3 Comparision of tenses

3.1 Present simple & Present continuous

Present Simple Present Continuous

Aspect
(+) S + V(s/ es) +O
(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S+do/ does + not + V + O
(-) S + to be + not + V-ing
(?) Do/ Does + S + (not) + V +
O? (?) To be + S + (not) + V-ing ?
Structure
 Used for actions
 Used for habits, routines, happening at the present
and general truths that moment, or around the
are always or usually present time.
true.  Emphasizes that an action
 Talks about facts, not is ongoing.Ex:
specific moments in
Ex: She’s living with her
time.
parents.
Ex: She lives with her parents
 Is typically used for
 Used to talk about
future arrangements
scheduled events or
timetables.
Usage
Time expressions Present simple often uses phrases Present continuous often uses
like "always," "usually," "every," phrases like "now," "at the
"often," etc moment," "today," "this week,"
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 Present Simple Present Continuous
Aspect
etc..

3.2 Comparison of Present Continuous & Present Perfect Tense

Aspect Present Continuous Present Perfect

Structure am/is/are + V-ing have/has + past participle (V3)

 Action started in the past and
 Action happening now: "She is continues to the present: "They
talking on the phone right now." have lived in this city for ten
years."
 Temporary actions: "I am
working from home this week."  Completed action with
relevance to the present: "I
 Future plans/arrangements:
have just finished my dinner."
"We are flying to New York next
Monday."  Repeated actions: "She has
visited the museum several
 Trends or repeated actions: "He
times."
is always forgetting his keys."
 With keywords: "Have you
ever been to Japan?" / "I haven't
Usage seen that movie yet."

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Aspect Present Continuous Present Perfect

Time now, at the moment, currently, today,

expressions this week just, already, yet, ever, never, for, since

3.2 Comparison of Present Perfect Continuous Tense & Present Perfect

Tense
Aspect Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
(+) S + have/ has + been + present
participle
(-) S + have/ has + not + been + present
(+) S + have/ has + V3 + O
participle
(-) S + have/ has + not + V3+O
(?) Have/ Has + S + ( not) + been +
(?) Have/ has + S + V3? present participle ?
Structure

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Aspect Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

 The present perfect tense is used

to express actions or events that
occurred at an unspecified time in
the past, actions or events that  The present perfect continuous
started in the past and continue tense is used to emphasize the
into the present, experiences in a duration of an activity that started
person's life, and actions that in the past and continues into the
Usage have just been completed. present or has just stopped.
Signal words often used with the Signal words often used with the
present perfect include: ever, never, present perfect continuous include: for,
Time already, yet, just, recently, so far, up to since, all day, lately, recently, how long,
expressions now, etc. etc.

II.4 Subject – Verb Agreement.

In English, The Verb and Subject must agree:
1. Singular verbs
Singular verbs are often used when the subject is:
- Singular countable nouns or uncountable noun
Ex: This jacket looks very nice and suits you very well.
- Two nouns connected by and refer to the same person, thing, or event.
Ex: My best friend and adviser, Tom, is arriving tonight.

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- Each/ Every/ Either/ Neither + Singular noun
Ex: Each student has their place in the library.
+ Each/Everyone / Either / Neither/ Any/ None + of + Noun/ Plural pronouns
Ex: Each of us has a job to do.
+ Each/ Every + Singular noun + and + each/ every + Singular noun
Ex: Every boy and every girl in this class has applied for TOEPL.
- More than one + Singular countable noun
Ex: More than one person is going to have to find a new job.
- Every-, any-, no-, some-,…
Ex: Everything is done by computer nowadays.
Some nouns have a plural form but a singular meaning:
- News, subject or sport, game, disease, country, etc.
Ex: The news isn’t very good, I’m afraid.
The Netherlands is known for its tulip fields.
- Distance, duration, amount of money and measurement
Ex: Twenty miles is too far to walk.
- A clause, gerund or phrase.
Ex: That you feel upset is only natural.

2. Plural verbs
Plural verbs are often used when the subject is
- Plural nouns
Ex: These coats look nice.
- Two nouns connected by and refer to two different people, things or things.
Ex: My best friend and my adviser are arriving tonight.
- The + adjective => noun
Ex: The poor live in terrible conditions.
- Some, a few, both, many, a lot of, all…. + Plural nouns
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Ex: All my friends like riding
- Collective nouns like police, people, and cattle.
Ex: Diary cattle were grazing in a field.

III. Data collection

To ensure the accuracy and objectivity of the research, we have conducted a
survey to collect data. Our assessment comprises 10 multiple-choice
questions. The research subjects included high school students and some
university students. In total, 40 students participated and completed the
survey. In addition, we also selected 3 out of 20 articles written by students at
Vinh University to analyze errors in order to generally evaluate the accuracy
of the articles.

IV. Finding mistakes & Suggestion

IV.1. Common mistake when using verb in present tenses.

- Misuse of present simple and present continuous

The mistake of using the present simple and the present continuous can often
be detected from the context and characteristics of the incorrect action or
state. The present simple is often used to express habits, factual facts, fixed
schedules or emotional or psychological states. Meanwhile, the present
continuous describes actions that are happening immediately, temporary
actions, or plans and projects in the near future.
For example:

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  Incorrect: "I am eating breakfast every morning." (Should be: "I eat
breakfast every morning.")
 Incorrect: "She works as a teacher this week." (Should be: "She is
working as a teacher this week.")

- Misuse of present perfect and present perfect continuous

The mistake of using Present Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous is a
common grammatical error in English. This error occurs when learners do not
clearly distinguish the two tenses, leading to incorrect usage in different
contexts. The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are
happening right at the moment of speaking or in the present period, often
accompanied by words indicating time such as "now," "at the moment," or
"currently." ” Meanwhile, the present perfect continuous is used to describe
an action that started in the past and continues in the present, or has just
ended but still has an effect on the present comes with words like "for,"
"since," and "recently."

For example:

 Incorrect: "I have been to Paris last year." (Should be: "I went to Paris
last year.")
 Incorrect: "She has been living in London since ten years." (Should be:
"She has lived in London for ten years.")

-Mistakes in using words without compatibility

A common mistake is the lack of subject-verb agreement, where the verb

form does not match the number of the subject. For example:

 Incorrect: "The dogs is barking loudly." (Correct: "The dogs are

barking loudly.")

Another example of lack of compatibility is the mismatch between pronouns

and their antecedents:

 Incorrect: "Everyone should do their homework." (Correct: "Everyone

should do his or her homework.")

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-Verb form error

A verb form error occurs when the form of the verb used in a sentence is
incorrect or inconsistent with the grammatical rules or the context of the
sentence. These errors can manifest in various ways, such as using the wrong
tense, aspect, mood, or form of the verb.

Here are some examples of verb form errors:

1. Incorrect tense:
o "He go to school every day." (Correct: "He goes to school every
day.")
2. Incorrect aspect:
o "She has went to the store." (Correct: "She has gone to the
store.")
3. Incorrect form:
o "She can to speak French." (Correct: "She can speak French.")

IV.2. Analyze mistake in the survey

IV.2.1. Mistake 1:

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- According to data, 42.5% of people chose option A, which is the right
answer. However, 40% of people chose response C, 15% chose answer B, and
5% selected option D. We assess that solution C is not erroneous but not the
greatest alternative for the present perfect tense. "have studied" alludes to an
activity that occurred in the past, but it does not highlight the action's
continuity or length, as "have been studying" does. So it does not exactly suit
"for three years". Some people are perplexed by the subject in a statement:
"has" is used with a 3rd person singular subject; in this sentence, the subject
is "I," thus we must use "have". In sentence D, "had studying" is entirely
incorrect. If true, the past perfect continuous tense would be "had been
studying," however this does not match the context of the sentence (since it
suggests an activity). accomplished prior to another action in the past).
- For this reason, we propose the following solutions to users:
+ Principle 1: The first factor that directly affects the form of the verb is the
host language. Learners need to accurately determine whether the target
language is singular, plural, countable or uncountable.
+ Principle 2: Motives need to be determined based on time or context in the
sentence. In addition, to determine the correct tense and possibly verb, it is
sometimes necessary to rely on timestamps or context to determine
accurately.

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- Based on the statistics, 17.5% of users chose answer B, A, and 20% of users
chose answer D. Most users selected answer C, which is the correct answer.
Our analysis reveals that some users might be confused about using the base
form of the verb after the verb "imagine"; in fact, after "imagine," we need a
verb ending in "ing." Other users made mistakes by using the past participle
of "go," which is not appropriate for the context. In summary, the main errors
stem from not mastering the grammar rule of using a gerund after the verb
"imagine."

- For this reason, we propose the following solutions to users:

 Create a list of verbs and grammatical structures that use Gerunds and
Infinitives.
 Increase practice with exercises related to the use of Gerunds and
Infinitives after specific verbs.
 Read and consult additional English materials to better understand the
practical use of verbs.
 Practice writing paragraphs that use grammatical structures related to
Gerunds and Infinitives.

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- According to the data, 45% of people selected solution B, which is right.
However, a large number, 42.5%, selected answer A, 7.5% chose answer C,
and 5% chose option D, all of which were inaccurate. According to our
findings, a high percentage of users incorrectly assumed that "friend and
adviser" referred to two separate persons, prompting them to use "are" for the
plural. In reality, "My best friend and adviser, Chien," relates to a single
individual and should be written in the singular form. Other users were
perplexed by the grammatical structure: "arriving" is a present participle verb
that requires "to be" to generate the present continuous tense. "Has" and
"have" are unsuitable in this situation since they are possessive verbs.
=> Solutions:
+ Establish specific rules regarding the usage of verbs with phrases indicating
singular and plural forms. Pay special attention to combined phrases like "My
best friend and adviser, Chien" (referring to one person).
+ Users need to analyze sentence structures to identify subjects and auxiliary
words.
+ Engage in exercises analyzing sentence structures and determining
appropriate verbs for subjects.
+ Read books and listen to conversations or podcasts in English to observe
language usage in real-life contexts.

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V. Conclusion

After conducting surveys and research, we have identified typical mistakes

that students frequently face when using present tense verbs. These errors
might indicate a lack of understanding regarding proper verb usage or a lack
of attention to detail during writing. Specifically, users commonly struggle
with issues such as incorrect tense selection, neglecting spelling and grammar
rules, and inconsistency in maintaining the present tense throughout their
writing.

To address these errors, we recommend users to be cautious when utilizing

verbs, ensuring a clear understanding of their meaning and structure within
the given context, with a particular focus on subject-verb agreement. By
practicing attentively, users can significantly improve their writing and
communication skills. This proactive approach will enable them to avoid
common errors and enhance the effectiveness of conveying their intentions
and messages.

Hopefully, our article will help you in the process of learning English. To
better understand the use of verbs in the present tense in particular as well as
other tenses in general, please refer to other resources in Section VI.

VI. References
1. Betty S.Azar, Stacy A.Hagen: Understanding and Using English
Grammar (Fifth edition)
2. Sidney Greenbaum: Oxford English Grammar
3. Martin Hewings: Advanced Grammar in Use (Second edition)

4. Nelson, G. (2019), English: An Essential Grammar (Third edition),

Routledge
5. Downing, A. (2015), English Grammar: A university course (Third
edition), Routledge
6. Elbaum, S. N. (2021), Grammar in context 3 (Seventh edition),
National Geographic Learning
7. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/verbs

VII. APPENDICES
Evidence of common mistakes encountered by learners when using verb in
present tenses:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/
1_DuP_GiLuiEUe851mcjhRbMEYgWasGQBAIQgGH4BWWM/edit?
usp=sharing

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