CHAPTER 16

Lines and Angles

16-1. Lines, Segments, and Rays

A line is a straight arrangement of points and
extends in two directions without ending. Written as: line , line PQ, or PQ .
A line is often named by a lower-case script letter.
P Q
If the names of two points on a line are known,
then the line can be named by those points.

A segment is a part of a line and consists of two Written as: segment PQ, or PQ .
endpoints and all points in between.
P Q
A ray is a part of a line. It has one endpoint and Written as: ray PQ or PQ .
extends forever in one direction.
P R Q
Two rays RP and RQ are called opposite rays if points
R, P, and Q are collinear and R is between P and Q.

The length of PQ , written as PQ , is the distance between the point P and point Q.
Segment Addition Postulate
If Q is between P and R, then PQ QR PR.

Definition of Midpoint
1
If M is the midpoint of PR , then PM MR PR . P Q M R
2
A segment bisector is a line or a segment that intersects
a segment at its midpoint. Line is a segment bisector.

Example 1 Points A, B, M and C lie on the line as shown below. Point M is

the midpoint of AC .

A B M C

a. Which ray is opposite to ray BC ?

2
b. If BM 6 and AB MC , what is the length of AM ?
3

Solution a. Ray BA
b. Let AB x .
AM AB BM x 6 Segment addition postulate
AM MC Definition of midpoint
3 2 3 3
x 6 x Substitution. If AB MC , MC AB x.
2 3 2 2
x 12 Solve for x .
AM x 6 12 6 18 Substitute and simplify.
268 Chapter 16

Exercises - Lines, Segments, and Rays

1
3
x 3 2x 1
P Q R
A B C D
In the figure above, Q is the midpoint of PR .
If PQ x 3 and QR 2 x 1 , what is the In the figure above, which of the following are
length of segment PR ? opposite rays?

A) 4 A) Ray AB and Ray CD

B) 7 B) Ray CA and Ray CD
C) 11 C) Ray DA and Ray AD
D) 14 D) Ray CA and Ray BD

2
4

P Q R S
x 3 3x 6

Note: Figure not drawn to scale. A B C

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

On the segment PS above, PR 12 , QS 16 ,
1 2
and QR PS . What is the length of PS ? In the figure above, AB BC . What is the length
3 3
of AC ?
A) 19
A) 15
B) 20
B) 18
C) 21
C) 21
D) 22
D) 25
Lines and Angles 269

16-2. Angles
Angles are classified according to their measures.
An acute angle measures between 0 and 90. Ex. POQ and QOR R
A right angle measures 90. Ex. POR and SOR Q
An obtuse angle measures between 90 and 180. Ex. QOS
A straight angle measures 180. Ex. POS
P O S
Angle Addition Postulate
If C is in the interior of AOB , then m AOB m AOC m COB .

An angle bisector divides an angle into two congruent angles.

A A

C C
O B O B

m AOB m AOC m COB If OC is the angle bisector of AOB,

1
then m AOC m COB m AOB.
2

Special Pairs of Angles 2

When two lines intersect, they form two pairs of vertical angles. 1 3
4
Vertical angles are congruent.
1 3 (m 1 m 3) 2 4 (m 2 m 4) B

Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180

are called supplementary angles.
D A C
Two angles whose measures have a sum of 90
DAB and BAC are supplementary.
are called complementary angles.
B and BAC are complementary.

Q
Example 1 In the figure shown at the right, m POQ 55 . R
Find the each of the following.
a. m SOT b. m ROT c. m POT d. m POR P O S

T
Solution a. m SOT m POQ 55 Vertical angles are congruent.
b. m QOR m ROT 180 Straight angle measures 180.
90 m ROT 180 m QOR 90
m ROT 90 Solve for m ROT .
c. m POQ m POT 180 Straight angle measures 180.
55 m POT 180 m POQ 55
m POT 125 Solve for m POT .
d. m POR m POQ m QOR Angle Addition Postulate
m POR 55 90 145 Substitution
270 Chapter 16

Exercises - Angles

1 3

C
40 ( x 90)
B

D O A
In the figure above, what is the value of x ?

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

A) 140
B) 160 In the figure above, ray OB bisects COA .
If m DOB 11x 6 and m COA 8 x 12 ,
C) 190 what is the measure of DOC ?
D) 230
A) 92
B) 96
C) 102
D) 108
2

4
x (3 y 8)
(5 x 12) E
D

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

A B C

In the figure above, what is the values of y ?

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

A) 52
In the figure above, m ABE 120 and
B) 60
m CBD 135 . What is the measure of DBE ?
C) 68
D) 76 A) 63
B) 68
C) 75
D) 79
Lines and Angles 271

16-3. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

For two parallel lines and m which are cut by the transversal t :
1) Corresponding Angles are equal in measure.
t
m 1 m 5 m 2 m 6
m 3 m 7 m 4 m 8 1 2
4 3
2) Alternate Interior Angles are equal in measure.
m 3 m 5 m 4 m 6
5 6
3) Alternate Exterior Angles are equal in measure. m
8 7
m 1 m 7 m 2 m 8

4) Consecutive(Same Side) Interior Angles are supplementary.

m 3 m 6 180 m 4 m 5 180

t
Theorem
In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines,
it is also perpendicular to the other.
If t and m , then t m.
m

Example 1 In the figure below, m , r t and m 1 32 . Lines , r , and t intersect

at one point. Find m 2 , m 3 , m 4 , and m 5 .

r t

2
3 1
4
5 m
6

Solution m 1 m 2 90 A right angle measures 90.

32 m 2 90 Substitution
m 2 58 Solve for m 2 .

m 2 m 3 58 Vertical angles are .

m 1 m 4 m 3 180 A straight angle measures 180.

32 m 4 58 180 Substitution
m 4 90 Solve for m 4 .

m 3 m 5 58 Alternate Interior s are .

m 1 m 6 32 Corresponding s are .
272 Chapter 16

Exercises - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

1 3

r
t y
(5 y 9) 70 m
(5 x 4) x
3x n

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

Note: Figure not drawn to scale

In the figure above, lines , m , and n are parallel.

In the figure above, r t . What is the value
What is the value of x y ?
of x y ?

A) 160
A) 37
B) 200
B) 40
C) 230
C) 43
D) 290
D) 46

2 4

a b x
n

c
m 55
m
In the figure above, m n . If a 50 and b 120 ,
what is the value of c ? In the figure above, m . What is the value
of x ?

A) 50
A) 30
B) 60
B) 35
C) 70
C) 40
D) 80
D) 45
Lines and Angles 273

Chapter 16 Practice Test

1 3

m
A D
108 x
x 75
50
m
B C

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

In the figure above, lines and m are parallel

In the figure above, m . What is the value
and BD bisects ABC . What is the value of x ?
of x ?

A) 54
A) 45
B) 60
B) 50
C) 68
C) 55
D) 72
D) 60

2 4

D B
(2 x 15)

a
x y
m
E A C

Note: Figure not drawn to scale. In the figure above, DA BC and AB bisects
DAC . What is the measure of BCA in terms
In the figure above, m . What is the value of a ?
of y ?
A) 180 a

A) 120 B) 2a 180

B) 125 C) 180 2a
C) 130 D) 2a 90
D) 135
274 Chapter 16

5 7

B x
D

68
x 65
A C E
y
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
In the figure above, what is the value of x y?
In the figure above, AB CD and BC DE .
What is the value of x ?

A) 47
B) 51
C) 55
D) 57

6 8

Q
t P
110
R
r

35 a 145
S T
c b
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

In the figure above, r t . What is the value In the figure above, PQ is parallel to ST .
of a b ?
What is the measure of QRS ?

A) 160
B) 175
C) 185
D) 200
Answers and Explanations 275

Answer Key 1 1
16 x RS QS 16 and QR x
3 3
Section 16-1
1
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D RS 16 x Solve for RS .
3
PS PQ QR RS Segment Addition Postulate
Section 16-2
1 1 1
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C x (12 x) x (16 x) Substitution
3 3 3
Section 16-3 1
x 28 x Simplify.
3
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B
4 1
x 28 Add x to each side .
Chapter 16 Practice Test 3 3
3 4 3 3
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A x 28 Multiply by each side.
6. D 7. 540 8. 105 4 3 4 4
x 21
Therefore, PS x 21 .

3. B
Answers and Explanations
Ray CA and Ray CD are opposite rays, because
Section 16-1
points A , C , and D are collinear and C is
1. D between A and D .

x 3 2x 1 4. D
P Q R x 3 3x 6
PQ QR Definition of Midpoint A B C
x 3 2x 1 Substitution
x 3 x 2x 1 x Subtract x from each side. Note: Figure not drwan to scale.
3 x 1 Simplify. 2
4 x AB BC Given
3
PR PQ QR Segment Addition Postulate
2
x 3 2x 1 Substitution x 3 (3 x 6) Substitution
3x 2 3
3(4) 2 14 x 4
x 3 2x 4 Simplify.
7 x Solve for x .
AC AB BC Segment Addition Postulate
2. C
x 3 3x 6 Substitution
P Q S 4x 3 Simplify.
R
4(7) 3 x 7
25
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

1 1
Let PS x , then QR PS x. Section 16-2
3 3
PR PQ QR Segment Addition Postulate 1. D
1 1 40 x 90 180 Straight measures 180.
12 PQ x PR 12 and QR x
3 3 x 50 180 Simplify.
1 x 50 50 180 50 Add 50 to each side.
PQ 12 x Solve for PQ .
3 x 230
QS QR RS Segment Addition Postulate
276 Chapter 16

2. A Let m DBE x
m ABE
m ABD m DBE Angle Addition Postulate
x (3 y 8)
120 m ABD x Substitution
(5 x 12) 120 x m ABD
m ABD m CBD 180 Straight measures 180.
120 x 135 180 Substitution
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 255 x 180 Simplify.
x 75
x 5 x 12 180 Straight measures 180.
6x 12 180 Therefore, m DBE x 75 .
6x 192
x 32
x 3 y 8 180 Straight measures 180. Section 16-3
32 3 y 8 180 x 32
1. A
24 3 y 180 Simplify.
24 3 y 24 180 24 r
t
3y 156
(5 y 9)
y 52
(5 x 4)
3x
3. B
C
Note: Figure not drawn to scale

B 5 x 4 3 x 180 If r t , consecutive interior

s are supplementary.
D O A 8 x 4 180 Simplify.
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 8 x 176
x 22
1 5 x 4 5 y 9 180 Straight measures 180.
m BOA m COA Definition of bisector
2 5 x 5 5 y 180 Simplify.
1 5(22) 5 5 y 180 x 22
m BOA (8 x 12) Substitution
2 110 5 5 y 180 Simplify.
m BOA 4 x 6 Simplify.
105 5 y 180 Simplify.
m DOB m BOA 180 Straight measures 180.
11x 6 4 x 6 180 Substitution
5 y 75 Simplify.
15 x 180 Simplify. y 15
x 12
Therefore, x y 22 15 37 .
Thus, m COA 8 x 12 8(12) 12 84 .
2. C
m DOC m COA 180 Straight measures 180.
m DOC 84 180 m COA 84
m DOC 96 a b n
2
4. C
c 3
E 1
D m

m 1 a If m n , corresponding s
are .
A B C
m 1 50 a 50
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. m 2 b Vertical s are .
m 2 120 b 120
Answers and Explanations 277

m 2 m 3 180 If m n , consecutive interior 50 x 75 180 If m , consecutive interior

s are supplementary. s are supplementary.
120 m 3 180 m 2 120 125 x 180 Simplify.
m 3 60 x 55
m 1 c m 3 180 Straight measures 180.
50 c 60 180 m 1 50 and m 3 60 2. B
c 110 180 Simplify.
c 70 (2 x 15)

3. D

y x y
m
2 70 m
1 Note: Figure not drwan to scale.
x n
y 2 x 15 If m , consecutive interior
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. s are supplementary.
x y 180 Straight measures 180.
m 1 x If m n , alternate interior
x (2 x 15) 180 y 2 x 15
s are .
3x 15 180 Simplify.
m 2 y If m , alternate interior
3x 165
s are . x 55
m 1 m 2 70 360 There are 360 in a circle.
x y 70 360 m 1 x and m 2 y Therefore, y 2 x 15 2(55) 15 125 .
x y 290
3. A
4. B A D
108 x
1 x

m
B C
55
m Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

m 1 55 If m , alternate interior m ABC 108 If m , alternate interior

s are . s are .
m 1 x 90 The acute s of a right 1
triangle are complementary.
m DBC m ABC Definition of bisector
2
55 x 90 m 1 55 1
x 35 m DBC (108) m ABC 108
2
m DBC 54 Simplify.
x m DBC If m , alternate interior
Chapter 16 Practice Test
s are .
x 54 m DBC 54
1. C
m 4. C
x 75 D B
50
a
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
E A C
278 Chapter 16

m BAC m DAB Definition of bisector x

m BAC a m DAB a
Since straight angles measure 180,
m DAE m DAB m BAC 180 .
a
m DAE a a 180 m DAB m BAC a
m DAE 180 2a Subtract 2a . y
m BCA m DAE If DA BC , corresponding
s are .
m BCA 180 2a m DAE 180 2a Draw a.
x a 360 360 in a circle.
5. A
x 360 a Subtract a from each side.
B y a 180 Straight measures 180.
D y 180 a Add a to each side.

Therefore, x y (360 a ) (180 a ) 540 .

68
x 65 8. 105
A C E
Q
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. P
110
m BCA m DEC If DE BC , corresponding
R U
s are .
m BCA 65 m DEC 65
m DCE x If AB CD , corresponding 145
S T
s are .
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
Since straight angles measure 180,
m BCA m BCD m DCE 180 .
Draw RU , which is parallel to PQ and ST .
65 68 x 180 Substitution
133 x 180 Simplify. If two lines are parallel, then the consecutive
x 47 interior angles are supplementary. Therefore,
m PQR m QRU 180 and
6. D m RST m URS 180 .
t 110 m QRU 180 m PQR 110
m QRU 70 Subtract 110.
r
145 m URS 180 m RST 145
35 a m URS 35 Subtract 145.
c b
By the Angle Addition Postulate,
m QRS m QRU m URS .
c 35 Vertical s are .
Substituting 70 for m QRU and 35 for m QRU
a c 90 a and c are complementary.
a 35 90 c 35
gives m QRS 70 35 105 .
a 55
b c 180 If r t , consecutive interior
s are supplementary.
b 35 180 c 35
b 145
Therefore, a b 55 145 200 .

7. 540
 CHAPTER 17
Triangles

17-1. Angles of a Triangle

Angle Sum Theorem B
The angle sum of a triangle is 180 .

m A m B m C 180
A C

Exterior Angle Theorem B

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to exterior angle
remote interior
the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles. angles
m BCD m A m B
A
C D
Isosceles Triangle Theorem B vertex angle
If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the
leg leg
angles opposite of those sides are congruent.
If AB BC , then m C m A . base angles
The converse is also true. A C
base

Isosceles Triangle Theorem - Corollary B

If a line bisects the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle,
the line is the perpendicular bisector of the base.
If AB BC and m ABD m CBD ,
then BD AC and AD CD . A C
D

Example 1 a. In ABC shown below, AB BC , m BCD 110 and m BDE 140.

Find m 1 , m 2 , m 3 , and m 4 .

3 4

110 140
2 1
A
C D E

Solution m 1 m BCD 180 Straight angle equals 180 .

m 1 110 180 Substitution
m 1 180 110 70 Subtraction
m 2 m 1 70 Isosceles Triangle Theorem
m 3 m 2 110 Exterior Angle Theorem
m 3 70 110 Substitution
m 3 40 Subtraction
m 4 110 140 Exterior Angle Theorem
m 4 30 Subtraction
280 Chapter 17

Exercises - Angles of a Triangle

1 4

x
B
30
48 (3 x 40)

In the triangle above, what is the value of x ? 55

A C

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

A) 44
B) 48
C) 52 In the figure above, AC BC . What is the
measure of ABC ?
D) 56

A) 50
2 B) 55

B C) 60

18
D) 65
D
x
A C

In ABC above, if AB AD DC , what is the

value of x ? 5

B
A) 92
B) 96
C) 102 A C
D
D) 108

In the figure above, AD BD BC . If

3 m A 26 , what is the measure of m DBC ?

B
A) 68
x 2
2 x 15 B) 72
C) 76

A C D) 82

In ABC above, m A m C . If x 0 , what is

the value of x ?
Triangles 281

17-2. Pythagorean Theorem and Special Right Triangles

A triangle with a right angle is called a right triangle. B
The side opposite to the right angle is called the hypotenuse
and the other two sides are called legs. c
a
In a right triangle the acute angles are complementary.
In triangle shown at right, m A m B 90 .
A C
The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right triangle, b
the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs equals
the square of the length of the hypotenuse.
In right triangle ABC at the right, a 2 b 2 c 2 .
The converse is also true.
2 2x
The Pythagorean theorem can be used to determine the ratios 1 x
of the lengths of the sides of two special right triangles.
45 45
In a 45 -45 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is 2 times 1 x
as long as a leg. An isosceles right triangle is also called
a 45 -45 -90 triangle.
In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is twice as long 2 2x
as the shorter leg, and the longer leg is 3 times as long 3 3x
as the shorter leg. 60 60
1 x

Example 1 In the figure below, find the value of x .

B x C

7
3

A 3 D

Solution BD 2 ( 7) 2 33 16 Pythagorean Theorem

2 2 2
x BD 3 Pythagorean Theorem
x2 16 9 25 Substitution
x 25 5

Example 2 In the figures below, find the values of x and y .

a. b.

y y
x 3

45 60
2 x

Solution a. Since a 45 -45 -90 triangle is an isosceles right triangle, x 2 .

In a 45 -45 -90 triangle, hypotenuse 2 leg y 2 2
3
b. In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, longer leg 3 shorter leg 3 3x x 3
3
hypotenuse 2 shorter leg y 2 3
282 Chapter 17

Exercises - Pythagorean Theorem and Special Right Triangles

1 3

A B
D

2 3

30
C B
D 2 3 A C

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

In the figure above, if AD BD 2 3 , what is
the length of AB ?
In the figure above, AB 6 , BC 8 , and CD 5.
What is the length of AD ?
A) 4 3

B) 3 6 A) 4 3
C) 6 B) 5 2
D) 6 2 C) 5 3

D) 6 2

2 4
B B

3 4 2

30 60
A C A C
D D

14
In ABC above, BD 3 . What is the perimeter
of ABC ? Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

A) 2 2 6 In the figure above, A C and BD bisects

AC . What is the perimeter of ABC ?
B) 2 3 6

C) 2 6 6 A) 32

D) 3 2 6 B) 36

C) 14 10 2

D) 14 12 2
Triangles 283

17-3. Similar Triangles and Proportional Parts F

C
AA Similarity Postulate
If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles
of another triangle, the triangles are similar.
If two triangles are similar, their corresponding angles are B A E D
congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional.
If A D and B E , then C F.
If two triangles are similar, their perimeters are proportional Therefore ABC DEF , and
to the measures of the corresponding sides. AB BC AC perimeter of ABC
.
DE EF DF perimeter of DEF

Triangle Proportionality Theorem

B
If a line parallel to one side of a triangle intersects the
other two sides, it divides those sides proportionally.

In ABC , if AC DE then ABC DBE by AA Similarity. D E

AB CB AC BD BE BA BC
It follows that . Also , , A C
DB EB DE DA EC DA EC
BD BA BE BC
, and .
DE AC DE AC
1
If D and E are the midpoints of AB and BC , AC DE and DE AC .
2

Example 1 In the figure below, AB DE . Find CD and CE .

B
9 6
E
C 6.75
A 13
D

Solution m A m E Alternate Interior s are .

m BCA m DCE Vertical s are .
ABC EDC AA Similarity
AB BC 9 6
Therefore DC 4.5
ED DC 6.75 DC
AB AC 9 13
EC 9.75
ED EC 6.75 EC

Example 2 In the figure at right, AC DE . B

Find the length of DA and AC . 6 8
D E
10
BD BE 6 8 12
Solution DA 9
DA EC DA 12
A C
BD BA 6 6 9
AC 25
DE AC 10 AC
284 Chapter 17

Exercises - Similar Triangles and Proportional Parts

A Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following

information.
6 B

B D 12 7.8
C
3
D E
E 9
8 y

In the figure above, if AB 6 , DE 3 , and C

A x
BD 12 , what is the length of AE ?

A) 12 In the figure above, DE AC .

B) 9 2
3
C) 8 3
What is the value of x ?
D) 15

A) 12.5
B) 15
2
C) 16.5
A D) 18

D
10

C 4
11 What is the value of y ?
16
E
B A) 5.2
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. B) 5.6
C) 6.0
In the figure above, B D. If BC 16 ,
D) 6.4
CD 10 , and CE 11 , what is the length
of AE ?

A) 16.8
B) 17.2
C) 17.6
D) 18.4
Triangles 285

17-4. Area of a Triangle

The area A of a triangle equals half the product of a base
and the height to that base. B
1 F
A b h
2 D
Area of equilateral triangle with side length of a .
1 3 3 2
A (a )( a) a
2 2 4 A C
E
Any side of a triangle can be used as a base. The height that
corresponds to the base is the perpendicular line segment from
the opposite vertex to the base. The area of ABC at the right
1 1 1
can be written in 3 different ways: area of ABC BC AD AC BE AB CF .
2 2 2
The perimeter P of a triangle is the sum of the lengths of all three sides.
P AB BC CA

Ratios of Areas of Two Triangles

1. If two triangles are similar with corresponding sides in a ratio of a : b , then the ratio of their areas
equals a 2 : b 2 .
2. If two triangles have equal heights, then the ratio of their areas equals the ratio of their bases.
3. If two triangles have equal bases, then the ratio of their areas equals the ratio of their heights.

Example 1 In the figure below, if AC 6 , BD 4 , and AB 8 , what is the length of CE ?

B

A C
D

1 1
Solution Area of ABC AC BD AB CE .
2 2
1 1
(6)(4) (8)(CE ) CE 3
2 2

Example 2 In the figure below, AD 5 and DC 3 . Find the ratio of the area of ABD
to the area of CBD .
B

A C
5 D 3

Solution The two triangles have the same height, so the ratio of the areas of the two
triangles is equal to the ratio of their bases.
area of ABD AD 5
area of CBD CD 3
286 Chapter 17

Exercises - Area of a Triangle

1 3

A B

12 12

30 30 C
C B A
15 D

In the figure above, the area of right triangle In the figure above, what is the area of ABC ?
ABC is 60. What is the perimeter of ABC ?
A) 24 3
A) 34
B) 30 3
B) 36
C) 36 3
C) 38
D) 40 D) 48 3

2 4

III B

A C I
D

In triangle ABC above, if BD was increased by A C

50 percent and AC was reduced by 50 percent,
how would the area of ABC change? II

A) The area of ABC would be decreased by

25 percent.
The figure above shows right triangle ABC
B) The area of ABC would be increased by and three squares. If the area of square region I
25 percent. is 80 square inches and the area of square region II
C) The area of ABC would not change. is 150 square inches, which of the following is true
about the area of square region III?
D) The area of ABC would be decreased by
50 percent. A) Less than 230 square inches.
B) More than 230 square inches.
C) Equal to 230 square inches.
D) It cannot be determined from the information
given.
Triangles 287

Chapter 17 Practice Test

1 3

C P
B
x 1
V
D Q
x 1
W
A x R
E
T U
S
In the figure above, CDE is an equilateral triangle
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
and ABCD is a square with an area of 4x 2 . What
is the area of triangle CDE in terms of x ?
In the figure above, VQ WR TS .
If PS 15 , what is the length of RS ?
3 2
A) x
2
A) 4.5
B) 3x 2
B) 5
3 3 2 C) 6
C) x
2
D) 6.5
D) 2 3x 2

T
35
P 50
S 6

S 7.5 D
18
Q R Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

In the figure above, PQ QR and PQ PT . A person 6 feet tall stands so that the ends of his
What is the measure of R ? shadow and the shadow of the pole coincide. The
length of the person’s shadow was measured 7.5
A) 30 feet and the length of the pole’s shadow, SD,
B) 35 was measured 18 feet. How tall is the pole?

C) 40
A) 12.8
D) 45
B) 13.6
C) 14.4
D) 15.2
288 Chapter 17

5 7

A S

P 6.4
5
E

R
8
Q
C B T
D
In the figure above, PQ ST and segment PT
In the figure above, ABC and DBE are right intersects segment QS at R . What is the length
triangles. If AC 12 , BC 15 , and DE 8 , what of segment QS ?
is the length of BE ?

A) 8.5
B) 9
C) 9.5
8
D) 10
S
R
Q
P

b W V 2.5x U T
3x 3.5x

In the figure above, if PS 162 , what is the length

of segment QR ?
130
a

In the figure above, what is the value of a b ?

A) 50 9

B) 55 B
26
C) 60
D) 65 C
A 48

In the figure above, what is the area of the isosceles

triangle ABC ?
Answers and Explanations 289

Answer Key 3. 5
B
Section 17-1
x2 2 x 15
1. A 2. D 3. 5 4. D 5. C

Section 17-2 C
A
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A
m A m C Given
Section 17-3 AB BC Isosceles Theorem
x 2 2 x 15 Substitution
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A
x 2 2 x 15 0 Make one side 0.
Section 17-4 ( x 3)( x 5) 0 Factor.

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C x 3 0 or x 5 0 Zero Product Property

x 3 or x 5
Since x 0 , the value of x is 5.
Chapter 17 Practice Test
4. D
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. 10.4 8. 45 9. 240
B
30

Answers and Explanations 55

A C

Section 17-1 m A 30 55 Exterior Angle Theorem

m A 25
1. A m A m B 90 The acute s of a right
3x 40 x 48 Exterior Angle Theorem are complementary.
25 m B 90 m A 25 .
3x 40 x x 48 x Subtract x from each side.
2x 40 48 Simplify.
m B 65
2x 88 Add 40 to each side.
5. C
x 44
B
2. D
B

18 A C
D D
x AD BD Given
A C
m ABD m A Isosceles Theorem
m A 26 Given
AD DC Given
m ABD 26 m A 26
m DAC m DCA 18 Isosceles Theorem
m BDC Exterior Theorem
m BDA Exterior Theorem
m A m ABD
m DCA m DAC
m BDC 26 26 52 m A m ABD 26
m BDA 18 18 m DAC m DCA 18
BD BC Given
m BDA 36 Simplify.
m C m BDC Isosceles Theorem
AB AD Given
m DBA m BDA 36 Isosceles Theorem m C 52 m BDC 52
m C m BDC m DBC 180 Angle Sum
In triangle ABD , the angle sum is 180. Theorem
Thus, x 36 36 180 . 52 52 m DBC 180 m C m BDC 52
Solving the equation for x gives x 108 . m DBC 76
290 Chapter 17

Section 17-2 1 CD
BC 2CD 21 2
1. C
perimeter of ABC
A AB BC AC
2 3 2 (3 1)
2 3 6
2 3
3. C
30
C B B
D 2 3 D
AD BD Given
m BAD m B 30 Isosceles Theorem
m ADC m BAD m B Exterior Theorem
m ADC 30 30 60 m BAD m B 30
ADC is a 30 -60 -90 triangle. A C

In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is twice Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
as long as the shorter leg. Therefore,
AD 2CD AC 2 AB 2 BC 2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 3 2CD AC 2 62 82 100
3 CD . AC 2 AD 2 CD 2 Pythagorean Theorem
100 AD 2 52 AC 2 100 , CD 5
BC BD CD 2 3 3 3 3
100 25 AD 2
Triangle ABC is also a 30 -60 -90 triangle.
75 AD 2
In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the longer leg is 3
times as long as the shorter leg. Therefore, 75 AD
BC 3 AC 5 3 AD
3 3 3AC
4. A
3 AC .
B
AB 2 AC 2 3 6

2. B
B 4 2

A C
D
3
14
30 60 Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
A C
D
AD CD 7 Definition of segment
In the figure above, ABD and BCD are bisector
30 -60 -90 triangles.
In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is twice AB 2 BD 2 AD 2 Pythagorean Theorem
as long as the shorter leg and the longer leg is 3 AB 2 (4 2) 2 7 2 Substitution
times as long as the shorter leg. In ABD , 32 49 81
AB 2 BD 2 3 AB 81 9 Square root both sides.
AD 3BD 3 3 3. AB BC Isosceles Triangle Theorem
In BCD , Perimeter of ABC
BD 3CD AB BC AC
3 3CD 9 9 14 32
Answers and Explanations 291

Section 17-3 3. B
B
1. D
12 7.8
A

D E
6 9
8 y

A x C
B D
C
3
BD BA 12 20
12 x 9 20
F E DE AC 9 x
x 15
Draw EF , which is parallel and congruent to BD .
Extend AB to point F . Since EF BD , F is 4. A
a right angle. BD BE 12 7.8
12 y 8 7.8
BD EF 12 and DE BF 3 DA EC 8 y
AF AB BF 6 3 9 y 5.2
AE 2 AF 2 EF 2 Pythagorean Theorem
92 122
225 Section 17-4
AE 225 15
1. D
2. C 1
Area of triangle ABC BC AC
A 2
1
(15) AC 60
D 2
7.5 AC 60 AC 8
10
AB 2 AC 2 BC 2 Pythagorean Theorem
C AB 2 82 152
11 289
16
AB 289 17
E
B Perimeter of ABC AB BC AC
17 15 8 40
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
B D Given 2. A
ACB ECD Vertical s are . B
ACB ECD AA similarity
If two triangles are similar, their corresponding
sides are proportional.
BC AC A C
D
DC EC
16 AC Let BD h and let AC b .
10 11 If BD was increased by 50 percent, the new BD
10 AC 16 11 will be h 0.5h , or 1.5h .
AC 17.6 If AC was reduced by 50 percent, the new AC
will be b 0.5b ,or 0.5b .
1
The new area of ABC (new AC ) (new BD)
2
292 Chapter 17

1 1 Chapter 17 Practice Test

(0.5b)(1.5h) (0.75bh)
2 2
Because the area of the triangle before change was 1. B
1 C
(bh) , the area has decreased by 25 percent. B
2
F D
3. C
B
A E
12 12
If the area of square ABCD is 4x 2 , the length
30 30 C
of the side of square ABCD is 2x .
A
D Drawing DF , a perpendicular bisector of CE ,
makes two 30 -60 -90 triangles, CDF and
ABD and CBD are 30 -60 -90 triangles.
EDF .
In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is twice
CE 2x
as long as the shorter leg and the longer leg is 3
times as long as the shorter leg. 1 1
CF CE (2 x) x
2 2
AB 2 BD
DF 3CF 3x
12 2BD
6 BD 1 1
Area of CDE CE DF (2 x)( 3 x)
AD 3BD 2 2
AD 3(6) 6 3 3x 2

AC 2 AD 12 3 2. A
1 1 T
Area of ABC AC BD (12 3)(6)
2 2 35
36 3 P 50
S
4. C

Q R

III B
PQ PT Given
I m PQT m T 35 Isosceles Theorem
m PQT m T m QPT Angle Sum Theorem
A C 180
II 35 35 m QPT 180 Substitution
m QPT 110
m QPT Angle Addition Postulate
The area of a square is the square of the length of m QPR m RPT
any side. 110 m QPR 50 Substitution
The area of square region I BC 2 80 . 60 m QPR
The area of square region II AC 2 150 .
PQ QR Given
The area of square region III AB 2 m PQR 90 Definition of Right
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 Pythagorean Theorem m PQR m QPR m R Angle Sum Theorem
80 150 230 180
90 60 m R 180 Substitution
Therefore, the area of square region III is 230.
m R 30
Answers and Explanations 293

3. B AC DE
AA Similarity Postulate
P BC BE
x 1 12 8
Substitution
V 15 BE
Q
x 1 12 BE 15 8 Cross Products
W BE 10
x R
6. A
T U
S b
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 2
PT x
Since VQ WR TS , .
PS RS 1 3 130
( x 1) ( x 1) x x a
Substitution
15 RS
3x x m 1 m 2 m 3 180 Angle Sum Theorem
Simplify.
15 RS a m 1 180 Straight measures 180.
3 x( RS ) 15 x Cross Products m 1 180 a
RS 5
m 2 b Vertical s are .
4. C 130 m 3 180 Straight measures 180.
m 3 50
180 a b 50 180 Substitution

230 a b 180
h a b 50
6 a b 50

S 7.5 D 7. 10.4
18 S
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. P 6.4
5
Let h the length of the pole.
6 h R
7.5 18 8
7.5h 6 18 Cross Products Q T
h 14.4 PQ ST Given
m P m T If PQ ST , alternate
5. D
interior s are .
A m PRQ m TRS Vertical s are .
PRQ TRS AA Similarity Postulate
PR RQ
E AA Similarity Postulate
TR RS
5 RQ
Substitution
B 8 6.4
C D
8 RQ 5 6.4 Cross Products
m C m BED All right s are equal. RQ 4
m B m B Reflexive Property QS SR RQ 6.4 4 10.4
ABC DBE AA Similarity Postulate
294 Chapter 17

8. 45
S
R
Q
P

W V 2.5x U T
3x 3.5x

In the figure above, PW QV RU ST ,

because they are all perpendicular to TW .
PS QR
Therefore, .
WT VU
162 QR
Substitution
3 x 2.5 x 3.5 x 2.5 x
162 QR
Simplify.
9 x 2.5 x
9 x(QR ) 162(2.5 x) Cross Products
9 x(QR ) 405 x Simplify.
QR 45

9. 240
B
26

C
A D
48
Draw BD perpendicular to AC . Since ABC is
an isosceles triangle, BD bisects AC .
1 1
Therefore, AD CD AC (48) 24 .
2 2
CD 2 BD 2 BC 2 Pythagorean Theorem
242 BD 2 262
576 BD 2 676
BD 2 100
BD 10
1
Area of ABC ( AC )( BD) .
2
1
(48)(10)
2
240
 CHAPTER 18
Polygons and Quadrilaterals

18-1. Parallelograms C
B
A parallelogram ( ) is a quadrilateral with two pairs of
parallel opposite sides. h
E
In ABCD , AB CD and BC AD .
A D
b
Properties of Parallelogram
Opposite sides are congruent. AB CD and BC AD
Opposite angles are congruent. BAD BCD and ABC ADC
Consecutive angles are supplementary. m ABC m BAD 180 and m ADC m BCD 180
The diagonals bisect each other. AE CE and BE DE

B C
A rhombus is a parallelogram with four sides of equal measure. 5
3 4 6
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other, and
each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opposite angles. h
In rhombus ABCD , AB BC CD DA , AC BD , 2 7
1 8
m 1 m 2 m 5 m 6 , and m 3 m 4 m 7 m 8 . A b D

Theorem
The area of a parallelogram equals the product of a base and the height to that base. A b h
1
The area of a rhombus is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals ( d1 and d 2 ). A d1 d 2
2

Example 1 Find the values of the variables in 3x 5

y 6
the parallelogram shown at the right. 2y 4

x 11

Solution x 11 3 x 5 Opposite sides of are .

16 2x x 8
y 6 2y 4 The diagonals of bisect each other.
y 10

Example 2 Find the area of parallelogram PQRS Q 12 R

shown at the right.
10

Solution Notice that PQT is a 30 -60 -90 triangle. 60

P S
T
1 1
PT PQ (10) 5
2 2
QT 3PT 3(5) 5 3
Area of PQRS b h 12 5 3 60 3
296 Chapter 18

Exercise - Parallelograms

5
Questions 1-5 refer to the following What is the measure of QTR ?
information.

P Q
1 2
T

3 R
S

In PQRS above, PT x 2 y , ST 8 x y ,
PR 32 , TQ 26 , m 1 6a , m 2 10a , 6
2
m 3 a 7 and m PRS 4a . A B

1
E 4
What is the value of x ?
D C
5

What is the area of rhombus ABCD above?

2
What is the value of y ?

P Q

3
15
What is the measure of PQR ?

T 9 S 20 R

In the figure above, PQRS is a parallelogram

and PTS is a right triangle. What is the area of
4 the parallelogram PQRS ?
What is the measure of QRS ?
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 297

18-2. Rectangles, Squares, and Trapezoids B C

A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles. The
diagonals of a rectangle are congruent and bisect each other. w
The diagonals divide the rectangle into four triangles of equal area. E
In rectangle ABCD , AE BE CE DE . A D
Area of ABE Area of BCE Area of CDE Area of DAE
B C
If a quadrilateral is both a rhombus and a rectangle, it is a square.
A square has four right angles and four congruent sides. The
diagonals of a square are congruent and bisect each other. s
E
In square ABCD , AB BC CD DA , AB BC CD DA ,
and AE CE BE DE . A D
s

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. b2 C

B
The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and the length
M N
of the midsegment is the average of the lengths of the bases. Trapezoid h
1 A D
ABCD with median MN , AD MN BC and MN (b1 b2 ) . b1
2
If the legs of a trapezoid are congruent, the trapezoid is an C
B
isosceles trapezoid. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent. Each pair of base angles of an isosceles trapezoid
is congruent. For isosceles trapezoid ABCD at the right,
AC BD , m BAD m CDA , and m ABC m BCD . A D

Theorems - Areas of Rectangle, Square, and Trapezoid

The area of a rectangle is the product of its base and height. A b h
The area of a square is the square of the length of a side. A s2
1
The area of a trapezoid is half the product of its height and sum of the bases. A h(b1 b2 )
2

Example 1 Find the areas of the quadrilaterals shown below.

a. b. 8

16 6 2
h h
30 45
b 12

Solution a. The quadrilateral is a rectangle.

1
h (16) 8 , b h 3 8 3 Use the 30 -60 -90 ratio.
2
A b h 8 3 8 64 3 Area formula for rectangle

b. The quadrilateral is a trapezoid.

h 2 6 2 h 6 Use the 45 -45 -90 ratio.

1 1
A h(b1 b2 ) (6)(8 12) 60 Area formula for trapezoid
2 2
298 Chapter 18

Exercise - Rectangles, Squares, and Trapezoids

1 4

B C Q 3 R

5 2
30
P S
A D 10

In square ABCD above, the length of diagonal What is the area of trapezoid PQRS above?
AC is 5 2 . What is the area of the square?
A) 20
B) 24
C) 26
D) 32

Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following

information.

B 12
C
5
E
9 Q

A D 15
9

In the figure above, ABCD is a rectangle.

R
P
2
13
What is the length of AE ? S

What is the area of trapezoid PQRS above?

A) 64
B) 72
3 C) 76
What is the area of CED ? D) 84
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 299

18-3. Regular Polygons

A regular polygon is a convex polygon with all sides congruent and all angles congruent.
A polygon is inscribed in a circle and the circle is circumscribed about the polygon where each vertex
of the polygon lies on the circle. The radius of a regular polygon is the distance from the center to a vertex
of the polygon. A central angle of a regular polygon is an angle formed by two radii drawn to consecutive
vertices. The apothem of a regular polygon is the distance from the center to a side.

Center: O
Radius: OP, OQ, OR,
O S Central Angle: POQ, QOR,
Interior Angle: PQR, QRS ,
a R
Apothem: OA, OB, (Denoted with letter a.)
B
P A Q
Regular Octagon

Theorems - Angles and Areas of Regular Polygons

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of an n- sided polygon is (n 2)180 .
(n 2)180
The measure of each interior angle of a regular n- sided polygon is .
n
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360.
1
The area of a regular polygon is half the product of the apothem a , and the perimeter p . A ap
2

Regular Polygons Inscribed in Circles

60 108 120 135

90

120 90 72 60 45

Equilateral Triangle Square Regular Pentagon Regular Hexagon Regular Octagon

Central angle 120 Central angle 90 Central angle 72 Central angle 60 Central angle 45
Interior angle 60 Interior angle 90 Interior angle 108 Interior angle 120 Interior angle 135

4
Example 1 A regular hexagon with the length of side of 4 is
shown at the right. Q
Find the area of the regular hexagon.
a
P R
Solution m PQR 360 6 60 S
1 1
m PQS m PQR (60) 30
2 2
1 1
PS PR (4) 2
2 2
a 3 PS 2 3 30 -60 -90 triangle ratio is used.
1 1 1
A ap (2 3)(24) 24 3 A ap
2 2 2
300 Chapter 18

Exercise - Regular Polygons

Questions 1 - 4 refer to the following Questions 5 - 7 refer to the following

information. information.
B

Q x
O
10 6
a
A D C
P S R

The figure above is a regular pentagon whose

The figure above is an equilateral inscribed in
radius is 6.
a circle with radius 10.

1 5
What is the measure of AOC ? What is the value of x ?

2 6
What is the length of OD ? What is the measure of RQS ?

3 7
What is the length of BD ? Which of the following equations can be used
to find the value of a ?

a
A) sin RQS
6
a
4 B) cos RQS
6
What is the area of ABC ?
6
C) sin RQS
a
A) 45 3
6
B) 50 3 D) cos RQS
a
C) 60 3

D) 75 3
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 301

Chapter 18 Practice Test

1 4
18 A rectangle has a length that is 6 meters more
B C
than twice its width. What is the perimeter of
13 13 the rectangle if the area of the rectangle is 1,620
12 square meters?

A D
E F

What is the area of the isosceles trapezoid above?

A) 238
B) 252
5
C) 276
D) 308

a a
2
a
B 10
C
10
10
45 The figure above shows an equilateral triangle
A D with sides of length a and three squares with
10
sides of length a . If the area of the equilateral
What is the area of rhombus ABCD above? triangle is 25 3 , what is the sum of the areas
of the three squares?

A) 20 2
A) 210
B) 25 2 B) 240
C) 50 2 C) 270
D) 100 2 D) 300

3
6
R A
The perimeter of a rectangle is 5x and its length
E O 3
Z is x . If the area of the rectangle is 294, what is
2
T P the value of x ?

In the figure above, EO is the midsegment

of trapezoid TRAP and RP intersect EO at
point Z . If RA 15 and EO 18 , what is the
length of EZ ?
302 Chapter 18

7 9

B B C
4 3
9
11 C
x
A 12 D
A 12 D
The figure above shows parallelogram ABCD .
Which of the following equations represents the
In the figure above, what is the area of the
area of parallelogram ABCD ?
region ABCD ?

A) 12 cos x 9sin x
A) 22 3 30
B) 12 9 tan x
B) 22 3 36
C) 12 9 cos x
C) 22 3 42
D) 12 9sin x
D) 22 3 48

8 10

40 Q C D R
A E B

16 B E

45
D C
G F P A F S
4

In the figure above, ABCD is a rectangle and In the figure above, ABCDEF is a regular
BCFE is a square. If AB 40 , BC 16 , and hexagon with side lengths of 4. PQRS is
m AGD 45 , what is the area of the shaded
a rectangle. What is the area of the shaded
region? region?

A) 240
A) 8 3
B) 248
B) 9 3
C) 256
C) 10 3
D) 264
D) 12 3
Answers and Explanations 303

Answer Key 2 y 12
y 6
Section 18-1
1. 4 2. 6 3. 112 4.68 5. 70 3. 112
6. 24 7. 240
m 3 m 1 If PQ RS , Alternate
Section 18-2 Interior s are .
a2 7 6a Substitution
1. 25 2. 7.5 3. 27 4. C 5. D
a2 6a 7 0 Make one side 0.
Section 18-3 (a 7)(a 1) 0 Factor.
1. 120 2. 5 3. 15 4. D 5. 108 a 7 or a 1
6. 36 7. B Discard a 1 , because the measure of angles in
parallelogram are positive.
Chapter 18 Practice Test
m 1 6a 6(7) 42
1. C 2. B 3. 10.5 4. 174 5. D m 2 10a 10(7) 70
6. 14 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A
m PQR m 1 m 2
42 70
112

Answers and Explanations 4. 68

Since PQ RS , consecutive interior angles are

Section 18-1
supplementary. Thus, m PQR m QRS 180 .
1. 4
112 m QRS 180 m PQR 112
P Q m QRS 68
1 2
T 5. 70
m QTR m PRS m 3 Exterior Angle Theorem
3 R m 3 m 1 42
S
m PRS 4a Given
1 Diagonals of bisect each 4(7) 28 a 7
PT PR
2 other. m QTR 28 42 Substitution
1 70
x 2y (32) 16 Substitution
2
ST TQ Diagonals of bisect each 6. 24
other. A B
8x y 26 Substitution
2(8 x y ) 2(26) Multiply each side by 2. 4

16 x 2 y 52 Simplify.
Add x 2 y 16 and 16 x 2 y 52 . E 4

16 x 2 y 52 D C
5
+ x 2 y 16
17 x 68 CE 2 DE 2 CD 2 Pythagorean Theorem
x 4
42 DE 2 52

2. 6 DE 2 9
DE 3
Substitute 4 for x into the equation x 2 y 16 .
4 2 y 16 1 1
Area of ABCD AC BD (8)(6) 24
2 2
304 Chapter 18

7. 240 3. 27
P Q Area of rectangle ABCD 12 9 108 .
In a rectangle, diagonals divide the rectangle into
four triangles of equal area. Therefore,
15
1
Area of CED the area of rectangle ABCD
4
T 9 S 20 R 1
(108) 27 .
4
PT 2 ST 2 PS 2 Pythagorean Theorem
PT 2 92 152 4. C
Q 3
PT 2 152 92 144 R
PT 144 12 8
Area of PQRS SR PT 20 12 240 .
30
P S
10 T
Section 18-2 Draw QT , which is perpendicular to PS , to
1. 25 make triangle PQT , a 30 -60 -90 triangle.

B C In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is

twice as long as the shorter leg. Therefore,
1 1
QT PQ (8) 4 .
5 2 2 2
1
Area of trapezoid PQRS ( PS QR) QT
A D 2
1
Let AD CD s. (10 3) 4 26
2
2 2
AD CD (5 2) 2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 5. D
s s 50
Q
2 s 2 50
s 2 25 15
9
2
Area of ABCD s 25 .
R
2. 7.5 P
12 13
B C S

E PR 2 PQ 2 QR 2 Pythagorean Theorem
9 2 2 2
PR 9 15 Substitution
2 2 2
PR 15 9 144
A D PR 144 12
AC 2 AB 2 BC 2 Pythagorean Theorem 122 RS 2 132 Pythagorean Theorem

AC 2 92 122 225 Substitution RS 2 132 122 25

RS 25 5
AC 225 15
1 Diagonals of rectangle Area of trapezoid PQRS
AE AC bisect each other.
2 1 1
( PQ RS ) PR (9 5) 12
1 2 2
(15) 7.5
2 84
Answers and Explanations 305

Section 18-3 (5 2)180

x 108 .
5
1. 120
B 6. 36
360
m PQR 72
O 5
10
1 1
m RQS m PQR (72) 36
A D C 2 2

7. B
1
m AOB m BOC m AOC (360) 120
3 In triangle RQS , QR is the hypotenuse and QS
is adjacent to RQS . Therefore the cosine ratio
2. 5 can be used to find the value of a .
1 1 adjacent to RQS a
m COD m AOC (120) 60 cos RQS
2 2 hypotenuse 6
Since triangle COD is a 30 -60 -90 triangle,
the hypotenuse is twice as long as the shorter leg. Chapter 18 Practice Test
1 1
Therefore, OD CO (10) 5. 1. C
2 2
B 18 C
3. 15
13 13
In a circle all radii are equal in measure. 12
Therefore, AO BO CO 10 . A D
BD BO OD 10 5 15 E F

AE 2 BE 2 AB 2 Pythagorean Theorem
4. D
AE 2 122 132
In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the longer leg is 3
times as long as the shorter leg. Therefore, AE 2 132 122 25
CD 3OD 5 3 AE 25 5
AC 2CD 10 3
Also DF 5.
Area of ABC
AD AE EF DF 5 18 5 28
1 1
( AC )( BD) (10 3)(15) 75 3 1
2 2 Area of trapezoid ( AD BC ) BF
2
1
5. 108 (28 18) 12 276
2

2. B
Q x B 10
C
6
a 10

P R 10
S
45
A D
The measure of each interior angle of a regular 10 F
(n 2)180 Draw BF perpendicular to AD to form
n- sided polygon is . Therefore,
n a 45 -45 -90 triangle.
306 Chapter 18

In a 45 -45 -90 triangle, the hypotenuse is 2 The perimeter of the rectangle is

2(length width) 2(60 27) 174
times as long as a leg. Therefore, 2BF AB .

2 BF 10 Substitution 5. D
10 10 2
10 2 Area of an equilateral triangle with side length
BF 5 2
2 2 2 2 3 2
of a a . Since the area of the equilateral
Area of rhombus ABCD 4
1 1 triangle is given as 25 3 , you can set up the
AD BF (10)(5 2) 25 2
2 2 following equation.
3 2
3. 10.5 a 25 3
4
The length of the midsegment of a trapezoid is the 4
average of the lengths of the bases. Therefore, a2 25 3 100
3
1 The area of each square is a 2 , or 100, so the
EO (TP RA) .
2 sum of the areas of the three squares is 3 100 ,
1 or 300.
18 (TP 15) Substitution
2
1 6. 14
2 18 2 (TP 15)
2 Let w the width of the rectangle.
36 TP 15 The perimeter of the rectangle is given as 5x .
21 TP Perimeter of rectangle 2(length width)
1 1
In TRP , EZ TP (21) 10.5 . 3
2 2 5x 2( x w)
2
5 x 3x 2w
4. 174
2 x 2w
Let w the width of the rectangle in meters, x w
then 2 w 6 the length of the rectangle in Area of rectangle length width 294
meters. 3
Area of rectangle length width x x 294
2
2
(2 w 6) w 2 w 6 w . 2
x2 294 196
Since the area of the rectangle is 1,620 square 3
meters, you can set up the following equation.
x 196 14
2 w2 6 w 1620
2 w2 6 w 1620 0 Make one side 0. 7. A
2( w2 3w 810) 0 Common factor is 2. B
4 3
Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation,
11 C
w2 3w 810 0 .
b b 2 4ac
w
2a
A 12 D
3 32 4(1)( 810)
2(1) AC 2 AB 2 BC 2 Pythagorean Theorem
3 3249 3 57 AC 2 112 (4 3) 2 Substitution
2
2 2 AC 121 48 169
3 57 AC 169 13
Since the width is positive, w 27 .
2 AC 2 AD 2 CD 2 Pythagorean Theorem
The length is 2 w 6 2(27) 6 60 .
169 122 CD 2 Substitution
Answers and Explanations 307

25 CD 2 10. A
5 CD
Q C D R
The area of region ABCD is the sum of the
area of ABC and the area of ADC .
Area of the region ABCD
1 1 B E
(11)(4 3) (12)(5) O
2 2
22 3 30
P A T F S
8. C 4
40
Draw the diagonals of a regular hexagon, AD ,
A E B
BE , and CF .
BE BO OE 8 and QR BE 8
16 Since ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, the
diagonals intersect at the center of the hexagon.
45
Let the point of intersection be O . The diagonals
D C
G F divide the hexagon into 6 equilateral triangles with
side lengths of 4. Area of each equilateral triangle
Since BCFE is a square,
3 2
BC BE CF EF 16 . with side lengths of 4 is (4) 4 3.
AE AB BE 4
40 16 24 Draw OT perpendicular to PS .
Triangle AGD is a 45 -45 -90 triangle. Triangle AOT is a 30 -60 -90 triangle.
In a 45 -45 -90 triangle, the length of the two 1 1
Therefore, AT AO (4) 2 and
legs are equal in measure. Therefore, 2 2
AD DG 16 . OT 3 AT 2 3.
FG DC DG CF In rectangle PQRS , RS 2OT 2(2 3) 4 3.
40 16 16 8
Area of rectangle PQRS QR RS
Area of the shaded region 8 4 3 32 3 .
1 Area of regular hexagon ABCDEF
( AE FG ) EF
2 6 area of the equilateral triangle
1
(24 8) 16 256 6 4 3 24 3
2
Area of shaded region
9. D area of rectangle area of hexagon
B C 32 3 24 3 8 3.

x
A E D
12
Draw BE perpendicular to AD .
BE
In ABE , sin x .
9
Therefore, BE 9sin x .
Area of parallelogram ABCD
AD BE 12 9sin x