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1.4 Introduction To Deformation

Deformation and it's features

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Vivek Sudan
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19 views13 pages

1.4 Introduction To Deformation

Deformation and it's features

Uploaded by

Vivek Sudan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

4 Introduction To Deformation And


Its Components;
Homogenous And Heterogenous
Deformation;
Modes Of Deformation and Factors
Controlling Deformation of Rocks
Deformation in geology refers
to the changes in the shape,
size, or orientation of rocks in
response to stress. It is a
fundamental process in the
Earth's crust, driven by various
forces.
Components or Modes Of Deformation
Deformation can be categorized into different components based on the
nature and direction of the applied stress. The key components of deformation
include:
Stress:
Stress is the force applied to a rock per unit area. It is
responsible for causing deformation. Stress can be
compressional, tensional, or shearing, and it is
expressed in units of force per unit area (Pascal or
Pascals in geological context).

1.Compressive Stress: Squeezing or shortening


stress.
2.Tensile Stress: Pulling or stretching stress.
3.Shear Stress: Sliding or tearing stress.
Strain:

Strain is a measure of the amount of deformation that a rock undergoes. It is


expressed as the ratio of the change in size or shape of a rock to its original size or
shape.

1.Linear Strain (Translation): Measures change in length.

2.Rotation: Measure change in Orientation.

3.Volumetric Strain (Dilation): Measures change in volume.

4.Shear Strain (Distortion): Measures change in shape.


Elastic Deformation:
Elastic deformation is reversible and
temporary. Rocks deform elastically when
subjected to stress, but they return to their
original shape once the stress is removed.
Stretching a rubber band; the band
deforms when stretched but returns to its
original shape when released.

Plastic Deformation:
Plastic deformation is permanent and
occurs when rocks undergo a continuous
change in shape without fracturing. This
typically happens under conditions of high
pressure and temperature. Folding and
flowing of soft, ductile rocks like clay or
shale.
Brittle Deformation:
Brittle deformation results in the fracturing
of rocks. Rocks break or fault when they
reach their strength limit rather than
undergoing continuous plastic flow.
Formation of faults and joints in response
to intense stress.

Ductile Deformation:
Ductile deformation involves the slow and
continuous deformation of rocks without
significant fracturing. This process is
characteristic of deeper crustal levels with
high pressure and temperature.Folding of
rocks without breaking, often seen in
mountain-building processes.
Rigid body deformation
Rigid body deformation occurs where a rock mass
moves (Translation) or rotates (Rotation) with no
change of shape

Non-rigid body deformation


 Strain is the change in shape of a rock body
during deformation.
 Volume change occurs where a rock body
increases or decreases in volume. In two
dimensions this is a change in area. A rock
body may retain the same shape if the volume
(area) change is the same in all directions or it
may change shape if the volume (area) change
varies. Compaction is an example of a change
in shape and reduction in volume due to
vertical compression.
Homogenous And Heterogenous Deformation
Homogeneous deformation occurs where
deformation is constant across a rock body, that
is different parts of an object deform by the same
amount (figure 3a). In homogeneous deformation
straight lines remain straight, parallel lines
remain parallel and circles deform to ellipses.

Heterogeneous deformation occurs where the


deformation varies across a rock body, so
different parts of an object deform by different
amounts (figure 3b).

Whether deformation is homogeneous or heterogeneous can depend on scale; a large area of


heterogeneous deformation may be broken down into smaller areas of homogeneous
deformation for analysis.
Factors Controlling the Deformation of rocks
under Stress:

Confining Pressure
Temperature
Time
Solutions
Anisotropy & Inhomogeneity
Confining Pressure
Temperature & Solution
Time: Fatigue and Creep
Anisotropy & Inhomogenity

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