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A Lecture 1 - Introduction To General Physiology

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A Lecture 1 - Introduction To General Physiology

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Rexie Faith Eliedo
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INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL

PHYSIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION

} PHYSIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL


FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS

} STUDIES INTERPLAY OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT


GROWTH (connectedness of each aspect of the body)
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFF. BETWEEN
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
1. Mostly producers consumers
2. Unlimited scheme of Limited
growth
3. Non-motile and must rely Can move around
on immediate nutrient
sources
4. Use large amounts of O2 Give off CO2

5. Conserve nitrogen Gives off nitrogen as waste

6. Transports fluids/food Bloodstream


through vascular tissues
7. Grow throughout their Reaches a certain stage and
entire lifetime growth more or less stops
INTRODUCTION
} THE FATHER OF MODERN
PHYSIOLOGY IS THE FRENCH
PHYSIOLOGIST CLAUDE
BERNARD (1813-1878).

• Bernard observed that the internal environment remains


remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the
external environment.
INTRODUCTION

In 1932 the American physiologist Walter Cannon


(1871-1945), coined the term homeostasis to
describe this stable internal environment.
Two Themes of Physiology

• Integration

• Homeostasis
INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

• XXXII (32nd) Congress of the International


Union of Physiological Sciences in
Glasgow, Scotland on August 1-6, 1993

• Research levels from whole body, to


organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and
genes
• At present, from gene to function
THE BIG PICTURE
Organ Systems Don’t Work Alone

• The respiratory system takes in oxygen


and removes waste gases.
• The cardiovascular system is responsible
for delivering the oxygen to all parts of
our bodies.
Organ System Interrelationships

• Nutrients and oxygen


are distributed by the
blood

• Metabolic wastes are


eliminated by the
urinary and
respiratory systems
D. Organ: Flight
muscle of a moth

Rattlebox moth

A biological C. Cell and tissue:


Muscle cell within
hierarchy muscle tissue

Myofibril
(organelle)

B. Organelle: Myofibril
(found only in muscle
cells)
Actin Myosin

Figure 2.1 A. Molecule: Actin Atom


Four Tissue Types:
• Connective tissue
• Binds together or supports cells, other tissues/organs

• Muscle (contractile) tissue


§ Contracts on stimulation
§ Movement, posture and heat production

• Nerve tissue
§ Conducts nerve impulses throughout the body

• Epithelial tissue
§ Covers all body surfaces; lines all cavities; forms glands
§ Protective barrier against the environment
Organ and Organ Systems

Major Organ Systems


§ Integumentary § Digestive
§ Skeletal § Urinary
§ Muscular § Reproductive
§ Circulatory § Nervous

§ Lymphatic § Endocrine

§ Respiratory
HOMEOSTASIS - definitions

1. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
2. INSPITE OF MULTIPLE
STIMULI
3. MAINTAINED BY
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Homeostasis - definitions

} Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively


stable internal environment in an ever-changing
outside world

} The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic


state of equilibrium

} Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to


maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis-definitions

} The ability of the body to maintain relatively


stable internal conditions even though there is
continuous change in the outside world

} The body functions within relatively narrow limits


} All body systems contribute to its maintenance
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
3 Input: Control
center 4 Output:
Information Information sent
sent along along efferent
afferent pathway to
pathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

2 Change
detected
by receptor

5 Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
1 Stimulus: magnitude of
Produces Imb stimulus and
ala
change nce returns
in variable variable to
homeostasis
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imb
ala
nce

Figure 1.4
Control Mechanisms

} Regulation of
homeostasis is
accomplished
through the
nervous and
endocrine
systems
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
SYSTEM
1. A RECEPTOR :DETECTS CHANGES (STIMULI)
IN THE BODY.

2. A CONTROL CENTER : DETERMINES A SET


POINT FOR A NORMAL RANGE.

3. AN EFFECTOR : CAUSES THE RESPONSE


DETERMINED BY THE CONTROL CENTER.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A regulatory mechanism in which a


change in a controlled variable
triggers a response that opposes
the change.
Negative Feedback Mechanisms

• A negative feedback mechanism


decreases the intensity of the
stimulus or eliminates it
• The negative feedback mechanism
causes the system to change in the
opposite direction from the stimulus
– Example: home heating
thermostat
Negative Feedback
• Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback mechanisms

• In negative feedback systems, the output shuts


off or somehow alleviates the original stimulus

• Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels


Negative Feedback

Figure 1.5
Positive Feedback Mechanisms

• A positive feedback mechanism enhances


or exaggerates the original stimulus so that
activity is accelerated
• It is considered positive because it results
in change occurring in the same direction
as the original stimulus
• Positive feedback mechanisms usually
control infrequent events such as blood
clotting or childbirth
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Positive feedback usually does not maintain


homeostasis. It is characterized by being
short in duration, and infrequent.
Positive Feedback Mechanism

• Break or tear in blood


vessel wall
• Clotting occurs as
platelets adhere to site
and release chemicals
• Released chemical
attract more platelets
• Clotting proceeds until
break is sealed by newly
formed clot
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• In positive feedback
systems, the output
enhances or
exaggerates the
original stimulus
• Example: Regulation
of blood clotting

Figure 1.6
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Homeostatic Imbalances
• Most diseases cause homeostatic imbalances (chills,
fevers, elevated white blood counts etc)
• Aging reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis –
heat stress
• If a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal
equilibrium is not corrected, illness occurs.
• Feedback mechanisms may be overwhelmed or may be
not functioning correctly (diabetes mellitus, clotting
disorders)

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